[User]
Which numbered sense of "result" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: The <t>results</t> of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Senses:
1. definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise
2. definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution
3. definition=something that results | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "result" is used in the given sentence.

 Sentence: "The <t>results</t> of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting."

 Senses:
 1. definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise
 2. definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution
 3. definition=something that results | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
 4. definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause

 Let me analyze the sentence. The word "results" here refers to the findings or outcomes of the studies. The studies were conducted, and what came out of them (the data, findings) showed that Cerenia was effective.

 Looking at the senses:
 - Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" - This is quite broad. The results of a study could be considered phenomena that follow from the study.
 - Sense 2: This seems to be about "solution" or "answer" to a problem. While results of a study might explain something, this definition specifically mentions "a statement that solves a problem" which sounds more like "solution" or "answer" rather than "result" in the scientific sense.
 - Sense 3: "something that results" - This is circular/tautological, but the example "he listened for the results on the radio" suggests this refers to outcomes of events like elections, sports games, or in this case, scientific studies. This seems to fit best - the outcomes/findings of the studies.
 - Sense 4: This is a technical linguistic definition about semantic roles, which doesn't fit here.

 Now between 1 and 3:
 Sense 1 focuses on "phenomenon" - like the magnetic effect example. It's about cause and effect in a physical or general sense.
 Sense 3 with the example "he listened for the results on the radio" clearly refers to the outcome of some process, like election results, sports results, or study results.

 In the given sentence, "results" refers to the findings or outcomes of the studies - what the studies found or produced. This aligns with sense 3.

 However, let me reconsider sense 1. "A phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" - the results of a study are indeed phenomena (observations, data) that follow from and are caused by the study. But sense 3 seems more specific to the common usage of "result" as an outcome or finding.

 Actually, looking at standard dictionary definitions:
 - Sense 1 corresponds roughly to WordNet sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon"
 - Sense 3 corresponds roughly to WordNet sense 3: "something that results"

 Wait, looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1 example: "the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise" - this is talking about an effect/phenomenon
 - Sense 3 example: "he listened for the results on the radio" - this is talking about outcomes of competitions, elections, or announcements

 The sentence is about "results of the studies" - this is clearly referring to the findings or outcomes of the research. This matches sense 3.

 But I should verify if there's any ambiguity. In academic/scientific contexts, "results" refers to the findings or data obtained from an experiment or study. This is "something that results" from the study.

 Sense 1 would be more like "the result of mixing these chemicals is an explosion" - where the result is the phenomenon itself.

 Actually, looking carefully:
 - Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" - this is the "effect" meaning
 - Sense 3: "something that results" - this is the "outcome/product" meaning

 The example for sense 3 ("he listened for the results on the radio") strongly suggests news reports, election returns, sports scores, or study findings announced on the radio.

 Therefore, sense 3 is the correct answer.

 Wait, I should check if this is from a specific dataset like WordNet or similar. The format looks like WordNet.

 In WordNet:
 - result#1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" (synonyms: consequence, effect, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot)
 - result#2: "a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem" (synonyms: solution, answer, result, resolution, solvent)
 - result#3: "something that results" (synonyms: result, resultant, final result, outcome, termination)
 - result#4: "the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause" (synonyms: result, resultant role)

 Sense 2 is clearly wrong because that's about solutions/answers to problems.
 Sense 4 is clearly wrong because it's a technical linguistic term.

 Between 1 and 3:
 Sense 1 emphasizes the causal relationship - the result as an effect.
 Sense 3 emphasizes the final product or outcome.

 "Results of the studies" refers to the findings/data produced by the studies. This is sense 3.

 However, one could argue that the results (findings) are phenomena caused by the study... but sense 3 is more appropriate because it's the standard sense used for "election results", "study results", "test results", etc.

 The example "he listened for the results on the radio" confirms that sense 3 covers this usage.

 So the answer is 3.

provider: Moonshot AI


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "study" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: The results of the <t>studies</t> showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Senses:
1. definition=a detailed critical inspection
2. definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work
3. definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. definition=a branch of knowledge | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?
7. definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. definition=attentive consideration and meditation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "study" is used in the given sentence. Let me analyze the sentence and the definitions.

Sentence: "The results of the <t>studies</t> showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting."

The word "studies" here refers to research investigations or experiments conducted to test the effectiveness of Cerenia (a medication) compared to a placebo. The sentence mentions "results of the studies" and discusses findings about vomiting in dogs.

Now let me look at the definitions:

1. definition=a detailed critical inspection - This could be close, but usually refers to looking at something carefully, not necessarily a scientific experiment.

2. definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject - This is about the act of studying/learning, not about research studies.

3. definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale - This refers to a research paper or report describing findings. The example mentions "study by Hill and Dale" which sounds like a research study.

4. definition=a state of deep mental absorption - This is about being engrossed in thought.

5. definition=a room used for reading and writing - Physical room.

6. definition=a branch of knowledge - Academic field.

7. definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration - Artistic sketch.

8. definition=attentive consideration and meditation - Thinking deeply.

9. definition=someone who memorizes quickly - A person.

10. definition=a composition intended to develop technique - Musical or artistic piece.

Looking at the sentence again: "The results of the studies showed..."

This is referring to scientific research studies - experiments or investigations that produced results. The results showed that Cerenia was more effective than placebo.

Definition 3 says "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" with the example "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale."

However, looking more carefully at definition 1: "a detailed critical inspection" - this could also fit scientific studies.

But definition 3 seems most appropriate because:
- The sentence mentions "results" which implies these are research papers or research projects that have findings
- The example "study by Hill and Dale" suggests a research study/paper
- In medical/scientific contexts, "studies" often refers to clinical trials or research investigations documented in papers

Wait, let me reconsider. Definition 3 specifically mentions "a written document describing the findings." The sentence says "results of the studies" - this could mean:
1. The studies themselves (the research projects/experiments)
2. The written documents reporting on the research

But looking at the example for definition 3: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" - this suggests a published research paper.

In the given sentence: "The results of the studies showed..." - this is talking about research studies (experiments) that were conducted.

Actually, looking at WordNet or similar lexical databases (which this seems to be based on), sense 3 is typically "a written document describing the findings" - like a research paper.

But the sentence could be interpreted as referring to either:
- The research projects themselves (the experiments)
- The written reports of the research

However, the phrase "results of the studies" strongly suggests scientific research studies - which in dictionary terms might be definition 1 (a detailed critical inspection/investigation) or definition 3 (a written document).

Let me look at the example for definition 3 again: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" - this is referring to a specific piece of research work, likely a paper.

In medical contexts, when we say "studies showed that..." we are referring to research studies - which could be clinical trials or research papers.

But definition 1 is "a detailed critical inspection" which is quite general.

Actually, looking at standard WordNet senses for "study":
- Sense 1: survey, study - a detailed critical inspection
- Sense 2: study, work - applying the mind to learning
- Sense 3: report, study, written report - a written document describing findings
- Sense 4: study - a state of deep mental absorption
- Sense 5: study - a room
- Sense 6: discipline, subject, subject area, field, field of study, study, bailiwick, branch of knowledge
- Sense 7: sketch, study - preliminary drawing
- Sense 8: study, cogitation - attentive consideration
- Sense 9: study - someone who memorizes quickly
- Sense 10: study - a composition for technique practice

In the sentence "The results of the studies showed...", the word "studies" refers to scientific research investigations.

In WordNet, sense 1 is "a detailed critical inspection" which includes systematic research.
Sense 3 is specifically about written documents.

The phrase "results of the studies" suggests the studies produced results. This is most consistent with sense 1 (research investigations) or sense 3 (written reports of findings).

However, the example for sense 3 is "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" which treats "study" as a citation or reference to research.

The sentence says "results of the studies showed" - this is ambiguous. It could mean:
- The research projects (experiments) showed results
- The written papers described results

But in scientific writing, "studies" in this context usually refers to the research investigations themselves (clinical trials, experiments).

However, looking at the specific wording of definition 3: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" - this is quite specific to documents.

Definition 1: "a detailed critical inspection" - this is broader and includes research studies.

But wait - the example for definition 3 mentions "study by Hill and Dale" which is similar to the usage here where studies are cited for their findings.

Actually, looking more carefully: "The results of the studies showed..."

If "studies" meant "written documents" (definition 3), then "results of the written documents" is a bit odd. Written documents don't have results - they report results.

If "studies" means "research investigations" (definition 1), then "results of the research investigations" makes perfect sense.

But definition 1 says "detailed critical inspection" which might not fully capture scientific experiments.

Let me reconsider definition 3. In many dictionaries, one sense of "study" is specifically "a research paper or publication."

For example, in medical contexts: "A recent study published in the Journal of Medicine found that..."

In the given sentence: "The results of the studies showed..."

This is referring to clinical trials or research studies. The word "results" is key here. Scientific studies produce results.

Between definition 1 and 3:
- Definition 1 focuses on the act of inspecting/investigating
- Definition 3 focuses on the written report

The phrase "results of the studies" suggests the studies are the research projects, not the papers. Papers report results; they don't contain results in the sense that the results are of the studies.

Actually, papers do contain results sections. But "results of the studies" most naturally means the findings generated by the research activities.

However, looking at the example for definition 3: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" - this is clearly referring to a published research paper.

And the sentence structure "The results of the studies showed..." is very similar to how we talk about research papers.

But I think the best fit is definition 3 because:
1. The context is scientific/medical research
2. The studies are being cited for their findings
3. The example "study by Hill and Dale" matches the pattern here

Wait, I need to be more careful. Definition 3 explicitly says "a written document describing the findings."

Is the sentence referring to written documents? "The results of the studies showed..."

Actually, yes. In scientific writing, when we say "studies have shown" or "the results of studies showed," we are referring to published research - written documents.

But let me look at definition 1 again: "a detailed critical inspection."

In WordNet 3.0 or similar, the first sense of "study" as a noun is often the general sense of investigation or survey.

However, looking at the specific definitions provided:
1. a detailed critical inspection
2. applying the mind to learning...
3. a written document describing the findings...
4. a state of deep mental absorption
...

Definition 3 is the only one that mentions "findings" explicitly. The sentence is talking about results/findings of studies.

Definition 3: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group"

The sentence mentions "results" which are findings. So studies that have results/findings would be those described in definition 3.

Actually, studies (research projects) have results. Written documents describe those results.

But the question is asking which sense is used. Let me think about this differently.

In the sentence: "The results of the studies showed..."

If I substitute each definition:
1. "The results of the detailed critical inspections showed..." - This works, but is a bit generic.
3. "The results of the written documents describing findings showed..." - This is circular and awkward.

Hmm, "results of the written documents" doesn't make much sense. Written documents contain or report results; they don't have results in the sense of outcomes.

But "results of the detailed critical inspections" makes sense - the inspections (research studies) produced results.

However, definition 3 is clearly the sense that refers to research papers. And the example "study by Hill and Dale" is exactly this usage.

Let me look at the sentence once more: "The results of the <t>studies</t> showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."

This is describing clinical trials or research studies. In dictionary terms, these are typically sense 1 or sense 3.

But looking at the exact wording of the definitions:
1. a detailed critical inspection
3. a written document describing the findings

Clinical trials are not "written documents" - they are experiments. However, the word "studies" in plural, referring to research that showed results, in a medical context, is most likely sense 3 in this specific list.

Wait, I should look at whether there's a sense missing that would be "a systematic investigation" or similar.

Actually, looking at standard dictionary definitions:
- Study can mean: A detailed investigation and analysis of a subject or situation (Oxford)
- Study can mean: A piece of research work (Cambridge)

In the list provided:
Sense 1 = detailed critical inspection (close to investigation)
Sense 3 = written document

I think the answer is 3, because:
1. The context is scientific research with findings
2. The example "study by Hill and Dale" matches the usage pattern
3. Medical studies are often referred to as written reports or research papers

But I'm not entirely sure. Let me reconsider definition 1.

Definition 1: "a detailed critical inspection"
Example might be: "a study of the company's financial records"

Definition 3: "a written document describing the findings"
Example: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale"

The sentence says "The results of the studies showed..."

In scientific literature, "study" can refer to:
- The research project itself (the experiment)
- The published paper

But "results of the study" almost always refers to the findings of the research project.

However, looking at the specific sense 3 definition provided: "a written document describing the findings"

And the example mentions "study by Hill and Dale" - this is a citation of research.

The sentence is similar: studies showed results. This is the same pattern - studies (research papers or research projects) showing/producing results.

I think the answer is 3. The key clue is that definition 3 mentions "findings" and the sentence is about results (findings) of studies. Also, the example with "study by Hill and Dale" indicates published research.

Actually, looking more carefully at the relationship: Definition 3 is "a written document describing the findings." The sentence mentions "results" which are findings. So the studies are things that have findings/results.

Between definition 1 and 3, definition 3 is more specific to research with findings.

But wait - definition 1 could also apply to research studies.

Let me think about the other definitions to see if any fit better.
- 2: learning/studying - no
- 4: mental state - no
- 5: room - no
- 6: branch of knowledge - no
- 7: drawing - no
- 8: meditation - no
- 9: person - no
- 10: musical composition - no

So it's between 1 and 3.

Definition 1: "a detailed critical inspection" - this is like an examination or survey.
Definition 3: "a written document describing the findings" - this is a report.

The sentence: "The results of the studies showed..."

If the studies are "detailed critical inspections" (def 1), then the inspections have results.
If the studies are "written documents" (def 3), then the documents describe results.

But the phrase is "results of the studies" not "studies describing results."

Actually, written documents (studies/papers) have results sections. So "results of the studies" could mean the results reported in those papers.

I think the answer is 3. In many lexical databases, sense 3 of "study" is the research paper meaning, and the example "study by Hill and Dale" confirms this is the research citation sense.

The sentence is citing research studies that showed certain results. This matches sense 3.

Actually, looking at WordNet 3.1:
Sense 1: survey, study - a detailed critical inspection
Sense 2: study, work - applying the mind to learning
Sense 3: report, study, written report - a written document describing the findings of some individual or group

The example for sense 3 in WordNet is: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale"

The given sentence: "The results of the studies showed..."

This is referring to research studies. In WordNet, these would be sense 1 (survey, study) or sense 3 (report, study).

But "results of the studies" - studies as in research projects - would be sense 1.
"Studies" as in published papers would be sense 3.

However, the phrase "results showed" suggests the studies themselves produced results, which suggests the research investigations (sense 1).

But I'm second-guessing because the example for sense 3 mentions "study by Hill and Dale" which is very similar to citing research.

Let me look at the exact wording again: "The results of the <t>studies</t> showed..."

In scientific writing, when we say "studies have shown" we are referring to research studies that have been conducted and published. These could be considered written documents (the published papers) or the research projects.

But the key is definition 3 explicitly mentions "findings." The sentence is about results/findings.

Actually, I think I should go with 3. The presence of the example "study by Hill and Dale" which is clearly a citation of research work, and the fact that the sentence is discussing medical research results, points to sense 3.

Wait, I want to check one more thing. Does "results of the studies" make sense with definition 3?

If studies = written documents describing findings, then "results of the written documents" is a bit odd. Documents don't have results; they describe them.

But "results of the detailed critical inspections" (def 1) makes sense - the inspections produced results.

Hmm, this suggests definition 1 might be better.

But definition 1 is quite general. "Detailed critical inspection" could be looking at anything carefully.

Definition 3 is specifically about research findings.

Let me look at the example sentence for sense 3 again: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale"

In this example, "study" refers to a piece of research work. It could be the research itself or the paper.

But the definition says "written document."

I think the answer is 3. The sentence is discussing research studies in a formal, scientific context where "studies" refers to research reports or papers.

Actually, looking at similar tasks (this looks like a Word Sense Disambiguation task), the answer is likely 3.

The reasoning:
- The context is scientific/medical research
- The studies have "results" (findings)
- Definition 3 mentions "findings" explicitly
- The example shows a similar usage (referencing a study by researchers)

Therefore, the answer is 3.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DeepInfra

currency: USD


[User]
Which numbered sense of "show" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: The results of the studies <t>showed</t> that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Senses:
1. definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | examples=She shows her dogs frequently
2. definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound
3. definition=provide evidence for | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father
4. definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking
5. definition=show in, or as in, a picture | examples=This scene depicts country life
6. definition=give expression to | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | examples=I showed the customer the glove section
8. definition=be or become visible or noticeable | examples=His good upbringing really shows
9. definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero
10. definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "show" is used in the given sentence. Let me analyze the sentence and the definitions.

Sentence: "The results of the studies <t>showed</t> that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting."

The word "showed" here is used to indicate that the results provided evidence or demonstrated that Cerenia was more effective.

Let me look at the definitions:

1. give an exhibition of to an interested audience - This is about displaying something physically, like showing dogs at a competition. Not this one.

2. establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment - This is close. The results established the validity of the claim that Cerenia is effective.

3. provide evidence for - This is also very close. The results provided evidence that Cerenia was more effective.

4. make visible or noticeable - This is about making something visible. Not quite right.

5. show in, or as in, a picture - This is about depicting. Not right.

6. give expression to - This is about expressing emotions. Not right.

7. indicate a place, direction, person, or thing - This is about pointing out locations. Not right.

8. be or become visible or noticeable - This is about something becoming apparent. Not quite.

9. indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments - This is specifically for instruments showing readings. Not right.

10. give evidence of, as of records - This is about records giving evidence. The example is "The diary shows his distress that evening."

11. take (someone) to their seats - This is about ushering. Not right.

12. finish third or better in a horse or dog race - This is a specific racing term. Not right.

Now I need to decide between 2, 3, and 10.

Definition 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" - Example: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound"

Definition 3: "provide evidence for" - Example: "The blood test showed that he was the father"

Definition 10: "give evidence of, as of records" - Example: "The diary shows his distress that evening"

The sentence says "The results of the studies showed that..."

"Results of studies" are similar to "blood test" or "experiment" or "records."

Definition 3 says "provide evidence for" with the example "The blood test showed that he was the father." This seems very similar to "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective..."

Definition 2 says "establish the validity of something" with the example "The experiment demonstrated..."

Definition 10 says "give evidence of, as of records" with the example about a diary.

The key difference:
- Definition 2 focuses on establishing validity through demonstration/experiment
- Definition 3 focuses on providing evidence for a claim
- Definition 10 focuses on records giving evidence of something

In the sentence, "results of studies" are providing evidence that the medicine is effective. This aligns most closely with definition 3: "provide evidence for."

However, let me look more carefully. Definition 2 uses "demonstrated" in the example, which is similar to "showed." But the definition says "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment."

Actually, looking at the example for definition 2: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound" - this is similar to "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective..."

But definition 3: "The blood test showed that he was the father" - this is also very similar.

Definition 10: "The diary shows his distress that evening" - this is about a record showing something.

I think the best fit is definition 3: "provide evidence for." The results of studies provide evidence for the effectiveness of the drug.

But let me reconsider definition 2. It says "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment." The studies are experiments, and they establish the validity of the claim that Cerenia is effective.

Actually, looking at the specific wording:
- Definition 2: establish the validity of something
- Definition 3: provide evidence for
- Definition 10: give evidence of

The sentence structure is: "The results ... showed that [claim]"

This is most similar to definition 3's example: "The blood test showed that he was the father"

And definition 10's example: "The diary shows his distress that evening"

Both 3 and 10 seem plausible. But definition 10 specifically mentions "as of records" - and study results could be considered records. However, definition 3 is more general "provide evidence for."

Actually, looking at the example for definition 10: "The diary shows his distress that evening" - this is about the diary giving evidence of his distress. The diary is the record, and it shows (gives evidence of) his distress.

In our sentence: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective..."

The results are giving evidence that Cerenia is effective.

But wait, let me look at definition 2 again. The example is "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound."

"Demonstrated" is a synonym for "showed" in this context. And "the experiment" is similar to "the results of the studies."

Actually, I need to be more careful. In many dictionaries, "show" when used with scientific results or evidence is often sense 3 or 2.

Let me think about the subtle differences:
- Sense 2: establish validity (demonstrate, prove)
- Sense 3: provide evidence for (indicate, suggest)
- Sense 10: give evidence of (as records)

The example for sense 3 is "The blood test showed that he was the father" - this is about a test providing evidence.

The example for sense 2 is "The experiment demonstrated the instability" - this is about an experiment establishing validity.

The example for sense 10 is "The diary shows his distress" - this is about a record giving evidence.

Study results are like records or like experimental data.

But looking at the specific wording of the definitions:
2. establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment
3. provide evidence for
10. give evidence of, as of records

The phrase "results of the studies" fits well with "records" in sense 10, but also with "experiment" in sense 2.

However, the structure "showed that [proposition]" is very common with sense 3.

Let me look at the example for sense 3 again: "The blood test showed that he was the father"
And our sentence: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective..."

This is a perfect match for sense 3.

Sense 2's example is: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound" - note that this doesn't use "that" - it uses "demonstrated [noun phrase]".

Actually, looking more carefully: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound" - this is demonstrating a thing.

But "The blood test showed that he was the father" - this is showing that a proposition is true.

Our sentence has "showed that Cerenia was more effective" - showing that a proposition is true.

This matches sense 3.

Sense 10: "The diary shows his distress that evening" - this is showing a thing (his distress), not showing that a proposition is true.

Actually, looking at sense 10 again: "give evidence of, as of records" - the example is "The diary shows his distress that evening."

This is about the diary giving evidence of his distress.

But our sentence is about results giving evidence for a claim (that Cerenia is effective).

Sense 3: "provide evidence for" - the example is "The blood test showed that he was the father."

I think sense 3 is the correct answer.

But let me double-check sense 2. Could "establish the validity of something" fit? The results establish the validity of the claim that Cerenia is effective. But the example uses "demonstrated" and doesn't have a "that" clause in the example provided, though it could.

Actually, looking at the exact wording of sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment"

The phrase "as by an example, explanation or experiment" suggests that the subject is doing the establishing through those means.

In "The results of the studies showed...", the results are establishing validity.

But the example "The experiment demonstrated..." suggests that sense 2 is about the experiment itself demonstrating, not the results of the experiment.

Wait, the example says "The experiment demonstrated..." not "The results of the experiment demonstrated..."

But in our sentence, it's "The results of the studies showed..."

Hmm.

Let me look at sense 3 example: "The blood test showed that he was the father"

A blood test is similar to results of studies - both are evidence/data.

Actually, a blood test produces results. So "The blood test showed" is like "The results showed."

I think sense 3 is the best fit.

But I want to check if there's any other sense that could fit.

Sense 8: "be or become visible or noticeable" - "His good upbringing really shows" - this is an intransitive use. Our sentence is transitive with "that" clause.

Sense 9: "indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments" - "The thermometer showed thirteen degrees..." - This is about instruments showing readings. Studies are not instruments.

So it's between 2, 3, and 10.

Sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records" - This is specifically about records giving evidence of something. Study results are records. The example "The diary shows his distress" - diary is a record, distress is a state of being.

In our sentence: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective..."

This could be "give evidence of" - the results give evidence of the effectiveness.

But the "that" clause makes it more like sense 3.

Actually, looking at WordNet or similar lexical databases (which this seems to be based on), sense 3 is typically the "prove" or "demonstrate" sense with a that-clause.

Let me think about this differently. The sentence is saying that the studies provide evidence that the medicine works. This is sense 3: provide evidence for.

Sense 2 is more about demonstrating or proving through examples or experiments.

But actually, looking at the definitions again, sense 2 says "establish the validity of something" which is very strong - it's about proving. Sense 3 "provide evidence for" is slightly weaker - it's about providing evidence, not necessarily proving conclusively.

In scientific contexts, "show" usually means "provide evidence for" or "demonstrate."

But the example for sense 2 uses "demonstrated" which is a synonym for "showed."

However, the key is the preposition or structure:
- Sense 2: show something (establish validity of something)
- Sense 3: show that... (provide evidence for a proposition)
- Sense 10: show something (give evidence of something)

Our sentence has "showed that..." which aligns with sense 3's example: "showed that he was the father."

Therefore, the answer is 3.

Wait, I need to be careful. Let me look at sense 10 again. The definition is "give evidence of, as of records." Could this take a "that" clause? The example doesn't have one: "The diary shows his distress that evening."

But grammatically, "give evidence of" can be followed by a noun or a that-clause.

However, sense 3's example specifically has the "that" clause structure.

Also, sense 3's definition "provide evidence for" - the word "for" suggests it can take a proposition or claim as its object (indirectly).

Actually, looking at the structure:
- Sense 3: provide evidence for [what?] - the example shows "showed that he was the father" which is providing evidence for the claim that he was the father.

I think I'm overcomplicating this. The most natural fit is sense 3.

But let me also consider sense 2 one more time. "establish the validity of something" - the something could be "that Cerenia was more effective."

But the example "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound" shows a noun phrase as object, not a that-clause.

Whereas sense 3's example has a that-clause.

Our target has a that-clause.

Therefore: Sense 3.

Actually, looking at the sentence again: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."

This is clearly sense 3: provide evidence for.

The answer is 3.

provider: AtlasCloud


[User]
Which numbered sense of "more" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was <t>more</t> effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Senses:
1. definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | examples=more interesting
2. definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which sense of "more" is used in the given sentence. The sentence is: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was <t>more</t> effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting."

The two senses provided are:
1. definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | examples=more interesting
2. definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now

Let me analyze the usage in the sentence. The word "more" appears before "effective", which is an adjective. The structure is "more effective than", which is a comparative construction.

Sense 1 says "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs" with the example "more interesting". This matches the pattern in the sentence where "more" is used to form the comparative of the adjective "effective" (since "effective" is a multi-syllable adjective that takes "more" rather than "-er" to form the comparative).

Sense 2 says "comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent" with the example "he works more now". In this sense, "more" is functioning as an adverb modifying a verb or as a pronoun/adverb standing alone, not as part of a comparative adjective construction with "than".

In the sentence, "more" is clearly modifying the adjective "effective" to form the comparative degree, comparing Cerenia to the placebo. This is exactly what Sense 1 describes.

Therefore, the answer is 1.

provider: Novita


[User]
Which numbered sense of "effective" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more <t>effective</t> than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Senses:
1. definition=producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect; -LewisMumford | examples=an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witch's broomstick for rapid long-distance transportation
2. definition=able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively; -G.B.Shaw | examples=people who will do nothing unless they get something out of it for themselves are often highly effective persons...
3. definition=works well as a means or remedy | examples=an effective reprimand
4. definition=exerting force or influence | examples=the law is effective immediately
5. definition=existing in fact; not theoretical; real | examples=a decline in the effective demand
6. definition=ready for service | examples=the fort was held by about 100 effective soldiers

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "effective" is used in the given sentence. Let me analyze the sentence and the definitions.

Sentence: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more <t>effective</t> than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting."

The context is about a medicine (Cerenia) being compared to a placebo in terms of treating or preventing vomiting in dogs. The medicine is described as "effective" because it produces the intended result (less vomiting).

Let me look at the senses:

1. "producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect" - This seems to fit. The medicine produces the intended result (preventing/treating vomiting).

2. "able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively" - This is similar but more about functioning. The example mentions people being effective persons.

3. "works well as a means or remedy" - This specifically mentions "remedy" which fits medical context. The example is "an effective reprimand" but the definition mentions remedy.

4. "exerting force or influence" - This is about legal or immediate effect, like a law being effective immediately.

5. "existing in fact; not theoretical; real" - This is about actual vs. theoretical, like "effective demand" in economics.

6. "ready for service" - This is military context, soldiers ready for duty.

Now, looking more carefully at sense 1 vs sense 3:

Sense 1: "producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect"
Sense 3: "works well as a means or remedy"

The sentence is about a medicine (Cerenia) working as a remedy/treatment. However, sense 1 is more general about producing intended results.

Let me look at the examples provided:

Sense 1 example: "an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witch's broomstick for rapid long-distance transportation" - This is about producing a result (transportation).

Sense 3 example: "an effective reprimand" - This is about something working well as a means.

The sentence compares a medicine to a placebo in clinical studies. The medicine is effective at preventing/treating vomiting.

Sense 1 seems to be the broad definition of producing an intended result. The intended result here is preventing/treating vomiting.

Sense 3 is specifically about working well as a means or remedy. Since Cerenia is a medicine/remedy, sense 3 could fit.

But let me look at the wording again. The sentence says the medicine was "more effective than the placebo" in producing less vomiting.

Actually, looking at standard dictionary definitions, sense 1 is the primary definition of "effective" - producing the intended result.

Sense 3 seems to be a specific subset or related meaning.

Wait, I need to be careful. The user is asking which numbered sense from the provided list is used.

Let me analyze the specific wording of each sense and the example:

Sense 1: "producing or capable of producing an intended result" - The medicine produces the intended result of less vomiting.

Sense 3: "works well as a means or remedy" - The medicine works well as a remedy.

Both could fit, but sense 1 is more general and the example in sense 1 ("an air-cooled motor was more effective than...") involves a comparison of effectiveness, just like the sentence compares Cerenia to placebo.

The example in sense 1 compares two things (motor vs broomstick) for a purpose (transportation), similar to how the sentence compares Cerenia vs placebo for preventing vomiting.

Sense 3's example is "an effective reprimand" which is different.

Also, looking at the definition of sense 3: "works well as a means or remedy". While Cerenia is a remedy, the sentence is emphasizing that it produces the intended result (less vomiting) compared to placebo.

Sense 1 is the most common and general definition of effective: producing the intended result.

Let me double-check sense 2: "able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively" - This is about functioning, like "effective personnel".

Sense 4 is about legal effectiveness (when a law becomes effective).

Sense 5 is about actual vs. nominal (effective demand, effective voltage).

Sense 6 is military readiness.

So it's between 1 and 3.

The key phrase in the sentence is "less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine" - this shows the medicine produced the intended result.

Sense 1: "producing or capable of producing an intended result"
Sense 3: "works well as a means or remedy"

I think sense 1 is the best fit because:
1. The example in sense 1 involves a comparative use ("more effective than") just like the sentence.
2. The definition focuses on "producing an intended result" which matches the clinical outcome described.
3. While sense 3 mentions "remedy" which fits medically, the general sense of producing results is more primary here.

Actually, looking at WordNet or similar lexical databases (since the format looks like WordNet), sense 1 is usually the general "producing intended result" sense.

The sentence is describing a clinical trial result where the drug produces the desired outcome (reduced vomiting).

I believe the answer is 1.

Wait, let me reconsider sense 3. "Works well as a means or remedy" - Cerenia is a remedy, and it works well. But the sentence is specifically about it producing a measurable result (less vomiting) compared to placebo.

Sense 1's example: "an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witch's broomstick for rapid long-distance transportation" - this is about efficacy in producing a result.

The parallel is strong: both compare two things for a specific purpose/result.

Therefore, the answer should be 1.

provider: Phala


[User]
Which numbered sense of "placebo" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the <t>placebo</t>: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Senses:
1. definition=an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug
2. definition=(Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which sense of "placebo" is used in the given sentence. The sentence is: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the <t>placebo</t>: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting."

Looking at the two senses provided:
1. "an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug"
2. "(Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead"

The sentence is clearly talking about a medical study comparing a drug (Cerenia) to a placebo in dogs. This is a classic clinical trial context where a placebo is an inert substance used as a control.

Sense 1 matches perfectly: it's referring to an inert medication given to a control group in an experiment on drug efficacy.

Sense 2 is a religious term referring to a specific Catholic service, which is completely unrelated to the context of veterinary medicine and clinical trials described in the sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "less" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: <t>less</t> vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Senses:
1. definition=(comparative of `little' usually used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning not as great in amount or degree | examples=of less importance
2. definition=(usually preceded by `no') lower in quality | examples=no less than perfect
3. definition=(nonstandard in some uses but often idiomatic with measure phrases) fewer | examples=less than three weeks

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "less" is used in the given sentence.

 Let me analyze the sentence:
 "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: <t>less</t> vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting."

 The word "less" is modifying "vomiting". "Vomiting" is a mass noun (uncountable noun) referring to the act or phenomenon of vomiting.

 Now let's look at the senses:

 1. "comparative of `little' usually used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning not as great in amount or degree | examples=of less importance"
    - This sense is used with mass nouns.
    - "Vomiting" is a mass noun/uncountable noun in this context.
    - It means a smaller amount or degree of vomiting.

 2. "(usually preceded by `no') lower in quality | examples=no less than perfect"
    - This doesn't fit. The sentence isn't talking about quality in the sense of "no less than", and "less vomiting" refers to quantity/frequency, not quality.

 3. "(nonstandard in some uses but often idiomatic with measure phrases) fewer | examples=less than three weeks"
    - This sense refers to using "less" with countable nouns (where "fewer" would be standard).
    - "Vomiting" is not a countable noun here (you don't say "one vomiting, two vomitings" in this medical context; it's referring to the incidence or amount of vomiting).
    - Actually, wait. In medical contexts, "vomiting episodes" might be countable, but "vomiting" itself is typically treated as a mass noun or the phenomenon itself.
    - But sense 3 specifically mentions it's nonstandard usage equivalent to "fewer" (for count nouns).
    - In this sentence, "less vomiting" means a smaller amount of vomiting, not fewer instances (though it could imply that). But grammatically, "vomiting" is functioning as a mass noun.

 Let me reconsider. The sentence says "less vomiting was seen". This is comparing the amount or degree of vomiting between two groups. "Vomiting" is an uncountable/mass noun here.

 Sense 1: "comparative of `little' usually used with mass nouns" - this fits perfectly. "Vomiting" is a mass noun, and "less" means not as great in amount.

 Sense 3 mentions "fewer" and is for when "less" is used with count nouns (like "less books" instead of "fewer books"). But "vomiting" isn't a count noun here.

 Therefore, the answer should be 1.

 Wait, let me double-check. Is "vomiting" countable or uncountable in this context?
 - "Vomiting" can be countable when referring to instances (e.g., "He had three vomiting episodes" or informally "He had three vomitings").
 - But in the phrase "less vomiting", it's referring to the overall amount or frequency of the symptom, which is treated as a mass/uncountable concept.
 - The comparison is between the amount/degree of vomiting in two groups.

 Sense 1 is definitely the standard use of "less" with mass nouns.

 Sense 3 is specifically about using "less" where "fewer" would be standard (i.e., with plural count nouns). Examples given: "less than three weeks" - "weeks" is plural countable, so "less" is used instead of "fewer". This is the "less vs. fewer" distinction.

 In our sentence, "vomiting" is not plural countable. It's singular and mass/uncountable. So sense 1 is correct.

 Answer: 1


[User]
Which numbered sense of "see" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was <t>seen</t> in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Senses:
1. definition=perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight | examples=You have to be a good observer to see all the details
2. definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | examples=Now I see!
3. definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices
4. definition=imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind | examples=I can't see him on horseback!
5. definition=deem to be | examples=She views this quite differently from me
6. definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children
7. definition=see or watch | examples=view a show on television
8. definition=come together | examples=I'll probably see you at the meeting
9. definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French
10. definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | examples=He verified that the valves were closed
11. definition=go to see for professional or business reasons | examples=You should see a lawyer
12. definition=go to see for a social visit | examples=I went to see my friend Mary the other day
13. definition=go to see a place, as for entertainment | examples=We went to see the Eiffel Tower in the morning
14. definition=take charge of or deal with | examples=Could you see about lunch?
15. definition=receive as a specified guest | examples=the doctor will see you now
16. definition=date regularly; have a steady relationship with | examples=Did you know that she is seeing an older man?
17. definition=see and understand, have a good eye | examples=The artist must first learn to see
18. definition=deliberate or decide | examples=See whether you can come tomorrow
19. definition=observe as if with an eye | examples=The camera saw the burglary and recorded it
20. definition=observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect | examples=The customs agent examined the baggage
21. definition=go or live through | examples=We had many trials to go through
22. definition=accompany or escort | examples=I'll see you to the door
23. definition=match or meet | examples=I saw the bet of one of my fellow players
24. definition=make sense of; assign a meaning to | examples=What message do you see in this letter?

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "see" is used in the given sentence. Let me analyze the sentence and the definitions.

Sentence: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was <t>seen</t> in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting."

The word "seen" here is used in the passive voice. The context is about study results showing that less vomiting was observed/noticed in dogs that received the medicine.

Let me look at the definitions:

1. perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight - This is the basic visual sense. But here it's not about literal sight, it's about observation in a study.

2. perceive (an idea or situation) mentally - "Now I see!" - This is about understanding. Not quite right.

3. perceive or be contemporaneous with - "We found Republicans winning the offices" - This seems close. "Found" here means observed or discovered.

4. imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind - Not this one.

5. deem to be - Not this one.

6. get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally - "I learned that..." - This is about learning or discovering information.

7. see or watch - "view a show on television" - This is active viewing.

8. come together - Not this.

9. find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort - This is about investigating to find out.

10. be careful or certain to do something - Not this.

11. go to see for professional or business reasons - Not this.

12. go to see for a social visit - Not this.

13. go to see a place, as for entertainment - Not this.

14. take charge of or deal with - Not this.

15. receive as a specified guest - Not this.

16. date regularly - Not this.

17. see and understand, have a good eye - Not this.

18. deliberate or decide - Not this.

19. observe as if with an eye - "The camera saw the burglary and recorded it" - This is about observation, recording, or noticing.

20. observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect - "The customs agent examined the baggage" - This is about careful examination.

21. go or live through - Not this.

22. accompany or escort - Not this.

23. match or meet - Not this.

24. make sense of; assign a meaning to - Not this.

Now, looking more carefully at the context: "less vomiting was seen in dogs" - this means less vomiting was observed, noticed, or recorded in the dogs during the study.

Let me reconsider definitions 1, 3, 6, 19, and 20.

Definition 1: "perceive by sight" - This is the literal visual sense. While "seen" can be used metaphorically for "observed" in scientific contexts, definition 1 is specifically about sight.

Definition 3: "perceive or be contemporaneous with" - The example is "We found Republicans winning the offices". Here "found" means observed or discovered. This seems like a strong candidate. "Perceive" here could mean to observe or notice.

Definition 6: "get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally" - The example is "I learned that she has two grown-up children". This is about learning information, not about observing a physical phenomenon like vomiting.

Definition 19: "observe as if with an eye" - The example is "The camera saw the burglary and recorded it". This is about observation, recording, or detecting. This seems very close to the usage in the sentence - the vomiting was observed/recorded in the study.

Definition 20: "observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect" - This implies active inspection, like a customs agent examining baggage. In the sentence, it's passive "was seen" referring to the occurrence of vomiting being observed in the study results.

Actually, looking at definition 3 again: "perceive or be contemporaneous with" - this seems a bit odd. Let me think about what this means. "Perceive" in the sense of observing, and "be contemporaneous with" means to exist at the same time as. The example "We found Republicans winning the offices" suggests this is about witnessing or observing events.

But definition 19 "observe as if with an eye" with the example "The camera saw the burglary and recorded it" seems to fit better with the scientific observation context. The vomiting was observed (seen) in the dogs.

Wait, let me look at definition 1 again. In many dictionary frameworks, sense 1 is the literal visual sense, but "seen" in scientific writing ("less vomiting was seen") is often considered a passive form of the observation sense.

Actually, looking at the example for sense 3: "We found Republicans winning the offices" - this uses "found" to mean observed or discovered. The definition says "perceive or be contemporaneous with".

Let me reconsider the WordNet senses (which this appears to be based on). In WordNet, the senses of "see" include:

1. perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight
2. perceive (an idea or situation) mentally
3. perceive or be contemporaneous with (as in "You'll see a lot of cheating in this school")
4. imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind
5. deem to be
6. get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally
7. see or watch
8. come together
9. find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort
10. be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something
11. go to see for professional or business reasons
12. go to see for a social visit
13. go to see a place, as for entertainment
14. take charge of or deal with
15. receive as a specified guest
16. date regularly; have a steady relationship with
17. see and understand, have a good eye
18. deliberate or decide
19. observe as if with an eye (example: "The camera saw the burglary and recorded it")
20. observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect

Actually, looking at the sentence again: "less vomiting was seen in dogs" - this is a passive construction. The meaning is that vomiting was observed to occur less frequently.

In scientific/medical contexts, "seen" often means "observed" or "recorded" or "found".

Looking at definition 3: "perceive or be contemporaneous with" - the example "We found Republicans winning the offices" suggests witnessing or observing events as they happen.

Definition 19: "observe as if with an eye" - example: "The camera saw the burglary and recorded it"

Definition 20: "observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect" - this is more active and deliberate.

Definition 1: "perceive by sight" - this is the basic sense.

But wait, I should look at definition 6: "get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally" - example: "I learned that she has two grown-up children". This is about learning facts.

Actually, looking carefully at the sentence structure: "less vomiting was seen in dogs" - this is similar to saying "less vomiting was observed in dogs" or "less vomiting occurred in dogs [and was observed]".

In many lexical databases, the sense of "see" meaning "observe" or "witness" (especially in scientific contexts) is distinct from the basic visual sense.

Let me look at definition 3 again: "perceive or be contemporaneous with". The key word is "perceive". In the context of the example "We found Republicans winning the offices", this sense seems to be about witnessing or observing events.

Definition 19: "observe as if with an eye" - this is explicitly about observation.

Definition 20: "observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect" - this is about examining.

Given the context of a clinical study showing results, where vomiting is being monitored and recorded, the sense is about observation or recording of phenomena.

Between definitions 1, 3, 19, and possibly 6:

- Definition 1 is too literal (visual perception)
- Definition 3 includes "perceive" which could work
- Definition 19 is specifically about observing/recording
- Definition 6 is about learning facts, not observing physical symptoms

Actually, looking at the example for definition 3: "We found Republicans winning the offices" - this could mean "We observed Republicans winning" or "We discovered that Republicans were winning".

But the example for definition 19: "The camera saw the burglary and recorded it" - this is about detection/observation by a device or person.

However, in the sentence "less vomiting was seen", it's not necessarily about visual observation but about the occurrence being observed/recorded in the study data.

Let me reconsider definition 1. While it says "perceive by sight", in many dictionaries, the extended meaning of "observe" or "notice" is grouped with the visual sense or as a separate sense.

But looking at the specific wording of definition 3: "perceive or be contemporaneous with" - this is WordNet's way of saying "to perceive or experience events as they happen" or "to witness".

Actually, looking up WordNet senses for "see" (which this appears to be):

Sense 3 in WordNet is: "witness, find, see - perceive or be contemporaneous with; 'We found Republicans winning the offices'"

Sense 19 in WordNet is: "see - observe as if with an eye; 'The camera saw the burglary and recorded it'"

Sense 20 in WordNet is: "examine, see - observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect"

For the sentence "less vomiting was seen in dogs", this is a passive construction indicating that vomiting was observed to occur.

In clinical trial reports, "was seen" is commonly used to mean "was observed" or "was found".

Between sense 3 and sense 19:

Sense 3: "perceive or be contemporaneous with" - emphasizes witnessing or finding
Sense 19: "observe as if with an eye" - emphasizes the act of observing

The example for sense 3 uses "found": "We found Republicans winning the offices"
The example for sense 19 uses a camera: "The camera saw the burglary"

The sentence "less vomiting was seen in dogs" is closer to "we found/observed less vomiting in dogs" which aligns with sense 3.

But let me also consider sense 1: "perceive by sight". In passive constructions like "it was seen that..." or "X was seen in patients", this is often considered a use of the visual/perceptual sense.

However, looking at the exact definitions provided:

1. perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight
3. perceive or be contemporaneous with
19. observe as if with an eye
20. observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect

The phrase "less vomiting was seen" means that vomiting was observed to occur less frequently. This is a general observation sense.

In WordNet, sense 3 (witness, find, see) is defined as: "perceive or be contemporaneous with"

The example "We found Republicans winning the offices" shows that this sense covers finding or discovering something through observation.

Sense 19 is more specific: "observe as if with an eye" - this might be too specific about the mechanism.

Actually, looking at the sentence again, it's about study results showing something. "The results... showed that... less vomiting was seen in dogs". This is reporting what was observed in the study.

I think the best fit is either 1, 3, or 19.

But let's look at the example for sense 1: "You have to be a good observer to see all the details" - this is about visual perception.

Sense 3 example: "We found Republicans winning the offices" - this is about observing/witnessing events.

Sense 19 example: "The camera saw the burglary and recorded it" - this is about recording/observing.

Sense 20 example: "The customs agent examined the baggage" - this is about active inspection.

Given that "less vomiting was seen" is a passive statement about the occurrence of a symptom in a study population, and considering that the subject is the occurrence of vomiting (not a person actively looking), sense 3 or 19 seems best.

But actually, looking at medical/scientific usage, when we say "X was seen in patients", we mean "X was observed to occur in patients" or "X occurred in patients [and was noted]".

In WordNet, the sense "perceive by sight" (sense 1) is the most basic. But sense 3 "perceive or be contemporaneous with" covers the meaning of witnessing or experiencing events.

Wait, I should look at the exact wording of sense 3's definition: "perceive or be contemporaneous with"

And the example: "We found Republicans winning the offices"

This suggests that sense 3 is about perceiving events as they happen, or being present when something happens.

In the sentence, "less vomiting was seen in dogs" - the dogs are experiencing vomiting, and the researchers are perceiving/observing it.

But the passive voice "was seen" focuses on the vomiting being the object of perception.

Actually, looking at all the options again, I think sense 3 is the most likely answer because:
1. It involves perceiving events (vomiting episodes)
2. The example uses "found" which is similar to how "seen" is used in scientific contexts
3. It's distinct from the literal visual sense (sense 1) and the inspection sense (sense 20)

But let me reconsider sense 19: "observe as if with an eye" with the example "The camera saw the burglary and recorded it".

In the sentence, the vomiting is being observed/recorded in the study, similar to how a camera records an event.

However, sense 3's example "We found Republicans winning" is closer to the structure of finding/observing something in a study.

Let me think about this differently. The word "see" in "less vomiting was seen" is being used to mean "observed" or "noted" or "recorded".

In the list:
- Sense 1: basic visual perception
- Sense 3: perceive/be contemporaneous with (witnessing)
- Sense 19: observe as if with an eye
- Sense 20: inspect/examine

Sense 3 is the most general "perceive" sense that covers observing phenomena. The definition "perceive or be contemporaneous with" means to perceive something happening or to experience it at the same time.

In clinical trials, when we say "adverse events were seen in X% of patients", we are using "seen" to mean "observed" or "found" - which aligns with sense 3.

Actually, looking at the example for sense 3 again: "We found Republicans winning the offices" - this is from WordNet and means "We observed Republicans winning" or "We witnessed Republicans winning".

Similarly, "less vomiting was seen in dogs" means "less vomiting was observed in dogs" or "researchers saw less vomiting in dogs".

I think sense 3 is the correct answer.

But wait, I want to double-check sense 1. Could it be sense 1? "Perceive by sight" - but vomiting isn't necessarily perceived by sight (it could be reported by owners, or observed through other means). Also, the example for sense 1 is about being a good observer to see details, which is about visual acuity.

Sense 19: "observe as if with an eye" - this is quite specific and the camera example suggests a recording device or very literal observation.

Sense 3 seems to be the broader sense of perceiving/witnessing events.

Actually, looking at WordNet online or standard lexical databases, the sense "see" meaning "to be the setting or scene of" or "to witness" is often sense 3.

Let me verify by looking at the other senses to make sure I'm not missing something.

Sense 6: "get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally" - example: "I learned that she has two grown-up children". This is about learning facts, not observing physical events.

Sense 9: "find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort" - this is about investigating to find out.

The sentence is about study results showing observations, not about someone learning a fact accidentally (sense 6) or making an inquiry (sense 9).

So it's between 1, 3, 19, and 20.

Given the context of a scientific study reporting results, and the phrase "was seen" indicating passive observation, I believe the answer is 3.

But I want to be careful. Let me look at the exact wording of sense 3: "perceive or be contemporaneous with"

The phrase "be contemporaneous with" means to exist or occur at the same time. So sense 3 is: to perceive something, or to be contemporaneous with something.

Actually, looking at WordNet definitions, sense 3 of "see" is:
S: (v) witness, find, see (perceive or be contemporaneous with) "We found Republicans winning the offices"

This sense is about witnessing or finding something happening.

In the sentence: "less vomiting was seen in dogs" - this is the passive of "researchers saw less vomiting in dogs" or "the study saw less vomiting in dogs".

This matches sense 3: perceiving (witnessing) the vomiting.

Sense 1 would be: "I see the dog" (visual perception)
Sense 3 would be: "I see (witness) the vomiting occurring"

I think 3 is the answer.

However, I should also consider if it could be sense 19: "observe as if with an eye"

The example: "The camera saw the burglary and recorded it"

This is also about observation. But sense 19 is more about the mechanism of observation (like a camera), whereas sense 3 is about the experience of perceiving/witnessing events.

In medical literature, "was seen" is standard terminology for "was observed" and corresponds to sense 3 (witnessing/perceiving events).

Let me go with 3.

provider: Chutes


[User]
Which numbered sense of "dog" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in <t>dogs</t> that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Senses:
1. definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | examples=the dog barked all night
2. definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | examples=she got a reputation as a frump
3. definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | examples=you dirty dog
5. definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll
6. definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward
7. definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "dog" is used in the given sentence.

Let me look at the sentence: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in <t>dogs</t> that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting."

The context is about a medical study involving Cerenia (which I know is a medication used to prevent vomiting in dogs). The sentence talks about "dogs" receiving medicine or placebo to treat or prevent vomiting.

Now let me look at the senses:
1. definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | examples=the dog barked all night
2. definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | examples=she got a reputation as a frump
3. definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | examples=you dirty dog
5. definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll
6. definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward
7. definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

The sentence is clearly talking about animals (Canis) in a veterinary/medical context. The word "dogs" refers to the domesticated animals, not sausages, people, or fireplace equipment.

Sense 1 is the correct definition: "a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds"

The answer should be: 1


[User]
Which numbered sense of "medicine" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the <t>medicine</t> than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Senses:
1. definition=the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques
2. definition=(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease
3. definition=the learned profession that is mastered by graduate training in a medical school and that is devoted to preventing or alleviating or curing diseases and injuries | examples=he studied medicine at Harvard
4. definition=punishment for one's actions | examples=you have to face the music

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "medicine" is used in the given sentence. Let me analyze the sentence and the definitions.

Sentence: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the <t>medicine</t> than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting."

The word "medicine" here refers to Cerenia, which is being compared to a placebo. It's something that dogs received to treat or prevent vomiting.

Now let's look at the senses:

1. "the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques" - This refers to the field of medicine as a science or practice area. This doesn't fit because the sentence is talking about a specific substance given to dogs.

2. "(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease" - This refers to a substance or drug used for treatment. This seems to fit because Cerenia is a drug/medication given to dogs to treat/prevent vomiting.

3. "the learned profession that is mastered by graduate training in a medical school and that is devoted to preventing or alleviating or curing diseases and injuries" - This refers to the profession or career. The example mentions studying medicine at Harvard. This doesn't fit the context.

4. "punishment for one's actions" - This is an idiomatic usage ("face the music"). Definitely doesn't fit.

So sense 2 is the correct one. The word "medicine" in the sentence refers to a substance (Cerenia) that treats or prevents disease symptoms (vomiting).

The answer should be just the number: 2


[User]
Which numbered sense of "dog" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in <t>dogs</t> that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Senses:
1. definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | examples=the dog barked all night
2. definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | examples=she got a reputation as a frump
3. definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | examples=you dirty dog
5. definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll
6. definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward
7. definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "dog" is used in the specific sentence provided. The word "dogs" is marked with <t></t> tags in the sentence.

Let me analyze the sentence: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in <t>dogs</t> that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting."

This is clearly talking about animals (dogs) in a medical/veterinary context - specifically about a study involving Cerenia (which is a medication for dogs to prevent vomiting) and placebos. The sentence is comparing dogs that received medicine versus dogs that received a placebo.

Now let's look at the senses:
1. definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | examples=the dog barked all night
   - This is the literal animal sense.

2. definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | examples=she got a reputation as a frump
   - This is a slang/derogatory term for a woman.

3. definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
   - This is an informal term for a person (man).

4. definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | examples=you dirty dog
   - This is a metaphorical insult.

5. definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll
   - This is "hot dog" - the food.

6. definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward
   - This is a mechanical part (pawl/dog).

7. definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch
   - These are andirons/fire dogs.

In the context of the sentence, they are talking about "Cerenia" (a veterinary drug) and "vomiting" in the context of a medical study. This is clearly referring to the animals (Canis), not sausages, people, or mechanical parts.

Therefore, the correct sense is 1.

The sentence is discussing a clinical trial or study where dogs received either medicine or placebo, and the outcomes were measured. This is definitely sense 1.

I should return only the number.

provider: ModelRun


[User]
Which numbered sense of "placebo" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a <t>placebo</t>, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Senses:
1. definition=an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug
2. definition=(Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which sense of "placebo" is used in the given sentence. The sentence is about a study comparing Cerenia (a medicine) to a placebo in dogs, specifically regarding vomiting treatment and prevention.

Let me look at the two senses provided:

1. "an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug"
2. "(Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead"

The sentence is clearly talking about a medical/pharmaceutical context - a study comparing a drug (Cerenia) to a placebo in dogs. This matches sense 1, which refers to an inert medication used as a control in experiments testing drug efficacy.

Sense 2 is a religious term referring to a specific Catholic service, which is completely unrelated to the context of the sentence.

Therefore, the correct answer is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "treatment" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the <t>treatment</t> or in the prevention of vomiting.

Senses:
1. definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury)
2. definition=the management of someone or something | examples=the handling of prisoners
3. definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which sense of "treatment" is used in the given sentence. Let me analyze the sentence and the definitions.

Sentence: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the <t>treatment</t> or in the prevention of vomiting."

The context is about a medicine (Cerenia) being tested against a placebo for dogs, specifically regarding vomiting. The phrase is "both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting."

Let me look at the senses:

1. definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury)
2. definition=the management of someone or something | examples=the handling of prisoners
3. definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic

In the sentence, "treatment" is contrasted with "prevention" in a medical context (veterinary medicine - dogs receiving medicine for vomiting).

"treatment" here refers to medical care provided to address an existing condition (vomiting) as opposed to preventing it. This matches sense 1: "care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury)".

Sense 2 is about management/handling (like handling prisoners), which doesn't fit.
Sense 3 is about artistic treatment, which doesn't fit.
Sense 4 is about a written or spoken discussion, which doesn't fit.

The context is clearly medical - dogs receiving medicine for vomiting. So sense 1 is correct.

The phrase "in the treatment or in the prevention" suggests "treatment" means the therapeutic intervention to address existing vomiting, as opposed to preventing it from occurring.

Therefore, the answer is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "treatment" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: The <t>treatment</t> of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Senses:
1. definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury)
2. definition=the management of someone or something | examples=the handling of prisoners
3. definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "treatment" is used in the given sentence.

 Let me analyze the sentence: "The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again)."

 The context is about a vomiting dog and medical procedures (injection, tablet). This is clearly referring to medical care for an illness (vomiting).

 Now let me look at the senses:
 1. definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury)
 2. definition=the management of someone or something | examples=the handling of prisoners
 3. definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
 4. definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic

 Sense 1 mentions "care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury)". This fits perfectly with the context of treating a vomiting dog with medical injections.

 Sense 2 is about management/handling, which doesn't fit the medical context.
 Sense 3 is about artistic treatment, which is irrelevant here.
 Sense 4 is about communication/discussion, which is also irrelevant.

 The answer is clearly sense 1.

provider: StreamLake


[User]
Which numbered sense of "dog" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: The treatment of a vomiting <t>dog</t> should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Senses:
1. definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | examples=the dog barked all night
2. definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | examples=she got a reputation as a frump
3. definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | examples=you dirty dog
5. definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll
6. definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward
7. definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "dog" is used in the given sentence.

Sentence: "The treatment of a vomiting <t>dog</t> should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again)."

The context clearly refers to an animal that is vomiting, needs medical treatment (injection vs tablet), and is referred to as an "animal" later in the sentence ("vomiting animals").

Looking at the senses:
1. definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | examples=the dog barked all night
This is the literal animal sense.

2. definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman - clearly not this.
3. informal term for a man - clearly not this.
4. someone who is morally reprehensible - clearly not this.
5. a smooth-textured sausage (hot dog) - clearly not this.
6. a hinged catch... - clearly not this.
7. metal supports for logs... - clearly not this.

The answer is 1.

provider: SiliconFlow