[User]
Which numbered sense of "degree" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: The only difference resides in the <t>degree</t> of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants.

Senses:
1. definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence
2. definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness
3. definition=an award conferred by a college or university signifying that the recipient has satisfactorily completed a course of study | examples=he earned his degree at Princeton summa cum laude
4. definition=a measure for arcs and angles | examples=there are 360 degrees in a circle
5. definition=the highest power of a term or variable
6. definition=a unit of temperature on a specified scale | examples=the game was played in spite of the 40-degree temperature
7. definition=the seriousness of something (e.g., a burn or crime) | examples=murder in the second degree

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "degree" is used in the given sentence.

 Sentence: "The only difference resides in the <t>degree</t> of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants."

 The word "degree" here is referring to the extent or level of generosity. It's talking about how much generosity is shown - the intensity or amount.

 Let's look at the senses:

 1. definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence
    - This seems to fit. "Degree of generosity" refers to the amount or intensity of generosity on a scale.

 2. definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness
    - This could also potentially fit, but let's look closer. Sense 2 emphasizes "specific identifiable position" and mentions "in a process." The example "a remarkable degree of frankness" is similar to "degree of generosity" but note that sense 2 mentions "specific identifiable position in a continuum" whereas sense 1 is more general "position on a scale of intensity or amount."

    Actually, looking carefully at the distinction:
    - Sense 1: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality" - this is about measuring the amount/intensity.
    - Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" - this is about stages or steps in a process or series.

    In the sentence, we're talking about the "degree of generosity" as an amount or level, not necessarily a specific stage in a process.

 3. definition=an award conferred by a college or university... - clearly not this, no academic context.

 4. definition=a measure for arcs and angles - no geometric context.

 5. definition=the highest power of a term or variable - mathematical, not relevant.

 6. definition=a unit of temperature - no temperature context.

 7. definition=the seriousness of something (e.g., a burn or crime) - could be confused with "degree" in legal contexts, but here it's about generosity, not crimes or burns.

 So it's between 1 and 2.

 Let me look more carefully at the distinction between sense 1 and 2.

 Sense 1 examples: "a moderate grade of intelligence" - this is about the level/intensity of intelligence.
 Sense 2 examples: "a remarkable degree of frankness" - this is similar to the usage in the sentence.

 However, looking at standard dictionary definitions:
 - Sense 1 seems to correspond to definitions like "a stage in a scale or series, especially in relation to zero or another standard" or "the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present."
 - Sense 2 seems to correspond to "a step in a direct lineage of descent" or "a stage in intensity or amount" but the specific wording mentions "specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process."

 Actually, looking at WordNet or similar lexical databases (which this formatting suggests):
 - Sense 1 (grade, level, degree): a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality
 - Sense 2 (degree, level, stage, point): a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process

 The example "a remarkable degree of frankness" for sense 2 suggests that "degree of [abstract noun]" constructions might map to sense 2.

 But wait, the example "a moderate grade of intelligence" for sense 1 uses "grade" as a synonym, and "grade" is similar to "degree."

 Let me reconsider. The phrase "degree of generosity" is referring to the extent or amount of generosity. This aligns with sense 1: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality."

 Sense 2 emphasizes "specific identifiable position" - like "first degree burns" or "third degree" or specific stages. But here, "degree of generosity" is more about the quantity/intensity rather than a specific named stage in a process.

 However, the example "a remarkable degree of frankness" under sense 2 is very similar to "degree of generosity."

 Let me think about the difference between these two senses in WordNet:
 - Sense 1 (degree#1): tends to be used with measurement words like "high degree", "low degree", "greater degree", referring to magnitude.
 - Sense 2 (degree#2): tends to be used for stages like "to a degree", "certain degree", or specific degrees like "n-th degree", "doctoral degree" (wait, that's sense 3), "burns of the second degree" (sense 7).

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet:
 - degree#1: grade, level - a position on a scale...
 - degree#2: level, stage, point - a specific identifiable position in a continuum...

 The phrase "degree of generosity" typically maps to sense 1 (level/amount). It's measuring the amount of generosity on a scale.

 But the example for sense 2 includes "a remarkable degree of frankness" which makes me hesitate.

 Let me check if these are from WordNet 3.0 or similar:
 WordNet 3.0 for "degree":
 1. degree, grade, level -- (a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality; "a moderate grade of intelligence"; "a high level of care is required"; "it is all a matter of degree")
 2. degree, level, stage, point -- (a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process; "a remarkable degree of frankness"; "at what stage are the social sciences?")

 So according to WordNet, "a remarkable degree of frankness" is actually sense 2, not sense 1.

 And "degree of generosity" would likely also be sense 2 following this pattern.

 Wait, but "degree of generosity" in the given sentence: "The only difference resides in the degree of generosity..."

 This is talking about the level or extent of generosity - how generous one is. This seems like it could be either, but the WordNet distinction is subtle.

 Actually, looking at the example for sense 1: "a moderate grade of intelligence" - this is similar.
 Looking at the example for sense 2: "a remarkable degree of frankness" - this is also similar.

 The difference might be:
 - Sense 1: emphasize the scale itself (intensity, amount, quality)
 - Sense 2: emphasize the position in a series/continuum/process

 In "degree of generosity", we're quantifying the amount of generosity, which aligns with sense 1's "amount or quality" or sense 2's identifiable position.

 But given the example "a remarkable degree of frankness" is listed under sense 2, and "degree of generosity" is structurally identical, I should choose sense 2.

 However, I need to be careful. Let me look at the definitions again:

 Sense 1: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality"
 Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process"

 The key difference is "specific identifiable position" vs "position on a scale". "Degree of generosity" in the context given implies "how much generosity" - the amount, which aligns with sense 1's "amount or quality".

 But "specific identifiable position" suggests distinct, named levels (like degrees of burns, or stages).

 Actually, looking at the sentence again: "The only difference resides in the degree of generosity..."

 This suggests that generosity can vary in amount/intensity, and the difference is in how much generosity is shown. This is sense 1.

 But why is "a remarkable degree of frankness" under sense 2? Maybe because "frankness" here is seen as a stage or point in a range of behavior?

 Let me reconsider. In many lexical semantic datasets, "degree of X" where X is an abstract noun typically maps to sense 1 when it refers to the extent/intensity.

 Wait, I should look at the actual WordNet entries to be sure. Since I can't browse the internet, I'll rely on my training data.

 In WordNet:
 - Sense 1: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality" - examples include "a moderate grade of intelligence", "it is all a matter of degree"
 - Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" - examples include "at what stage are the social sciences?", "a remarkable degree of frankness"

 The phrase "it is all a matter of degree" in sense 1 suggests that sense 1 is about the general concept of gradation on a scale.

 The phrase "a remarkable degree of frankness" in sense 2... this might mean that "degree" here is being used to mean "extent" but categorized under the "stage/point" sense.

 Actually, looking at the sentence: "The only difference resides in the degree of generosity..."

 If we substitute synonyms:
 - Sense 1: "The only difference resides in the amount of generosity..." - this makes sense.
 - Sense 2: "The only difference resides in the level/stage of generosity..." - this also makes sense, but "stage" is slightly less natural for generosity than "amount".

 However, given that the example "a remarkable degree of frankness" is explicitly listed under sense 2, and the structure is identical (degree of [abstract noun denoting a quality]), I should select sense 2.

 But wait, I should verify if "degree of generosity" is more like "degree of intelligence" (sense 1 example: grade of intelligence) or "degree of frankness" (sense 2 example).

 "Grade of intelligence" is under sense 1.
 "Degree of frankness" is under sense 2.

 The difference between "grade" and "degree" in these examples might be arbitrary, or there might be a subtle distinction.

 Let me look at the exact wording provided by the user again:
 1. definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence
 2. definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness

 Given that the example for sense 2 uses "degree" in the exact same construction ("degree of [quality]"), and the definition mentions "position in a continuum" which is applicable to abstract qualities like generosity, I believe the answer is 2.

 However, I'm not entirely confident because "amount or quality" in sense 1 also fits "generosity" well.

 Let me reconsider the possibility that it's sense 1.
 If sense 1 is "a position on a scale of intensity or amount", then "degree of generosity" = the amount of generosity.
 If sense 2 is "a specific identifiable position", then "degree of generosity" = the specific level of generosity.

 Both seem applicable. But the examples are the key:
 - Sense 1 has "grade of intelligence"
 - Sense 2 has "degree of frankness"

 Since the target uses "degree" and sense 2's example uses "degree", and they are parallel constructions, sense 2 is likely the intended answer.

 Additionally, sense 1 uses "grade" as the head word in the example (though "degree" is the lemma being defined).

 Actually, looking carefully: sense 1's definition includes "degree" (as the lemma being defined): "a position on a scale...". The example uses "grade" as a synonym or related word.

 Sense 2's definition and example both use "degree".

 But this doesn't necessarily determine the answer.

 Let me think about the phrase "resides in the degree". This suggests that the difference is in the extent to which the generosity is present. This is about amount/intensity (sense 1).

 But "degree of frankness" is also about extent.

 Perhaps the distinction is that sense 2 (level/stage/point) is used for "degree of X" constructions, while sense 1 is more general?

 Actually, looking at the WordNet 3.1 or similar, the first sense is often the most general "extent, amount" sense, and the second is about "stage in a process".

 But the example "a remarkable degree of frankness" is definitely attached to sense 2 in the user's list.

 Given that the user provides "a remarkable degree of frankness" as an example of sense 2, and the sentence contains "degree of generosity", the pattern match strongly suggests sense 2.

 Therefore, the answer is 2.

 Wait, one final check: could it be sense 7? "the seriousness of something".
 "Degree of generosity" - is generosity being treated like a burn or crime in terms of severity? No, that doesn't fit.

 Could it be sense 5? No, mathematical.

 So it's between 1 and 2. Given the example alignment, I'll go with 2.

 Actually, on further reflection, looking at standard lexical semantic resources like WordNet:
 - Sense 1: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality" -- this is the hypernym for words like grade, level. It includes phrases like "high degree", "to a lesser degree".
 - Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" -- this includes "degree" as in "third degree burns" or stages.

 But "degree of frankness" is actually in sense 1 in some versions? Or sense 2?

 Let me think about the phrase "a remarkable degree of frankness". Frankness is a quality. The degree is the amount/intensity of that quality. This should be sense 1.

 But why would the user put it under sense 2?

 Maybe:
 Sense 1: refers to the scale itself or the general concept (matter of degree)
 Sense 2: refers to a specific instance or level (degree of frankness)

 If that's the case, then "the degree of generosity" refers to a specific level of generosity, making it sense 2.

 Also, note that sense 1's example uses "grade" not "degree", while sense 2's example uses "degree". This might signal that "degree of X" maps to sense 2.

 Actually, looking at the user-provided content:
 Sense 1: examples=a moderate grade of intelligence
 Sense 2: examples=a remarkable degree of frankness

 The word "degree" appears in the example for sense 2, but not in the lemma position for sense 1's example (it uses "grade"). This suggests that the pattern "degree of [abstract noun]" is exemplified in sense 2.

 Therefore, the answer is 2.

 Final check: Is there any chance it's sense 1?
 If I say "the degree of generosity", am I talking about a position on a scale of intensity/amount? Yes.
 Am I talking about a specific identifiable position in a continuum? Also yes.

 But the examples are the tie-breaker. "Degree of frankness" = sense 2. Therefore "degree of generosity" = sense 2.

 Answer: 2


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "generosity" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: The only difference resides in the degree of <t>generosity</t>, which one deigns to grant to immigrants.

Senses:
1. definition=the trait of being willing to give your money or time
2. definition=acting generously

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "generosity" is used in the given sentence.

 Sentence: "The only difference resides in the degree of <t>generosity</t>, which one deigns to grant to immigrants."

 Senses:
 1. definition=the trait of being willing to give your money or time
 2. definition=acting generously

 Let me analyze the sentence. The sentence talks about "the degree of generosity" that "one deigns to grant to immigrants."

 The key here is understanding what "generosity" refers to in this context.

 Sense 1 refers to a trait or characteristic - an inherent quality of being willing to give.
 Sense 2 refers to the action or behavior itself - acting generously.

 In the sentence, "the degree of generosity" suggests we're talking about how much generosity is being shown or granted. The phrase "which one deigns to grant" suggests this is about the act of being generous or the extent of generous behavior/treatment toward immigrants.

 However, looking closely:
 - "Degree of generosity" could refer to the degree of the trait (how generous someone is by nature) or the degree of generous actions.
 - But the phrase "grant to immigrants" suggests this is about what is being given or bestowed - the generous treatment or the act of generosity itself.

 Actually, let me reconsider. In many dictionary sense distinctions:
 - Sense 1 is often the abstract noun referring to the quality/character trait
 - Sense 2 might refer to the instance or act

 But looking at the specific definitions:
 1. "the trait of being willing to give your money or time" - this is the personal quality/characteristic
 2. "acting generously" - this is the behavior/action

 In the sentence: "the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants"

 This seems to be referring to how generously one treats immigrants - the extent of generous behavior or treatment. It's about the act of granting something (rights, privileges, welcome, etc.) to immigrants in a generous way, or the extent of that generosity.

 The word "grant" implies bestowing something, and "deigns to grant" suggests condescending to give something. The generosity here is the quality or degree of that granting - but is it the trait or the action?

 Actually, thinking about it more carefully: "the degree of generosity" in this context is likely referring to the extent of favorable treatment or the liberality with which something is granted to immigrants. This is closer to sense 2 (acting generously) because it's about the behavior/action toward immigrants, not necessarily an inherent character trait of the person.

 But wait, "degree of generosity" is often used with sense 1 too. For example, "He has a high degree of generosity" referring to his character.

 However, the relative clause "which one deigns to grant to immigrants" modifies "generosity" or specifies what kind of generosity we're talking about. The generosity is something "granted to immigrants" - this makes it sound like the generosity itself is being granted, or the generous treatment is what's being discussed.

 Actually, looking at the structure again: "the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants"

 This could mean:
 - The degree of [generosity which one deigns to grant to immigrants]
 - Or: The generosity is something granted to immigrants

 If generosity is something granted to immigrants, then it refers to the treatment or behavior toward them - i.e., acting generously toward them.

 If it means "the generosity that one shows in granting things to immigrants," then it's also about the action.

 Sense 1 (the trait) would be more about the person's general disposition, not specifically tied to the act of granting something to a specific group in a specific instance.

 Given the context about immigrants and granting, this is likely referring to policy or behavior toward immigrants - how generous the treatment is. This would be sense 2.

 But let me double-check. The sentence structure suggests "generosity" is the object of granting, or the quality of the granting. "Deign to grant generosity to immigrants" - this would mean bestowing the quality of generosity upon immigrants? That doesn't quite make sense.

 Alternatively: "the degree of generosity [with which] one deigns to grant [something] to immigrants"

 If the sentence means: "The only difference resides in the degree of generosity with which one deigns to grant [rights/benefits/status] to immigrants" - then generosity describes the manner of the granting, i.e., acting generously.

 So sense 2 seems correct.

 However, if the definitions are from a specific dictionary (like WordNet or similar), I should consider the exact distinctions.

 Sense 1: trait/quality (disposition)
 Sense 2: action/behavior

 In the sentence, "degree of generosity" modifying how one grants something to immigrants - this is about the liberality or magnanimity of the action, which could be seen as either:
 - The degree of the trait being exhibited
 - The degree of generous action

 But typically, when we talk about "degree of generosity" in the context of specific actions (granting something to immigrants), we're referring to how generous the specific treatment/action is, which aligns with sense 2.

 Wait, I should look for similar examples. In many contexts, "generosity" when referring to treatment of others or policy toward others usually refers to the liberality of the treatment - sense 2.

 For example: "the generosity of the welfare system" - this refers to how generous (liberal) the system is in its actions/benefits, not the character trait of the system.

 So I believe the answer is 2.

 But let me reconsider if there's any way this could be 1. Could it be saying that the only difference is in the degree of the trait of willingness to give, which [the trait] one deigns to grant to immigrants? That doesn't parse well grammatically.

 Or: "the degree of generosity [that] one deigns to grant to immigrants" - can you grant the trait of generosity to immigrants? That would mean making them generous, which seems odd in this context.

 More likely: "the degree of generosity [with which] one deigns to grant [something] to immigrants"

 So yes, sense 2.

 Final check: The sentence is likely talking about how generously immigrants are treated - the liberality or beneficence of the treatment. This is the act of being generous (sense 2), not the internal trait (sense 1).

 Answer: 2

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DigitalOcean

currency: USD


[User]
Which numbered sense of "program" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: In his <t>program</t>, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved."

Senses:
1. definition=a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished | examples=they drew up a six-step plan
2. definition=a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need | examples=he proposed an elaborate program of public works
3. definition=a radio or television show | examples=did you see his program last night?
4. definition=a document stating the aims and principles of a political party | examples=their candidate simply ignored the party platform
5. definition=an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event | examples=you can't tell the players without a program
6. definition=an integrated course of academic studies | examples=he was admitted to a new program at the university
7. definition=(computer science) a sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute | examples=the program required several hundred lines of code
8. definition=a performance (or series of performances) at a public presentation | examples=the program lasted more than two hours

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to identify which sense of the word "program" is used in the given sentence.

The sentence is: "In his <t>program</t>, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved."

François Hollande is a French politician who was President of France. The context suggests this is about political policy or platform.

Let me look at the definitions:

1. "a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished" - This is a general plan, could fit but probably too generic.

2. "a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need" - This is about public works or services, could be political but seems more focused on infrastructure/services.

3. "a radio or television show" - Unlikely, unless referring to a TV appearance, but the content about "co-development" and "immigration problem" suggests political policy, not entertainment.

4. "a document stating the aims and principles of a political party" - This mentions political party platform. François Hollande is a politician, and the sentence mentions "his program" in the context of policy positions (co-development, immigration). This fits well with a political platform or program.

5. "an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event" - This is a playbill or schedule of events, not relevant here.

6. "an integrated course of academic studies" - Academic context, not relevant.

7. "(computer science) a sequence of instructions" - Software, not relevant.

8. "a performance (or series of performances) at a public presentation" - Entertainment/arts context, not relevant.

So sense 4 seems the most appropriate: "a document stating the aims and principles of a political party" (or political platform/program).

The sentence mentions François Hollande (a politician) and his stance on immigration and co-development, which are political policy matters. In political contexts, a "program" often refers to a party platform or political program of action.

However, let me reconsider sense 2: "a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need". This could also fit a political program. But sense 4 specifically mentions political party/platform, which seems more precise given that Hollande is a political figure and the mention of "his program" in the context of solving immigration problems sounds like election promises or political platform.

Actually, looking at the example for sense 4: "their candidate simply ignored the party platform" - this shows it's about what a candidate/politician proposes or stands for.

Given that François Hollande was the President of France and the context is about his policy proposals (confining himself to banalities about co-development and immigration), this is clearly referring to his political program/platform.

Therefore, the answer should be 4.

Wait, let me double-check if there's any other interpretation. Could it be sense 1? "a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished". That's possible too, but less specific. The phrase "his program" in reference to a politician usually means his political platform or program of government.

In French political terminology, "program" (programme) is commonly used to mean the platform or set of policies a candidate runs on. For example, "le programme du candidat".

Between sense 2 and sense 4:
- Sense 2: system of projects or services for public need (like public works, social programs)
- Sense 4: document stating aims and principles of political party (platform)

The sentence mentions "co-development" and "immigration problem" which are policy areas, so both could fit, but sense 4 is more specifically about political platforms and includes the word "political" in the definition. The subject is a specific politician (Hollande) and "his program" - this aligns with a candidate's platform.

Therefore, 4 is the best answer.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "problem" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration <t>problem</t> to be solved."

Senses:
1. definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | examples=she and her husband are having problems
2. definition=a question raised for consideration or solution | examples=our homework consisted of ten problems to solve
3. definition=a source of difficulty | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "problem" is used in the given sentence.

 The sentence is: "In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration <t>problem</t> to be solved."

 The three senses are:
 1. definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | examples=she and her husband are having problems
 2. definition=a question raised for consideration or solution | examples=our homework consisted of ten problems to solve
 3. definition=a source of difficulty | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job

 Let me analyze the sentence context:
 - The sentence talks about an "immigration problem" that would be "solved"
 - The phrase "our immigration problem to be solved" suggests a state of difficulty or an issue that needs resolution
 - Looking at sense 1: "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved" - this fits well. Immigration is described as a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved/solved.
 - Looking at sense 2: "a question raised for consideration or solution" - this usually refers to academic exercises or specific questions, not general social issues like immigration. While immigration could be considered a question, sense 1 is more appropriate for describing ongoing social issues.
 - Looking at sense 3: "a source of difficulty" - this suggests something that causes difficulty for something else (like "the problem was a faulty wire"), but here immigration itself is being described as the problem that needs solving, not necessarily as a source of difficulty for something else.

 Actually, let me reconsider. Sense 3 is "a source of difficulty" with the example "one trouble after another delayed the job". This suggests that "problem" in sense 3 is something that causes trouble/difficulty for other things.

 In the sentence, "immigration problem" refers to the issue/difficulty regarding immigration that needs to be solved. This aligns with sense 1: "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved."

 The example for sense 1: "she and her husband are having problems" - this refers to difficulties in their relationship that need resolution.
 The example for sense 2: "our homework consisted of ten problems to solve" - these are specific questions/exercises.
 The example for sense 3: "one trouble after another delayed the job" - this refers to sources of difficulty.

 In the context of "immigration problem", this is referring to the ongoing issue/state of difficulty regarding immigration that society faces and wants to resolve. This is clearly sense 1.

 Wait, let me double-check WordNet or standard dictionary definitions to make sure I'm interpreting these correctly.

 Sense 1: "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved" - This is like "we have a problem" meaning we are in a difficult situation.
 Sense 2: "a question raised for consideration or solution" - This is like a math problem or a puzzle.
 Sense 3: "a source of difficulty" - This is like "the problem is the faulty pipe" - it's the cause of the trouble.

 In the sentence: "our immigration problem to be solved" - this is referring to the difficult situation regarding immigration. It's a state of difficulty. So sense 1.

 Actually, looking at the example for sense 1: "she and her husband are having problems" - this is about difficulties in a relationship.
 The phrase "immigration problem" is similar - it's about the difficulties related to immigration.

 Sense 1 seems correct.

 But let me look at sense 3 again. "a source of difficulty" - could immigration be seen as a source of difficulty? Yes, but in the sentence, it's being described as something to be "solved", which suggests it's the main issue itself, not just a source. When we say "solve the problem", we usually mean resolve the difficulty (sense 1), whereas sense 3 focuses on the causative aspect.

 Also, looking at the wording "our immigration problem", this parallels "having problems" in sense 1 - it's something that affects "us" and needs resolution.

 Therefore, the answer should be 1


[User]
Which numbered sense of "notion" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: This <t>notion</t> of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly.

Senses:
1. definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | examples=his impression of her was favorable
2. definition=a general inclusive concept
3. definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories
4. definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "notion" is used in the given sentence.

Sentence: "This <t>notion</t> of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly."

Let me analyze the sentence:
- The sentence is talking about a concept or idea that immigration is a burden and a problem
- This concept/idea may be politically useful (electoral asset) but economically costly
- The word "notion" here refers to a belief, concept, or idea about immigration

Now let's look at the senses:

1. "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed" - example given is about an impression. This seems like a personal impression or belief.

2. "a general inclusive concept" - This seems like a broad concept or abstract idea.

3. "an odd or fanciful or capricious idea" - example mentions theatrical notion. This implies something whimsical or strange.

4. "(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items" - definitely not this, as it's talking about an abstract concept about immigration, not physical items.

Between 1, 2, and 3:

The sentence describes "immigration being a burden and a problem" as a "notion." This is referring to a concept or belief about immigration.

Sense 1 emphasizes "vague idea" and "confidence is placed" - like an impression.
Sense 2 emphasizes "general inclusive concept" - a broad concept or understanding.
Sense 3 emphasizes "odd or fanciful" - which doesn't fit here because the sentence is talking about a serious political/economic belief, not something fanciful or whimsical.

The phrase "notion of immigration being a burden and a problem" suggests a general concept or understanding of what immigration represents. However, looking at the specific context - this is referring to a particular belief or view about immigration.

Actually, looking more carefully:
- Sense 1: "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed" - This could fit if we're talking about a belief people hold.
- Sense 2: "a general inclusive concept" - This could fit as the general concept of immigration as a burden.
- Sense 3: "an odd or fanciful or capricious idea" - This doesn't fit because the writer is criticizing it as economically costly but politically useful, not calling it fanciful or odd.

Between 1 and 2:

Sense 1 is often used for personal impressions or beliefs ("his notion of beauty").
Sense 2 is more about abstract concepts.

But looking at the example for sense 3: "the theatrical notion of disguise" - this suggests that "notion" can mean a concept or conceptualization.

Actually, let me reconsider. The sentence seems to be using "notion" to mean a belief, view, or idea.

Sense 1: "vague idea in which some confidence is placed" - This typically refers to a personal belief or impression.
Sense 2: "a general inclusive concept" - This refers to a broad concept.
Sense 3: "odd or fanciful idea" - refers to a whimsical idea.

The sentence is describing a specific belief/view that immigration is a burden. This seems closest to sense 2 or possibly sense 1.

But wait, looking at the example for sense 1: "his impression of her was favorable" - this suggests sense 1 is about personal impressions.

Looking at standard dictionary definitions:
- Notion can mean:
  1. A conception or idea (general concept)
  2. A belief or opinion (vague idea)
  3. An impulse or whim (fanciful idea)
  4. Small items (sewing notions)

Given the sentence structure "This notion of immigration being...", this seems to be referring to a concept or conceptualization - the concept that immigration is a burden.

However, sense 2 is defined as "a general inclusive concept" which fits well with referring to the concept of immigration as a burden.

But sense 1 "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed" might also fit if we consider this a vague popular belief.

Let me look at the clues in the provided senses more carefully.

Sense 1 example: "his impression of her was favorable" - This suggests personal perception/belief.
Sense 3 example: "the theatrical notion of disguise" - This suggests a conceptual understanding or concept used in a field (theater).

The sentence is talking about a political/economic concept - the idea that immigration is a burden. This seems most like sense 2: "a general inclusive concept" or possibly sense 1.

But actually, looking at how "notion" is used in contexts like this, when we say "the notion that X is Y" we usually mean a belief or concept.

Between sense 1 (vague idea/impression) and sense 2 (general concept):

The phrase "This notion of immigration being a burden" treats it as a concept or idea that people hold. In many dictionaries, sense 2 corresponds to a general concept or theoretical construct.

However, looking at typical WordNet or similar sense inventories:
Sense 1 often corresponds to "impression, feeling, belief, notion, opinion" - a vague idea in mind.
Sense 2 often corresponds to "concept, conception, notion" - an abstract idea.
Sense 3 is "whim, notion, whimsey" - a sudden desire or fancy.

Given the pejorative context "may be an electoral asset but economically costly," the speaker is treating this as a misconception or a vague popular belief rather than a rigorous concept. This suggests sense 1 (a vague idea) might be more appropriate.

But sense 2 "general inclusive concept" is also very strong.

Let me check the exact wording again. "This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem..."

If I look at similar usage in corpora:
- "The notion of freedom" - concept (sense 2)
- "His notion of justice" - concept or belief (could be 1 or 2)

Actually, looking at the provided definition for sense 3: "an odd or fanciful or capricious idea" with example about theatrical notion - this suggests sense 3 is about specific artistic or whimsical concepts.

Sense 1: "vague idea in which some confidence is placed" - this emphasizes the subjective nature, the fact that someone believes it.

Sense 2: "general inclusive concept" - this emphasizes the abstract nature.

In the sentence, "This notion... may be an electoral asset" suggests it's something people believe or subscribe to, which would make sense 1 (vague idea with confidence placed in it) or sense 2 (concept).

But the key might be that "notion" in the sense of "concept" (sense 2) is value-neutral, while "vague idea" (sense 1) suggests it may not be well-founded. The sentence criticizes it as economically costly, suggesting it's a mistaken or unfounded belief.

However, looking at the example for sense 1: "his impression of her was favorable" - this is clearly about a personal mental state.

The sentence is talking about a widespread belief ("this notion of immigration..."), which could be a shared concept.

Actually, I think I need to reconsider the specific definitions provided:

1. definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | examples=his impression of her was favorable
2. definition=a general inclusive concept
3. definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories
4. definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items

Wait, looking at sense 3's example: "the theatrical notion of disguise" - this is similar to the structure in the sentence: "this notion of immigration being..."

But sense 3 specifies "odd or fanciful or capricious." Is the notion that immigration is a burden considered odd or fanciful here? Not really - the author is saying it's economically costly but politically useful, not that it's fanciful.

Sense 2: "a general inclusive concept" - This would be a straightforward reading where "notion" = concept/idea.

Sense 1: "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed" - This suggests a belief or opinion.

Given the political context and the phrasing, this is most likely sense 2. The sentence is referring to the concept or idea that immigration is a burden. This is a general concept held by some people.

But let me double-check. If this were WordNet:
- Sense 1: notion, impression, feeling, belief - "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed"
- Sense 2: concept, conception, construct - "an abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instances"
- Sense 3: whim, whimsy, notion - "a sudden desire"

Actually, looking at standard WordNet 3.0:
1. notion, impression, feeling, belief - a vague idea in which some confidence is placed
2. notion, concept, conception, construct - an abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instances
3. whim, whimsy, notion - a sudden desire

In the sentence, "This notion of immigration being a burden" - this is clearly not a sudden desire (whim), so not sense 3. It's not sewing items, so not sense 4.

Between 1 and 2:
- Sense 1 emphasizes it's a vague idea, an impression, a feeling.
- Sense 2 emphasizes it's a concept, an abstract idea.

The phrase "notion of..." often aligns with sense 2 (concept), but can also be sense 1.

However, looking at the example provided for sense 3: "the theatrical notion of disguise" - this uses "notion of" and clearly refers to a concept (sense 2 type meaning) but is labeled as sense 3 because it's specific to a field? No, sense 3 is defined as "odd or fanciful."

Wait, the example for sense 3 is about theatrical notions - concepts in theater. But the definition says "odd or fanciful." There's a contradiction if we consider theater concepts to be fanciful.

Actually, I think these might be from a specific dictionary or WordNet. Let me assume the definitions are accurate.

Given that the sentence treats "immigration being a burden" as a concept that can be an electoral asset, it's referring to a belief system or concept.

The best fit seems to be sense 2: "a general inclusive concept" - referring to the concept or idea that immigration is problematic.

But sense 1 could also fit if we're emphasizing that it's a belief people hold with confidence.

However, looking at the criticism "economically very costly," this suggests the notion is wrong or misguided. If it were sense 2 (a general concept), it would be neutral. If it's sense 1 (a vague idea with confidence placed in it), the "vague" part suggests it lacks rigor, which fits the criticism that it's economically costly (i.e., not based on economic reality).

But "vague" might just be part of the definition, not necessarily implying wrongness.

Let me look at the similar phrase "notion of" in the examples:
- Sense 3: "notion of disguise"

If sense 3 has "notion of", and sense 2 is a general concept, and sense 1 is a vague idea...

Actually, looking carefully at the provided options, I notice that sense 2 is very brief: "a general inclusive concept". This is the most neutral definition and most likely corresponds to the standard meaning of "concept" or "idea".

Given that the sentence is discussing a political/economic concept (the idea that immigration is a burden), and this is being analyzed for its effects (electoral asset, economic cost), this is most likely referring to the concept itself - sense 2.

But I need to be careful. The word "notion" often carries a slight connotation of being a belief or opinion rather than a fact, which might push it toward sense 1.

However, if we compare:
- "His notion of beauty" = his personal concept of what beauty is (sense 1 or 2)
- "The notion of进化论" = the concept of evolution (sense 2)

In "This notion of immigration being a burden", it's similar to "the notion that immigration is a burden" - this is a proposition or concept.

I think the answer is 2. It's referring to the general concept or idea that immigration is a burden.

Wait, I should reconsider sense 3. Could this be an "odd or fanciful" idea? The author says it's an electoral asset but economically costly. This suggests it's a popular but wrong idea. Is it "fanciful"? Not really - it's a serious political position, just one the author disagrees with.

Sense 1: "vague idea in which some confidence is placed" - This could fit because it's an idea (vague) that people have confidence in (electoral asset).

But between 1 and 2, 2 seems more likely for "notion of X being Y" structure when X is a policy issue.

Let me check if there's any clue I'm missing. The tag is <t>notion</t>.

Actually, looking at similar tasks (this looks like a word sense disambiguation task), the answer is likely 2.

But let me reconsider sense 1 vs 2 one more time.

Sense 1 examples usually include "my notion is...", "he had a notion that..."
Sense 2 is the pure "concept" meaning.

The phrase "This notion of..." where "of" introduces the content of the notion (immigration being a burden) suggests we're dealing with the content, the concept itself. This is sense 2.

Additionally, if it were sense 1, it would emphasize the subjective confidence aspect, but the sentence emphasizes the content (immigration being a burden) and its consequences.

Therefore, I conclude the answer is 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "burden" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: This notion of immigration being a <t>burden</t> and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly.

Senses:
1. definition=an onerous or difficult concern | examples=the burden of responsibility
2. definition=weight to be borne or conveyed
3. definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work
4. definition=the central idea that is expanded in a document or discourse

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "burden" is used in the given sentence.

The sentence is: "This notion of immigration being a <t>burden</t> and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly."

The senses are:
1. definition=an onerous or difficult concern | examples=the burden of responsibility
2. definition=weight to be borne or conveyed
3. definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work
4. definition=the central idea that is expanded in a document or discourse

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence talks about immigration being a "burden" and a "problem"
- It's describing immigration as something negative, troublesome, or difficult to deal with
- The context suggests it's something that creates difficulty or responsibility

Looking at the definitions:
1. "an onerous or difficult concern" - This fits well. Immigration being described as a burden means it's seen as a difficult concern or responsibility.
2. "weight to be borne or conveyed" - This is more literal, physical weight.
3. "the central meaning or theme..." - This is about the main idea of a text, not applicable here.
4. "the central idea that is expanded..." - Also about the main theme of a document/discourse.

Sense 1 is clearly the best fit. The sentence is using "burden" metaphorically to mean something that is a difficult concern or responsibility (in this case, immigration being seen as a problem or drain on resources).

The phrase "burden and a problem" suggests that "burden" here means something troublesome or difficult to deal with, which aligns with sense 1.

So the answer should be: 1

provider: ModelRun


[User]
Which numbered sense of "problem" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: This notion of immigration being a burden and a <t>problem</t>, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly.

Senses:
1. definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | examples=she and her husband are having problems
2. definition=a question raised for consideration or solution | examples=our homework consisted of ten problems to solve
3. definition=a source of difficulty | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which sense of "problem" is used in the given sentence.

 The sentence is: "This notion of immigration being a burden and a <t>problem</t>, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly."

 Let me analyze the senses:

 1. "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved" - example: she and her husband are having problems
 2. "a question raised for consideration or solution" - example: our homework consisted of ten problems to solve
 3. "a source of difficulty" - example: one trouble after another delayed the job

 In the sentence, "problem" is used in the context of immigration being described as a burden and a problem. It's referring to immigration as something problematic, a source of difficulty or trouble.

 Looking at sense 3: "a source of difficulty" with the example "one trouble after another delayed the job" - this seems to fit best. Immigration is being characterized as a source of difficulty/trouble.

 Sense 1 is about a state of difficulty (like having problems in a relationship), but here "problem" is being used as a noun describing what immigration is (a burden and a problem), similar to sense 3's "source of difficulty."

 Actually, let me reconsider. Sense 1 is "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved." Sense 3 is "a source of difficulty."

 In the sentence, immigration is being called "a burden and a problem." It's being characterized as something that is troublesome or a source of difficulty.

 But sense 1 could also fit - immigration being a state of difficulty that needs resolution.

 However, looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1 example: "she and her husband are having problems" - this refers to ongoing difficulties, troubles
 - Sense 3 example: "one trouble after another delayed the job" - this refers to things that cause difficulty

 The phrase "immigration being a burden and a problem" suggests immigration is being viewed as a troublesome thing, a source of difficulty. This aligns with sense 3.

 But actually, looking more carefully at sense 1: "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved" - this seems to refer to the condition or situation of having problems.

 Sense 3: "a source of difficulty" - refers to the thing that causes the difficulty.

 In the sentence, immigration is the thing that is considered a problem - it's the source of the difficulty. So sense 3 seems correct.

 Wait, let me look at the exact wording again: "This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem"

 If immigration is "a problem", it's being characterized as a problem. Is it a source of difficulty (sense 3) or a state of difficulty (sense 1)?

 Immigration itself is not a state - it's a phenomenon/process. Calling it "a problem" suggests it's a problematic thing, a source of trouble.

 But sense 1's example "she and her husband are having problems" uses "problems" in the plural, referring to difficulties they're experiencing.

 Sense 3's example "one trouble after another" uses it as things that cause difficulty.

 Actually, looking at dictionary definitions typically:
 - Sense 1 usually corresponds to "a matter or situation regarded as unwelcome or harmful and needing to be dealt with and overcome" (general sense of something wrong)
 - Sense 2 is clearly the mathematical/exercise sense
 - Sense 3 is "a thing that is difficult to achieve or accomplish" or specifically the "source of difficulty"

 Wait, the provided definitions are:
 1. a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved
 2. a question raised for consideration or solution
 3. a source of difficulty

 In the context "immigration being a burden and a problem", immigration is being viewed as a troublesome issue. It's a source of difficulty (sense 3).

 But "burden and problem" - a burden is something heavy to carry, and a problem here is likely sense 1 (a difficult situation) or sense 3 (source of difficulty).

 Actually, looking at WordNet or similar lexical databases (which this format resembles):
 - Sense 1: "problem, job" - a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved
 - Sense 2: "problem" - a question raised for consideration or solution
 - Sense 3: "trouble, problem" - a source of difficulty

 In the sentence, immigration is described as "a burden and a problem." The collocation with "burden" suggests it's something troublesome or a source of difficulty. "Trouble" and "problem" are often synonyms in this sense.

 Also, sense 1 usually takes plural "problems" when referring to general difficulties (like "having problems"), while sense 3 can be singular "a problem" referring to a specific troublesome thing.

 However, sense 1 can also be singular: "The problem is..." referring to a specific difficult situation.

 But looking at the example for sense 1: "she and her husband are having problems" - this is about experiencing difficulties.

 The example for sense 3: "one trouble after another delayed the job" - this is about obstacles/sources of difficulty.

 In "immigration being a burden and a problem", immigration is being characterized as a problematic phenomenon - a source of difficulty. This aligns with sense 3.

 But I should verify. If the sentence was "Immigration is a problem," it could mean:
 - It's a difficult situation (sense 1)
 - It's a source of difficulty (sense 3)

 However, given the contrast with "burden" (something onerous, a weight), and the context of it being "economically costly", this suggests immigration is viewed as a troublesome thing, i.e., a source of difficulty.

 Actually, looking carefully at standard word sense disambiguation datasets (like WordNet):

 WordNet 3.1 senses for "problem":
 1. a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved; "she and her husband are having problems"; "what is the problem?"
 2. a question raised for consideration or solution; "our homework consisted of ten problems to solve"
 3. a source of difficulty; "one trouble after another delayed the job"; "illegality is only the latest of several problems connected with the project"

 The example for sense 3 is very similar: "illegality is only the latest of several problems connected with the project" - this treats "problems" as sources of difficulty connected with something.

 In our sentence: "immigration being a burden and a problem" - immigration is a problem (source of difficulty) connected with... well, in this case, immigration itself is the problem.

 Actually, looking at the example for sense 1 again: "what is the problem?" - here it refers to the matter causing concern.

 I think the key distinction is:
 - Sense 1: the difficult situation itself (the problematic state of affairs)
 - Sense 3: the thing/person causing the difficulty (the source)

 In "immigration is a problem", immigration can be seen as the source of difficulty (sense 3).

 But "immigration is a problem" can also mean "immigration constitutes a problematic situation" (sense 1).

 However, looking at the provided example for sense 3: "one trouble after another delayed the job" - here "trouble" and "problem" (if substituted) would refer to specific issues that cause delays.

 And for sense 1: "she and her husband are having problems" - refers to their marital difficulties.

 Given that immigration is an abstract concept/process, and it's being called "a burden", the sense is likely 3 (source of difficulty) or 1 (state of difficulty).

 But "burden" suggests something that weighs on you, causes difficulty. So "problem" here likely means "source of difficulty."

 Also, if we look at the pattern: "being a burden and a problem" - both nouns describe what immigration is. A burden is something troublesome. A problem (sense 3) is a source of difficulty.

 I think the answer is 3.

 Wait, let me reconsider if it could be sense 1. "A state of difficulty" - is immigration a state of difficulty? Not exactly. Immigration is a process or phenomenon. It creates or constitutes a state of difficulty, but the phrase "immigration being... a problem" treats immigration as the problem itself.

 In common parlance, when we say "X is a problem", we usually mean X is a source of difficulty (sense 3), not that X is a state of difficulty (sense 1). For sense 1, we usually say "There is a problem with X" or "X is having problems."

 Therefore, sense 3 is the correct answer.

 Actually, looking at the sentence again: "This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem..."

 This is talking about the concept/view that immigration is problematic. The word "problem" here characterizes immigration as something negative, troublesome.

 Given the options, sense 3 "a source of difficulty" fits best because immigration is being identified as the thing that causes difficulty.

 I'll go with 3.

provider: Moonshot AI


[User]
Which numbered sense of "book" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent <t>book</t> summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants.

Senses:
1. definition=a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together) | examples=I am reading a good book on economics
2. definition=physical objects consisting of a number of pages bound together | examples=he used a large book as a doorstop
3. definition=a compilation of the known facts regarding something or someone | examples=Al Smith used to say, `Let's look at the record'
4. definition=a written version of a play or other dramatic composition; used in preparing for a performance
5. definition=a record in which commercial accounts are recorded | examples=they got a subpoena to examine our books
6. definition=a collection of playing cards satisfying the rules of a card game
7. definition=a collection of rules or prescribed standards on the basis of which decisions are made | examples=they run things by the book around here
8. definition=the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina
9. definition=the sacred writings of the Christian religions | examples=he went to carry the Word to the heathen
10. definition=a major division of a long written composition | examples=the book of Isaiah
11. definition=a number of sheets (ticket or stamps etc.) bound together on one edge | examples=he bought a book of stamps

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "book" is used in the given sentence.

The sentence is: "As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent <t>book</t> summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."

The word "book" here refers to a published work titled "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future" by Princeton University Press, 352 pages. It's a written work about immigration.

Looking at the senses:
1. definition=a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together) | examples=I am reading a good book on economics
2. definition=physical objects consisting of a number of pages bound together | examples=he used a large book as a doorstop
3. definition=a compilation of the known facts regarding something or someone | examples=Al Smith used to say, `Let's look at the record'
4. definition=a written version of a play or other dramatic composition; used in preparing for a performance
5. definition=a record in which commercial accounts are recorded | examples=they got a subpoena to examine our books
6. definition=a collection of playing cards satisfying the rules of a card game
7. definition=a collection of rules or prescribed standards on the basis of which decisions are made | examples=they run things by the book around here
8. definition=the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina
9. definition=the sacred writings of the Christian religions | examples=he went to carry the Word to the heathen
10. definition=a major division of a long written composition | examples=the book of Isaiah
11. definition=a number of sheets (ticket or stamps etc.) bound together on one edge | examples=he bought a book of stamps

Sense 1 fits best: "a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together)". The example even mentions "I am reading a good book on economics" which is similar to the context here (economists writing about immigration).

Sense 2 refers to the physical object itself, not the content. The sentence is referring to the content/publication, not the physical doorstop-like object.

Sense 3 is about a compilation of known facts, often called a "record" (like criminal record), not typically what we'd call an academic book in this context, though it could be close. But sense 1 is more general and fits better.

Sense 4 is about plays/scripts.

Sense 5 is accounting books.

Sense 6 is card games.

Sense 7 is about rules/standards ("by the book").

Sense 8 is Quran.

Sense 9 is Bible.

Sense 10 is a division of a larger work (like Book 1, Book 2).

Sense 11 is stamps/tickets.

Therefore, the correct answer is 1.

provider: StreamLake


[User]
Which numbered sense of "immigration" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of <t>immigration</t> (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants.

Senses:
1. definition=migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there)
2. definition=the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which sense of "immigration" is used in the given sentence. I need to choose between sense 1 and sense 2.

 Let me analyze the sentence:
 "As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of <t>immigration</t> (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."

 The word "immigration" here is being used in the context of "knowledge of immigration" - referring to the general concept or phenomenon of people migrating into places. The book is about how migration shaped our world, and the sentence discusses "migration flows" and "immigrants" in the general sense.

 Now let's look at the senses:

 Sense 1: "migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there)"
 - This refers to the act or process of immigrating, the general concept of people moving into a place.

 Sense 2: "the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony"
 - This refers to a specific group or body of immigrants arriving at a particular time. The example suggests it's about the collective group of people who arrived.

 In the given sentence, "immigration" is used in the context of "knowledge of immigration" - meaning knowledge about the phenomenon/process of migration into places. It's not referring to a specific body of immigrants arriving during a specific interval. The sentence discusses the general impact of migration flows, not a specific group of arrivals.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the correct answer.

 The sentence is talking about the general concept of immigration/migration as a phenomenon studied by economists, not a specific group of immigrants. The phrase "migration flows" later in the sentence confirms it's about the general process.

 So the answer is 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[User]
Which numbered sense of "people" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional <t>People</t>: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants.

Senses:
1. definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people
2. definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | examples=the Spanish people
3. definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations
4. definition=the common people generally | examples=separate the warriors from the mass

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "people" is used in the given sentence. The word is marked with <t></t> tags in the sentence.

Sentence: "As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional <t>People</t>: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."

The word "People" appears in the title of a book: "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future".

Let me look at the senses:
1. definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people
2. definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | examples=the Spanish people
3. definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations
4. definition=the common people generally | examples=separate the warriors from the mass

The title "Exceptional People" is referring to migrants or human beings who migrate. It's talking about people (human beings) who are exceptional, specifically in the context of migration.

Sense 1 is "any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively" - this seems to fit best for "Exceptional People" in the context of a book about migration shaping our world. It's referring to human beings collectively, specifically migrants.

Sense 2 refers to citizens of a state/country (e.g., "the Spanish people"). This doesn't fit because it's not referring to a specific nation's citizens in the political sense, but rather to migrants as human beings.

Sense 3 refers to family line/ancestry. This doesn't fit.

Sense 4 refers to common people/masses (as opposed to elite). This doesn't fit because "exceptional people" would not be referring to the common masses, but rather to human beings who migrate.

So the answer should be 1.

Wait, let me double-check. The book title is "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future". This is clearly about human beings who migrate. The word "people" here is being used in the general sense of human beings (plural).

Sense 1: "(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively" - yes, this matches.

The other senses are more specific:
- Sense 2 is about political/national identity
- Sense 3 is about family/ancestry
- Sense 4 is about social class (common people vs elite)

Therefore, the correct answer is 1.

provider: Novita


[User]
Which numbered sense of "migration" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How <t>Migration</t> Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants.

Senses:
1. definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
2. definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
3. definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
4. definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "migration" is used in the given sentence. The word "migration" is marked with <t></t> tags in the sentence.

Let me analyze the sentence:
"As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How <t>Migration</t> Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."

The context is about:
- A book about immigration
- How migration shaped our world and will define our future
- Migration flows
- Countries admitting immigrants
- Economic impact

Now let's look at the senses:
1. definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
2. definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
3. definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
4. definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding

The sentence is clearly talking about human migration/immigration. It's about the movement of people between countries, and its economic impact.

Sense 1 fits: "the movement of persons from one country or locality to another"
Sense 2 is about a group of people, but the context here is about the general concept/concept of migration as a phenomenon that shaped the world, not specifically a particular group.
Sense 3 is chemistry - clearly wrong.
Sense 4 is about animals - clearly wrong.

The title "How Migration Shaped Our World" refers to the general phenomenon of people moving from one place to another throughout history.

Therefore, the correct answer is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "future" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our <t>Future</t>, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants.

Senses:
1. definition=the time yet to come
2. definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future
3. definition=bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of the word "future" is used in the given sentence. The word is marked with <t></t> tags in the sentence.

Let me look at the sentence:
"As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our <t>Future</t>, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."

The word "future" appears in the title of the book: "How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future"

Now let's look at the senses:
1. definition=the time yet to come
2. definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future
3. definition=bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date

Sense 1 refers to the concept of time that hasn't happened yet - the future as a temporal concept.
Sense 2 refers to grammatical tense (future tense).
Sense 3 refers to financial futures (commodities trading).

In the context of the book title "Will Define Our Future", the word "future" refers to the time yet to come, what's going to happen next, the destiny or prospect of the world. This aligns with sense 1.

It's not referring to a verb tense (sense 2) because it's being used as a noun here, not as a grammatical term describing verb forms.

It's not referring to commodities trading (sense 3) because the context is about migration shaping the world and defining what is to come, not about financial contracts.

Therefore, the correct answer is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "specialist" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among <t>specialists</t> on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants.

Senses:
1. definition=an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning
2. definition=practices one branch of medicine

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to identify which sense of "specialist" is used in the given sentence. The word is marked with <t>specialists</t> in the sentence.

Let me analyze the sentence:
"As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among <t>specialists</t> on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."

The context is about economists discussing immigration and there being consensus among "specialists" on the economic impact of migration.

Now let's look at the two senses provided:
1. definition=an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning
2. definition=practices one branch of medicine

Sense 2 is clearly about medical specialists (doctors who specialize in specific areas of medicine).

Sense 1 is a general definition of a specialist as an expert in a particular field or branch of learning.

In the sentence, the context is about economists and immigration - this is about experts in the field of economics/immigration studies, not medical doctors. The "specialists" here refer to experts who study immigration and its economic impacts.

Therefore, the correct sense is 1.

The answer should be just the number: 1

provider: Chutes


[User]
Which numbered sense of "impact" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive <t>impact</t> of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants.

Senses:
1. definition=the striking of one body against another
2. definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking
3. definition=influencing strongly | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which sense of "impact" is used in the given sentence. Let me analyze the sentence and the definitions.

Sentence: "...there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive <t>impact</t> of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries..."

The word "impact" here refers to the effect or influence that migration flows have on economic growth, wages, and employment.

Let me look at the senses:

1. "the striking of one body against another" - This is the physical, literal meaning of impact (like a collision). Not applicable here since we're talking about economic effects.

2. "a forceful consequence; a strong effect | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking" - This seems to fit. The sentence is talking about the effect of migration on economic indicators. The example shows "impact" used in a similar way - the effect something has on something else.

3. "influencing strongly | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture" - This definition mentions "influencing strongly" but the example uses "impingement" which suggests more of an intrusion or encroachment. However, looking at the structure, sense 3 seems to be about the act of influencing, while sense 2 is about the consequence/effect itself.

Wait, let me reconsider. Sense 2 is "a forceful consequence; a strong effect" - this is a noun referring to the result or effect.

Sense 3 is "influencing strongly" - this seems like it could be a verb or a noun referring to the act of influencing.

In the sentence: "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth" - "impact" is clearly a noun here, and it's referring to the effect or consequence of migration on the economy.

Sense 2: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect" - matches perfectly. The example "the book had an important impact on my thinking" shows the same structure: "impact on [something]".

Sense 3: "influencing strongly" - while related, this seems more active, like the act of influencing. But the example given is "they resented the impingement of American values on European culture" - wait, that example actually uses "impingement" not "impact". Let me check if sense 3 is actually for "impingement" or if it's a poorly formatted entry.

Actually, looking at standard WordNet or similar dictionary entries:
- Sense 2 matches the usage of "impact" as an effect or influence (noun)
- Sense 3 with the example about "impingement" might actually be for the word "impingement" or it might be showing a related word. But the definition says "influencing strongly" which could fit.

But wait, looking at standard Princeton WordNet entries for "impact":

From WordNet:
1. impact, impingement, encroachment - influencing strongly
2. impact, effect - a forceful consequence; a strong effect
3. shock, impact - the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat
4. impact, shock - the striking of one body against another

Actually, let me reconsider the numbering. The user provides:
1. definition=the striking of one body against another
2. definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking
3. definition=influencing strongly | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Comparing to WordNet:
- Sense 1 (striking) = "impact, shock" - the striking of one body against another
- Sense 4 (violent interaction/combat) = "shock, impact" - the violent interaction...
- Sense 2 (forceful consequence) = "impact, effect" - a forceful consequence...
- Sense 3 (influencing strongly) = "impingement, impact, encroachment" - influencing strongly...

Wait, the example for sense 3 mentions "impingement" specifically.

In the given sentence: "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment"

This is clearly referring to the effect or consequence of migration. It matches sense 2: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect"

The structure "impact of X on Y" or "impact on Y" is classic for sense 2.

Sense 3 "influencing strongly" with the example about "impingement" suggests a meaning closer to encroachment or intrusion, which doesn't fit the economic context as well.

Sense 1 is physical collision.
Sense 4 is military combat.

So the answer should be 2.

Let me double-check:
- "positive impact" - this describes the nature of the effect/consequence
- "impact of migration flows on economic growth" - migration flows have an effect on economic growth
- This is abstract, not physical (so not sense 1 or 4)
- It's about the result/effect, not about the act of intruding (sense 3 seems to be about encroachment/intrusion based on the example)

Yes, definitely sense 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "migration" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of <t>migration</t> flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants.

Senses:
1. definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
2. definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
3. definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
4. definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "migration" is used in the given sentence. I need to look at the context and match it to the correct definition.

Sentence context: "...there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of <t>migration</t> flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."

Key clues:
- "migration flows"
- "countries, which admit immigrants"
- Economic impact on growth, wages, employment
- Book about "immigration"
- "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World..."

This is clearly about human movement between countries.

Looking at the senses:
1. definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
2. definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
3. definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
4. definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding

Sense 1 fits perfectly: movement of persons from one country or locality to another.
Sense 2 is about a group of people, but the sentence talks about "migration flows" in the abstract sense of movement, not a specific group.
Sense 3 is chemistry - irrelevant.
Sense 4 is animals - irrelevant.

The answer is 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


[User]
Which numbered sense of "flow" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration <t>flows</t> on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants.

Senses:
1. definition=the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases)
2. definition=the amount of fluid that flows in a given time
3. definition=the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression
4. definition=any uninterrupted stream or discharge
5. definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal
6. definition=dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | examples=two streams of development run through American history
7. definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "flow" is used in the given sentence. The target word is marked with <t>flows</t> in the sentence.

Sentence: "As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration <t>flows</t> on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."

The phrase is "migration flows". This refers to the movement of people (migrants) from one place to another in a continuous or stream-like manner.

Let's look at the senses:
1. the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) - This is about physical fluids. Migration is not a fluid in the literal sense.
2. the amount of fluid that flows in a given time - Again, about fluid amount. Not applicable.
3. the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression - This could be metaphorical. Migration flows means the act of people moving in a stream-like continuous progression.
4. any uninterrupted stream or discharge - Usually for physical substances or perhaps data, but "migration flows" is more about the movement/progression.
5. something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal - This seems very close. "Migration flows" resembles a flowing stream of people moving continuously.
6. dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | examples=two streams of development run through American history - This is more about a course/sequence of events or ideas, not the physical movement of people.
7. menstruation - Not applicable.

Now between 3, 4, 5, and 6.
Sense 3: "the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression" - This is a general definition. Could apply.
Sense 5: "something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously" with example "a stream of people". The word "flows" in "migration flows" is used as a noun meaning a stream of migrants. It resembles a flowing stream.

Wait, the word is "flows" (plural). "Migration flows" is a common collocation. Let's think about how WordNet or similar lexicons define these senses. This looks like it might be from WordNet.

Let me check WordNet senses for "flow":
In WordNet 3.0/3.1, the senses of "flow" (noun) are:
1. the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) - (fluid, flow)
2. the amount of fluid that flows in a given time - (flow, flow rate, rate of flow)
3. the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression - (flow, stream)
4. any uninterrupted stream or discharge - (flow, outpouring)
5. something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously - (stream, flow) - example: a stream of people emptied from the terminal
6. dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas - (stream, flow) - example: two streams of development run through American history
7. the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus - (menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, period, flow)

The phrase "migration flows" refers to streams of migrants. It is a metaphorical extension where people moving are likened to a fluid flowing. Sense 5 explicitly mentions "a stream of people emptied from the terminal". Migration flows = streams of migrants. So sense 5 seems the best fit.

Sense 3 is "the act of flowing or streaming". While migration can be described as an act of flowing, "migration flows" as a noun phrase is more like "streams of migration" (i.e., instances or quantities that resemble a stream). In WordNet, sense 5 is "something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously". The example "a stream of people" is directly analogous to "flows" of people (migration).

Sense 6 is about a course of events or ideas, not people moving physically.

Therefore, the answer should be 5.

Let me double-check. The sentence says "migration flows". This means the flows of migrants. It's talking about the movement of people as if they were a fluid. Sense 5: "something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously". Yes, a flow of migrants resembles a flowing stream. The example given in sense 5 is "a stream of people". "Migration flows" is essentially the same concept but using "flow" instead of "stream". Since the sense definition mentions "something that resembles a flowing stream", and the word is "flows", it fits perfectly.

Sense 3 is more abstract: "the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression". This could be argued, but in lexical semantics, "migration flow" is typically categorized under the "stream of things/people" sense (sense 5) rather than the "act of flowing" sense (sense 3). The act of flowing would be more like "the flow of time" or "the flow of the conversation". But "migration flows" are countable (plural), suggesting discrete streams or instances of movement, which aligns with sense 5 (something that resembles...). Sense 3 is usually uncountable or singular in a more abstract way.

Also, in many NLP datasets (like Word Sense Disambiguation tasks), "traffic flow" or "migration flow" is often tagged with sense 5 (or the equivalent "stream, flow" sense).

So the correct number is 5.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "employment" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and <t>employment</t> in countries, which admit immigrants.

Senses:
1. definition=the state of being employed or having a job | examples=they are looking for employment
2. definition=the occupation for which you are paid | examples=he is looking for employment
3. definition=the act of giving someone a job
4. definition=the act of using | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "employment" is used in the given sentence. The sentence is:

"As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and <t>employment</t> in countries, which admit immigrants."

The senses are:
1. definition=the state of being employed or having a job | examples=they are looking for employment
2. definition=the occupation for which you are paid | examples=he is looking for employment
3. definition=the act of giving someone a job
4. definition=the act of using | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs

Let me analyze the context. The sentence mentions "economic growth, wages and employment". In economic contexts, "employment" often refers to the state of having jobs or being employed (the employment rate, level of employment), or it can refer to the general concept of jobs/work.

Looking at sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job" - this fits with economic discussions about employment levels, employment rates, etc. In the context of "impact on economic growth, wages and employment", it's talking about the state or level of employment in the economy.

Looking at sense 2: "the occupation for which you are paid" - this would be more about specific jobs or occupations, but here it's used in a general economic sense alongside "wages" and "economic growth".

Looking at sense 3: "the act of giving someone a job" - this would be the action of employing someone (hiring). The context doesn't suggest this is about the act of hiring.

Looking at sense 4: "the act of using" - this is a different meaning (like "employment of tools"), not relevant here.

In economic contexts, when discussing "impact on... employment", it usually refers to the level or rate of employment (how many people have jobs), which aligns with sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job".

However, I should check if sense 2 could also fit. Sense 2 seems very similar to sense 1, but let's look at the examples:
- Sense 1 example: "they are looking for employment" - this means looking for a job/state of having a job
- Sense 2 example: "he is looking for employment" - this seems almost identical

Wait, looking more carefully:
Sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job"
Sense 2: "the occupation for which you are paid"

Sense 2 seems to emphasize the specific job/occupation itself, while Sense 1 emphasizes the state/condition of having employment.

In the phrase "impact on economic growth, wages and employment", "employment" is used as an economic indicator, referring to the level or amount of employment in the economy. This is the state of being employed (sense 1), not a specific occupation (sense 2).

Also, sense 3 would be "the act of employing" (hiring), which doesn't fit because the sentence is about the result/effect on the economy, not the act of hiring.

Sense 4 is clearly wrong.

Therefore, the answer should be 1.

But let me double-check. In economics, "employment" can mean:
1. The state of having paid work (being employed)
2. The number of people employed or the proportion of the population employed

This aligns with sense 1.

Sense 2 would be like "What is your employment?" meaning "What is your job/occupation?" or referring to specific types of jobs.

In the context "positive impact on... employment in countries", it's clearly about the general level or state of employment, not specific occupations.

So the answer is 1.