[User]
Which numbered sense of "run" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and <t>running</t> for re-election in 1982.

Senses:
1. definition=move fast by using one's feet, with one foot off the ground at any given time | examples=Don't run--you'll be out of breath
2. definition=flee; take to one's heels; cut and run | examples=If you see this man, run!
3. definition=stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point | examples=Service runs all the way to Cranbury
4. definition=direct or control; projects, businesses, etc. | examples=She is running a relief operation in the Sudan
5. definition=have a particular form | examples=the story or argument runs as follows
6. definition=move along, of liquids | examples=Water flowed into the cave
7. definition=perform as expected when applied | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in
8. definition=change or be different within limits | examples=Estimates for the losses in the earthquake range as high as $2 billion
9. definition=run, stand, or compete for an office or a position | examples=Who's running for treasurer this year?
10. definition=cause to emit recorded audio or video | examples=They ran the tapes over and over again
11. definition=move about freely and without restraint, or act as if running around in an uncontrolled way | examples=who are these people running around in the building?
12. definition=have a tendency or disposition to do or be something; be inclined | examples=She tends to be nervous before her lectures
13. definition=be operating, running or functioning | examples=The car is still running--turn it off!
14. definition=change from one state to another | examples=run amok
15. definition=cause to perform | examples=run a subject
16. definition=be affected by; be subjected to | examples=run a temperature
17. definition=continue to exist | examples=These stories die hard
18. definition=occur persistently | examples=Musical talent runs in the family
19. definition=carry out a process or program, as on a computer or a machine | examples=Run the dishwasher
20. definition=include as the content; broadcast or publicize | examples=We ran the ad three times
21. definition=carry out | examples=run an errand
22. definition=pass over, across, or through | examples=He ran his eyes over her body
23. definition=cause something to pass or lead somewhere | examples=Run the wire behind the cabinet
24. definition=make without a miss
25. definition=deal in illegally, such as arms or liquor
26. definition=cause an animal to move fast | examples=run the dogs
27. definition=be diffused | examples=These dyes and colors are guaranteed not to run
28. definition=sail before the wind
29. definition=cover by running; run a certain distance | examples=She ran 10 miles that day
30. definition=extend or continue for a certain period of time | examples=The film runs 5 hours
31. definition=set animals loose to graze
32. definition=keep company | examples=the heifers run with the bulls to produce offspring
33. definition=run with the ball; in such sports as football
34. definition=travel rapidly, by any (unspecified) means | examples=Run to the store!
35. definition=travel a route regularly | examples=Ships ply the waters near the coast
36. definition=pursue for food or sport (as of wild animals) | examples=Goering often hunted wild boars in Poland
37. definition=compete in a race | examples=he is running the Marathon this year
38. definition=progress by being changed | examples=The speech has to go through several more drafts
39. definition=reduce or cause to be reduced from a solid to a liquid state, usually by heating | examples=melt butter
40. definition=come unraveled or undone as if by snagging | examples=Her nylons were running
41. definition=become undone | examples=the sweater unraveled

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "run" is used in the given sentence.

 Sentence: "The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and <t>running</t> for re-election in 1982."

 Looking at the context: "freshman Republicans... running for re-election"

 This is about politicians competing for an office/position (re-election).

 Let me look at the senses:

 9. definition=run, stand, or compete for an office or a position | examples=Who's running for treasurer this year?

 This matches perfectly. The Republicans are running (competing) for re-election.

 Let me check if any other sense could fit:
 - Sense 37: compete in a race - could be close, but "running for re-election" is specifically about competing for office, not necessarily a foot race or sports race, though it could be metaphorical. But sense 9 is specifically about running for office.
 - Sense 4: direct or control - no, they aren't running the re-election, they are running for it.
 - Sense 36: pursue for food or sport - no.

 Sense 9 is clearly the best match: "run, stand, or compete for an office or a position"

 The phrase "running for re-election" is a standard political term meaning seeking/competing for the office again.

 So the answer is 9.

provider: DigitalOcean


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "freshman" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Because these <t>freshmen</t> placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat.

Senses:
1. definition=a first-year undergraduate
2. definition=any new participant in some activity

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to identify which sense of "freshman" is used in the given sentence. The sentence is: "Because these <t>freshmen</t> placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat."

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence mentions "spreading the Reagan revolution" which refers to political activities
- It mentions "national policy making"
- It mentions "partisan role"
- The context suggests these are members of Congress or legislators, not undergraduate students

In US politics, "freshman" is commonly used to refer to first-year members of Congress. These would be new participants in the activity of legislating/national policy making.

Looking at the two senses:
1. "a first-year undergraduate" - This refers to college/university students
2. "any new participant in some activity" - This is a broader definition that would include new members of Congress

Given the context about "Reagan revolution," "national policy making," and "partisan role," this is clearly referring to politicians, likely freshman members of Congress. Therefore, sense 2 is the correct answer because these are new participants in legislative/national policy making activities, not undergraduate students.

Wait, let me reconsider. In the context of US politics, "freshman" when referring to members of Congress is indeed sense 2 - they are new participants in the activity of being legislators. However, I should check if there's any ambiguity.

The sentence mentions "Reagan revolution" which places this in the 1980s. "Freshman" members of Congress are commonly referred to as such in political reporting. They are not undergraduates (sense 1), but rather new legislators (sense 2).

So the answer should be 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Phala

currency: USD


[User]
Which numbered sense of "place" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Because these freshmen <t>placed</t> far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat.

Senses:
1. definition=put into a certain place or abstract location | examples=Put your things here
2. definition=place somebody in a particular situation or location | examples=he was placed on probation
3. definition=assign a rank or rating to | examples=how would you rank these students?
4. definition=assign a location to | examples=The company located some of their agents in Los Angeles
5. definition=to arrange for | examples=place a phone call
6. definition=take a place in a competition; often followed by an ordinal | examples=Jerry came in third in the Marathon
7. definition=intend (something) to move towards a certain goal | examples=He aimed his fists towards his opponent's face
8. definition=recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something | examples=She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster
9. definition=assign to (a job or a home)
10. definition=locate | examples=The film is set in Africa
11. definition=estimate | examples=We put the time of arrival at 8 P.M.
12. definition=identify the location or place of | examples=We localized the source of the infection
13. definition=make an investment | examples=Put money into bonds
14. definition=assign to a station
15. definition=finish second or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to place
16. definition=sing a note with the correct pitch

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "place" is used in the given sentence. The sentence is: "Because these freshmen <t>placed</t> far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat."

Let me analyze the usage of "placed" in this sentence. The phrase is "placed far more emphasis on". This is an idiomatic expression meaning "to put" or "to give" emphasis to something.

Looking at the definitions:

1. "put into a certain place or abstract location" - This could potentially fit, as "emphasis" is being put onto something abstract.

2. "place somebody in a particular situation or location" - This doesn't fit because the object is "emphasis", not a person.

3. "assign a rank or rating to" - No, this is about emphasis, not ranking.

4. "assign a location to" - No, not about physical location.

5. "to arrange for" - Not quite right.

6. "take a place in a competition" - No, this is not about competition placement.

7. "intend (something) to move towards a certain goal" - No, that's about aiming.

8. "recognize as being" - No.

9. "assign to (a job or a home)" - No.

10. "locate" - No.

11. "estimate" - No.

12. "identify the location or place of" - No.

13. "make an investment" - No.

14. "assign to a station" - No.

15. "finish second or better in a horse or dog race" - No.

16. "sing a note with the correct pitch" - No.

Wait, looking at definition 1 again: "put into a certain place or abstract location". The example is "Put your things here".

But actually, "place emphasis on" is a specific collocation. Let me think about which definition best captures this.

Definition 1 says "put into a certain place or abstract location". Emphasis is an abstract thing, and it is being put onto/into their partisan role.

But let me look more carefully. The verb "place" in "place emphasis on" means to put or set. This seems closest to definition 1.

However, I should check if there's a more specific definition. Definition 1 seems to be the general "put" meaning.

Actually, looking at the sentence structure: "placed far more emphasis on their partisan role" - this is like saying "put far more emphasis on".

Definition 1: "put into a certain place or abstract location" - this could work because emphasis is being put onto an abstract concept (their partisan role).

But wait, is there a definition about assigning or attributing? Let me look again.

Definition 2 is about placing somebody in a situation.

Definition 1 examples: "Put your things here". This is the general sense of putting something somewhere.

In "place emphasis on", we are metaphorically putting emphasis onto something. This would be sense 1.

But I want to double-check. Could it be sense 7? "intend (something) to move towards a certain goal" - no, that's not right.

Could it be sense 11? "estimate" - no.

Actually, looking at WordNet or similar lexical databases (since this looks like WordNet data), sense 1 of "place" is usually the most general sense: "put, set, place, pose, position, lay" - to put into a certain place or abstract location.

The phrase "place emphasis on" is a collocation where "place" means to put or set.

So the answer should be 1.

But let me reconsider. Is there any other sense that could fit better?

Sense 2: "place somebody in a particular situation or location" - examples: "he was placed on probation". This is about placing a person.

Sense 9: "assign to (a job or a home)" - this is also about placing people.

Sense 14: "assign to a station" - also about people/positions.

Sense 1 is the most general: putting something into a place or abstract location.

"Emphasis" is abstract, and it is being placed (put) onto their partisan role.

Therefore, sense 1 is correct.

Wait, I should verify if "place emphasis" is considered a separate sense or falls under sense 1. In WordNet, "place" sense 1 is: "put into a certain place or abstract location" and includes examples like "Set the tray down" and "Put your things here". It also includes abstract uses like "The emphasis was placed on...".

Actually, looking at standard dictionary definitions, "place" can mean:
- To put in a particular position (physical)
- To direct, apply, or put (trust, emphasis, etc.)

Sense 1 covers both physical and abstract locations.

Therefore, the answer is 1.

provider: ModelRun


[User]
Which numbered sense of "emphasis" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Because these freshmen placed far more <t>emphasis</t> on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat.

Senses:
1. definition=special importance or significance | examples=the red light gave the central figure increased emphasis
2. definition=intensity or forcefulness of expression | examples=the vehemence of his denial
3. definition=special and significant stress by means of position or repetition e.g.
4. definition=the relative prominence of a syllable or musical note (especially with regard to stress or pitch) | examples=he put the stress on the wrong syllable

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "emphasis" is used in the given sentence.

 Sentence: "Because these freshmen placed far more <t>emphasis</t> on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat."

 The word "emphasis" here is used in the context of "placed far more emphasis on their partisan role". This means they gave special importance or significance to their partisan role.

 Let's look at the senses:
 1. definition=special importance or significance | examples=the red light gave the central figure increased emphasis
 2. definition=intensity or forcefulness of expression | examples=the vehemence of his denial
 3. definition=special and significant stress by means of position or repetition e.g.
 4. definition=the relative prominence of a syllable or musical note (especially with regard to stress or pitch) | examples=he put the stress on the wrong syllable

 Sense 1 fits best: "placed far more emphasis on" means they gave special importance or significance to their partisan role.

 Sense 2 is about intensity of expression (vehemence), which doesn't fit here.
 Sense 3 is about stress by position or repetition (likely referring to linguistic/rhetorical emphasis), which doesn't fit.
 Sense 4 is about phonetic/musical stress, which doesn't fit.

 So the answer is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "role" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan <t>role</t> -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat.

Senses:
1. definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | examples=the function of a teacher
2. definition=an actor's portrayal of someone in a play | examples=she played the part of Desdemona
3. definition=what something is used for | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes
4. definition=normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting | examples=what is your role on the team?

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which sense of the word "role" is used in the given sentence. The sentence is:

"Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan <t>role</t> -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat."

The options are:
1. the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group (examples: the function of a teacher)
2. an actor's portrayal of someone in a play (examples: she played the part of Desdemona)
3. what something is used for (examples: the function of an auger is to bore holes)
4. normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting (examples: what is your role on the team?)

Let me analyze the sentence. The word "role" here refers to the "partisan role" of freshmen (likely freshman congressmen or legislators) in national policy making. The context suggests these are political freshmen (probably members of Congress) who emphasized their partisan role - meaning their function or position as members of a political party in the legislative process.

Looking at the definitions:
- Definition 1: "the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group" - This seems to fit. The partisan role would be the activities expected of them as party members.
- Definition 2: This is about acting/theater. Not relevant here.
- Definition 3: This is about what something (an object) is used for. Not relevant for a person's role.
- Definition 4: "normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting" - This also seems plausible. Their role in the social setting of national policy making.

Wait, let me look more carefully at the distinction between 1 and 4.

Definition 1: "the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group"
Definition 4: "normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting"

The example for definition 4 is "what is your role on the team?" which suggests a position or function within a group.

The example for definition 1 is "the function of a teacher" which is about the duties/responsibilities of a position.

In the sentence, "partisan role" refers to their function or position as party members in the policy-making process. The phrase "spreading the Reagan revolution" describes what that role entails.

Actually, looking at WordNet or similar lexical databases (which this format resembles):
- Sense 1 usually corresponds to "function, office, part, role" - the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group
- Sense 2 corresponds to "character, role, theatrical role, part, persona" - an actor's portrayal
- Sense 3 corresponds to "function, purpose, role, use" - what something is used for (usually for objects)
- Sense 4 corresponds to "role, social function" - normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting

In the context of "partisan role" referring to politicians (freshmen likely means freshman congressmen), this is about their function or duties as party members.

Definition 1 focuses on "actions and activities assigned to or required or expected"
Definition 4 focuses on "normal or customary activity... in a particular social setting"

The phrase "partisan role" in political context typically refers to the expected behavior or function of a party member. But let's look at the specific wording.

The sentence says they placed emphasis on their "partisan role" -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making.

This seems to be describing their function or purpose as party members (partisan = party member).

Between 1 and 4:
- 1 is more about duties/responsibilities assigned to a person
- 4 is more about customary activity in a social setting

"Partisan role" in this context is closer to definition 1 or 4. But let me think about the specific WordNet senses.

In WordNet:
- role#1: function, office, part, role - the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group
- role#2: character, role, theatrical role, part, persona - an actor's portrayal
- role#3: function, purpose, role, use - what something is used for
- role#4: role, social function - normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting

The example for role#4 is "what is your role on the team?"
The example for role#1 is "the function of a teacher"

In the sentence, "freshmen" refers to freshman legislators (members of Congress). Their "partisan role" is their function as party members.

Actually, looking at the sentence structure: "placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making"

The dash explains what the role is: spreading the Reagan revolution. This is describing their function or purpose in the policy making process.

I think definition 1 is the best fit: "the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group"

But wait, definition 4 says "normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting" with the example "what is your role on the team?"

Is a partisan role a "normal or customary activity" or "actions and activities assigned or expected"?

In political science, a "partisan role" refers to the behavior expected of someone based on their party affiliation. This could fit either.

But looking at the specific wording of the definitions provided:
1. "the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group"
4. "normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting"

The key difference is that definition 1 emphasizes things that are "assigned to or required or expected of" while definition 4 emphasizes "normal or customary."

In the context of the sentence, these freshmen emphasized their partisan role - meaning they acted according to what was expected of them as party members (spreading the Reagan revolution). This sounds like definition 1.

However, definition 4 with the example "what is your role on the team?" is also very similar. A partisan role is like a role on a team.

But let me reconsider the WordNet hierarchy. Actually, I should look at what the specific senses correspond to.

Sense 1: This is the general sense of role as function/duty (e.g., the role of the teacher is to educate)
Sense 4: This is the sociological sense of role (e.g., gender roles, social roles)

The phrase "partisan role" in political science typically refers to the expected pattern of behavior for party members, which aligns with sense 4 (social role). But it could also be sense 1.

Wait, I need to be more careful. The sentence mentions "freshmen" - in the context of "national policy making" and "Reagan revolution", this is almost certainly referring to freshman members of Congress (the "Class of 1994" or similar, though Reagan would be 1980s).

Their "partisan role" would be their role as Republicans (or Democrats) in the legislative process.

Let me look at the examples again:
- Sense 1 example: "the function of a teacher"
- Sense 4 example: "what is your role on the team?"

"Function of a teacher" suggests the duties/responsibilities.
"Role on the team" suggests the position or part one plays.

In the sentence, "partisan role" is modified by the explanation "spreading the Reagan revolution." This describes what they do in that role.

Actually, looking at the exact wording of the question, these look like WordNet definitions.

WordNet 3.0/3.1:
1. role, function (the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group) "play a role"; "the function of a teacher"
2. character, role, theatrical role, part, persona (an actor's portrayal of someone in a play) "she played the part of Desdemona"
3. function, purpose, role, use (what something is used for) "the function of an auger is to bore holes"
4. role (normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting) "what is your role on the team?"

Now, which one fits "partisan role" in the context of legislators?

"Partisan role" would be sense 1 or sense 4.

Sense 1 is broader and refers to functions/duties.
Sense 4 is specifically about social settings.

The phrase "in national policy making" suggests a social setting (the political system).

But "partisan role" as "spreading the Reagan revolution" sounds like the activities expected of them (sense 1).

However, looking at the example for sense 4: "what is your role on the team?" - this is asking about the position or part someone plays in a group.

"Partisan role" is similar - what part do they play as partisans?

But sense 1: "the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group" - this also fits, as "spreading the Reagan revolution" describes the activities.

Let me think about this differently. The word "partisan" here is key. A partisan is a person. Their role is either:
- The activities they perform (sense 1)
- Their position in the social structure (sense 4)

In political science discourse, when we say someone emphasized their "partisan role," we usually mean they acted in accordance with the expectations of their party - i.e., the activities expected of them.

But actually, looking at the specific context: "placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution"

The dash indicates that "spreading the Reagan revolution" is an appositive or explanation of "partisan role." So the role IS spreading the Reagan revolution.

Spreading the Reagan revolution is an activity. So this would be sense 1.

But wait, sense 4 is "normal or customary activity." Spreading the Reagan revolution is an activity.

Hmm. Let me reconsider whether sense 1 or 4 is more appropriate.

Actually, looking at standard WordNet sense distinctions:
- Sense 1 is the most general sense covering "function, office, part, role"
- Sense 4 is specifically "social function"

The example "what is your role on the team?" for sense 4 suggests it's about one's position or function within a social group.

The example "the function of a teacher" for sense 1 suggests it's about the duties of a profession/position.

"Partisan role" is about the function/position of a party member in the legislature. This is very similar to "role on the team."

In fact, "partisan role" is a technical term in political science that refers to the expected behavior patterns of party members, which aligns with sense 4 (social role).

But I'm not entirely sure. Let me think about whether "freshmen" could be something else. No, in context of "national policy making" and "Reagan revolution," this is definitely about politics, likely the 1980s Congress.

Another approach: eliminate the wrong answers first.
- Sense 2 (actor) is clearly wrong.
- Sense 3 (what something is used for) is for objects, not people in social contexts. "Partisan role" refers to people. So sense 3 is out.

It's between 1 and 4.

Sense 1: "actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group"
Sense 4: "normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting"

The phrase "partisan role" is defined/exemplified by "spreading the Reagan revolution."

Is "spreading the Reagan revolution" an "action or activity assigned to or required or expected of" them? Or is it a "normal or customary activity"?

Well, as Republican legislators, spreading the Reagan revolution would be both expected of them (sense 1) and customary for them (sense 4).

But looking at the specific wording of sense 4: "normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting"

The key is "social setting." National policy making is a social setting.

Sense 1 doesn't specify "social setting" - it's more general.

However, sense 1 includes "the function of a teacher" which is definitely a social role.

Let me check actual WordNet usage. In WordNet, "partisan" as an adjective modifying "role" would most likely map to sense 1 or 4.

Actually, I recall that in many lexical semantic datasets, "role" in political contexts (like "the role of the president") is often sense 1.

But let me look at the exact wording again. The definition of sense 4 says "normal or customary activity." The definition of sense 1 says "actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of."

The phrase "placed far more emphasis on their partisan role" suggests they were focusing on behaving in a certain way. The role is defined as "spreading the Reagan revolution."

"Spreading the Reagan revolution" is an activity. Both senses 1 and 4 mention "activity/activities."

But sense 1 emphasizes things that are "assigned to or required or expected of" while sense 4 emphasizes "normal or customary."

In the context of the sentence, these freshmen were vulnerable to defeat BECAUSE they emphasized their partisan role (i.e., they were very partisan). This suggests that "partisan role" refers to the behavior expected of party members - acting in a partisan manner.

I think sense 1 is the answer. The "function" sense.

Wait, I want to double-check. Let me search my internal knowledge for how "role" is used in similar contexts.

In the sentence: "Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making..."

This is describing the function or part that these legislators played.

Actually, looking at the example for sense 4: "what is your role on the team?"
And the example for sense 1: "the function of a teacher"

"Partisan role" is more like "role on the team" than "function of a teacher."

A teacher's function is defined by the job description.
A role on a team is defined by the position one plays.

But "partisan" isn't really a position like "quarterback" or "point guard." It's an attribute.

Hmm, but "partisan role" means the role of being a partisan advocate.

Let me think about this differently. The word "role" in the phrase "partisan role" is synonymous with "function" or "part."

If I substitute "function": "their partisan function" - this works.
If I substitute "part": "their partisan part" - this is a bit awkward but understandable.

Looking at the definitions again:
1. actions and activities... assigned to or required or expected of...
4. normal or customary activity... in a particular social setting

The phrase "spreading the Reagan revolution" is an activity. It's what they do.

Is it "assigned to" them? Well, as party members, there's an expectation.
Is it "normal or customary"? Well, for partisans, yes.

But the key distinction might be that sense 4 is specifically about social roles (sociological concept), while sense 1 is more general.

In political science, "partisan role" is a technical term referring to the behavior of legislators who view themselves primarily as party members. This is definitely a social role (sense 4).

However, looking at the actual WordNet definitions and examples, sense 1 is actually the hypernym of sense 4 in some interpretations, or they are distinct.

Let me reconsider the WordNet structure:
- Sense 1: role, function
- Sense 4: role

Sense 4 is specifically the sociological sense.

The example "what is your role on the team?" is about a social setting (the team).

"National policy making" is also a social setting.

"Partisan" describes the type of role.

I think the answer is 4.

But I'm not 100% sure. Let me think about whether it could be 1.

Sense 1 example: "the function of a teacher"
Sense 4 example: "what is your role on the team?"

"Partisan role" is asking about what part they play as partisans. This is like asking what your role is on the team.

Also, the definition of sense 1 says "assigned to or required or expected of." While partisans are expected to be partisan, the phrase emphasizes the social aspect.

Actually, looking at the word "freshmen" - these are new members. They are emphasizing their role as party members (partisans) rather than their role as representatives of their districts or as committee members, etc.

This is about the part they play in the social setting of Congress.

I think 4 is the correct answer.

Wait, I want to check one more thing. In many word sense disambiguation tasks, "role" in political contexts maps to sense 1.

For example: "the role of government" - this is sense 1 or 3.
"the role of the president" - sense 1.

"Role on the team" - sense 4.

Is "partisan role" more like "role of the president" or "role on the team"?

It's more like "role of the president" - it's about the function/activities.

But "partisan" is a modifier. "Partisan role" means the role of being a partisan.

Let me look at the exact wording of sense 4 again: "normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting"

The phrase "partisan role" refers to the customary activity of a partisan in policy making.

Actually, I think I've been overthinking this. Let me look for clues in the sentence structure.

The sentence contrasts their partisan role with... well, it doesn't explicitly contrast it, but it says they placed emphasis on their partisan role (as opposed perhaps to their role as representatives of their districts, or their role as committee members, etc.).

In legislative studies, there are different "roles" that legislators can emphasize: the partisan role, the delegate role, the trustee role, etc. These are social roles.

I think the answer is 4.

But let me also consider if it could be 1. Definition 1: "the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group"

If we parse "partisan role" as "the role of a partisan" (where partisan is a person who is a strong party supporter), then:
- The actions and activities expected of a partisan = sense 1
- The normal activity of a partisan in a social setting = sense 4

Both work. But "partisan" here is an adjective: "partisan role" = the role of being partisan, or the role of a party member.

In the context of "freshmen" (new legislators) and "national policy making," this is describing their behavior in the legislative setting.

I found a similar example in my training data. Actually, I should just make a decision based on the definitions.

Definition 4: "normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting"
- Key: social setting, customary activity
- Example: role on the team

Definition 1: "actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group"
- Key: assigned/required/expected, actions and activities
- Example: function of a teacher

"Partisan role" in the context of legislators is about the expected activities of party members. This is sense 1.

But "role on the team" (sense 4) is also about expected activities.

The difference is subtle. Sense 4 is specifically marked as "social setting" and uses the word "customary." Sense 1 is more about "assigned" or "required."

In a political party, the role is both assigned (by the party leadership/platform) and customary (social norm).

However, looking at the specific phrase "partisan role" and the fact that these are "freshmen" (new members), they are choosing to emphasize a particular role. This suggests it's about the part they play (sense 4) rather than just the function.

Actually, I think the answer is 1. Here's why: the explanation "spreading the Reagan revolution" describes the activities. Definition 1 is "the actions and activities..." Definition 4 is "activity" (singular).

Definition 1 focuses on "actions and activities" - plural, multiple things.
Definition 4 focuses on "activity" - could be singular or general.

"Spreading the Reagan revolution" is a specific set of actions.

Also, definition 1 includes "part" as a synonym (in WordNet: role, function, office, part).

"Partisan part" - the part played by partisans.

Definition 4 is specifically the sociological sense.

In many standard WSD (Word Sense Disambiguation) datasets, "role" in contexts like "the role of X in Y" where X is a person or group and Y is a process, maps to sense 1.

For example: "the role of women in society" - sense 1 or 4?
Actually, "the role of women in society" is often sense 4 (social role).

But "the role of the teacher" is sense 1.

"Partisan role" - is it more like "role of women" (social role, sense 4) or "function of teacher" (occupational function, sense 1)?

I think it's sense 4 because:
1. It involves a social setting (national policy making)
2. It's about the customary behavior of partisans
3. The example "what is your role on the team?" is very similar to "their partisan role" - both are about the position/behavior in a group context

But I'm second-guessing because "partisan" describes a function/behavior rather than a position like "on the team."

Actually, looking at the WordNet entry for sense 4: "normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting"

The hypernym for sense 4 is "activity."
The hypernym for sense 1 is "duty" or "social control" or something else? Actually, in WordNet, sense 1 is under "social control" I think, or "activity."

Let me think about the word "partisan" again. A partisan is a person. The partisan role is the role of a partisan.

If I say "the role of a partisan," am I talking about:
- The activities expected of them (sense 1)
- Their customary activity in the social setting (sense 4)

I think in this specific sentence, because it says "placed far more emphasis on their partisan role," and explains it as "spreading the Reagan revolution," this is describing their function or purpose.

But "spreading the Reagan revolution" is an activity. Both senses cover activities.

Let me try to find the original source of this sentence. It looks like it might be from a political science text or news article about Congress. The phrase "freshmen" and "Reagan revolution" suggests the 1980s.

Actually, looking at the structure: "Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role... they were more vulnerable to defeat."

This is saying that by acting in a strongly partisan manner (emphasizing their role as party members rather than as representatives of their districts), they became vulnerable.

This "role" is the social role (sense 4).

I think I'll go with 4.

Wait, I want to check one more thing. Is there any chance it's sense 3? "what something is used for" - no, because "partisan role" refers to people, not objects.

Sense 2 is clearly wrong.

So it's 1 or 4.

Upon reflection, I think the answer is 1. The definition "actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group" fits best because "spreading the Reagan revolution" is the activity expected of them as party members.

Definition 4 "normal or customary activity" is also plausible, but the emphasis on "assigned to or required or expected of" in definition 1 captures the prescriptive nature of a "partisan role" better - it's what they are supposed to do as party members.

Also, in WordNet, sense 1 is the primary sense for "role" when referring to functions of people in organizations.

Let me reconsider the example "what is your role on the team?" for sense 4. This is about the part one plays.

"Partisan role" = the part played by a partisan.

But "function of a teacher" (sense 1) is also about the part played by a teacher.

Actually, looking at the synonyms:
Sense 1: function, office, part, role
Sense 4: role

Sense 1 has "part" as a synonym. "Their partisan part" doesn't sound right. "Their partisan function" sounds better.

But "role" in sense 4 is standalone.

I think the answer is 1.

Actually, you know what, let me look at this from a different angle. The word "role" is modified by "partisan."

If we look at the hypernyms:
Sense 1: activity (in WordNet, the hypernym of sense 1 is "activity")
Sense 4: activity (the hypernym of sense 4 is also "activity")

Wait, let me check WordNet structure more carefully.

In WordNet 3.0:
- Sense 1: role, function -- (the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group)
  - Hypernym: activity
- Sense 2: character, role, theatrical role, part, persona
  - Hypernym: portrayal, characterization, enactment, personation
- Sense 3: function, purpose, role, use
  - Hypernym: utility, usefulness
- Sense 4: role -- (normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting)
  - Hypernym: activity

So both 1 and 4 have hypernym "activity."

The difference is:
1. actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group
4. normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting

The key distinction is "assigned/required/expected" vs "normal or customary" and "person or group" vs "person in a particular social setting."

"Partisan role" in politics is about the expected behavior (sense 1) based on party membership. It's also about behavior in a social setting (sense 4).

But the phrase "placed far more emphasis on" suggests they were choosing to fulfill the expectations of that role. The role itself consists of the activities.

I think sense 1 is slightly better, but sense 4 is also very plausible.

However, looking at the example for sense 4: "what is your role on the team?"
This is asking about the position or part one plays.

The example for sense 1: "the function of a teacher"
This is asking about the duties.

"Partisan role" is asking about the duties/activities: spreading the Reagan revolution.

I think the answer is 1.

But I'm going to reconsider one more time. The phrase "in national policy making" appears at the end. This specifies the social setting. This suggests sense 4, which mentions "particular social setting."

Definition 4: "normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting"
The sentence has: "partisan role ... in national policy making"

This mapping suggests sense 4.

Also, "freshmen" are people. Their "partisan role" is their customary activity as partisans in the policy making setting.

I think the answer is 4.

Let me see if I can find any similar examples in my training data. The sentence structure "emphasize their ___ role" is common.

Actually, looking at the word "partisan" - this creates a specific type of role. A partisan role is a social role (sense 4) rather than just a function (sense 1).

I think I'll go with 4.

Wait, I want to check one more thing. Is there a possibility that "role" here means something else?

"Partisan role" could mean:
- The role of being a partisan (sense 1 or 4)
- A role that is partisan in nature

Given the context and the definitions, and that sense 4 specifically mentions "social setting" which matches "national policy making," I think 4 is correct.

But actually, looking at similar WSD tasks, "role" in political contexts often maps to sense 1.

Let me try to be decisive. The definition of sense 1 includes "part" as a synonym (in the WordNet entry: "role, function, office, part, role").

Actually, looking at the provided definitions in the question:
1. definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | examples=the function of a teacher
4. definition=normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting | examples=what is your role on the team?

The example "what is your role on the team?" is very specific. It asks about the role of an individual within a group.

"Partisan role" is similar - it's the role of an individual within the party/group.

However, "the function of a teacher" is about a profession.

"Partisan" is not a profession, it's a behavioral characteristic or affiliation.

So "partisan role" is more like "role on the team" (sense 4) than "function of a teacher" (sense 1).

Therefore, the answer is 4.

Actually, one last check: could "partisan" be referring to the party as a group? "Their partisan role" = the role of their party.
"Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role"

"These freshmen" are the subject. "Their" refers to the freshmen. "Partisan role" = the role of them as partisans, or the role of their party?

It says "their partisan role" not "the partisan role." This suggests it's their individual role as partisans.

Freshmen (new legislators) have a role as partisans in policy making.

I think 4 is correct.

But let me also consider: in some contexts, "partisan role" might mean the role played by the party. But "their partisan role" suggests it belongs to them (the freshmen).

Okay, I'll go with 4.

Actually, no. I want to look at the word "function" appearing in definition 1 and 3.

Definition 1: "the function of a teacher"
Definition 3: "the function of an auger"

Definition 1 is for people, definition 3 is for objects.

Definition 4 is about "activity."

"Spreading the Reagan revolution" is an activity.

But definition 1 is also about "actions and activities."

I think both are possible, but definition 1 is the more general sense for people/groups and their expected actions.

However, the phrase "in national policy making" is a social setting, which is explicitly mentioned in definition 4.

Also, the fact that the example for definition 4 is "what is your role on the team?" which is a question about an individual's role in a collective activity (the team), similar to a freshman's role in national policy making.

I think 4 is the intended answer.

Final answer: 4.

provider: DeepInfra


[User]
Which numbered sense of "spread" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- <t>spreading</t> the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat.

Senses:
1. definition=distribute or disperse widely | examples=The invaders spread their language all over the country
2. definition=become distributed or widespread | examples=the infection spread
3. definition=spread across or over | examples=A big oil spot spread across the water
4. definition=spread out or open from a closed or folded state | examples=open the map
5. definition=cause to become widely known | examples=spread information
6. definition=become widely known and passed on | examples=the rumor spread
7. definition=strew or distribute over an area | examples=He spread fertilizer over the lawn
8. definition=move outward | examples=The soldiers fanned out
9. definition=cover by spreading something over | examples=spread the bread with cheese
10. definition=distribute over a surface in a layer | examples=spread cheese on a piece of bread

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "spread" is used in the given sentence.

Sentence: "Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- <t>spreading</t> the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat."

The word "spreading" here refers to causing the Reagan revolution to become widely known or distributed among people. It's about promoting or propagating an idea/movement.

Let me look at the senses:
1. distribute or disperse widely - The invaders spread their language all over the country. This is about dispersing something widely.
2. become distributed or widespread - the infection spread. This is intransitive.
3. spread across or over - A big oil spot spread across the water. Intransitive, physical spreading.
4. spread out or open from a closed or folded state - open the map. Physical unfolding.
5. cause to become widely known - spread information. This is about making information/ideas known widely.
6. become widely known and passed on - the rumor spread. Intransitive.
7. strew or distribute over an area - He spread fertilizer over the lawn. Physical distribution over a surface.
8. move outward - The soldiers fanned out. Physical movement.
9. cover by spreading something over - spread the bread with cheese. Applying a covering.
10. distribute over a surface in a layer - spread cheese on a piece of bread. Physical layering.

In the sentence, "spreading the Reagan revolution" means causing the ideas/policies of the Reagan revolution to become widely known or accepted. This is about propagating a political movement/ideology.

Sense 1: "distribute or disperse widely" - could fit somewhat, but the examples suggest physical or language dispersion.
Sense 5: "cause to become widely known" - examples: spread information. This seems closest because "the Reagan revolution" here refers to political ideas/ideology, and spreading it means making it widely known/promoted.

Wait, let me reconsider. "Spreading the Reagan revolution" - is it about making it widely known (sense 5) or distributing/dispersing it widely (sense 1)?

Sense 1: distribute or disperse widely. Example: "The invaders spread their language all over the country." This could apply to spreading a revolution, as in dispersing it across the country.

Sense 5: cause to become widely known. Example: "spread information." This is more about information/awareness.

A "revolution" in this context is a set of political changes or ideology. "Spreading the Reagan revolution" means promoting it so that it becomes more widely adopted or known.

Actually, looking at typical word sense disambiguation datasets (like WordNet), "spread" sense 1 might be the general "disperse widely" and sense 5 might be "circulate, distribute, cause to become widely known."

But let me think about the specific definitions given here. The user provides specific numbered senses.

Sense 1: distribute or disperse widely
Sense 5: cause to become widely known

"Spreading the Reagan revolution" - a revolution (political movement) is being spread. Is this "distribute widely" or "cause to become widely known"?

In political contexts, "spreading a revolution" usually means propagating the ideas and influence of that revolution, making it widely known and accepted. However, "distribute or disperse widely" is also plausible.

But looking at the examples:
- Sense 1 example: language spread over country. This is about dispersing something over a geographic area.
- Sense 5 example: spread information. This is about making something known.

The Reagan revolution is a political agenda/ideology. When you "spread" an ideology, you are causing it to become widely known or accepted. This aligns well with sense 5.

However, I should check if there's a more specific fit. Sense 1 is also very general. But in many lexical databases, spreading news/information/ideas is sense 5 (cause to become widely known), while spreading physical things or populations is sense 1.

Given the example for sense 1 is about language (which is somewhat abstract), and sense 5 is about information, I need to decide which is better.

"Spreading the Reagan revolution" - this is similar to spreading an idea, movement, or ideology. The phrase "cause to become widely known" captures the essence of propagating a political revolution. The revolution here is a metaphorical/ideological construct, not a physical substance.

Actually, looking at the sentence structure: "spreading the Reagan revolution" is the partisan role. In politics, freshmen congressmen would be promoting/advocating for the Reagan revolution, i.e., trying to make its policies and influence spread. This is causative: they are the agents causing the revolution to spread.

Sense 1 is transitive: distribute or disperse widely.
Sense 5 is transitive: cause to become widely known.

Both are transitive. But sense 5 specifically mentions "widely known" which fits ideas/revolutions better than just "distribute."

Wait, I recall that in some standard sense inventories (like WordNet), "spread, circulate" (cause to become widely known) is distinct from "spread, scatter" (distribute or disperse widely).

Given the definitions:
1. distribute or disperse widely
5. cause to become widely known

"Reagan revolution" is an abstract concept (political movement). You don't physically "distribute" a revolution, but you cause it to become widely known/adopted. So sense 5 seems best.

Let me double-check the other senses to be sure:
- 2, 3, 6, 8 are intransitive or don't fit the transitive structure with an object ("the Reagan revolution").
- 4 is about folding/unfolding.
- 7 is about strewing over an area (physical).
- 9 and 10 are about covering surfaces with a substance.

So it's between 1 and 5.

I think the answer is 5.

Wait, let me reconsider sense 1. "Distribute or disperse widely" - could this be the answer because the example includes language, which is also abstract? The invaders spread their language. Spreading a language is similar to spreading a revolution. But language is a medium of communication, while revolution is a political movement.

Actually, in WordNet, the sense "cause to become widely known" (e.g., spread the news) is distinct from "distribute or disperse widely" (e.g., spread the bread with cheese? No, that's different). Let me think about the mapping.

Actually, looking at the provided definitions, they seem loosely based on WordNet but maybe simplified.

Sense 1: distribute or disperse widely
Sense 5: cause to become widely known

If I search my knowledge: In many WSD tasks, "spread" with abstract objects like news, information, ideas, rumors, revolution typically maps to the "disseminate" sense (cause to become widely known). The "distribute or disperse widely" sense often applies to things like seeds, people, objects, or even language (as in the example).

But the example for sense 1 is "The invaders spread their language all over the country." Language is abstract, yet it's sense 1. So why wouldn't "spreading the Reagan revolution" be sense 1?

Hmm, that's a good point. The example for sense 1 explicitly uses "language" which is abstract and non-physical. So sense 1 can apply to abstract things like language.

However, "cause to become widely known" (sense 5) seems more specific to information/awareness. A revolution is not just information; it's a political movement. But in context, "the Reagan revolution" refers to the conservative political agenda. Spreading it means promoting it.

Let me think about the difference:
- Sense 1: distribute or disperse widely (focus on geographic or scope distribution)
- Sense 5: cause to become widely known (focus on knowledge/awareness)

When freshmen in Congress are "spreading the Reagan revolution," they are advocating for its policies and trying to expand its influence. This is more about promoting/disseminating an ideology.

But actually, looking at the example for sense 1 again: "The invaders spread their language all over the country." This is about dispersing something over a wide area. Similarly, freshmen could be spreading the Reagan revolution across the country (nationally).

However, the phrase "in national policy making" suggests the context is about their role in policy, not necessarily geographic dispersion. They are emphasizing their partisan role of spreading the revolution in policy making. This sounds like promoting an agenda.

I think sense 5 is still the better fit because "revolution" in this political context is treated as an idea/movement that needs to be propagated (made known/adopted), whereas sense 1 with language is about the dispersal of a linguistic feature across a population/area.

But I'm not entirely certain. Let me see if there's any other clue. The sentence says "placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making". The dash indicates that "spreading the Reagan revolution" is an appositive explaining their partisan role. Their partisan role was to spread the Reagan revolution. This means they were actively promoting the Reagan agenda.

In political discourse, "spreading" an agenda or revolution is very close to "disseminating" or "propagating" it, which aligns with "cause to become widely known" (sense 5) or "distribute widely" (sense 1).

Given the options, and that sense 5 explicitly mentions "widely known" which fits ideas/revolutions, while sense 1 is more general dispersion, I'll go with 5.

Actually, I want to reconsider one more time. Could it be sense 1 because the example "spread their language" is so similar? Language and revolution are both abstract things that can be "spread" across a population. The key difference might be that sense 5 is specifically about information (news, rumors, knowledge), while sense 1 is about anything else that can be dispersed.

The definition of sense 5 is "cause to become widely known." A revolution is not something that becomes "known" in the same way information is; it's a political movement that is advanced or expanded. But people do "spread" ideas.

Wait, looking at the example for sense 5: "spread information." That's very general. Revolution could be considered information? Not exactly.

Let me search my internal database for similar WSD examples. In the SemCor or similar corpora, "spread" with "gospel", "word", "news", "rumor" tends to be one sense, while "spread" with "language", "culture", "disease" might be another.

Actually, in WordNet 3.0:
- spread, distribute (distribute or disperse widely) - "The invaders spread their language all over the country"
- spread, scatter, spread out (strew or distribute over an area) - "spread fertilizer over the lawn"
- circulate, circularize, circularise, distribute, disseminate, propagate, broadcast, spread, diffuse, disperse, pass around (cause to become widely known) - "spread the news"

So sense 5 maps to the "disseminate" synset, and sense 1 maps to the "distribute" synset.

"The invaders spread their language" is from the "distribute or disperse widely" synset (spread, distribute). This sense includes making something prevalent over a wide area.

"Spread information" is from the "disseminate" synset.

Now, "spreading the Reagan revolution" - is this closer to spreading language or spreading information?

A revolution (political movement) is more like a cultural/political phenomenon, similar to language, in that it can be dispersed across a population or area. However, it's also like information in that it involves ideas.

But note the structure: "spreading the Reagan revolution" as a partisan role. Partisans spread their ideology. In WordNet, "spread" with ideology/gospel is often in the disseminate sense. But "spread" with a movement or revolution might be in the distribute/disperse sense.

I think the safest answer is 5, because in the context of political discourse and policy making, "spreading the Reagan revolution" means advocating for and promoting these ideas to make them widely known and accepted, which aligns with "cause to become widely known." The fact that they are vulnerable to defeat because of this emphasis suggests it's about their public advocacy and visibility of their partisan stance.

However, I should consider that the user might be using a specific dataset where the answer is known. This sentence looks like it could be from the WordNet Senseval or SemEval dataset. Let me think if I recognize it.

The sentence: "Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat."

This looks like it could be from a political science text, maybe from the Wall Street Journal or similar, annotated in SemCor.

In SemCor, "spread" appears with various senses. If I recall correctly, "spread" in the sense of "spread the gospel" or "spread the word" is sense 5 (disseminate). "Spread" in the sense of "spread a language" is sense 1.

"Reagan revolution" is capitalized as a proper noun movement. Spreading a movement...

Actually, I think I should look at whether the object is an information-like noun. "Revolution" here is a movement. You can "spread" a movement (cause it to grow and extend over a wider area/population). This is very similar to "spread their language."

But the definition of sense 1 says "distribute or disperse widely." Can you disperse a revolution? You can disperse people, seeds, objects, maybe language. But a revolution is a coordinated political agenda. You don't disperse it; you advance it, promote it, disseminate it.

Sense 5: "cause to become widely known." If the revolution becomes widely known, that means more people know about it and perhaps support it. This fits the partisan role.

I think I'll go with 5.

Wait, I want to check one more thing. Is there any chance it's sense 1 because the example includes language, and revolution is also an abstract cultural thing? Yes, that's possible. But the definitions are distinct enough that sense 5 seems better for a deliberate partisan role in policy making.

Let me reconsider the exact wording: "cause to become widely known" vs "distribute or disperse widely."

If I "spread the Reagan revolution," I am trying to get more people to adopt its principles. This is essentially causing the *knowledge and acceptance* of the revolution to spread. But the direct object is "the Reagan revolution," not "knowledge of the Reagan revolution."

Compare:
- Spread the news (cause the news to become widely known) -> sense 5
- Spread the language (distribute the language over an area) -> sense 1
- Spread the revolution (?)

In many political contexts, "spread the revolution" means to export it, to make it happen in other places, to expand its territorial or demographic scope. This is very much like "distribute or disperse widely." For example, "spread communism" or "spread democracy" often means causing it to be adopted in more places. This could be sense 1.

But "spread information" is clearly sense 5.

Which is "the Reagan revolution" more like? It's a set of policies and political changes. In the context of "national policy making," freshmen congressmen are not geographically dispersing it; they are advocating for it in Congress. So they are promoting it, making it widely known/adopted in the policy arena. This is more like dissemination (sense 5) than physical or geographic distribution (sense 1).

Also, the dash structure suggests "spreading the Reagan revolution" is an elaboration of "partisan role." A partisan role is about advocacy and messaging, i.e., making your side's ideas known and advanced.

Therefore, I choose 5.

Actually, I just realized I should double-check the exact sense numbers against typical WordNet order, because the user might have reordered them.

WordNet 3.0 spread verb senses (approximate):
1. spread, distribute (distribute or disperse widely)
2. spread, propagate (become distributed or widespread) - "the infection spread"
3. spread, overspread (spread across or over) - "A big oil spot spread across the water"
4. unfold, spread, spread out, open (spread out or open from a closed or folded state)
5. circulate, circularize, circularise, distribute, disseminate, propagate, broadcast, spread, diffuse, disperse, pass around (cause to become widely known)
6. go around, spread, circulate (become widely known and passed on)
7. spread, scatter, spread out (strew or distribute over an area)
8. diffuse, spread, spread out, fan out (move outward)
9. spread (cover by spreading something over)
10. spread (distribute over a surface in a layer)

This matches the user's numbering exactly! So:
1 = spread, distribute
2 = spread, propagate (intransitive)
3 = spread, overspread
4 = unfold, spread, open
5 = circulate, disseminate, broadcast, spread (information)
6 = go around, spread (intransitive, rumor)
7 = spread, scatter, spread out (strew)
8 = diffuse, spread, fan out
9 = spread (cover)
10 = spread (distribute in a layer)

Given this, "spreading the Reagan revolution" - is it sense 1 or sense 5?

In WordNet, sense 5 (disseminate) includes words like propagate, broadcast, diffuse. The gloss is "cause to become widely known." The examples include "spread the news."

Sense 1 (distribute) has gloss "distribute or disperse widely." Example: "The invaders spread their language all over the country."

Now, "Reagan revolution" is not "information" per se, but it is an abstract entity. However, in WordNet, "spread" with abstract entities like language, culture, etc., might be sense 1. But "spread" with ideas, doctrines, news is sense 5.

Is "revolution" more like a language or more like news/information? It's a political movement/ideology. In WordNet, "propagate" appears in both sense 2 (become widespread) and sense 5 (disseminate). "Spreading the Reagan revolution" is a transitive use where the freshmen are agents.

I found a potentially relevant point: In some annotated corpora, "spread" with "gospel" is sense 5. "Spread" with "democracy" or "freedom" might also be sense 5 or sense 1.

But looking at the specific sentence: "spreading the Reagan revolution" as a partisan role. Partisans disseminate propaganda and ideas. This strongly suggests sense 5.

Also, consider the alternative: if it were sense 1, the example would be similar to spreading language across a geographic area. But here, the context is policy making in national government, not geographic dispersion. They are not dispersing the revolution across territory; they are promoting it in the policy process. Thus, sense 5 is more appropriate.

I will answer 5.

provider: SiliconFlow


[User]
Which numbered sense of "revolution" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan <t>revolution</t> -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat.

Senses:
1. definition=a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving | examples=the industrial revolution was also a cultural revolution
2. definition=the overthrow of a government by those who are governed
3. definition=a single complete turn (axial or orbital) | examples=the plane made three rotations before it crashed

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which sense of "revolution" is used in the given sentence. The word "revolution" is marked with <t></t> tags in the sentence.

 Sentence: "Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan <t>revolution</t> -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat."

 The context is about the "Reagan revolution" - this refers to the significant changes in policy and political direction associated with Ronald Reagan's presidency in the United States. It's talking about a fundamental shift in political ideology and policy-making.

 Let's look at the three senses:
 1. "a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving" - examples mention "industrial revolution" and "cultural revolution"
 2. "the overthrow of a government by those who are governed" - this is the violent/political overthrow sense
 3. "a single complete turn (axial or orbital)" - this is the physical/rotational sense

 The "Reagan revolution" refers to the major conservative shift in American politics and policy during the 1980s. This matches sense 1 - a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving (in this case, political thinking and policy making).

 It doesn't refer to overthrowing the government (sense 2), and it doesn't refer to a physical rotation (sense 3).

 Therefore, the answer is 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[User]
Which numbered sense of "national" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in <t>national</t> policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat.

Senses:
1. definition=of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country | examples=national hero
2. definition=limited to or in the interests of a particular nation | examples=national interests
3. definition=concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country | examples=the national government
4. definition=owned or maintained for the public by the national government | examples=national parks
5. definition=inside the country | examples=the British Home Office has broader responsibilities than the United States Department of the Interior
6. definition=characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation | examples=a national trait
7. definition=of or relating to nationality | examples=national origin

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "national" is used in the given sentence.

 Sentence: "Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in <t>national</t> policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat."

 The word "national" here modifies "policy making".

 Let's look at the options:

 1. of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country | examples=national hero
 2. limited to or in the interests of a particular nation | examples=national interests
 3. concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country | examples=the national government
 4. owned or maintained for the public by the national government | examples=national parks
 5. inside the country | examples=the British Home Office has broader responsibilities than the United States Department of the Interior
 6. characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation | examples=a national trait
 7. of or relating to nationality | examples=national origin

 "National policy making" refers to policy making at the national level (as opposed to state or local), or policy making concerning the entire nation.

 Sense 3 says "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country" with the example "the national government". This seems to fit best - national policy making would be policy making at the national/federal level, applicable to the entire country.

 Sense 1 is more about belonging to a nation in general (national hero).
 Sense 2 is about being limited to or in the interests of a particular nation (national interests - though this could be close, "national policy making" is more about the scope/level being national).
 Sense 3 seems most appropriate: concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country.

 Let me verify:
 - "National policy making" typically means policy making at the national (federal/central) level, as opposed to state or local.
 - Sense 3: "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country" - yes, national policy making is policy making for the entire nation.

 Actually, looking at sense 2: "limited to or in the interests of a particular nation" - this could also work, but "national policy making" usually refers to the level/scope of government (national vs. state/local).

 Sense 3 with example "the national government" strongly suggests the governmental level sense, which fits "national policy making" (policy making at the national government level).

 Also, the context mentions "freshmen" (likely freshman congressmen), "partisan role", "spreading the Reagan revolution" - this is about US national politics/policy making at the federal/national level, as opposed to state or local politics.

 So sense 3 is the best fit.

 Wait, let me reconsider sense 2: "limited to or in the interests of a particular nation" - "national interests" is the example. "National policy making" could be interpreted as policy making in the interests of the nation.

 But sense 3: "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country" - this seems more about the scope being nationwide.

 Actually, looking at standard dictionary definitions:
 - National: of or relating to a nation; common to or characteristic of a whole nation
 - In the context of "national policy making", it means policy making at the national (federal) level.

 Sense 3 has the example "the national government" which aligns with "national policy making" (policy making by the national government or at the national level).

 I think the answer is 3.

 Let me double-check if any other sense could fit:
 - Sense 1: "national hero" - no, this is about belonging to a nation, not the level of government
 - Sense 4: "national parks" - owned by the government, but "policy making" isn't owned by the government in this sense
 - Sense 5: "inside the country" - this is often "domestic" vs "foreign", but the example given is about Home Office/Interior Department which is about internal affairs vs external. But "national policy making" isn't specifically about internal vs external here.
 - Sense 6: "characteristic of a nation" - no
 - Sense 7: relating to nationality - no

 So it's between 2 and 3 mostly.

 Sense 2: "limited to or in the interests of a particular nation"
 Sense 3: "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation"

 "National policy making" is policy making at the national level (federal level in the US), so it's applicable to the entire nation. It's not necessarily "limited to" the interests of the nation in the sense of excluding international interests, though it could be. But the key is that it's concerned with the entire nation (nationwide scope).

 Also, the WordNet or similar dictionary structure usually has:
 3. national (adj) - concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country; "the national government"; "national elections"; "of national concern"

 "National elections" would be elections for national office (applicable to entire nation).

 So yes, 3 is correct.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "policy" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national <t>policy</t> making, they were more vulnerable to defeat.

Senses:
1. definition=a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group | examples=it was a policy of retribution
2. definition=a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government | examples=they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation
3. definition=written contract or certificate of insurance | examples=you should have read the small print on your policy

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "policy" is used in the given sentence.

The sentence is: "Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national <t>policy</t> making, they were more vulnerable to defeat."

The word "policy" here appears in the context "national policy making" and is related to "spreading the Reagan revolution" and "partisan role". This clearly refers to government action, legislation, or political strategy.

Let me look at the three senses:

1. "a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group" - This is a general definition. While it could fit, it's quite broad.

2. "a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government" - This specifically mentions government. The context mentions "national policy making", "Reagan revolution", and "partisan role" in what appears to be a political/governmental context (freshmen likely refers to freshman congressmen or legislators).

3. "written contract or certificate of insurance" - This is clearly the insurance definition, which doesn't fit the context at all.

Between 1 and 2, sense 2 seems more specific and appropriate because:
- The context involves "national" level
- It mentions "Reagan revolution" (referring to President Reagan's policies)
- It mentions "partisan role" (political parties)
- "Policy making" at the national level typically refers to government policy

However, looking closely at sense 2: "a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government" - this seems to refer to the justification or rationale behind government action, not necessarily the action itself or the decision-making process.

Sense 1: "a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group" - this is broader and could include government as a social group.

But actually, looking at standard dictionary definitions, "policy" in the context of "national policy making" usually refers to the principles or course of action adopted by a government or organization.

Wait, let me reconsider sense 2. The example given is "they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation" - this suggests it's about the wisdom or appropriateness of the legislation, i.e., the line of argument about whether it's good policy or not.

But in the sentence, "national policy making" seems to refer to the process of creating or making policies (plans of action) for the nation.

Actually, looking at WordNet or similar lexical databases (which this format resembles), sense 1 is usually the general "plan of action" definition, while sense 2 is more specific to the insurance contract.

Wait, no - sense 3 is the insurance one. Sense 2 mentions "line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government."

Let me think about this more carefully. The sentence is about "freshmen" (likely freshman members of Congress) and their role in "national policy making" regarding the "Reagan revolution."

In political science contexts, "policy making" refers to the creation of public policy - which is the plan of action adopted by the government.

Sense 1: "a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group" - Government is a social group, so this fits.
Sense 2: "a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government" - This seems to be about the justification/rationale, not the policy itself.

But actually, looking at the example for sense 2: "they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation" - here "policy" seems to mean "prudence" or "wisdom" (as opposed to "impolicy"), or it could mean whether it constitutes good policy.

However, in the target sentence, "policy making" clearly refers to the creation of governmental policies or plans of action.

I think sense 1 is the correct answer because:
1. It's the general sense that covers government policies
2. Sense 2 seems to refer to the concept of "policy" as in "it's good policy" (wisdom/prudence) rather than specific governmental policies
3. Sense 3 is clearly wrong (insurance)

But let me double-check. In many lexical databases (like WordNet), the senses of "policy" are:
1. A plan of action adopted by an individual or social group
2. Written contract or certificate of insurance
3. A line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government

Wait, the order in the prompt is:
1. plan of action...
2. line of argument...
3. written contract...

So if this is WordNet or similar:
Sense 1 is the general "plan of action" sense.
Sense 2 is specifically about the rationale/justification.
Sense 3 is insurance.

In "national policy making", we're talking about making plans of action for the nation. This would be sense 1.

However, sense 2 could potentially fit if we interpret "policy" as the government's course of action. But the definition says "line of argument rationalizing..." which is different from the course of action itself.

Actually, looking at the example for sense 2 again: "they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation" - this usage is archaic or specific. "Policy" here means "prudence" or "wisdom" (the opposite of impolicy).

But in modern usage, "policy making" refers to making policies (plans of action).

Given the context of "Reagan revolution" and "national policy making", this is clearly about governmental public policy, which falls under sense 1 (plan of action adopted by a social group - the government/nation).

Therefore, the answer should be 1.

Wait, I should reconsider. Is there any chance it's sense 2? The definition mentions "course of action of a government". The example mentions "proposed legislation". The sentence mentions "national policy making" in the context of "spreading the Reagan revolution."

But the key is the phrase "line of argument rationalizing". That's what makes sense 2 distinct. It's not the policy itself, but the rationale for it.

Sense 1 is the actual plan of action.

"Policy making" = making plans of action. So sense 1.

I will go with 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "making" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy <t>making</t>, they were more vulnerable to defeat.

Senses:
1. definition=the act that results in something coming to be | examples=the devising of plans
2. definition=an attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something | examples=her qualifications for the job are excellent
3. definition=(usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something | examples=the recipe listed all the makings for a chocolate cake

reasoning_content:
The user is asking me to identify which sense of "making" is used in the given sentence. Let me analyze the sentence and the definitions.

 Sentence: "Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy <t>making</t>, they were more vulnerable to defeat."

 The word "making" here is part of the phrase "policy making" or "policymaking." This refers to the act or process of creating or formulating policy.

 Let me look at the three senses:

 1. "the act that results in something coming to be" - examples: "the devising of plans"
    This seems to fit. Policy making is the act of creating policy.

 2. "an attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something" - examples: "her qualifications for the job are excellent"
    This doesn't fit. "Making" in the sentence isn't about qualifications or attributes.

 3. "(usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something" - examples: "the recipe listed all the makings for a chocolate cake"
    This doesn't fit either. The sentence isn't talking about components or ingredients needed to make something.

 In the phrase "policy making," we're talking about the act or process of making/creating policy. This aligns with sense 1: "the act that results in something coming to be."

 The word "making" in "policymaking" refers to the act or process of formulating policy. This matches definition 1.

 Therefore, the answer is 1.

provider: Moonshot AI


[User]
Which numbered sense of "indicate" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Fourth, the theory <t>indicates</t> why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Senses:
1. definition=be a signal for or a symptom of | examples=These symptoms indicate a serious illness
2. definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | examples=I showed the customer the glove section
3. definition=to state or express briefly | examples=indicated his wishes in a letter
4. definition=give evidence of | examples=The evidence argues for your claim
5. definition=suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine | examples=Tetracycline is indicated in such cases

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "indicate" is used in the given sentence.

 Sentence: "Fourth, the theory <t>indicates</t> why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office."

 Let me analyze the sentence:
 - The subject is "the theory"
 - The verb is "indicates"
 - The object/complement is "why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office"

 So the theory is showing, suggesting, or pointing out why something happens. It's providing an explanation or evidence for a phenomenon.

 Now let's look at the senses:

 1. "be a signal for or a symptom of" - This is about symptoms signaling diseases or problems. Example: "These symptoms indicate a serious illness."
    - Does the theory act as a symptom? No. The theory is explaining something, not being a symptom of it.

 2. "indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively" - This is about pointing to something physically or figuratively. Example: "I showed the customer the glove section."
    - Is the theory pointing to a physical location? No. Is it pointing figuratively? Maybe, but let's check others.

 3. "to state or express briefly" - Example: "indicated his wishes in a letter"
    - Is the theory stating something briefly? The theory is explaining why something happens. This could fit, but let's check others.

 4. "give evidence of" - Example: "The evidence argues for your claim"
    - The theory is giving evidence of why the Republican Party may have a difficult time... This seems close. The theory suggests or shows evidence for something.

 5. "suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine" - Example: "Tetracycline is indicated in such cases"
    - This is specifically medical usage. The sentence is about political theory, not medicine.

 Let me reconsider sense 4: "give evidence of" - the example is "The evidence argues for your claim." This seems to be about providing support or grounds for a conclusion.

 Actually, looking at the sentence again: "the theory indicates why..." - this means the theory shows, suggests, or points out the reason.

 Let me look at sense 1 again: "be a signal for or a symptom of" - this is about one thing being a sign of another. Like "A red sky at night indicates fine weather." But a theory isn't really a signal or symptom in that sense.

 Sense 3: "to state or express briefly" - this seems to be about communicating information directly. But "indicate why" suggests showing the reason or pointing to the explanation, not just stating briefly.

 Actually, looking at standard dictionary definitions:
 - Indicate can mean "to show, point out, or make known"
 - It can mean "to be a sign or symptom of"
 - It can mean "to state or express briefly"
 - It can mean "to suggest or demonstrate the necessity of"

 In the context "the theory indicates why...", the theory is showing or pointing out the reason. This seems closest to sense 4 "give evidence of" or possibly sense 1.

 Wait, let me look at sense 4's example again: "The evidence argues for your claim" - this seems to be about providing grounds or support for a position.

 Sense 1: "be a signal for or a symptom of" - examples might be "Fever indicates infection."

 In the sentence, the theory is not a symptom of the difficulty. The theory explains or points to the reason for the difficulty.

 Actually, looking at WordNet or similar lexical databases (which this format resembles):
 Sense 1: be a signal for or a symptom of (like symptoms indicating disease)
 Sense 2: point out, show (spatially or figuratively)
 Sense 3: state briefly
 Sense 4: give evidence of (like evidence indicating a conclusion)
 Sense 5: medical necessity

 In "the theory indicates why...", the theory is providing evidence or grounds for believing that the Republican Party may have difficulty. It's suggesting or showing the reason.

 But wait, sense 2 is "indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively" with example "I showed the customer the glove section." This is about pointing out or showing.

 However, "the theory indicates why..." is more about the theory suggesting or showing as evidence the reason for something.

 Let me think about this more carefully. The word "indicate" in academic contexts often means "to suggest, show, or point out (a fact, condition, or quality)" or "to be a sign or evidence of."

 If sense 4 is "give evidence of" with the example "The evidence argues for your claim," then "the theory indicates why..." fits well because the theory is providing evidence or support for the claim about why the Republican Party has difficulty.

 But let me also consider sense 3: "to state or express briefly." Is the theory briefly stating why? The sentence structure suggests the theory is explaining or pointing out a causal relationship, not just stating briefly.

 Actually, looking at the example for sense 3: "indicated his wishes in a letter" - this is about communicating information.

 Looking at sense 1: "These symptoms indicate a serious illness" - this is about one thing being a sign of another.

 In "the theory indicates why...", the theory is the source of the indication, and it's indicating the reason (the "why").

 I think the best fit is sense 4: "give evidence of." The theory gives evidence of or points to the reason why the Republican Party has difficulty.

 But let me double-check sense 2. "indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively." The example "I showed the customer the glove section" suggests physical pointing or showing. But figuratively, it could mean pointing out a fact. However, "indicate why" suggests providing the explanation or evidence for something, not just pointing it out.

 Actually, looking at standard word sense disambiguation datasets (like WordNet), the senses might be:

 1. bespeak, betoken, indicate, point, signal - be a signal for or a symptom of
 2. indicate, point, designate, show - indicate a place, direction, person, or thing
 3. indicate - to state or express briefly
 4. argue, indicate - give evidence of
 5. suggest, indicate - suggest the necessity of an intervention (medical)

 In the sentence "the theory indicates why...", the theory is arguing for or giving evidence of a particular explanation (the "why").

 However, there's another possibility. In some classifications, "indicate" when used with "that" or "why" clauses might fall under the "state or express" category or the "point out" category.

 But given the specific definitions provided:
 1. be a signal for or a symptom of
 2. indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively
 3. to state or express briefly
 4. give evidence of
 5. suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine

 The theory is giving evidence for or suggesting the reason why something happens. This aligns with sense 4.

 Wait, I should reconsider sense 1. "be a signal for or a symptom of" - is the theory acting as a signal? Not really. The theory is an explanatory framework that points to or identifies a causal mechanism.

 Sense 4 "give evidence of" seems most appropriate. The theory provides evidence or support for the proposition that the Republican Party may have difficulty attracting candidates.

 Actually, looking at the example for sense 4: "The evidence argues for your claim." This is about something providing support for a conclusion. Similarly, the theory indicates (provides evidence for) why the Republican Party has difficulty.

 I think the answer is 4.

 But let me also consider if it could be sense 3. "to state or express briefly." The theory states why... But "indicate" in this context usually implies something stronger than just stating - it implies showing, suggesting, or pointing out based on evidence or logical deduction.

 In academic writing, when we say "the theory indicates," we typically mean the theory suggests, shows, or provides evidence for something.

 Therefore, sense 4 is the best match.

 One more check: could it be sense 2? "indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively." The theory is indicating a reason (the "why"). A reason is not really a place, direction, person, or thing in the sense of pointing. While "why" introduces a clause explaining the reason, it's not the same as indicating a direction or place.

 So I'll go with 4.

provider: Chutes