[User]
Which numbered sense of "become" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Oncogenes must be present for a cell to <t>become</t> malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Senses:
1. definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news
2. definition=undergo a change or development | examples=The water turned into ice
3. definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. definition=enhance the appearance of | examples=Mourning becomes Electra

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which sense of "become" is used in the given sentence. I need to look at the sentence and match it to one of the four provided definitions.

Sentence: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to <t>become</t> malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."

The word "become" here is used in the context of a cell changing from one state (normal) to another state (malignant).

Let me look at the senses:

1. "enter or assume a certain state or condition" - example: "He became annoyed"
2. "undergo a change or development" - example: "The water turned into ice"
3. "come into existence" - example: "What becomes has duration"
4. "enhance the appearance of" - example: "Mourning becomes Electra"

In the sentence, the cell is changing from one state to another - specifically from a normal cell to a malignant cell. This is about undergoing a change or transformation.

Sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition" - this could fit, as the cell is assuming the state of being malignant.
Sense 2: "undergo a change or development" - this also fits, as the cell is undergoing a change to become malignant.

Let me think more carefully about the distinction.

Sense 1 examples: "He became annoyed", "It must be getting more serious", "her face went red with anger", "She became irritated"

Sense 2 examples: "The water turned into ice", "her former friend became her worst enemy", "He turned traitor"

The key difference:
- Sense 1 seems to be about entering a state or condition (often emotional or descriptive states)
- Sense 2 seems to be about transformation or change from one thing to another (turning into something else)

In the sentence: "a cell to become malignant" - this is about a cell transforming from a normal state to a malignant state. This is a change or development.

However, looking at sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition" - malignant is a state or condition.

Let me look more carefully at the definitions.

Actually, looking at standard dictionary definitions:
- Sense 1: This is the most common usage - to begin to be, come to be
- Sense 2: To change into, turn into
- Sense 3: To come into existence (archaic/philosophical)
- Sense 4: To be suitable for, befit

In the context "become malignant", this is about the cell entering a state of malignancy or changing into a malignant state.

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "He became annoyed when he heard the bad news" - entering a state of annoyance
- Sense 2: "The water turned into ice" - transformation from one substance to another

"Become malignant" is more like entering a state (malignant is an adjective describing a state/condition), rather than transforming into a different substance or entity.

Wait, but "malignant" here describes the nature of the cell. A cell becomes malignant - it undergoes a transformation from normal to cancerous.

Actually, looking at WordNet or similar lexical databases:
Sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition" - synonyms: become, go, get
Sense 2: "undergo a change or development" - synonyms: become, turn

The distinction is subtle. "Become" + adjective often maps to sense 1. "Become" + noun often maps to sense 2, but not always.

"He became annoyed" - adjective - sense 1
"The water turned into ice" - noun phrase with transformation - sense 2
"her former friend became her worst enemy" - noun phrase - sense 2

In our sentence: "become malignant" - malignant is an adjective.

Looking at sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition" - examples include states like annoyed, red, irritated, serious.

Malignant is a state or condition of the cell. So this fits sense 1.

But wait, the cell is undergoing a process of transformation. Let me reconsider.

Actually, looking at typical word sense disambiguation datasets (like WordNet):

become.v.01: enter or assume a certain state or condition; "He became annoyed when he heard the bad news"; "It must be getting more serious"; "her face went red with anger"; "She became irritated"

become.v.02: undergo a change or development; "The water turned into ice"; "her former friend became her worst enemy"; "He turned traitor"

become.v.03: come into existence; "What becomes has duration"

become.v.04: enhance the appearance of; "Mourning becomes Electra"

For "become malignant":
- Malignant is an adjective describing a property
- It's about assuming a state (the state of being malignant)
- Compare to "became annoyed" (sense 1), "became red" (sense 1), "became serious" (sense 1)

Alternatively, it could be seen as a transformation/change (sense 2), like "became her worst enemy."

But typically, when "become" is used with an adjective describing a state, it's sense 1. When it's used with a noun phrase indicating a transformation into something else, it's sense 2.

"Become malignant" = enter the state of being malignant = sense 1.

But let me double-check by looking at similar usage. "The weather became cold" - sense 1. "He became angry" - sense 1. "The cell became malignant" - this is similar to these.

Sense 2 is more about: "The frog became a prince" (transformation), "The situation became a disaster" (development into something).

Actually, looking at the definition of sense 2 again: "undergo a change or development"
Example: "The water turned into ice" - this is a physical transformation.
"Her former friend became her worst enemy" - this is a change in relationship/identity.

"Become malignant" could be argued either way, but given that malignant is an adjective describing a state, and the pattern matches "became annoyed", "became red", "became serious", I think the answer is sense 1.

Wait, I should look at this more carefully. The cell is changing from one type to another - from a normal cell to a malignant cell. This is a developmental change.

But looking at the specific definitions provided:
1. enter or assume a certain state or condition
2. undergo a change or development
3. come into existence
4. enhance the appearance of

"Become malignant" - malignant is certainly a state or condition. So sense 1 fits.

But it's also undergoing a change or development. So sense 2 fits.

However, looking at the examples:
Sense 1: "He became annoyed" - emotional state
Sense 2: "The water turned into ice" - physical transformation

A cell becoming malignant is more like a transformation (sense 2) or assuming a state (sense 1)?

In medical/biological contexts, when we say a cell "becomes malignant," we mean it undergoes a transformation process - it changes from a benign/normal state to a malignant state. This suggests sense 2.

But let's look at similar words. If I say "He became sick," is that sense 1 or 2?
- Sense 1: assuming a state (sick)
- Sense 2: undergoing a change (from healthy to sick)

In standard lexical semantics, "become" + adjective is typically sense 1. "Become" + noun is often sense 2.

Examples from WordNet:
become.v.01: become, go, get - enter or assume a certain state or condition
    "He became annoyed when he heard the bad news"
    "It must be getting more serious"
    "her face went red with anger"
    "She became irritated"

become.v.02: become, turn - undergo a change or development
    "The water turned into ice"
    "Her former friend became her worst enemy"
    "He turned traitor"

Notice that sense 1 takes adjectives directly: annoyed, serious, red, irritated.
Sense 2 takes noun phrases: ice, her worst enemy, traitor.

In our sentence: "become malignant" - malignant is an adjective.

Therefore, the answer should be 1.

But wait, is "malignant" functioning as an adjective here? Yes, "malignant" describes the state of the cell.

Let me reconsider sense 2. "Undergo a change or development." Could this apply to adjectives too?
- "The weather turned cold" - but this uses "turned" not "became."
- "He turned pale" - uses turned.

Actually, looking at the definition carefully:
Sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition"
Sense 2: "undergo a change or development"

The key difference is that sense 1 is about entering a state, while sense 2 is about changing into something else or developing into a new form.

For a cell to "become malignant," it is undergoing a transformation process - a change from normal to cancerous. This is a developmental change. However, malignant describes the resulting state.

I think the most reliable distinction is the syntactic one and the semantic one from the examples:
- Sense 1: become + ADJ (state)
- Sense 2: become + NP (transformation into something)

But actually, sense 2 examples include "became her worst enemy" (NP) and "turned traitor" (NP, though traitor can be seen as nominalized).

Let me look at actual WordNet data if I can recall or infer.

WordNet 3.0:
become.v.01: enter or assume a certain state or condition
become.v.02: undergo a change or development

Sense 2 includes the sense of "turn into."

In the sentence, "a cell to become malignant" - this is parallel to "water to become ice" or similar?

Actually, looking at the pattern: "for a cell to become malignant"

Compare:
- "for him to become angry" → sense 1
- "for water to become ice" → sense 2
- "for a cell to become malignant" → ?

Malignant is an adjective. Ice is a noun. Angry is an adjective.

This suggests sense 1.

But let's think about the biology. A cell becoming malignant is a process of cellular transformation. It's a qualitative change in the nature of the cell. This makes it similar to sense 2.

However, the definition of sense 1 explicitly mentions "state or condition." A malignant cell is in a malignant state or condition. The cell assumes the condition of malignancy.

Definition 2 emphasizes "change or development" - the process aspect.

But really, both apply. I need to see which one is the intended answer based on standard word sense disambiguation.

Let me look for similar examples online or in my training data.

Sentence: "It has become difficult" - sense 1 (state)
Sentence: "He became a doctor" - sense 2 (change of identity/career)
Sentence: "The situation became dangerous" - sense 1 (state)

Actually, "dangerous" is an adjective like "malignant." "The situation became dangerous" would likely be sense 1.

"For a cell to become malignant" = for a cell to enter a malignant state = sense 1.

But I want to be careful. Let me look at the exact wording again.

Definition 1: enter or assume a certain state or condition
Definition 2: undergo a change or development

The key might be in the word "development" in sense 2. Does a cell becoming malignant constitute "development"? In biology, yes - cellular development or transformation. But in general English, is it development?

Actually, looking at the examples for sense 2:
- "The water turned into ice" - physical change
- "Her former friend became her worst enemy" - relational change
- "He turned traitor" - character change

These are all changes in essence or identity, not just assuming a temporary state.

For sense 1:
- "He became annoyed" - emotional state
- "It must be getting more serious" - severity state
- "her face went red" - color state
- "She became irritated" - emotional state

Now, is malignancy a state (like being annoyed or red) or a fundamental change (like turning into ice)?

Malignancy is a fundamental, usually irreversible change in the cell. It's a transformation of the cell's nature. This suggests sense 2.

But grammatically, "malignant" is an adjective.

Let me reconsider whether there's a pattern. Actually, looking at WordNet distinctions:
- become.v.01 is for coming into a state
- become.v.02 is for transforming into something else

The examples:
become.v.02: "Her former friend became her worst enemy"
Here, "her worst enemy" is a role or identity.

But also: "The water turned into ice" - substance change.

Wait, I need to check if "become malignant" is more like "become angry" or "become ice."

"Angry" is a transient emotional state.
"Malignant" is a permanent, defining characteristic of the cell type.

"Become malignant" is a state change, but it's a defining change. However, "become" + adjective usually maps to sense 1 regardless of whether the state is permanent or temporary.

Actually, looking more carefully at WordNet:
become.v.01: (states) become, go, get
become.v.02: (transform) become, turn

But "turn" can also be used with adjectives: "turn red", "turn pale", "turn nasty".

Hmm. Let me think about this differently. The fourth sense is clearly wrong (enhance appearance). The third sense is about coming into existence, which is clearly wrong.

It's between 1 and 2.

Given the biological context - a cell changing from normal to malignant - this is a process of cellular transformation. This is literally a change and development of the cell. This strongly suggests sense 2.

However, "malignant" describes the resulting state. The phrase "to become malignant" means to enter the malignant state.

But looking at the example for sense 1: "He became annoyed when he heard the bad news"
And sense 2: "The water turned into ice"

The cell becoming malignant is more similar to water becoming ice (transformation) or to him becoming annoyed (assuming a state)?

Biologically, carcinogenesis is a multi-step process where cells accumulate mutations and transform from normal to malignant. This is indeed a developmental process (sense 2).

But lexically, "become" + adjective is overwhelmingly sense 1.

Let me check: "The weather became cold" - sense 1 or 2?
I believe this is sense 1.

"He became old" - sense 1 (state of being old).

"The egg became a chicken" - sense 2 (transformation).

So: become + ADJ = sense 1, become + NP (referring to a type/kind) = sense 2.

Malignant is an adjective. Therefore: sense 1.

But wait - could "malignant" be used as a noun here? "A cell to become malignant" - no, malignant is clearly an adjective modifying the cell or describing the state.

Unless... "malignant" as a noun referring to a malignant tumor? But the sentence says "become malignant", not "become a malignant" or "become malignant [noun]". It's "become malignant" where malignant is the complement describing the cell.

Therefore, based on syntactic pattern matching with the examples:
Sense 1: become + Adj (annoyed, serious, red, irritated)
Sense 2: become + NP (ice, her worst enemy, traitor)

The answer is 1.

I'm going to go with sense 1.

Actually, let me reconsider one more time. Is there any chance that "become malignant" is like the example "He turned traitor"?

"He turned traitor" - traitor is a noun.
"He became malignant" - malignant is an adjective.

Different.

What about "The paper turned yellow"?
If we had "The cell turned malignant", that might be ambiguous. But we have "become."

Actually, looking at WordNet glosses again:
Sense 1: enter or assume a certain state or condition
Sense 2: undergo a change or development

And looking at the exact wording of sense 2's first example: "The water turned into ice"

This suggests that sense 2 is about transformation into a different entity or substance.

Sense 1 is about states and conditions.

A cell being malignant is a condition (medical condition/state). So sense 1.

Final answer: 1.

Wait, I want to check one more thing. The definition of sense 2 says "undergo a change or development." Carcinogenesis is literally a developmental process (oncogenesis). The cell develops into a malignant cell.

But I think for the purposes of this WSD task, the distinction is:
- Sense 1: linking verb with adjective complement (states)
- Sense 2: linking verb with nominal complement or "turn into" (transformations)

Since "malignant" is an adjective and the structure is "become + ADJ" parallel to "become annoyed", "become red", the answer is 1.

Number: 1


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "find" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have <t>found</t> them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Senses:
1. definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | examples=We find this idea in Plato
2. definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water
3. definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | examples=Did you find your glasses?
4. definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | examples=find the product of two numbers
5. definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me
6. definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices
7. definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener
8. definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays
9. definition=make a discovery | examples=She found that he had lied to her
10. definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents
11. definition=decide on and make a declaration about | examples=find someone guilty
12. definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation
13. definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation
14. definition=get or find back; recover the use of | examples=She regained control of herself
15. definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "find" is used in the given sentence. Let me analyze the sentence and the definitions.

Sentence: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have <t>found</t> them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."

The word "found" here is used in the context of researchers discovering the presence of oncogenes in normal cells. This is about discovering or determining the existence/presence of something through research/investigation.

Let me look at the options:

1. come upon, as if by accident; meet with - This is more accidental, like "We find this idea in Plato" - not quite right for scientific research.
2. discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of - This fits well. The researchers determined the existence/presence of oncogenes in normal cells. Example given: "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water" - this is similar to detecting/discovering something.
3. come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost - This is about finding lost items, like glasses.
4. establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study - This could also fit, but let me check the example: "find the product of two numbers" - this seems more about calculation results.
5. come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds - This is about feelings/beliefs, not scientific discovery.
6. perceive or be contemporaneous with - Example: "We found Republicans winning the offices" - this is about observing a state.
7. get something or somebody for a specific purpose - Like finding a tool.
8. make a discovery, make a new finding - Example: "Roentgen discovered X-rays" - this is about discovering something new that wasn't known before.
9. make a discovery - Example: "She found that he had lied to her" - this is about discovering a fact.
10. obtain through effort or management - Like finding time.
11. decide on and make a declaration about - Legal context, finding someone guilty.
12. receive a specified treatment (abstract) - "find expression"
13. perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place - "find myself"
14. get or find back; recover the use of - "regain"
15. succeed in reaching; arrive at - "The arrow found its mark"
16. accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation - "find oneself"

Now, between options 2, 4, 8, and 9:

Option 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - The example is "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water". This seems to fit best because the researchers are determining the presence/existence of oncogenes in normal cells through their research.

Option 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - While researchers do investigations, the specific example "find the product of two numbers" suggests this is more about calculation results or specific study outcomes. But this could also fit.

Option 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" - Example: "Roentgen discovered X-rays". This is about discovering something entirely new. But oncogenes were already known (the sentence says they "must be present"), so finding them in normal cells is discovering their presence in a new context, not discovering the oncogenes themselves.

Option 9: "make a discovery" - Example: "She found that he had lied to her". This is similar to #8 but more general.

Actually, looking carefully at the sentence: "researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells" - this means they discovered the presence of oncogenes in normal cells (where they weren't expected or previously known to be).

Option 2 focuses on "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". This matches perfectly - they determined the presence of oncogenes in normal cells.

Option 4 focuses on establishing something after investigation/study. This could work too.

But looking at the examples:
- Option 2 example: "She detected high levels of lead" - detecting/discovering presence of something.
- Option 4 example: "find the product of two numbers" - establishing a result.

The key is that the researchers are discovering the existence/presence of oncogenes in normal cells. This is a detection of presence.

Also, looking at WordNet or similar lexical databases (since these definitions look like WordNet senses):

WordNet find:
1. happen upon
2. detect, discover, find, notice, observe
3. find, regain
4. determine, find, find out
5. feel, experience
6. witness, find, see
7. line up, get hold, come up, find
8. discover, find
9. discover, find
10. get, find, obtain, incur, receive
11. find, rule
12. receive, get, find, obtain, incur
13. find
14. recover, retrieve, find, regain
15. find
16. find oneself, find

Actually, looking at standard WordNet 3.0 senses for "find" (verb):

1. happen upon or discover by chance
2. discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of
3. come upon after searching
4. establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study
5. come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds
6. perceive or be contemporaneous with
7. get something or somebody for a specific purpose
8. make a discovery, make a new finding
9. make a discovery
10. obtain through effort or management
11. decide on and make a declaration about
12. receive a specified treatment (abstract)
13. perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place
14. get or find back; recover the use of
15. succeed in reaching; arrive at
16. accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation

Wait, let me check the exact WordNet mapping. The definitions provided match WordNet.

Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - this is the "detect" sense.
Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" - this is when you discover something new (like X-rays).
Sense 9: "make a discovery" - this is when you find out a fact.

In the sentence, the researchers discovered that oncogenes exist in normal cells. This is determining the presence/existence of something.

Sense 2 is the most appropriate because:
- It's about determining existence or presence
- The example "She detected high levels of lead" is parallel to finding oncogenes in cells
- It's a scientific detection of presence

Sense 4 is about establishing something after calculation/study, but the example "find the product of two numbers" suggests mathematical or determinate results from data.

Sense 8 is for when you discover something entirely new (like X-rays), not when you find something existing in a new location.

Sense 9 is "make a discovery" with example "She found that he had lied to her" - this is discovering a fact/clause.

But "found them [oncogenes]" - the object is the physical entities (oncogenes), not a fact/proposition. Actually, looking at the sentence structure: "found them in normal... cells" - this is locating/discovering the presence of physical things in a place.

Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - synonyms include detect, observe, notice.

In scientific contexts, when researchers "find" something in cells, they are detecting or determining the presence of those things.

Therefore, the answer should be 2.

Let me double-check sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - example: "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize"

Actually, if the example includes finding the elusive particle, then sense 4 could also apply to finding oncogenes in cells.

But wait, looking at WordNet 3.0:
Sense 2: discover, detect, find, notice, observe -- (discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of; "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water"; "We found traces of lead in the paint")
Sense 4: determine, find, find out, ascertain -- (establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study; "find the product of two numbers"; "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize")

Hmm, both could potentially fit. But sense 2 is more about detection/observation of existence or presence, while sense 4 is about establishing/ascertaining as a result of study.

The example for sense 4 mentions "The physicist who found the elusive particle" - this is very similar to "researchers have found them [oncogenes] in cells".

But the example for sense 2 is "We found traces of lead in the paint" - this is also very similar.

What's the difference between sense 2 and sense 4 in WordNet?

Sense 2 (detect/discover): Emphasis on becoming aware of, noticing, detecting something that exists.
Sense 4 (determine/ascertain): Emphasis on establishing a fact through investigation.

In "We found traces of lead in the paint" - this is detecting the presence of lead.
In "The physicist who found the elusive particle" - this is establishing/discovering the particle through experimentation.

Actually, looking at the sentence: "researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells"

This is discovering the presence of oncogenes in normal cells. It's a detection of existence in a location.

Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of"
Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"

The key difference is that sense 2 is about detection/observation (often with instruments or tests), while sense 4 is about establishing/ascertaining as a result of systematic study.

Given the context of oncogenes and cells, and the parallel with "detected high levels of lead", sense 2 seems most appropriate.

However, I should look at whether the finding is presented as a discovery of presence (sense 2) or a result of investigation (sense 4).

The sentence says "researchers have found them" - this is a perfect match for sense 2's "discover or determine the existence, presence".

Also, looking at the examples provided in the question:
Sense 2 examples: "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water"
Sense 4 examples: "find the product of two numbers"

The lead detection example is almost identical in structure to finding oncogenes in cells: detecting the presence of a substance in a medium.

Therefore, the answer is 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[User]
Which numbered sense of "normal" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in <t>normal</t> as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Senses:
1. definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature
2. definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child
4. definition=forming a right angle

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "normal" is used in the given sentence.

 Sentence: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in <t>normal</t> as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."

 The word "normal" here is contrasted with "cancerous" cells. So it's referring to cells that are not cancerous - i.e., healthy cells, standard cells, or cells conforming to the norm/standard.

 Let's look at the senses:

 1. definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature
 2. definition=in accordance with scientific laws
 3. definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child
 4. definition=forming a right angle

 In the context of cells, "normal" means not diseased/abnormal, conforming to the standard/healthy state. This matches sense 1: "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal".

 Sense 3 is about intelligence and development (referring to people), so that's not it.
 Sense 2 is about scientific laws broadly.
 Sense 4 is geometric.

 The contrast is between "normal" cells and "cancerous" cells. Normal here means healthy, standard, not abnormal - which fits sense 1.

 So the answer should be 1.

provider: DeepInfra


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cancerous" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in <t>cancerous</t> cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Senses:
1. definition=relating to or affected with cancer | examples=a cancerous growth
2. definition=like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads | examples=remorse was cancerous within him

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which sense of "cancerous" is used in the given sentence.

Let me analyze the sentence:
"Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in <t>cancerous</t> cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."

The context is about:
- Oncogenes (genes that can cause cancer)
- Cells becoming malignant
- Normal cells vs cancerous cells
- Cancer research/medical context

The word "cancerous" here is being contrasted with "normal" in the context of cells. It's describing cells that have cancer or are affected by cancer.

Now looking at the senses:
1. "relating to or affected with cancer" - examples: "a cancerous growth"
2. "like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads" - examples: "remorse was cancerous within him"

In the sentence, "cancerous cells" refers to cells that are affected by cancer or have cancer - this is the literal medical meaning, not the metaphorical meaning (like "cancerous" meaning something evil that spreads).

So this matches sense 1: "relating to or affected with cancer"

Sense 2 is metaphorical, referring to something evil spreading like cancer, but the sentence is talking about actual biological cells and cancer.

Therefore, the answer is 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cell" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous <t>cells</t>, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Senses:
1. definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction
4. definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement
5. definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver
6. definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives
7. definition=a room where a prisoner is kept

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which sense of "cell" is used in the given sentence. Let me analyze the sentence:

"Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous <t>cells</t>, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."

Key context clues:
- "Oncogenes" - these are genes that have the potential to cause cancer
- "malignant" - refers to cancerous growth
- "normal as well as in cancerous cells" - contrasting normal biological units with cancerous ones
- "researchers" - scientific/medical context

This is clearly talking about biological cells - the basic units of living organisms. The mention of oncogenes, malignant growth, and cancerous cells all point to the biological definition.

Looking at the options:
1. Small compartment (like honeycomb) - not this context
2. (Biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms - this matches perfectly
3. Electric current device (battery) - not relevant
4. Political movement unit - not relevant
5. Mobile phone - not relevant
6. Monk/nun room - not relevant
7. Prison room - not relevant

The answer is clearly sense #2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "suggest" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, <t>suggesting</t> that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Senses:
1. definition=make a proposal, declare a plan for something | examples=the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax
2. definition=drop a hint; intimate by a hint
3. definition=imply as a possibility | examples=The evidence suggests a need for more clarification
4. definition=suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine | examples=Tetracycline is indicated in such cases
5. definition=call to mind | examples=this remark evoked sadness

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "suggest" is used in the given sentence. Let me analyze the sentence and the definitions.

Sentence: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."

The word "suggesting" here means that the evidence (finding oncogenes in normal cells) implies or indicates the conclusion that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Let me look at the senses:

1. definition=make a proposal, declare a plan for something | examples=the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax
   - This is about making a proposal. The sentence isn't proposing something; it's drawing a conclusion from evidence. Not sense 1.

2. definition=drop a hint; intimate by a hint
   - This is about hinting at something indirectly. The usage here is more about logical implication from evidence, not hinting. Not sense 2.

3. definition=imply as a possibility | examples=The evidence suggests a need for more clarification
   - This matches! The evidence (finding oncogenes in normal cells) implies the possibility/conclusion that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. The example "The evidence suggests a need for more clarification" is very similar to the usage in the sentence.

4. definition=suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine | examples=Tetracycline is indicated in such cases
   - This is specifically about medical interventions. While the sentence is about medical/biological topics, "suggesting" here isn't suggesting a treatment or intervention; it's suggesting a conclusion or implication. Not sense 4.

5. definition=call to mind | examples=this remark evoked sadness
   - This is about evoking or bringing to mind something. The sentence isn't saying the finding calls to mind something; it's saying the finding implies a conclusion. Not sense 5.

Sense 3 is the correct answer. The usage matches "imply as a possibility" - the evidence implies that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Answer: 3


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cause" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't <t>cause</t> cancer by themselves.

Senses:
1. definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | examples=cause a commotion
2. definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which sense of "cause" is used in the given sentence. I need to look at the two senses provided:

1. definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | examples=cause a commotion
2. definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR

Now let's analyze the sentence: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't <t>cause</t> cancer by themselves."

In this sentence, "cause" means to bring about, give rise to, or make cancer happen. It's about oncogenes being the source or reason for cancer occurring.

Sense 1: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally" - This fits. Oncogenes would give rise to cancer or cause cancer to happen/occur.

Sense 2: "cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner" - This implies causing someone/something to perform an action. The example shows "induced me to buy" - causing a person to do something. In the sentence, cancer is not an agent that "does" something in the sense of performing an action because it's caused. Rather, cancer is a state or condition that is brought about.

So the correct sense is 1.

The sentence is saying oncogenes don't give rise to cancer by themselves / don't cause cancer to occur by themselves.

Therefore, the answer is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cancer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause <t>cancer</t> by themselves.

Senses:
1. definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream
2. definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer
3. definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22
5. definition=type genus of the family Cancridae

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "cancer" is used in the given sentence.

The sentence is: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause <t>cancer</t> by themselves."

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence discusses oncogenes, cells becoming malignant, cancerous cells
- It's talking about the disease/condition where cells divide abnormally
- The word "cancer" here refers to the medical condition/disease

Now let's look at the senses:
1. definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream
   - This matches the medical definition of cancer as a disease.

2. definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer
   - This is about the zodiac sign/person born under it. Not relevant here.

3. definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
   - This is about the constellation. Not relevant.

4. definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22
   - This is about the zodiac sign itself. Not relevant.

5. definition=type genus of the family Cancridae
   - This is about the genus of crabs (biological classification). Not relevant.

The context is clearly medical/biological, discussing malignant cells, oncogenes, and the disease cancer. Therefore, sense 1 is the correct answer.

The answer should be just the number: 1

provider: ModelRun


[User]
Which numbered sense of "recent" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: In <t>recent</t> months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=new | examples=recent graduates
2. definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | examples=a late development

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "recent" is used in the given sentence. The word "recent" is marked with <t></t> tags in the sentence: "In <t>recent</t> months..."

Let me look at the two senses provided:

1. definition=new | examples=recent graduates
2. definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | examples=a late development

Now let's analyze the sentence: "In recent months, researchers have come to believe..."

"Recent months" refers to the immediate past or the time just previous to the present. It means the months that have just passed, not long ago.

Sense 1 "new" would apply to things like "recent graduates" meaning newly graduated people, or "recent arrivals" meaning newly arrived people.

Sense 2 "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time" clearly fits "recent months" - it refers to the months in the immediate past leading up to now.

Therefore, the correct answer is 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "month" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: In recent <t>months</t>, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "month" is used in the given sentence.

 Sentence: "In recent <t>months</t>, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."

 The word "months" is marked with <t></t> tags.

 Now I need to look at the two senses:

 Sense 1: "one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year" - examples: "he paid the bill last month"
 Sense 2: "a time unit of approximately 30 days" - examples: "he was given a month to pay the bill"

 Let me analyze the sentence. The phrase is "In recent months". This refers to a period of time covering the past few months.

 The question is whether "recent months" refers to:
 - Specific calendar divisions (like January, February, etc.) - Sense 1
 - Or just a duration of approximately 30-day periods - Sense 2

 "In recent months" typically refers to the recent past, spanning across calendar months. It's referring to the time period rather than specific named months. However, both senses could potentially fit.

 Let me think about the distinction:
 - Sense 1 emphasizes the calendar divisions (the named months like January, February)
 - Sense 2 emphasizes the time duration (approximately 30 days)

 When we say "in recent months", we're usually referring to the past several calendar months (e.g., "in recent months, the economy has improved" - meaning over the past few calendar months like March, April, May). This seems closer to Sense 1.

 But wait, Sense 2 is about a time unit of approximately 30 days. "Recent months" could be interpreted as recent 30-day periods.

 However, looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1 example: "he paid the bill last month" - refers to a specific calendar month
 - Sense 2 example: "he was given a month to pay the bill" - refers to a duration

 "In recent months" is similar to "last month" in that it refers to specific calendar periods (the recent calendar months), not just a duration of approximately 30 days.

 Actually, let me reconsider. "Recent months" typically means the past few calendar months. For example, if it's June, "recent months" might mean March, April, May. These are calendar divisions.

 But could it be Sense 2? If I say "in recent months", am I thinking "in recent ~30-day periods"?

 Usually, when we use "month" in the plural with "recent", we're referring to calendar months. The phrase "in recent months" is a time expression indicating a time frame composed of recent calendar months.

 However, looking at dictionary definitions:
 - Sense 1: One of the twelve divisions of the calendar year (January, February, etc.)
 - Sense 2: A period of approximately 30 days

 When we say "in recent months", we're referring to the recent calendar months (e.g., "in recent months, sales have increased"). This is referring to the named divisions of the year.

 But actually, I need to be careful. WordNet or similar lexical databases often distinguish between:
 1. The calendar month (as a named division)
 2. The lunar month or 30-day period (as a duration)

 "In recent months" - here "months" refers to consecutive calendar periods. It is referring to the calendar divisions (Sense 1).

 However, "a month" in "he was given a month" is clearly Sense 2 (duration).

 "Last month" could be either, but in the example for Sense 1, it suggests that "last month" refers to the calendar division.

 Actually, looking at the examples carefully:
 - Sense 1: "he paid the bill last month" - this refers to the previous calendar month (e.g., if it's April, he paid in March)
 - Sense 2: "he was given a month to pay the bill" - this refers to a duration of 30 days, not a specific calendar month

 Now, "in recent months":
 - Does this mean "in the recent calendar months (e.g., January, February, March)"?
 - Or does it mean "in the recent 30-day periods"?

 The phrase "in recent months" is typically used to refer to recent calendar time periods. For example, "In recent months, there have been several breakthroughs." This refers to the past few calendar months.

 I think the answer is Sense 1. "Recent months" refers to recent calendar months (the divisions of the year).

 Wait, let me double-check. In computational linguistics/WordNet sense disambiguation tasks, "month" often has these two senses:
 1. calendar month (the specific named month)
 2. lunation/month as a period of time

 "In recent months" - here it is referring to calendar months (plural), meaning the recent sequence of calendar months. This aligns with Sense 1.

 But I should consider: is there any ambiguity? Could it be interpreted as a duration?

 Actually, looking at similar examples in WordNet or SemCor:
 - "in recent months" is typically tagged as sense 1 (calendar month).

 The key distinction is:
 - Sense 1: The month as a named entity on the calendar (January, February, this month, last month, recent months)
 - Sense 2: The month as a measure of duration (30 days, a month long)

 In the sentence "In recent months", we are talking about the recent calendar months (like "in recent weeks", "in recent years"). These are calendar divisions.

 Therefore, the answer should be 1.

 But let me reconsider one more time. Is "recent months" referring to approximately 30-day periods, or specific calendar divisions?

 When someone says "in recent months", they usually mean "during the past several calendar months". For example, if today is June 15, 2023, "in recent months" means roughly March, April, May 2023 (or maybe including June). These are specific calendar divisions (months of the year).

 Sense 2 would be more like "for a month" or "lasting a month" or "a month's time" referring to the duration.

 So yes, Sense 1 is correct.

 Actually, looking at the definition again:
 1. one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year
 2. a time unit of approximately 30 days

 "Recent months" clearly refers to divisions of the calendar year (the recent ones). So it's sense 1.

 I'll go with 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "come" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: In recent months, researchers have <t>come</t> to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody | examples=He came singing down the road
2. definition=reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress | examples=She arrived home at 7 o'clock
3. definition=come to pass; arrive, as in due course | examples=The first success came three days later
4. definition=reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position | examples=The water came to a boil
5. definition=to be the product or result | examples=Melons come from a vine
6. definition=be found or available | examples=These shoes come in three colors; The furniture comes unassembled
7. definition=come forth | examples=A scream came from the woman's mouth
8. definition=be a native of | examples=She hails from Kalamazoo
9. definition=extend or reach | examples=The water came up to my waist
10. definition=exist or occur in a certain point in a series | examples=Next came the student from France
11. definition=cover a certain distance | examples=She came a long way
12. definition=come under, be classified or included | examples=fall into a category
13. definition=happen as a result | examples=Nothing good will come of this
14. definition=add up in number or quantity | examples=The bills amounted to $2,000
15. definition=develop into | examples=This idea will never amount to anything
16. definition=be received | examples=News came in of the massacre in Rwanda
17. definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary
18. definition=come from; be connected by a relationship of blood, for example | examples=She was descended from an old Italian noble family
19. definition=proceed or get along | examples=How is she doing in her new job?
20. definition=experience orgasm | examples=she could not come because she was too upset
21. definition=have a certain priority | examples=My family comes first

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "come" is used in the given sentence.

Sentence: "In recent months, researchers have <t>come</t> to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert..."

The phrase is "come to believe". This means they have reached or entered a state of belief. They have arrived at a belief or reached a state of believing.

Let me look at the senses:

1. move toward, travel toward - No, not physical movement.
2. reach a destination; arrive by movement - No, not physical arrival.
3. come to pass; arrive in due course - No, this is about events happening in time.
4. reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position - "The water came to a boil". This looks promising. "Come to believe" = reach/enter a state of belief.
5. to be the product or result - No.
6. be found or available - No.
7. come forth - No.
8. be a native of - No.
9. extend or reach - No.
10. exist or occur in a certain point in a series - No.
11. cover a certain distance - No.
12. come under, be classified - No.
13. happen as a result - No.
14. add up in number - No.
15. develop into - "This idea will never amount to anything". Hmm, "come to" can mean develop into? But "come to believe" is more about entering a state.
16. be received - No.
17. come to one's mind; suggest itself - "It occurred to me". This is about ideas coming to mind. But here it's "come to believe", which is more about reaching a state of belief rather than an idea occurring to them. Though related, sense 4 seems better because "believe" is a state/condition.
18. come from; be connected by blood - No.
19. proceed or get along - No.
20. experience orgasm - No.
21. have a certain priority - No.

Sense 4: "reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position" with example "The water came to a boil".

"Come to believe" fits perfectly here: reach or enter a state (of belief).

Sense 17 is "come to one's mind; suggest itself" like "It occurred to me". But "come to believe" is not about something occurring to them, but about gradually reaching a state of belief.

So the answer should be 4.

provider: SiliconFlow


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cancer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of <t>cancer</t> genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream
2. definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer
3. definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22
5. definition=type genus of the family Cancridae

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which sense of "cancer" is used in the given sentence. Let me analyze the sentence and the definitions.

Sentence: "In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of <t>cancer</t> genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."

Key context clues:
- "researchers" - suggests scientific/medical context
- "oncogene" - this is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer
- "tumor-suppressor gene" - this is a gene that regulates cell division and prevents tumor formation
- "malignant" - refers to malignant tumors/cancer
- "proliferating cells" - cell growth/division

Now let's look at the senses:
1. "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream" - This is the medical definition of cancer as a disease.
2. "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer" - This is the astrological sign/personality type.
3. "a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini" - This is the astronomical constellation.
4. "the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22" - This is the astrological sign.
5. "type genus of the family Cancridae" - This is the biological classification for crabs (the animal).

The sentence is clearly talking about medical/genetic research. The phrase "cancer genes" refers to genes related to the disease cancer (malignant growth). Words like "oncogene," "tumor-suppressor gene," "malignant," and "proliferating cells" all point to the medical context of cancer as a disease involving abnormal cell division.

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct answer.

The answer should be just the number: 1

provider: Novita


[User]
Which numbered sense of "turn" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may <t>turn</t> proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me
2. definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism
3. definition=undergo a change or development | examples=The water turned into ice
4. definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key
5. definition=change to the contrary | examples=The trend was reversed
6. definition=pass to the other side of | examples=turn the corner
7. definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | examples=The weather turned nasty
8. definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | examples=turn a page of a book
11. definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week
13. definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table
14. definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | examples=wrench one's ankle
16. definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him
17. definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault
18. definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall
20. definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction
21. definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | examples=bend the rod
22. definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10
23. definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me
24. definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | examples=She called on her Representative to help her
25. definition=go sour or spoil | examples=The milk has soured
26. definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

reasoning_content:
We need to determine which numbered sense of "turn" is used in the given sentence. The sentence is:

"In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may <t>turn</t> proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."

We need to match the usage of "turn" here to one of the 26 senses listed.

Let's analyze the sentence: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant". This means the oncogene causes the proliferating cells to become malignant. So "turn" here is used as a causative verb meaning "cause to become" or "cause to change into". The structure is "turn [object] [adjective]" or "turn [object] into [something]". In this case, "turn proliferating cells malignant". It's causing a change in state.

Let's look at the definitions:

1. change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | Turn towards me. Not this.
2. undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | We turned from Socialism to Capitalism. This is intransitive? "undergo" suggests the subject changes. But here the oncogene is causing the change, not undergoing it. However, "turn" can be used transitively? The definition says "undergo", which is intransitive. Not matching.
3. undergo a change or development | The water turned into ice. Intransitive. Not matching.
4. cause to move around or rotate | turn a key. Not this.
5. change to the contrary | The trend was reversed. Not this.
6. pass to the other side of | turn the corner. Not this.
7. pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | The weather turned nasty. Intransitive. Here "turn" is transitive with object "proliferating cells". But maybe sense 7? No, because the subject is the oncogene causing the cells to turn nasty. But the definition says "become". However, there might be a causative sense.
8. let (something) fall or spill from a container | turn the flour onto a plate. Not this.
9. move around an axis or a center | The wheels are turning. Not this.
10. cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | turn a page of a book. Not this.
11. to send or let go | They turned away the crowd. Not this.
12. to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | Farmer Jones plowed. Not this.
13. shape by rotating on a lathe | turn the legs. Not this.
14. change color | leaves turn early. Not this.
15. twist suddenly so as to sprain | wrench one's ankle. Not this.
16. cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics | The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him. This is transitive: cause to change into something different. The example is "turned the frog into a prince". Our sentence: "turn proliferating cells malignant". This is "cause [cells] to become [malignant]". This matches sense 16 very well. Let's check the exact wording: "cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics". Yes, causing the cells to assume the characteristic of being malignant.
17. accomplish by rotating | turn a somersault. Not this.
18. get by buying and selling | turn a good profit. Not this.
19. cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | turn your face to the wall. Not this.
20. channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | turned to boys. Not this.
21. cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | bend the rod. Not this.
22. alter the functioning or setting of | turn the dial to 10. Not this.
23. direct at someone | turned a smile on me. Not this.
24. have recourse to or make an appeal | called on. Not this.
25. go sour or spoil | milk has soured. Not this.
26. become officially one year older | turning 50. Not this.

Sense 16 seems the best fit. Let's double-check if any other sense could fit.

Sense 2: "undergo a transformation or a change of position or action". Example: "We turned from Socialism to Capitalism". This is intransitive. The sentence uses "turn" transitively with an object "proliferating cells". So not sense 2.

Sense 3: "undergo a change or development". Intransitive. Not matching.

Sense 7: "pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become". Example: "The weather turned nasty". This is intransitive: the weather became nasty. But in the sentence, the oncogene turns the cells malignant. It's causative. So sense 7 is not correct because the subject is not the one becoming malignant; it's causing the cells to become malignant.

Sense 16 explicitly mentions "cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics". Example: "The princess turned the frog into a prince". This is exactly the construction: turn [object] [complement]. In our sentence, complement is an adjective "malignant" rather than a noun phrase "into a prince", but the sense is the same: causing a transformation.

Thus the answer is 16.

Wait, let's check sense 22: "alter the functioning or setting of". Example: "turn the dial to 10". Not quite.

Sense 19: "cause to move along an axis or into a new direction". Not about becoming malignant.

Sense 16 is definitely the one.

Therefore, the correct number is 16.

The user wants only the number. So output "16".


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cell" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating <t>cells</t> malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction
4. definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement
5. definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver
6. definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives
7. definition=a room where a prisoner is kept

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which sense of the word "cell" is used in the given sentence. Let me analyze the sentence:

"In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating <t>cells</t> malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."

Key context clues:
- "researchers" (scientists)
- "cancer genes"
- "oncogene" (a gene that has the potential to cause cancer)
- "tumor-suppressor gene"
- "proliferating" (rapidly multiplying/reproducing)
- "malignant" (cancerous)

This is clearly a biological/medical context. The word "cells" here refers to biological cells that are proliferating (multiplying) and becoming malignant (cancerous).

Let me look at the senses:

1. definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
   - This is about physical compartments, like in a honeycomb. Not biological.

2. definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
   - This is the biological definition. This matches the context of cancer research, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and cells becoming malignant.

3. definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction
   - This is an electrical/electrochemical cell (battery). Not relevant here.

4. definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement
   - This is about political cells or terrorist cells. Not relevant.

5. definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver
   - This is a cell phone. Not relevant.

6. definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives
   - This is a monastic cell. Not relevant.

7. definition=a room where a prisoner is kept
   - This is a prison cell. Not relevant.

The correct sense is clearly #2, the biological definition. The sentence is talking about cancer, genes, oncogenes, tumor suppressors, and cells becoming malignant - all biological terminology.

Therefore, the answer is 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "only" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant <t>only</t> after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=and nothing more | examples=I was merely asking
2. definition=without any others being included or involved | examples=was entirely to blame
3. definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead
4. definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. definition=never except when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

reasoning_content:
The user is asking me to identify which sense of the word "only" is used in the given sentence. Let me analyze the sentence and the definitions.

 Sentence: "In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant <t>only</t> after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."

 Let me look at the context. The word "only" here is modifying "after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged." It's saying that the oncogene turns cells malignant exclusively or solely under the condition that the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

 Let me go through the senses:

 1. "and nothing more" - examples: "I was merely asking"
    This is about doing nothing more than the stated action. That doesn't seem to fit.

 2. "without any others being included or involved" - examples: "was entirely to blame"
    This is about exclusivity - nothing else is involved. Hmm.

 3. "with nevertheless the final result" - examples: "He arrived only to find his wife dead"
    This is about an unfortunate or unexpected result. Not fitting.

 4. "in the final outcome" - examples: "These news will only make you more upset"
    This suggests the result will be the stated thing and nothing else beneficial. Not quite right.

 5. "except that" - examples: "It was the same story; only this time she came out better"
    This is used as a conjunction meaning "but" or "except." Not fitting here.

 6. "never except when" - examples: "call me only if your cold gets worse"
    This means "exclusively when" or "only under the condition that."
    The example "call me only if your cold gets worse" means "call me exclusively in the situation where your cold gets worse" or "never call me except when your cold gets worse."

    In our sentence: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
    This means: The oncogene turns cells malignant exclusively when/after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Or: The oncogene never turns cells malignant except when the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

    This matches sense 6.

 7. "as recently as" - examples: "I spoke to him only an hour ago"
    This is about time/recentness. Not fitting.

 Let me double-check sense 6: "never except when" or "exclusively when."

 The sentence is saying that the oncogene causes malignancy exclusively under the condition that the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. It's restricting the circumstances under which the oncogene can cause malignancy.

 Sense 2 is "without any others being included or involved." Let me think about the difference between 2 and 6.

 Sense 2 examples: "was entirely to blame" - this is about the extent or degree, or about excluding other people/things.

 Actually, looking more carefully:

 Sense 2: "without any others being included or involved"
 Example: "was entirely to blame"
 This seems to be about the exclusion of other entities.

 But in our sentence, we're talking about a condition: "only after..."

 The word "only" here is restricting the temporal or conditional circumstance. It's saying "exclusively after" or "not before" or "never except when."

 Sense 6: "never except when" - examples: "call me only if your cold gets worse"

 This matches perfectly. "call me only if..." means "call me never except when/if..."

 In our sentence: "turn proliferating cells malignant only after..." means "never turn them malignant except after..."

 So the answer should be 6.

 Wait, let me also consider if it could be sense 2.

 Sense 2: "without any others being included or involved"

 If we interpret "only after" as excluding other times or conditions, then it might fit sense 2. But sense 2's example "was entirely to blame" suggests it's about the exclusivity of the subject or the degree.

 Actually, looking at standard dictionary definitions:

 Sense 6 in the list is "never except when" which corresponds to the conditional or temporal restrictor use of "only."

 The sentence structure is: [verb phrase] only [after/when/if clause]

 This is a classic case of "only" meaning "exclusively under these circumstances" or "not except when."

 Example from sense 6: "call me only if your cold gets worse"

 Parallel: "turn cells malignant only after the gene has been damaged"

 Yes, this is definitely sense 6.

 Actually, let me also look at sense 2 again. The definition is "without any others being included or involved."

 This could potentially fit, but the example "was entirely to blame" suggests a different use - more like "solely" or "exclusively" in terms of degree or responsibility.

 But "only after" is a specific construction that restricts the condition or time.

 Let me think about the dictionary senses more carefully.

 In standard dictionaries, "only" has several adverbial uses:
 1. Solely, merely, just (and nothing more)
 2. Exclusively (no one/nothing else)
 3. With the result that (but with an unexpected result)
 4. As recently as
 5. Except that (conjunction)

 The specific sense "never except when" or "except when/that" is distinct.

 Looking at the user's sense 6: "never except when" with example "call me only if your cold gets worse"

 This is the sense where "only" means "under no circumstances except" - it's conditional/temporal restriction.

 In the sentence: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."

 This means: An oncogene may turn cells malignant under no circumstances except after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

 Or: The oncogene turns cells malignant exclusively when the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

 This matches sense 6.

 Sense 2 "without any others being included or involved" is broader and usually applies when "only" modifies a noun or emphasizes that no other entities are involved.

 For example: "Only John came" (no one else came).
 Or: "It was only a dream" (nothing more than a dream).

 But here, "only" is modifying the adverbial clause "after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged." It's restricting the circumstances.

 The phrase "only after" is a temporal/conditional restrictor.

 Sense 6 is the right answer.

 Just to be thorough, let me check the other senses:

 Sense 3: "with nevertheless the final result" - example "He arrived only to find his wife dead"
 This is the "only to" construction indicating an unexpected or unfortunate result.
 Our sentence doesn't have "only to" - it has "only after."

 Sense 4: "in the final outcome" - example "These news will only make you more upset"
 This suggests that the result is inevitable or that it's the sole effect.
 "will only make you more upset" means the sole effect will be making you upset.
 But our sentence is about a necessary condition, not about an inevitable result.

 Sense 5: "except that" - used as a conjunction between clauses.
 Example: "It was the same story; only this time she came out better"
 This is a coordinating conjunction use.
 In our sentence, "only" is not being used as a conjunction between two independent clauses.

 Sense 7: "as recently as" - clearly about time, not applicable.

 Sense 1: "and nothing more" - this is the restrictive use about degree or extent.
 Example: "I was merely asking" - "only" means "merely" or "just."

 So it's between sense 2 and sense 6.

 Sense 2: "without any others being included or involved"
 This is about the exclusion of other entities or factors.

 But "only after" is specifically about excluding other times or conditions.

 The key phrase in sense 6 is "never except when."

 "Only after X" means "never before X" or "at no time except after X."

 Actually, looking at the example for sense 6: "call me only if your cold gets worse"
 This means: Don't call me except under the condition that your cold gets worse.

 Similarly: "malignant only after X" means: not malignant except after X.

 Yes, sense 6 is correct.

 In many dictionaries, this is classified as the restrictive or conditional sense.

 The answer is 6.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "damage" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been <t>damaged</t>.

Senses:
1. definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof
2. definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which sense of "damage" is used in the given sentence. The sentence is: "In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been <t>damaged</t>."

 The two senses provided are:
 1. definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof
 2. definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

 Let me analyze the sentence structure:
 - "the tumor-suppressor gene has been <t>damaged</t>"
 - This is in the passive voice: "has been damaged"
 - The subject is "the tumor-suppressor gene"
 - The verb "damaged" here describes what happens to the gene - it is being acted upon.

 In sense 1: "inflict damage upon" - this is the transitive use where someone/something damages something else. When used in passive voice, the object of the action becomes the subject. So "the roof was damaged" uses sense 1.

 In sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage" - this is an intransitive use. The subject itself undergoes damage or is prone to damage. Example: "These cups damage easily" - meaning they easily get damaged or are easily damaged.

 In the sentence "the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged":
 - This is passive construction
 - The gene is receiving the action of damage
 - This corresponds to sense 1 (inflict damage upon) in passive form

 Sense 2 would be used if the sentence were something like "This gene damages easily" meaning the gene is susceptible to damage. But "has been damaged" indicates that damage has been inflicted upon it.

 Wait, let me reconsider. The distinction:
 Sense 1: to cause damage to something (transitive)
 Sense 2: to undergo damage, to be susceptible to damage (intransitive)

 "Has been damaged" is clearly the passive of the transitive verb "damage" (sense 1). The gene is the recipient of the damaging action.

 Sense 2 would be: "The gene damages easily" (intransitive - the gene undergoes damage easily).

 So the answer should be 1.

 Let me double-check the example for sense 2: "These fine china cups damage easily" - here "damage" is intransitive, meaning they are easily damaged or prone to damage.

 In the target sentence: "has been damaged" - this is a passive construction, which comes from the transitive verb "damage" (sense 1: inflict damage upon).

 Therefore, the correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "inherit" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are <t>inherited</t> in two copies, one from each parent.

Senses:
1. definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which sense of "inherit" is used in the given sentence. Let me analyze the sentence and the three senses provided.

Sentence: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are <t>inherited</t> in two copies, one from each parent."

Key context here:
- It's talking about "genes"
- "tumor-suppressor genes"
- "inherited in two copies"
- "one from each parent"

This is clearly about genetic inheritance - receiving traits or genetic material from parents through biological reproduction.

Now let's look at the three senses:

1. "obtain from someone after their death" - This is about inheriting property, money, or possessions when someone dies. Example mentions inheriting a castle from grandparents. This doesn't fit the genetic context.

2. "receive from a predecessor" - This is about receiving problems, responsibilities, or positions from someone who came before you in a role or organization. Example mentions a chairman inheriting problems from the previous chair. This is about succession in roles/positions, not biology.

3. "receive by genetic transmission" - This is about receiving traits, characteristics, or genes from parents through biological heredity. Example mentions inheriting good eyesight from mother. This matches perfectly with the sentence about genes being inherited from each parent.

The sentence is specifically about genes being passed down from parents to offspring through genetic transmission. Therefore, sense 3 is the correct answer.

The answer should be just the number: 3


[User]
Which numbered sense of "copy" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two <t>copies</t>, one from each parent.

Senses:
1. definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)
2. definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress
3. definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials
4. definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "copy" is used in the given sentence.

Sentence: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two <t>copies</t>, one from each parent."

The word "copy" here refers to genetic copies - each parent contributes one copy (allele) of the gene.

Let me look at the senses:
1. definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) - This is about documents/records, not genes.
2. definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress - This refers to duplicates or replicas. In genetics, we talk about gene copies - each chromosome has a copy, one from each parent. This seems to fit best.
3. definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials - This is about publishing/printing.
4. definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy - This is about news/media content.

Sense 2 is the most appropriate here. In genetics, when we say genes are inherited in two copies, we mean there are two versions/duplicates of the gene (alleles), one from each parent. This fits the definition "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" or more broadly, an instance/duplicate of something.

Actually, looking more carefully at sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" - in the genetic context, the two copies are not "made to be similar" in the sense of replication/manufacturing, but rather they are instances of the gene. However, among the given options, sense 2 is still the closest fit because it refers to duplicate instances of something.

Wait, let me reconsider. In genetics, a "copy" of a gene refers to each of the two alleles (one on each chromosome in a pair). Each is a copy in the sense that it's a version of the gene. But actually, looking at the definitions again:

Sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" - this could apply to genetic copies, as each allele is a copy of the gene (though they might have slight variations).

But I should check if there's a better fit. Sense 1 is about written records. Sense 3 is about printing. Sense 4 is about journalism.

Sense 2 is definitely the intended answer. In biological contexts, "copy" is often used to mean an individual instance of a gene or chromosome. For example, "two copies of chromosome 1" means two instances of that chromosome.

So the answer should be 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "parent" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each <t>parent</t>.

Senses:
1. definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to identify which sense of "parent" is used in the given sentence. The sentence is: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each <t>parent</t>."

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is talking about genes being inherited
- It mentions "one from each parent"
- This is a biological/genetic context
- In genetics, when we talk about inheriting genes, "parent" refers to the biological parents (mother and father) who pass on genetic material

Now let's look at the two senses:
1. "a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian"
2. "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained"

Sense 1 refers to human parents (father or mother).
Sense 2 refers to organisms in general (could be plants, animals, etc.) in a biological reproduction context.

In the sentence about genes and inheritance, "parent" refers to the mother and father who contribute genetic material. This is sense 1.

Wait, let me reconsider. In genetics/biology contexts, when discussing inheritance of genes, "parent" can sometimes be used in sense 2 (an organism from which younger ones are obtained). But in this specific sentence, it says "one from each parent" referring to the two parents (mother and father) that contribute genetic material to offspring.

Actually, looking more carefully:
- Sense 1: father or mother (human or animal parents in the familial sense)
- Sense 2: an organism from which younger ones are obtained (more general biological sense)

In genetics, when we say genes are inherited from each parent, we mean from the mother and father. This aligns with sense 1. However, sense 2 is broader and applies to any organism.

But wait, the sentence mentions "tumor-suppressor genes" which suggests this is about human genetics or at least animal genetics. The phrase "one from each parent" strongly implies the two parents (maternal and paternal) that produced the offspring.

Let me think about the distinction:
- Sense 1 emphasizes the role as father/mother, begetting, giving birth, nurturing
- Sense 2 emphasizes being a source of younger organisms

In genetic inheritance, we inherit one copy of each gene from our mother and one from our father. These are our parents in sense 1.

However, sense 2 could also apply because parents are organisms from which younger ones are obtained.

But looking at the specific wording of sense 1: "a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child"
And sense 2: "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained"

The key difference is that sense 1 is specific to the parental relationship (father/mother), while sense 2 is more general biological reproduction.

In the context of gene inheritance in humans (or mammals), "parent" refers to the father and mother. This is sense 1.

But I should check if there's any ambiguity. The sentence could be talking about any organism, not just humans. "Tumor-suppressor genes" are found in many animals, not just humans.

However, the phrase "one from each parent" in the context of diploid inheritance (two copies of genes) refers to the two parents that produced the offspring. This is the standard biological definition of parents as mother and father.

Actually, looking at typical dictionary sense distinctions:
- Sense 1 is the social/familial definition
- Sense 2 is the biological/reproductive definition

In genetics textbooks, when they say "inherited from each parent," they are using "parent" in the biological sense (sense 2), but often these overlap.

Wait, I need to look at this more carefully. The question is asking which numbered sense is used.

Let me reconsider the exact wording:
Sense 1: "a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian"
Sense 2: "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained"

In the sentence: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."

This is describing Mendelian inheritance. In this context, "parent" refers to the male and female parents that contributed gametes.

Sense 1 includes "one who begets" which applies to the biological father, and "one who gives birth" which applies to the biological mother. So sense 1 covers the biological parents.

Sense 2 is broader and includes plants and animals that reproduce, emphasizing the source of offspring.

For humans and animals, sense 1 is the more specific and appropriate sense. The sentence is talking about gene inheritance, which involves the biological parents.

However, I should consider whether sense 2 might be the intended answer. Sense 2 is often used in botany and general biology when discussing breeding. But "parent" in the phrase "one from each parent" in genetics almost always refers to the maternal and paternal parents.

Let me think about examples:
- "The puppy inherited traits from its parents" - sense 1 or 2?
- "The plant inherited the trait from its parent" - sense 2 (since we don't usually call plants mothers/fathers in the same way)

But in the given sentence, it says "one from each parent" implying two parents, which is typical of sexual reproduction in animals (including humans). The mention of "tumor-suppressor genes" suggests this is likely about humans or mammals.

Actually, tumor-suppressor genes are studied in many organisms, but the phrasing "inherited in two copies, one from each parent" is standard language for describing diploid inheritance from two parents.

I think the answer is sense 1, because:
1. It refers to the father and mother (the two parents)
2. "Begets" or "gives birth to" applies here
3. In medical/genetic contexts involving tumor-suppressor genes, we're talking about human inheritance or animal models

But let me double-check. Could it be sense 2?

Sense 2: "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained"

If the sentence were about bacteria or asexual reproduction, sense 2 might apply. But "one from each parent" implies two distinct parents contributing genetic material, which is characteristic of sexual reproduction where there are two parents (male and female).

In WordNet or similar lexical databases, sense 1 is usually the human/kinship sense, and sense 2 is the biological sense. But in the context of gene inheritance from two parents, it's referring to the mother and father.

Let me look for clues in the definitions:
Sense 1: "a father or mother"
Sense 2: "an organism"

The sentence is talking about genetic inheritance. In genetics, the parents are the source of the genetic material.

Actually, I think I need to be more careful. The question is likely from a word sense disambiguation dataset (like WordNet). Let me think about how WordNet defines these senses.

In WordNet:
- Parent (noun) sense 1: a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
- Parent (noun) sense 2: an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Now, in the sentence about genes, which sense applies?

The sentence is describing how genes are passed from parents to offspring. In this biological context, "parent" could be sense 2. However, the phrase "one from each parent" with "each" suggests two specific parents (the mother and father).

Let me consider the context more carefully. "Tumor-suppressor genes" - this is a technical term from genetics. The sentence is explaining basic genetics: genes come in two copies, one inherited from the mother and one from the father.

In this context, "parent" refers to the immediate ancestors who contributed genetic material. This is sense 1 (father or mother).

But wait - in many biological contexts, especially when discussing plants or animals in breeding experiments, sense 2 is used.

However, the key phrase is "one from each parent." This is the standard description of biparental inheritance, where one allele comes from the maternal parent and one from the paternal parent.

I think the answer is 1.

Let me reconsider one more time. Is there any reason it would be 2?

Sense 2 emphasizes "organism" and is more general. It applies to plants and animals. Sense 1 is more specific to the parental role.

In the context of human genetics (tumor-suppressor genes are often discussed in the context of human cancer genetics), "parent" clearly means mother or father.

Even if it's about animals, "parent" in the sense of mother and father is sense 1.

Sense 2 would be used in contexts like:
- "The parent plant produced many seeds"
- "The parent strain of bacteria"
- "The parent cell divided into two daughter cells"

But when we say "inherited from each parent" in the context of genes, we're talking about the two parents (mother and father) in the familial sense.

Therefore, the answer should be 1.

Actually, let me think about this once more. The definition of sense 2 is "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained." This is a very general biological definition.

In genetics, when we trace the inheritance of genes, we are talking about the biological parents as the source of genetic material. This fits sense 2 as well.

But sense 1 is "a father or mother." In sexual reproduction, the parents are the father and mother.

I think the distinction is:
- Sense 1: the social/biological role as father/mother
- Sense 2: the biological source in reproduction

For animals with sexual reproduction, both senses apply, but sense 1 is more specific and appropriate.

Let me check if there's a pattern in how these senses are distinguished. Usually, sense 2 is used when talking about the parent organism in a breeding or experimental context, particularly for plants, or when emphasizing the genetic contribution.

But the phrase "one from each parent" is so commonly used in genetics to mean one from the mother and one from the father that I think sense 1 is correct.

Wait, I want to look at the exact wording again: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."

This is describing the fact that in diploid organisms, we have two copies of each gene, one inherited from the mother and one from the father.

The word "parent" here refers to the mother and father. That's sense 1.

I'm going to go with 1.

provider: Chutes