[User]
Which numbered sense of "country" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in <t>countries</t>, which admit immigrants.

Senses:
1. definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | examples=the state has elected a new president
2. definition=the territory occupied by a nation | examples=he returned to the land of his birth
3. definition=the people who live in a nation or country | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood
4. definition=an area outside of cities and towns | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | examples=it was a mountainous area

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "country" is used in the given sentence. Let me analyze the sentence and the definitions.

Sentence: "...there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in <t>countries</t>, which admit immigrants."

The word "countries" here refers to political entities that admit immigrants. Let's look at the definitions:

1. definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | examples=the state has elected a new president
2. definition=the territory occupied by a nation | examples=he returned to the land of his birth
3. definition=the people who live in a nation or country | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood
4. definition=an area outside of cities and towns | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | examples=it was a mountainous area

In the sentence, "countries" refers to nations as political entities that can admit immigrants. The phrase "countries, which admit immigrants" suggests sovereign political entities with governments that make immigration policies.

Definition 1: "a politically organized body of people under a single government" - This fits well because countries that admit immigrants are political entities with governments.

Definition 2: "the territory occupied by a nation" - This refers to the land/territory itself, not the political entity. The sentence is talking about economic growth, wages, and employment within these entities, and the ability to admit immigrants, which suggests the political/governmental aspect.

Definition 3: "the people who live in a nation or country" - This refers to the population/people themselves. While the sentence mentions economic impacts on people, the subject "countries" as entities that "admit immigrants" suggests the political entity, not just the people.

Definition 4: This is about rural areas, which is clearly not the meaning here.

Definition 5: This is about geographical regions, not necessarily sovereign states.

The key phrase is "countries, which admit immigrants." Admitting immigrants is an action typically done by governments or sovereign states - political entities. Therefore, sense 1 seems most appropriate: "a politically organized body of people under a single government."

However, let me reconsider. In many contexts, "country" can mean the nation-state in general. But looking at the specific definitions provided:

Sense 1 emphasizes the political organization and government.
Sense 2 emphasizes the territory.
Sense 3 emphasizes the people.

The sentence discusses:
- economic growth
- wages
- employment
- admitting immigrants

"Admitting immigrants" is a governmental function, so sense 1 seems correct. But let me think if sense 2 or 3 could work.

If it were sense 2 (territory), we'd be talking about the land admitting immigrants, which doesn't make sense.
If it were sense 3 (people), the people don't formally "admit" immigrants - the government does.

So sense 1 is the best fit.

Wait, I should check if there's any ambiguity. Sometimes "country" is used more loosely. But given the context of economists discussing immigration policy and economic impacts, and the specific phrase "countries, which admit immigrants," this is clearly referring to sovereign states as political entities.

Therefore, the answer is 1.

provider: DeepInfra


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "immigration" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Restraining <t>immigration</t> leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Senses:
1. definition=migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there)
2. definition=the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "immigration" is used in the given sentence.

 Sentence: "Restraining <t>immigration</t> leads to anaemic growth and harms employment."

 Senses:
 1. definition=migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there)
 2. definition=the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony

 Let me analyze the sentence. The sentence says "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment."

 "Restraining" here means limiting or controlling. You can restrain the process of migration (sense 1), but can you restrain "the body of immigrants" (sense 2)?

 Sense 2 refers to the collective group of immigrants as a body or group: "the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval." The example given is "the increased immigration strengthened the colony" - here "immigration" refers to the group of people who arrived.

 However, in the sentence "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth...", "immigration" is being restrained (limited/controlled). This refers to the act or process of migrating into a place, not the body of people themselves. You restrain the flow or process, not the people as a collective noun in this context.

 Also, the context is about economic effects (anaemic growth, harms employment), which typically relates to the process or phenomenon of people moving into a country, not specifically to the group of people as a collective entity.

 Sense 1 is the general act or process of migrating into a place.
 Sense 2 is the collective body of immigrants.

 The sentence is talking about the policy of restraining/limiting the inflow/process, which aligns with sense 1.

 Wait, let me reconsider. Could it be sense 2? If "immigration" refers to the immigrants themselves, then "restraining immigration" would mean restraining the people. But that doesn't make sense in this context. "Restraining immigration" in policy terms means limiting the process/flow.

 Also, looking at the example for sense 2: "the increased immigration strengthened the colony" - this treats immigration as a collective noun referring to the people. But in "restraining immigration", it's clearly referring to the act or process being limited.

 Therefore, the answer should be 1.

 Let me double-check:
 - Sense 1: migration into a place (the process/act)
 - Sense 2: the body of immigrants (the people)

 "Restraining immigration" = limiting the process of migration. This is sense 1.

 Yes, I'm confident it's sense 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: ModelRun

currency: USD


[User]
Which numbered sense of "growth" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Restraining immigration leads to anaemic <t>growth</t> and harms employment.

Senses:
1. definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | examples=the increase in unemployment
4. definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees
5. definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "growth" is used in the given sentence.

 Sentence: "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic <t>growth</t> and harms employment."

 The context is about immigration, employment, and economic conditions. "Anaemic growth" is an economic term referring to slow or weak economic growth.

 Let me look at the senses:

 1. (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically - This is biological growth, not relevant here.
 2. a progression from simpler to more complex forms - This is about cultural or evolutionary development.
 3. a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important - This fits economic growth (becoming larger/more important economically).
 4. vegetation that has grown - Plants, not relevant.
 5. the gradual beginning or coming forth - Emergence, not relevant.
 6. (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue - Medical, tumor, not relevant.
 7. something grown or growing - Physical growth like hair.

 In the sentence, "growth" refers to economic growth - the economy becoming larger or more important. This matches sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important" with the example "the increase in unemployment" (which is about economic indicators).

 "Anaemic growth" is commonly used in economics to describe slow economic expansion. So sense 3 is the correct answer.

provider: Chutes


[User]
Which numbered sense of "employment" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms <t>employment</t>.

Senses:
1. definition=the state of being employed or having a job | examples=they are looking for employment
2. definition=the occupation for which you are paid | examples=he is looking for employment
3. definition=the act of giving someone a job
4. definition=the act of using | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "employment" is used in the given sentence.

 Sentence: "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms <t>employment</t>."

 Senses:
 1. definition=the state of being employed or having a job | examples=they are looking for employment
 2. definition=the occupation for which you are paid | examples=he is looking for employment
 3. definition=the act of giving someone a job
 4. definition=the act of using | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs

 Let me analyze the sentence. The sentence says "harms employment" in the context of restraining immigration leading to anaemic growth.

 "Harms employment" here likely means harms the state of people having jobs, or the job market generally. It's referring to the condition or state of being employed, or perhaps the availability of jobs in the economy.

 Looking at the options:
 1. "the state of being employed or having a job" - This could fit. If immigration is restrained, it harms the state of people having jobs (i.e., reduces employment levels).
 2. "the occupation for which you are paid" - This seems more specific to an individual's job, not the general concept in the economic context.
 3. "the act of giving someone a job" - This would be the act of employing someone. While "harms employment" could theoretically mean harms the act of employing, it's less likely in this economic context. Usually, we say "harms employment" to mean harms job creation or the employment rate.
 4. "the act of using" - This is clearly wrong. Not related to the context.

 Between 1 and 3:
 Sense 1 is about the state of being employed (employment as a condition/status).
 Sense 3 is about the act of employing someone.

 In economic contexts, "employment" often refers to the state of having jobs or the level of employment in an economy. "Harms employment" means it reduces the number of people employed or makes it harder to find jobs.

 However, looking at the examples:
 Sense 1: "they are looking for employment" - here employment means a job or the state of having a job.
 Sense 2: "he is looking for employment" - similar to sense 1 but defined as "the occupation for which you are paid".

 Actually, senses 1 and 2 seem very similar. Let me look closer:
 1. "the state of being employed or having a job"
 2. "the occupation for which you are paid"

 Sense 1 seems to be about the condition/state (e.g., the employment rate).
 Sense 2 seems to be about the specific job/occupation itself.

 In the sentence "harms employment", it's referring to the general economic indicator or condition of people having jobs, not a specific occupation. So sense 1 seems best.

 Wait, let me reconsider sense 3: "the act of giving someone a job". Could "harms employment" mean harms the act of employing? Like, makes it harder to hire people? That's possible, but less likely than harming the state of employment (i.e., reducing jobs).

 Actually, looking at standard dictionary definitions:
 - Employment can mean: the condition of having paid work (state)
 - Employment can mean: the action of giving work to someone (act)
 - Employment can mean: a person's job or profession (occupation)

 In the sentence "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment", this is clearly an economic/policy statement. "Employment" here refers to the level of employment in the economy - i.e., how many people have jobs, or the state of being employed generally.

 This matches sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job".

 Sense 3 would be if it said something like "the employment of new staff" or similar, focusing on the hiring action.

 So the answer should be 1.

 But let me double-check if there's any ambiguity. Could it be sense 3? If "harms employment" means harms the hiring process? In some contexts, yes, but given "anaemic growth" which is an economic condition, "employment" here is parallel - it's also an economic condition/state.

 Therefore: 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "fear" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: <t>Fears</t> about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Senses:
1. definition=an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight)
2. definition=an anxious feeling | examples=care had aged him
3. definition=a feeling of profound respect for someone or something | examples=the fear of God

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "fear" is used in the given sentence.

Sentence: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."

The word "Fears" here refers to concerns or anxious feelings about something that might happen in the future. It's not about the immediate emotional response to present danger (sense 1), nor is it about profound respect (sense 3).

Sense 2: "an anxious feeling | examples=care had aged him" - This seems to match better. "Fears about..." implies anxious concern, worry, or apprehension about future events.

Wait, let me look more carefully at the definitions.

Sense 1: "an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight)" - This is the basic fear emotion, like being afraid of a snake.

Sense 2: "an anxious feeling | examples=care had aged him" - This seems to be more like worry, concern, or anxiety about something.

Sense 3: "a feeling of profound respect for someone or something | examples=the fear of God" - This is reverence/awe.

In the sentence, "Fears about the impact of immigrants" - this refers to concerns, worries, or anxious feelings about potential negative consequences. This aligns with sense 2 (an anxious feeling). However, sense 1 also mentions "anticipation of some specific pain or danger."

Let me reconsider. The sentence is talking about societal concerns/worries about economic impacts. This is more of an anxious concern rather than the primal emotion of fear. But sense 1 does mention "anticipation" which could fit.

Actually, looking at standard dictionary senses (like WordNet), sense 1 is usually the core emotion: "an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger..." Sense 2 is often "a feeling of profound respect for someone or something" (like fear of God). Wait, the numbering here has:
1. emotion experienced in anticipation of pain/danger
2. anxious feeling
3. profound respect

Wait, in WordNet, the senses of "fear" are:
- fear, fearfulness, fright: an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger...
- concern, care, fear: an anxious feeling; "care had aged him"; "they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction"
- fear, reverence, awe, veneration: a feeling of profound respect for someone or something; "the fear of God"

So in the sentence, "Fears about the impact of immigrants" - this is clearly the "concern, care, fear" sense - an anxious feeling (sense 2). It's not the primal emotion of fright, and not reverence.

Therefore, the answer is 2.

provider: SiliconFlow


[User]
Which numbered sense of "impact" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Fears about the <t>impact</t> of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Senses:
1. definition=the striking of one body against another
2. definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking
3. definition=influencing strongly | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "impact" is used in the given sentence.

The sentence is: "Fears about the <t>impact</t> of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."

Let me analyze the sentence:
- The "impact" here refers to the effect or consequence of immigrants on the labor market (replacing workers, exerting downward pressure on wages).
- This is about the effect or influence of one thing on another, not about physical striking or combat.

Now let's look at the senses:

1. "the striking of one body against another" - This is the physical, literal meaning (collision). Not applicable here.

2. "a forceful consequence; a strong effect | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking" - This fits. The sentence is talking about the effect/consequence of immigrants on wages and employment.

3. "influencing strongly | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture" - This is close but the definition says "influencing strongly" (which is more of a verb sense or the act of influencing), while the example "impingement" suggests encroachment. However, looking at the example, it seems to be about the influence/impingement. But wait, the part of speech might be different. Actually, looking at the example "impingement", this might be referring to the verb form or a specific sense of encroachment. But the definition "influencing strongly" could work, but let's compare with sense 2.

4. "the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat" - This is about combat/clashing. Not applicable.

Between senses 2 and 3:
- Sense 2: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect" - This is a noun referring to the result or effect itself.
- Sense 3: "influencing strongly" - This seems like it could be a verb definition or referring to the act of influencing. But the example "impingement" suggests encroachment/infringement.

In the sentence, "impact" is used as a noun: "the impact of immigrants". It's referring to the effect that immigrants have on the labor market.

Sense 2 seems most appropriate: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect". The example "the book had an important impact on my thinking" is parallel to "the impact of immigrants on wages".

Sense 3 with the example about "impingement" seems to be about the act of impinging or encroaching, which is slightly different from the general "effect" meaning.

Actually, looking at WordNet or similar lexical databases (which this format resembles):
- Sense 2 looks like WordNet sense 2: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect"
- Sense 3 looks like it might be WordNet sense 3 or 4, often related to "impingement" or "encroachment"

But in the given sentence, it's clearly about the economic effect/consequence of immigration.

So the answer should be 2.

Let's double-check:
- "Fears about the impact of immigrants" = fears about the effect/consequence of immigrants
- This matches definition 2: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect"
- The example "the book had an important impact on my thinking" confirms this is about the effect of one thing on another.

Sense 3's example "they resented the impingement of American values on European culture" - this is about encroachment or infringement, which is somewhat similar but more specific about intrusion. However, the sentence about immigrants is not necessarily about impingement in the sense of encroachment on rights or culture (though it could be interpreted that way), but it's specifically about economic effects (replacing workers, pressure on wages).

Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.

Wait, let me reconsider sense 3. Is it possible that "influencing strongly" is the definition and the example is just illustrating the word in context? "Impingement" is synonymous with "impact" in some contexts. But in WordNet:
- impact, effect (a forceful consequence; a strong effect)
- impact, encroachment, impingement (influencing strongly)

Actually, looking at standard WordNet entries:
1. impact, impingement (the striking of one body against another)
2. impact (a forceful consequence; a strong effect; "the book had an important impact on my thinking")
3. impingement, encroachment, impact (influencing strongly; "they resented the impingement of American values on European culture")
4. shock, impact (the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat; "the armies met in the shock of battle")

So yes, sense 3 is specifically about "influencing strongly" with connotations of encroachment (as seen in the example with "impingement").

In the immigrant sentence, it's about the economic effect/consequence, not necessarily about impingement or encroachment in the sense of violating boundaries. It's about the effect on wages and employment.

Therefore, sense 2 is correct.

The answer is 2.

provider: DigitalOcean


[User]
Which numbered sense of "notion" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the <t>notion</t> that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Senses:
1. definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | examples=his impression of her was favorable
2. definition=a general inclusive concept
3. definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories
4. definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which sense of "notion" is used in the given sentence. Let me analyze the sentence and the definitions.

Sentence: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the <t>notion</t> that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."

The word "notion" here refers to an idea or concept that immigrants are liable to replace native workers. It's referring to a general concept or belief.

Let me look at the senses:

1. "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed" - examples mention "impression"
2. "a general inclusive concept"
3. "an odd or fanciful or capricious idea" - examples mention theatrical notion of disguise
4. "(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items" - this is the craft/sewing meaning

In the sentence, "notion" is referring to the concept or idea that immigrants replace native workers. This seems to be sense 2: "a general inclusive concept."

Wait, let me reconsider. Sense 1 is "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed." The example given is "his impression of her was favorable." This seems like a personal impression or belief.

Sense 2 is "a general inclusive concept." This seems like a broader concept or theory.

Sense 3 is specifically about odd or fanciful ideas.

In the sentence, the "notion" refers to a belief or concept about how immigrants affect the labor market. It's a general concept or theory.

But let me think more carefully. The sentence says "based on the notion that..." This is referring to a belief or idea.

Looking at typical dictionary definitions:
- Notion can mean a conception or idea (general concept)
- Notion can mean a belief or opinion (vague idea)
- Notion can mean an inclination or whim (fanciful idea)

In this context, "the notion that they are liable to replace native workers" - this is referring to a concept or theory about how immigration affects labor markets. It's a general idea or concept.

Sense 2 says "a general inclusive concept." That seems to fit best.

Sense 1 emphasizes "vague idea" and "confidence" - like an impression. While the sentence does involve confidence (fears are based on it), the focus seems to be on the concept itself - the economic theory or idea about replacement of workers.

Actually, looking at the example for sense 1: "his impression of her was favorable" - this suggests sense 1 is more about personal impressions or feelings.

Sense 2: "a general inclusive concept" - this would be like the concept of democracy, or the concept of replacement.

Sense 3: "odd or fanciful" - clearly not this one.

Sense 4: sewing items - clearly not this one.

Between 1 and 2: The sentence is talking about an economic concept or theory - the idea that immigrants replace native workers. This is a general concept, not necessarily a vague personal impression.

However, "notion" in the phrase "based on the notion that" often carries a connotation of a belief or idea that may not be fully substantiated. But looking at the definitions provided:

Sense 1: "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed"
Sense 2: "a general inclusive concept"

The sentence is referring to a specific concept/theory about immigration and labor. I think sense 2 is the best fit.

Wait, I should look at this more carefully. The word "notion" in this context is referring to a belief or conception. Let me check actual dictionary entries to see how these senses map.

In WordNet or similar databases:
Sense 1 often corresponds to "impression, feeling, belief, notion, opinion" - a vague idea in which some confidence is placed.
Sense 2 often corresponds to "concept, conception, notion" - general inclusive concept.
Sense 3 often corresponds to "notion, whim, whimsy" - an odd or fanciful idea.
Sense 4 is the sewing notion.

In the sentence: "the notion that they are liable to replace native workers" - this is a belief or concept about how things work.

Actually, looking at the specific wording of sense 2: "a general inclusive concept" - this seems like it refers to abstract concepts like "the notion of freedom" or "the notion of justice."

But in this sentence, it's "the notion that..." which introduces a specific proposition or belief. This is often sense 1 - a belief or idea.

Let me look at the example for sense 1 again: "his impression of her was favorable" - this is a personal judgment.

The example for sense 3: "the theatrical notion of disguise" - this is a concept.

Hmm, sense 3's example mentions "the theatrical notion of disguise" which is a general concept. But sense 3 is defined as "an odd or fanciful or capricious idea."

Sense 2 is "a general inclusive concept."

I think the key distinction is:
- Sense 1: personal belief/impression ("I have a notion that...")
- Sense 2: abstract concept ("the notion of X")
- Sense 3: whimsical/fanciful idea
- Sense 4: sewing supplies

In the sentence: "based on the notion that immigrants are liable to replace native workers" - this is a belief or theory. It's a proposition that people believe.

But wait - "the notion that..." could be either sense 1 or sense 2 depending on whether it's a vague belief or a formal concept.

Given the context of economics and labor markets, and the fact that it's describing a basis for fears, I think this is sense 1: a vague idea in which some confidence is placed. It's a belief or impression people have about how the economy works.

But actually, looking at standard dictionary definitions for "notion":
1. A conception or idea (concept)
2. An opinion or view (belief)
3. A whim or fancy
4. Small items (sewing)

The definition "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed" suggests something like "I have a notion that it will rain" - a vague feeling or suspicion.

The definition "a general inclusive concept" suggests something like "the notion of democracy" or "the Platonic notion of forms."

In the sentence: "the notion that immigrants are liable to replace native workers" - this is being presented as a concept or theory that people believe.

I think sense 2 is most appropriate because it's referring to a general concept or theory about how immigration affects labor markets. It's not a vague impression (sense 1) because it's a specific economic theory. It's not fanciful (sense 3).

Actually, let me reconsider sense 1. "A vague idea in which some confidence is placed" - the example is "his impression of her was favorable." This is about personal impressions.

The sentence is talking about a widespread belief or theory. "Fears are based on the notion that..."

In many dictionaries, "notion" meaning "belief" or "idea" is sense 1, and "concept" is sense 2.

Let me think about this differently. The phrase "based on the notion that" is a common construction. What does "notion" mean in this phrase?

It means "the idea that" or "the belief that" or "the concept that."

Looking at the specific definitions provided:
1. a vague idea in which some confidence is placed
2. a general inclusive concept
3. an odd or fanciful or capricious idea
4. sewing items

The sentence is describing an economic concept or theory. However, the word "notion" often carries a slightly negative connotation when used in political contexts, suggesting it's an oversimplified or mistaken belief.

But strictly by the definitions:
- Is it a vague idea? Maybe.
- Is it a general inclusive concept? Yes, it's a concept about labor market dynamics.
- Is it odd or fanciful? Probably not, it's a common economic argument.

Between 1 and 2, I think 2 is better because "general inclusive concept" fits a theory about how the world works, whereas "vague idea" suggests something less formed.

But let me look at the WordNet senses to be sure. In WordNet:
- Sense 1: notion#1 - (a vague idea in which some confidence is placed) "his impression of her was favorable"
- Sense 2: notion#2 - (a general inclusive concept)
- Sense 3: notion#3 - (an odd or fanciful or capricious idea) "the theatrical notion of disguise..."
- Sense 4: notions - (small personal articles)

Actually, looking at the example for sense 3: "the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories" - this uses "notion" in the sense of a concept or idea within a field (theater).

The example for sense 1 is about an impression.

In our sentence: "the notion that they are liable to replace native workers" - this is similar to sense 3's example structure: "the theatrical notion of disguise."

But sense 3 is specifically "odd or fanciful or capricious." Is the idea that immigrants replace native workers "odd or fanciful"? It's a common economic argument (lump of labor fallacy), so it's not really odd or fanciful, even if it might be mistaken.

Sense 2: "a general inclusive concept" - this would be the general concept of replacement or the concept of immigrant labor impact.

I think the answer is 2.

Wait, I want to double-check. Let me search my internal knowledge for how "notion" is typically sense-tagged.

In the sentence "Fears are based on the notion that...", the word "notion" refers to a belief or idea.

Sense 1: "vague idea in which some confidence is placed" - this is when you have a notion that something is true. "I have a notion that he's lying."

Sense 2: "general inclusive concept" - this is when you talk about "the notion of X" where X is an abstract concept.

In "the notion that immigrants replace workers", we have a specific proposition. This is closer to sense 1 - it's a belief or idea that people hold.

However, the definition of sense 1 emphasizes "vague" and gives the example of an "impression."

The definition of sense 2 is just "a general inclusive concept."

Actually, looking at the example for sense 3 again: "the theatrical notion of disguise" - this is using "notion" to mean a concept within a domain.

But our sentence is "the notion that [proposition]." This is different from "the notion of [concept]."

When "notion" is followed by "that" introducing a clause, it usually means a belief or idea (sense 1).

When "notion" is followed by "of" introducing a noun phrase, it can be sense 2 or 3.

Examples:
- "the notion of freedom" (sense 2)
- "the notion that freedom is important" (sense 1 or 2)
- "a whimsical notion" (sense 3)

Given the structure "the notion that they are liable to replace...", this is most likely sense 1 or sense 2.

But looking at the content: it's a belief about causation in economics. This is a "concept" or "theory."

I think I need to go with sense 2. The sentence is referring to the general concept or theory that immigrants replace native workers. It's an inclusive concept about labor market dynamics.

Actually, let me reconsider one more time. The phrase "based on the notion that" is very commonly used to mean "based on the idea/belief that."

In many lexical databases, "notion" sense 1 covers beliefs and ideas, while sense 2 covers abstract concepts.

The example for sense 1: "his impression of her was favorable" - this is a personal judgment.
The definition: "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed"

The sentence is talking about a widespread belief (fears are based on it). It's not necessarily vague, but it is an idea in which confidence is placed.

However, sense 2 "a general inclusive concept" is very broad.

Let me think about what "general inclusive concept" means. It probably means a concept that includes many specific instances. Like "the notion of justice" includes all just acts.

The notion that immigrants replace workers is a specific hypothesis or theory, not a general inclusive concept in the philosophical sense.

Hmm, this is tricky. Let me look at the exact wording again.

Sense 2: "a general inclusive concept"
Sense 1: "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed"

The sentence describes an economic theory. Theories are concepts. But they're also ideas in which confidence is placed.

But "vague" is the key word in sense 1. Economic theories about immigration aren't necessarily vague - they're specific hypotheses.

However, in the context of the sentence, "notion" is being used to describe the belief that underlies fears. Often when "notion" is used this way, it suggests the belief is somewhat mistaken or oversimplified.

But looking just at the definitions:
- If it's a vague idea/belief → sense 1
- If it's a general concept → sense 2
- If it's fanciful → sense 3

The idea that immigrants replace native workers is a "lump of labor fallacy" - it's an economic concept or theory. I think sense 2 is the best fit.

Actually, I want to check one more thing. In WordNet, sense 2 of "notion" is aligned with "concept, conception, construct" - mental constructs.

Sense 1 is aligned with "impression, feeling, belief, opinion, view" - more subjective.

The sentence is describing a belief or view that people hold. "Fears are based on the [belief/view] that immigrants replace workers."

This would be sense 1.

But the example for sense 1 is "his impression of her was favorable" which is about a personal impression, not a widespread belief about social phenomena.

However, "belief" is listed in the synonyms for sense 1.

Let me look at the exact wording of sense 1 again: "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed"

The key is "vague." Is the idea that immigrants replace native workers "vague"? It's actually quite specific.

Sense 2: "a general inclusive concept" - this is also not a perfect fit because it's a specific causal claim, not a general inclusive concept like "democracy" or "love."

But between the two, sense 2 is better because:
1. It's not vague - it's a specific mechanism (replacement of workers)
2. It's not fanciful (sense 3)
3. It's not sewing supplies (sense 4)

Wait, I should consider whether sense 3 could apply. "An odd or fanciful or capricious idea." The lump of labor fallacy is indeed considered a fallacy by economists, but is it described as "odd or fanciful"? Not really - it's a common intuitive idea, just economically incorrect.

I think the answer is 2.

But let me reconsider sense 1 one more time. The definition says "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed."

In the sentence: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers..."

This is describing the basis for fears. The "notion" is the idea/belief that replacement happens.

In many dictionaries, the primary sense of "notion" is "a concept or idea." The sense of "vague impression" is secondary.

But looking at the specific numbering here:
Sense 1: vague idea with confidence placed in it
Sense 2: general inclusive concept

I think for "the notion that X", where X is a proposition about the world, this is sense 1. It's a belief or idea.

For "the notion of X", where X is an abstract noun, this is sense 2. It's a concept.

Examples:
- "I have a notion that he is lying" → sense 1
- "the notion of time" → sense 2
- "the notion that time is relative" → could be either, but probably sense 1 (belief) or sense 2 (concept)

In our case: "the notion that immigrants are liable to replace native workers"

This is similar to "the belief that..." or "the idea that..."

Given the options, and that sense 1 is defined as "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed," and the sentence is about fears based on this idea (confidence placed in it), I think sense 1 is actually the best fit.

But the example for sense 1 is "his impression of her was favorable" - this is a personal feeling, not a widespread social belief.

However, "notion" can be used for both personal impressions and general beliefs.

Let me try a different approach. Let's look at the word "notion" in context and see which sense number is most commonly assigned in similar contexts.

In standard lexical semantic datasets (like WordNet), the sense "concept, conception, construct" (general inclusive concept) is sense 2.

The sense "impression, feeling, belief, opinion, view" (vague idea with confidence) is sense 1.

The sentence: "based on the notion that immigrants replace workers"

If I replace "notion" with synonyms:
- based on the belief that... (sense 1)
- based on the concept that... (sense 2)
- based on the idea that... (could be either)

"Concept" doesn't fit as well as "belief" or "idea" here. You don't say "based on the concept that immigrants replace workers" as naturally as "based on the belief that..." or "based on the idea that..."

Actually, you can say "based on the concept that..." but it's less common.

However, looking at the definition of sense 2: "a general inclusive concept"

This suggests something like a theoretical framework or an abstract category.

The idea that immigrants replace workers is a specific hypothesis, not a general inclusive concept.

Sense 1: "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed"

This suggests a belief or opinion. The lump of labor idea is indeed a vague idea (a fallacy) in which many people place confidence.

I think the answer is 1.

Wait, but I want to check the example for sense 3 again: "the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories"

Here "notion" means a concept or theme. "The notion of disguise" - the concept of disguise in theater.

This is sense 2 or 3? The definition of sense 3 is "an odd or fanciful or capricious idea."

The example says "the theatrical notion of disguise" - is disguise a fanciful idea? No, it's a standard theatrical device.

This suggests that sense 3 might be about concepts within specific domains, especially when modified by an adjective like "theatrical."

But the definition explicitly says "odd or fanciful or capricious."

Unless... the example is illustrating that in his stories, the notion (concept) of disguise is associated with disaster. But the notion itself isn't necessarily fanciful.

Hmm, this is confusing.

Let me reconsider all four senses with fresh eyes:

1. a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | examples=his impression of her was favorable
   - This is about subjective impressions and beliefs.

2. a general inclusive concept
   - This is about abstract concepts and categories.

3. an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories
   - This is about strange or whimsical ideas. The example might be showing "notion" used in a literary context.

4. sewing items
   - Not relevant.

Now, the sentence: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers..."

Is this:
A. A vague idea in which confidence is placed? (Sense 1)
B. A general inclusive concept? (Sense 2)
C. An odd or fanciful idea? (Sense 3)

The idea that immigrants replace native workers is the "lump of labor fallacy." It's a common misconception.

Is it "vague"? It's a specific claim.
Is it a "general inclusive concept"? Not really - it's a specific causal mechanism.
Is it "odd or fanciful"? It's a fallacy, but it's not really "odd or fanciful" - it's intuitively appealing to many people, just economically wrong.

However, in the context of the sentence, describing fears based on this notion, and given that economists consider it a fallacy, sense 1 might be best: it's a vague (incorrect/uninformed) idea in which confidence is placed.

But "vague" means "not clearly expressed or defined" or "not precise." The lump of labor fallacy is actually quite clearly defined: the belief that there's a fixed amount of work to be done.

Actually, looking at the definition of sense 1 again: "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed"

The word "vague" here might be key. But the lump of labor idea isn't really vague - it's a specific (albeit wrong) theory.

Let me think about sense 2: "a general inclusive concept"

Could the "notion" here be referring to the general concept of replacement or competition in labor markets?

"the notion that they are liable to replace native workers" - this is specifying the content of the notion.

I think the most likely answer is 1 or 2.

Given the structure "the notion that [clause]," this is most commonly sense 1 in lexical databases. The "that" clause indicates a proposition that is believed.

Sense 2 usually takes "of": "the notion of [noun]" or is used with abstract nouns.

Examples of sense 2: "the notion of democracy," "the notion of free will," "a philosophical notion."

Examples of sense 1: "I have a notion that," "the notion that he was lying," "based on the notion that..."

Actually, "based on the notion that" is a very common phrase. Let me think about what sense that would be.

If I say "The design is based on the notion that form follows function" - this is sense 2 (concept).
If I say "Fears are based on the notion that immigrants steal jobs" - this is sense 1 (belief/idea).

But in many dictionaries, these would both be the same sense - the general sense of "idea" or "concept."

However, looking at the specific definitions provided:
Sense 2: "a general inclusive concept" - this sounds like a philosophical or abstract concept.
Sense 1: "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed" - this sounds like a belief or impression.

The sentence is about fears based on a belief. This is sense 1.

But the example for sense 1 is "his impression of her was favorable" - this is a personal subjective judgment.

The sentence is describing a widespread belief, not a personal impression.

However, sense 1 can cover both personal impressions and general beliefs.

Let me try to find the answer by considering which sense is definitely wrong.

Sense 4 is wrong.
Sense 3 is probably wrong because it's not describing something as fanciful or whimsical, just as a basis for fears.
Between 1 and 2:

If I have to choose, I think the answer is 2. Why? Because "notion" here refers to an economic concept or theory. Even if it's a mistaken theory, it's still a concept.

But actually, looking at usage patterns, when "notion" is used with "that" clauses to mean "the idea that X is true," it's often classified as sense 1 in WordNet-style databases.

Let me reconsider the word "vague" in sense 1. The definition says "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed."

Is the idea that immigrants replace workers "vague"?
- Vague means unclear, imprecise, or ill-defined.
- The lump of labor fallacy is actually quite precisely defined.
- However, to the general public holding this belief, it might be a vague intuition rather than a precise theory.

But the sentence presents it as a specific claim: "that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages." This is quite specific.

Given the specificity, sense 2 "a general inclusive concept" might be better, though I'm not entirely satisfied.

Wait, I just realized something. In WordNet, sense 2 of "notion" is:
S: (n) concept, conception, construct (an abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instances)

The definition given in the problem is: "a general inclusive concept"

This is the "concept" sense.

Sense 1 is:
S: (n) impression, feeling, belief, notion, opinion (a vague idea in which some confidence is placed)

This is the "belief" sense.

Now, in the sentence, is "notion" closer to "concept" or "belief"?

The phrase "based on the notion that" suggests a foundational concept or principle. But it could also be a belief.

However, looking at the example for sense 3: "the theatrical notion of disguise" - this is clearly the "concept" sense (sense 2).

The structure "the [adjective] notion of [noun]" corresponds to sense 2 or 3.

The structure "the notion that [clause]" could be sense 1 or 2.

But crucially, sense 1 is labeled as "vague." The idea described in the sentence is actually quite specific and detailed: "that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."

This specificity suggests it's not sense 1 (vague).

Sense 3 requires it to be odd or fanciful. While economists might say it's wrong, it's not presented as fanciful.

Therefore, by elimination, the answer must be sense 2: "a general inclusive concept."

Even though "general inclusive concept" sounds like it should be something very broad like "the notion of justice," it can also apply to theoretical concepts in specific domains.

Actually, I want to check one more thing. Could "notion" in this context mean a specific hypothesis or theory? And would that be sense 2?

In philosophy of science, a hypothesis is a specific claim, not a general inclusive concept.

But looking at the definition "a general inclusive concept" - this is a bit ambiguous. It could mean:
- A concept that is general and inclusive (like a category that includes many things)
- A concept that is generally inclusive (as opposed to specific)

I think it means the former: a broad concept that includes many instances.

The idea that immigrants replace workers is not a general inclusive concept - it's a specific causal claim.

This makes me doubt sense 2.

Let me reconsider sense 1. "A vague idea in which some confidence is placed."

Perhaps "vague" here doesn't mean the idea itself is vague, but that it's an intuitive, not-fully-articulated idea. The lump of labor fallacy is an intuitive economic idea that many people believe without having a fully worked-out theory.

In that case, sense 1 fits well: it's a vague (intuitive, not rigorous) idea in which confidence is placed (people believe it and act on it - or at least fear based on it).

Also, the example "his impression of her was favorable" - an impression is an intuitive judgment, not a fully analyzed concept.

The sentence describes fears based on an intuitive economic idea.

I think the answer is 1.

But I'm going to go with 2. Here's why: The word "notion" in academic or formal writing, when referring to theories or ideas like this, is usually sense 2. The definition "a general inclusive concept" is the standard dictionary definition for "concept."

However, looking at the actual WordNet entry:
Sense 1: notion, impression, feeling, belief, opinion
Sense 2: notion, concept, conception, construct

The gloss for sense 1 is "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed"
The gloss for sense 2 is "a general inclusive concept"

In the sentence "Fears are based on the notion that immigrants replace workers," the word "notion" is synonymous with "concept" or "idea" - the general concept of replacement.

Actually, I just need to make a decision. I believe the answer is 2.

Wait, I found a similar example online. Let me think about how "notion" is used in sentences about economic theories.

"The notion that free trade benefits all countries is a central concept in economics." - Here "notion" = concept (sense 2).

"The notion that the earth is flat is a misconception." - Here "notion" = belief (sense 1).

In our sentence: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers..."

This is describing a belief that underlies fears. It's similar to "The notion that the earth is flat." This would be sense 1.

But the definition of sense 1 emphasizes "vague." Is the flat earth notion vague? It's specific.

Actually, looking at WordNet's sense 1 examples and gloss more carefully:
Sense 1: "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed"
Example: "his impression of her was favorable"
Example: "what are your feelings about the crisis?"
Example: "it strengthened my belief in his sincerity"
Example: "I had a feeling that she was lying"

These are all about subjective states: impressions, feelings, beliefs, opinions.

Sense 2: "a general inclusive concept"
Example: "he needed a concept of personal identity"
Example: "the concept of justice"
Example: "the concept of free will"

These are about abstract concepts.

The sentence is about a belief regarding causation in labor markets. It's a "belief" (sense 1) not a "concept" (sense 2).

The answer is 1.

But let me check: would "concept" fit? "Fears are based on the concept that immigrants replace workers."

Yes, that works. But "concept" suggests a theoretical framework, whereas "notion" here suggests a belief or idea.

Given the context of "fears" and the fact that this is describing a misconception (the lump of labor fallacy), and given that sense 1 includes "belief" as a synonym and is defined as an idea in which confidence is placed, I think sense 1 is correct.

The answer is 1.

Actually, no. I want to look at this one more time.

The user is asking which numbered sense. The senses are:
1. a vague idea in which some confidence is placed
2. a general inclusive concept
3. an odd or fanciful or capricious idea
4. sewing items

Key words in the sentence: "Fears... are based on the notion that..."

This is a proposition that is believed. It is the basis for fears.

In many lexical semantic tests, "notion" in "the notion that X" is sense 1.

But the word "vague" is problematic because the proposition is quite specific.

However, compared to a rigorous economic theory, it is a vague notion.

I think I'll go with 2. The reason is that "a general inclusive concept" is the definition that covers abstract ideas and theories, even specific ones. The phrase "general inclusive" might be misleading, but in lexical databases, sense 2 is the "concept" sense.

Actually, looking at the mapping to WordNet which is likely the source:
WordNet 3.1:
- notion#1: (a vague idea in which some confidence is placed) "his impression of her was favorable"; "what are your feelings about the crisis?"; "it strengthened my belief in his sincerity"; "I had a feeling that she was lying"
- notion#2: (a general inclusive concept) "he needed a concept of personal identity"; "an idea is not a fact"; "the concept of justice"; "the concept of free will"
- notion#3: (an odd or fanciful or capricious idea) "the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories"; "he had a whimsy about flying to the moon"; "the concept of free will"
- notion#4: (usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items

Wait, notion#3's examples include "the theatrical notion of disguise" and "he had a whimsy about flying to the moon."

The first is a concept in theater. The second is a fanciful idea.

This suggests that sense 3 might be split or that "theatrical notion" is considered fanciful? Or perhaps the example is illustrating the phrase structure.

Actually, looking at the examples, sense 3 is for fanciful ideas. "The theatrical notion of disguise" - perhaps in the specific literary context mentioned, the notion of disguise is considered fanciful or associated with whimsy.

But for our purposes, the idea that immigrants replace workers is neither a personal impression (sense 1) nor a fanciful idea (sense 3). It is a concept or theory (sense 2).

Therefore, the answer is 2.

I'm now quite confident the answer is 2. The "notion" refers to a concept or idea about how the labor market works. It is a general concept (general in the sense of being a generalization or theory, not in the sense of being broad/vague).

Actually, "general inclusive concept" probably means a concept that includes many specific instances - a generalization.

The notion that immigrants replace native workers is a generalization about labor markets.

Yes, sense 2.

Final answer: 2


[User]
Which numbered sense of "worker" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native <t>workers</t>, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Senses:
1. definition=a person who works at a specific occupation | examples=he is a good worker
2. definition=a member of the working class (not necessarily employed) | examples=workers of the world--unite!
3. definition=sterile member of a colony of social insects that forages for food and cares for the larvae
4. definition=a person who acts and gets things done | examples=he's a principal actor in this affair

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to identify which sense of "worker" is used in the given sentence. Let me analyze the sentence and the definitions.

Sentence: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native <t>workers</t>, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."

Key context clues:
- "replace native workers" - talking about employment/labor
- "unskilled ones" - referring to types of workers
- "exerting downward pressure on wages" - economic/labor market context

Now let's look at the senses:

1. "a person who works at a specific occupation" - This is a general definition of someone who has a job/occupation.
2. "a member of the working class (not necessarily employed)" - This is more of a class/socioeconomic distinction.
3. "sterile member of a colony of social insects" - This is about ants, bees, etc. Clearly not relevant.
4. "a person who acts and gets things done" - This is about being effective/active, not about employment.

In the sentence, "workers" refers to people who are employed (or seeking employment) in the labor market, specifically "native workers" being replaced by immigrants, with mention of "unskilled ones" and "wages."

Sense 1 fits best: "a person who works at a specific occupation" or more broadly, people who work/have jobs.

Sense 2 is about the working class as a social class, which doesn't fit as well here because the context is about specific people being replaced in jobs and wage pressure, not about class identity.

The phrase "replace native workers" in the context of immigration and wages is talking about employees/people with jobs, which aligns with sense 1.

Wait, let me reconsider sense 2. "Workers of the world--unite!" suggests a collective class identity. But in the sentence, it's talking about "native workers" being replaced, and "unskilled ones" - this seems to be referring to people who actually work/have jobs, not just class membership.

Actually, looking more carefully:
- Sense 1: "a person who works at a specific occupation" - examples: "he is a good worker"
- Sense 2: "a member of the working class" - examples: "workers of the world--unite!"

The sentence is discussing economic competition in the labor market - immigrants replacing native workers. This is about people who are employed or employable in occupations. The mention of "unskilled ones" and "wages" confirms this is about the labor force/employment context.

Sense 1 is the correct answer. It's the standard definition of someone who works for a living in a specific job or occupation.

Sense 2 would be more about class consciousness or social stratification, which isn't the primary meaning here.

So the answer is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "one" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled <t>ones</t>, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Senses:
1. definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it
2. definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "one" is used in the given sentence. The word "one" is marked with <t></t> tags in the sentence: "unskilled <t>ones</t>".

Let me analyze the sentence:
"Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled <t>ones</t>, exerting downward pressure on wages."

Here, "ones" is referring back to "workers". It's a pronoun substituting for "workers" to avoid repetition. So "unskilled ones" means "unskilled workers".

Now let's look at the senses provided:
1. definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it
2. definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one

Wait, sense 2 says "a single person or thing", but in the sentence, "ones" is plural and refers to multiple workers, not a single person. However, looking at the definition more carefully, sense 2 seems to be about the use of "one" as a pronoun referring to a person or thing previously mentioned or easily identified.

Actually, looking at standard dictionary definitions:
- Sense 1 is clearly the number 1 (numerical value)
- Sense 2 seems to be the pronoun usage, referring to a person or thing previously mentioned

But "ones" in the sentence is plural. Sense 2 says "a single person or thing" which suggests singular. However, "one" can be used as a pronoun to refer back to a noun, and it can be pluralized as "ones" when referring to plural nouns.

Let me reconsider. The sentence uses "ones" to refer to "workers" (plural). So it's using "one" as a substitute for a noun previously mentioned.

Sense 1 is definitely about the number.
Sense 2 is about a single person or thing.

But wait, is there a better fit? Let me think about how WordNet or similar lexical databases might categorize this.

Actually, looking at the example for sense 2: "he is the best one" - here "one" refers to a person (he).

In the target sentence: "unskilled ones" - here "ones" refers to "workers".

So both are using "one" as a pronoun to refer to a noun previously mentioned. The fact that it's plural ("ones") doesn't change the sense - it's still the same lexical sense, just inflected for number.

Sense 1 is clearly the numeral.
Sense 2 is the pronoun usage.

Therefore, the answer should be 2.

But let me double-check. Could it be sense 1? No, because it's not referring to the number 1. It's referring to people (workers).

So the answer is 2.

provider: Phala


[User]
Which numbered sense of "pressure" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward <t>pressure</t> on wages.

Senses:
1. definition=the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit) | examples=the compressed gas exerts an increased pressure
2. definition=a force that compels | examples=the public brought pressure to bear on the government
3. definition=the act of pressing; the exertion of pressure | examples=he gave the button a press
4. definition=the state of demanding notice or attention | examples=the insistence of their hunger
5. definition=the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin | examples=the sensitivity of his skin to pressure and temperature was normal
6. definition=an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress
7. definition=the pressure exerted by the atmosphere

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "pressure" is used in the given sentence. Let me analyze the sentence and the definitions.

Sentence: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward <t>pressure</t> on wages."

The word "pressure" here is used in the context of "downward pressure on wages." This means that immigrants are causing wages to decrease or are pushing wages down.

Let me look at the senses:

1. Physics definition - force per unit area (pascals, dynes). This is physical pressure. The sentence is about economic/wages, not physics. So not 1.

2. "a force that compels" - examples show "pressure to bear on the government." This is about influence or coercion. "Pressure on wages" could fit here - a force compelling wages to go down.

3. "the act of pressing; the exertion of pressure" - physical act of pressing. Not relevant here.

4. "the state of demanding notice or attention" - not relevant to wages.

5. "somatic sensation" - physical feeling on skin. Not relevant.

6. "an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress" - This mentions economic distress. But the usage here is "pressure on wages" - it's about the force affecting wages, not the state of distress itself. Wait, let me think. "Downward pressure on wages" means a force pushing wages down.

7. Atmospheric pressure - not relevant.

Between 2 and 6:

Sense 2: "a force that compels" - examples: "the public brought pressure to bear on the government"
Sense 6: "an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress"

In economics, we talk about "downward pressure on wages" or "upward pressure on prices." This refers to a force that influences or compels the wages to move in a certain direction. This aligns with sense 2 - a force that compels or influences.

Sense 6 is more about being under pressure (distress), like "the pressure of work" or "economic pressure" meaning the distress caused by economic conditions. But here it's "pressure on wages" - the wages are being acted upon by a force.

Let me look at sense 2 again: "a force that compels" - yes, the influx of workers (immigrants) creates a force that compels wages to go down. This is economic pressure in the sense of influence/force.

Actually, looking at standard dictionary definitions for "pressure" in economic contexts:
- "pressure on wages" typically means the force or influence that causes wages to decrease or change.

Sense 2 seems like the best fit: "a force that compels"
Sense 6 is about distress/pressure as a condition one experiences.

The sentence says "exerting downward pressure on wages" - this is using pressure as something that is exerted (like a force) on wages. This matches sense 2.

Wait, let me reconsider sense 6. "an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress." If it said "workers are under economic pressure," that would be sense 6. But it says "pressure on wages" - the pressure is being applied to the wages, not that the wages are experiencing distress in the sense of the definition.

Actually, looking more carefully: "exerting downward pressure on wages." This is a metaphorical extension of physical pressure. But in the list of senses, sense 2 specifically mentions "a force that compels" with the example of bringing pressure to bear on the government. This is exactly the usage here - bringing pressure to bear on wages.

The answer should be 2.

Let me double-check sense 6. "an oppressive condition of distress" - this would be like "the pressure of poverty" or "financial pressure." But "pressure on wages" is different - it's the force affecting wages.

In WordNet or similar lexical databases, sense 2 is typically the "influence" or "force" sense used in phrases like "put pressure on someone" or "pressure to reduce costs."

Yes, the answer is 2.

provider: AtlasCloud


[User]
Which numbered sense of "experience" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: But <t>experience</t> shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Senses:
1. definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience
2. definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience
3. definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "experience" is used in the given sentence.

 Let me analyze the sentence:
 "But <t>experience</t> shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."

 Here, "experience" is the subject of the verb "shows". It's referring to accumulated knowledge or practical wisdom gained over time through observation and participation in events/activities. It's not referring to a specific event (sense 2 or 3), but rather to the general accumulated knowledge or the general phenomenon of what has been observed over time.

 Let me look at the senses:
 1. definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience
 2. definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience
 3. definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience

 Sense 1 refers to accumulated knowledge/skill (uncountable, general).
 Sense 2 refers to the content of a specific observation/participation.
 Sense 3 refers to a specific event.

 In the sentence, "experience shows" means that accumulated knowledge or historical evidence demonstrates something. This matches sense 1 - the accumulation of knowledge or skill.

 Sense 2 would be like "He recounted his experience" (the content of what he observed).
 Sense 3 would be like "It was a pleasant experience" (a specific event).

 The usage here is abstract/general, referring to the collective body of knowledge gained through living/observing, which is sense 1.

 So the answer should be 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "replacement" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Senses:
1. definition=the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another | examples=replacing the star will not be easy
2. definition=someone who takes the place of another person
3. definition=an event in which one thing is substituted for another | examples=the replacement of lost blood by a transfusion of donor blood
4. definition=a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another
5. definition=filling again by supplying what has been used up
6. definition=a person who follows next in order | examples=he was President Lincoln's successor

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "replacement" is used in the given sentence. Let me analyze the sentence and the definitions.

Sentence: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."

The word "replacements" is used in the phrase "replacements of local labor". Here, immigrants are being compared to local labor - they are not replacements (substitutes) for local labor but rather complementary.

Now let me look at the senses:

1. "the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another" - This is about the act of replacing. But in the sentence, "replacements" seems to refer to the people (immigrants) themselves, not the act.

2. "someone who takes the place of another person" - This refers to a person who replaces another. In the sentence, immigrants are being discussed as potential replacements for local labor. This could fit.

3. "an event in which one thing is substituted for another" - This is about the event/act of substitution. The example given is "the replacement of lost blood by a transfusion" - this is more about the process/event.

4. "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" - This refers to the entity (person or thing) that replaces another. This seems similar to sense 2 but broader (includes things).

5. "filling again by supplying what has been used up" - This seems like replenishment, not replacement in the sense of substitution.

6. "a person who follows next in order" - This is about succession, like a successor.

Now, looking at the sentence structure: "immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor"

The phrase "replacements of local labor" suggests that immigrants would be the entities replacing local labor. So we're looking for a sense that refers to the entities (people) doing the replacing.

Sense 2: "someone who takes the place of another person" - immigrants would be the someones taking the place of local labor.
Sense 4: "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" - similar to sense 2 but includes things.

Wait, let's look more carefully. The sentence says immigrants are not "replacements of" local labor.

If I say "X is a replacement for Y", X is the entity doing the replacing.

Sense 2 defines replacement as "someone who takes the place of another person" - so the replacement is the person doing the replacing.
Sense 4 defines it as "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" - similar.

But looking at the examples and nuances:

Sense 1 is about the act (replacing).
Sense 2 is specifically about a person who substitutes another person.
Sense 3 is about the event/act of substitution.
Sense 4 is about the substitute entity (person or thing).
Sense 5 is about replenishment.
Sense 6 is about succession.

In the sentence, "replacements" is plural and refers to immigrants as potential substitutes for local labor.

Sense 2 says "someone who takes the place of another person" - this fits well because we're talking about immigrants (people) taking the place of local labor (people).

Sense 4 says "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" - this also fits.

But let me look at the exact wording again. The phrase is "replacements of local labor".

Actually, looking at standard dictionary definitions (like WordNet or similar), I need to determine which specific sense this corresponds to.

Let me think about the difference between sense 2 and 4:
- Sense 2: "someone who takes the place of another person" - emphasizes the person
- Sense 4: "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" - more general, the substitute itself

Wait, looking at the examples provided:
Sense 1 example: "replacing the star will not be easy" - this uses the gerund "replacing" which suggests sense 1 is the act.
Sense 3 example: "the replacement of lost blood by a transfusion of donor blood" - this uses "replacement" as a noun but refers to the act/event.
Sense 6 example: "he was President Lincoln's successor" - this is about succession.

In the sentence, "immigrants are... replacements of local labor" - immigrants are being characterized as the entities that would replace local labor.

This could be sense 2 or 4. But let me look at the exact definitions again:

2. someone who takes the place of another person
4. a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another

Sense 2 is more specific to people replacing people.
Sense 4 is broader - person or thing replacing another.

Given that both immigrants and local labor are people, sense 2 seems appropriate. However, sense 4 is also possible.

But wait, I should look at how "replacement" is typically used in economics/labor contexts. When we say "immigrants are replacements for native workers", we mean they are substitutes.

Let me reconsider sense 3: "an event in which one thing is substituted for another" - this would be the act of replacing.
Sense 1: "the act of furnishing an equivalent..." - also the act.

The sentence structure "are... replacements" suggests a nominal predicate - immigrants = replacements. So "replacements" here is a noun referring to the immigrants themselves in their potential role.

Sense 2: someone who takes the place of another person
Sense 4: a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another

Both seem possible, but sense 2 emphasizes "someone" (a person) while sense 4 emphasizes the substitutability ("takes or can take the place").

Actually, looking carefully at sense 4: "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" - this is the definition of a substitute.

Sense 2: "someone who takes the place of another person" - this is like a substitute person.

But in the context of labor economics, when we say "labor replacements", we might be using sense 4.

However, looking at the exact phrase "replacements of local labor" - the immigrants would be the replacements (the substitutes).

Let me check if there's a distinction between agent and object. Actually, looking at standard WordNet senses for "replacement":

WordNet typically has:
1. substitution, replacement, replacing - the act
2. surrogate, replacement - a person or thing that takes the place of another
3. substitute - someone who takes the place of another person

Wait, looking at the provided senses:
1. the act of furnishing... (this is the act)
2. someone who takes the place of another person (this is the substitute person)
3. an event in which one thing is substituted... (this is the act/event)
4. a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another (this is the substitute entity)
5. filling again... (replenishment)
6. a person who follows next in order... (successor)

Sense 2 and 4 are very similar. But sense 2 says "someone who takes the place of another person" - emphasizing the personhood.
Sense 4 says "a person or thing..." - more general.

In the sentence, immigrants are people, and they are being contrasted with local labor (people). So sense 2 fits well.

But let me look at the example for sense 1: "replacing the star will not be easy" - this uses the verb form/gerund.

Actually, looking at the sentence again: "immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor"

The phrase "replacements of local labor" treats immigrants as the entities that replace local labor.

If I look at sense 2: "someone who takes the place of another person" - immigrants would be the someones taking the place of local labor workers.

If I look at sense 4: "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" - immigrants would be the persons taking the place of local labor.

Both work. But I need to see which one is the correct answer based on standard sense distinctions.

Wait, I should look at whether "replacement" here refers to the people or the concept.

Actually, looking at the context of WordNet or similar lexical databases:

Sense 2 often corresponds to "backup" or "substitute" like in sports.
Sense 4 often corresponds to "surrogate" or "substitute" in general.

But looking at the example for sense 6: "he was President Lincoln's successor" - this is clearly about succession.

Let me reconsider sense 3: "an event in which one thing is substituted for another". The example is "the replacement of lost blood by a transfusion". This is about the act/process.

In our sentence: "rather than replacements of local labor" - this is parallel to "complementary to... local labor".

"Complementary to local labor" - immigrants are complementary to labor.
"Replacements of local labor" - immigrants are replacements of labor.

So "replacements" is being used as a noun meaning "substitutes".

Between sense 2 and 4:
Sense 2: "someone who takes the place of another person"
Sense 4: "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another"

The difference is subtle. But sense 2 emphasizes the person replacing another person, while sense 4 is more general and defines what a replacement is (a substitute).

Actually, looking at standard dictionary entries, sense 2 might be specifically for people acting as substitutes (like a substitute teacher), while sense 4 is the general definition of a replacement object/person.

But in this context, talking about immigrants and labor, I think sense 4 might be the intended answer because it's about the role/function (taking the place of), not just the fact that they are people.

Wait, I should look more carefully at the definitions:

1. the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another
   - This is the act/process
2. someone who takes the place of another person
   - This is the agent (the person doing the replacing)
3. an event in which one thing is substituted for another
   - This is the event/act
4. a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another
   - This is the substitute entity
5. filling again...
   - Replenishment
6. a person who follows next in order
   - Successor

In the sentence, "immigrants are... replacements", immigrants are being identified as the entities that take the place of local labor. So this would be sense 4.

But sense 2 also fits: "someone who takes the place of another person".

However, sense 2 might be more specific to temporary substitution (like a substitute teacher), while sense 4 is the general sense.

Actually, looking at WordNet 3.0 or similar:
- Sense 2 might be "substitute, replacement" as in backup player
- Sense 4 might be "surrogate, replacement"

But I need to look at the specific wording provided.

Sense 2: "someone who takes the place of another person"
Sense 4: "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another"

The phrase "takes or can take" in sense 4 suggests potentiality, which fits the context: immigrants are not potential replacements (they don't take the place of local labor).

Sense 2 uses "takes" (present tense, actual taking).

But in the sentence, it's hypothetical: "rather than replacements" - implying they could be replacements but aren't.

Actually, the sentence says "in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor". This suggests that immigrants might be thought of as replacements, but in reality they are complementary. So they are potential replacements.

Sense 4 explicitly mentions "takes or can take" which includes potentiality.

Sense 2 says "takes" which suggests actual replacement.

Therefore, sense 4 seems like a better fit.

But let me double-check sense 1 and 3 to make sure it's not an "act" sense.

"Immigrants are... the act of furnishing an equivalent"? No, that doesn't make sense grammatically.
"Immigrants are... an event in which one thing is substituted"? No, that doesn't make sense either.

So it's definitely sense 2, 4, or 6.

Sense 6: "a person who follows next in order" - this is about succession, like a successor to a throne or position. Immigrants don't follow local labor in order. They work alongside or in different sectors. So not sense 6.

Between 2 and 4:

Sense 2: someone who takes the place of another person
Sense 4: a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another

The key difference is that sense 2 is specifically about people (someone... another person), while sense 4 includes things and uses "person or thing... another".

In the context of labor markets, "replacement" is often used to mean "substitute" in the economic sense - one input replacing another. This would align with sense 4, which includes "thing" and is about the functional role of replacing.

However, immigrants are people, so sense 2 could work.

But looking at the exact wording: "replacements of local labor". If immigrants were replacements, they would be the people taking the place of local labor workers.

I think the answer is likely 4, because:
1. It includes the potential aspect ("can take")
2. It's the general definition of what a replacement is (the substitute)
3. Sense 2 might be reserved for specific contexts like "a replacement player" or substitute.

But I'm not entirely sure. Let me think about this differently.

In many lexical sense inventories:
- Sense 1 is the act (replacing)
- Sense 3 is the event/instance
- Sense 5 is replenishment
- Sense 6 is succession

That leaves 2 and 4 as the "entity" senses.

Sense 2: "someone who takes the place of another person" - This defines the replacement as a person who acts as a substitute for another person.
Sense 4: "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" - This defines the replacement as the substitute entity.

Actually, looking at the examples provided in the sense list:
Sense 1 example: "replacing the star will not be easy" - uses the verb form, suggests nominalization of the act.
Sense 3 example: "the replacement of lost blood by a transfusion" - uses "replacement" with "of", suggesting the act/process.
Sense 6 example: "he was President Lincoln's successor" - a person who follows next.

For sense 2, there's no example given.
For sense 4, there's no example given.

The phrase "replacements of local labor" uses the plural "replacements" and the preposition "of".

If I look at sense 3: "replacement of lost blood" - this is the act.
But in our sentence, immigrants ARE the replacements, not the act of replacement.

So it's between 2 and 4.

Let me search my internal knowledge of how these senses are typically distinguished in WordNet or similar resources.

In WordNet, the senses of "replacement" are typically:
1. The act of replacing (substitution)
2. A person or thing that replaces another (surrogate)
3. A substitute (backup)

Actually, looking at the provided definitions again, they seem to correspond to WordNet senses. Let me map them:

WordNet 3.0 for "replacement":
1. substitution, replacement, replacing - the act of replacing
2. surrogate, replacement - a person or thing that takes the place of another
3. substitute - someone who takes the place of another person
4. successor - a person who follows next in order
5. refilling, replenishment - filling again

Wait, that's different from the numbering in the question.

The question has:
1. the act of furnishing...
2. someone who takes the place of another person
3. an event in which one thing is substituted...
4. a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another
5. filling again...
6. a person who follows next in order...

So mapping to WordNet might be:
Q1 = WN1 (act)
Q2 = WN3 (substitute person)
Q3 = ? maybe WN1 also or a different sense
Q4 = WN2 (surrogate)
Q5 = WN5 (replenishment)
Q6 = WN4 (successor)

But Q3 says "an event in which..." which sounds like the nominalization of the act.

Actually, looking carefully:
Q1: "the act of furnishing..." - this is the act
Q3: "an event in which..." - this is also the act/event

These might be slightly different nuances. Q1 might be the general act, Q3 might be the specific instance.

But for the sentence "immigrants are replacements", we need the entity sense.

Between Q2 and Q4:
Q2: "someone who takes the place of another person"
Q4: "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another"

Q2 is specific to people substituting for people.
Q4 is general - person or thing substituting for another.

In the sentence, we have immigrants (people) and local labor (people). So Q2 seems appropriate.

However, Q4 includes "can take" which suggests potential, and the sentence is talking about potential/role: "immigrants are... rather than replacements" meaning they don't act as replacements.

But Q2 doesn't explicitly include potentiality, while Q4 does with "can take".

Also, Q4 uses "another" at the end, while Q2 uses "another person". Since "local labor" refers to a category of people/workers, "another" might be more appropriate than "another person".

Wait, "local labor" is a mass noun or collective noun referring to the workforce. So "replacements of local labor" means substitutes for the local workforce.

Q4: "takes the place of another" - "another" could refer to the local labor.
Q2: "takes the place of another person" - local labor is not a single person but a group.

Actually, "local labor" refers to the labor force, which consists of persons. But "another person" suggests a singular person, while immigrants are plural and local labor is a collective.

But "replacements" is plural, so it could be many people replacing many people.

I think the key is that sense 4 is the canonical definition of a replacement as a substitute entity, while sense 2 is more specific to a substitute person in a specific role (like an understudy or substitute player).

Given that this is an economic/labor market context, and "replacement" is being used to mean "substitute input", sense 4 is more likely.

But let me reconsider the WordNet mapping. If these are WordNet senses:

WordNet replacement:
- Sense 1: substitution, replacement, replacing - the act
- Sense 2: surrogate, replacement - a person or thing that takes the place of another
- Sense 3: substitute, replacement - a person or thing that takes the place of another temporarily (like a sub)
- Sense 4: successor - replacement
- Sense 5: refilling, replacement, replenishment

Actually, WordNet has:
1. substitution, replacement, replacing -- (the act of substituting one thing for another)
2. surrogate, replacement -- (a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another)
3. substitute, replacement -- (someone who takes the place of another, as in a game or performance)
4. successor -- (a person who follows next in order)
5. refilling, replenishment -- (filling again by supplying what has been used up)

So:
Q1 = WN1
Q2 = WN3
Q3 = ? maybe not exactly WN
Q4 = WN2
Q5 = WN5
Q6 = WN4 (or similar)

Given that Q4 matches WN2: "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another"
And Q2 matches WN3: "someone who takes the place of another person"

The difference between WN2 and WN3 is that WN3 is specifically for temporary substitution (substitutes in games/performances), while WN2 is general substitution.

In the context of labor markets and immigration, immigrants are not typically thought of as "substitutes" in the temporary sense (like substitute teachers), but as potential permanent replacements or competing inputs. This would be the general sense, WN2, which is Q4.

Therefore, the answer should be 4.

Let me verify with the sentence: "immigrants are... replacements of local labor"

If I substitute the definition:
"immigrants are... persons that can take the place of local labor" - this makes sense.
"immigrants are... someone who takes the place of another person [in local labor]" - this is a bit awkward grammatically because "someone" is singular but immigrants are plural, and "local labor" is not necessarily individual persons but the labor force.

Actually, "local labor" refers to workers. So immigrants would be people taking the place of local workers.

But sense 4 explicitly says "a person or thing" which fits the grammatical number better (immigrants are persons).

Also, the phrase "complementary to... rather than replacements of" sets up a contrast between being complementary and being substitutes. The concept of substitute/replacement as an economic concept (substitute goods or inputs) aligns with sense 4.

Therefore, I conclude the answer is 4.

provider: Moonshot AI


[User]
Which numbered sense of "labor" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local <t>labor</t>, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Senses:
1. definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement
5. definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries
6. definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913
7. definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of "labor" is used in the given sentence.

The sentence is: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local <t>labor</t>, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence talks about immigrants being complementary to local "labor"
- It mentions "shortage of local labor"
- It's discussing workers/employees in the economic sense

Now let's look at the definitions:

1. "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" - examples mention "skilled labor". This seems to refer to the workforce or workers as a class/group.

2. "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)" - this refers to the work itself, not the people.

3. "concluding state of pregnancy" - clearly not this one.

4. "an organized attempt by workers to improve their status..." - refers to the labor movement.

5. "a political party..." - refers to the Labour Party.

6. "the federal department..." - refers to the Department of Labor.

7. "any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted" - general work/tasks.

In the sentence, "local labor" is being contrasted with immigrants. The phrase "shortage of local labor" suggests we're talking about the supply of workers/employees, not the work itself.

Looking at definition 1: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" - the example says "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field". This matches perfectly with "shortage of local labor" in the target sentence.

Definition 2 refers to the work/activity itself ("productive work"), but the sentence seems to be referring to the people/workforce ("local labor" as in the local workforce).

So the answer should be 1.

Wait, let me double-check. In economics and immigration discourse, "labor" often refers to the factor of production - the workforce or workers. Definition 1 says "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" - this aligns with "local labor" meaning the local workforce.

Definition 2 is "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)" - this would be the activity, not the people. But the sentence says immigrants are complementary to local labor, and there's a shortage of local labor. If there's a shortage, it's usually of workers (people), not of work (activity).

Also, the example for definition 1 explicitly mentions "shortage of skilled labor", which parallels "shortage of local labor" in the target sentence.

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct answer.