[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose <t>women</t> to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "women" (plural of woman) in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about breast cancer research
 - It mentions that breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families
 - It says the gene (when inherited in damaged form) may predispose women to the cancer
 - This is referring to women as a group/class of people who are female adults

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
    - This is the individual sense, referring to an adult female person. While "women" is plural, this sense can apply to plural usage referring to multiple individual adult females.

 2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
    - This is about a specific relationship role (wife/mistress/girlfriend). The context is about breast cancer predisposition in general, not about women in relation to specific men.

 3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
    - This is specifically about domestic workers. The context is clearly not about houseworkers.

 4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation
    - This is the collective sense, referring to women as a class or group (womanhood).

 Now, which sense fits best?

 The context says: "the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

 This is referring to women in general - adult female persons - who are at risk for breast cancer. It's talking about the biological category of adult females.

 Between sense 1 and sense 4:
 - Sense 1 is the individual sense (an adult female person)
 - Sense 4 is the collective sense (women as a class)

 In the context "predispose women to the cancer", this is referring to individual women (plural of adult female persons) who might get cancer, not "womanhood" as an abstract class or collective concept like in "American womanhood" or "the glory of creation".

 However, looking carefully at the examples:
 - Sense 4 examples: "it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation" - these are clearly abstract/collective references to the class.
 - Sense 1 examples: "the woman kept house while the man hunted" - this is an individual.

 But "women" in "predispose women to the cancer" is plural. In WordNet, the plural form often maps to sense 4 when it's used as a collective/class reference, but here it's being used to mean "female persons" (plural of sense 1).

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
 - Sense 1: woman, adult female (an adult female person)
 - Sense 4: womanhood, woman, fair sex (women as a class)

 The phrase "predispose women" is referring to individual women (plural), not the abstract class "womanhood". However, in WordNet, when "women" is used to refer to the female sex/gender as a group in a general sense, it might be sense 4.

 But let's look at the specific wording: "predispose women to the cancer" - this means predispose individual female persons to cancer. It's not saying "predispose womanhood" or referring to the abstract concept.

 However, sense 4 is "women as a class" which can include usage like "women are more likely to..." which is similar to this context.

 Let me reconsider. The context is scientific/medical: "breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families... may predispose women to the cancer."

 This is a general statement about the female population. But is it "women as a class" (sense 4) or "adult female persons" (sense 1, plural)?

 In WordNet:
 - Sense 1:18:00 is the hypernym for female person, referring to an individual adult female.
 - Sense 1:14:00 is a group noun: "women as a class"

 The example for sense 4: "it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation" - these are clearly different from "predispose women to cancer".

 The phrase "predispose women" treats women as individuals who can be predisposed to disease. This is the standard plural of sense 1.

 However, I need to check if WordNet treats plural "women" as sense 4. In many WSD datasets, when "women" is used in general statements like "women are...", it could be mapped to sense 4, but often it's mapped to sense 1 (plural).

 Actually, looking at the definition of sense 4: "women as a class" with synonyms "womanhood, fair sex". This is clearly a collective noun sense.

 The context here is talking about women who might inherit the gene and get cancer. These are individual people, not the abstract class.

 But wait, the target surface form is "women" (plural). Sense 1 is defined as "an adult female person" (singular). Sense 4 is "women as a class" (plural concept).

 In WordNet, sense 1 can be used for plural "women" when referring to multiple adult female persons. Sense 4 is specifically for when referring to the class/collective (like "the fair sex").

 The example "the woman kept house while the man hunted" shows sense 1 is individual. But plural usage of sense 1 would be "women kept house..."

 The question is: does "predispose women" mean:
 a) predispose individual adult female persons (sense 1, plural)
 b) predispose the class of women (sense 4)

 Given the context is about inheritance and family predisposition, it's referring to individual women who are members of families. But it's also a general statement about women as a group at risk.

 However, looking at the examples for sense 4, they seem more abstract/ideological: "woman is the glory of creation", "American womanhood".

 The medical context "predispose women to cancer" is more concrete - it's about individual women (plural) being at risk.

 But I should check if there's a convention. In WordNet 3.0/3.1:
 - woman%1:18:00:: - adult female person
 - woman%1:14:00:: - women as a class

 The plural form "women" can instantiate either sense depending on context. If it's "women are fighting for their rights" - could be either, but likely sense 4 if referring to the collective movement, or sense 1 if referring to individual women.

 In this specific context: "predispose women to the cancer" - this is parallel to "predispose people to cancer" or "predispose men to cancer". It's using the plural of the individual sense.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the best choice.

 Wait, let me reconsider sense 4. The definition is "women as a class" with synonyms "womanhood, fair sex". The examples show it's about the collective concept of women.

 The phrase "predispose women" is not using "women" to mean "womanhood" or "the fair sex" in an abstract sense. It's using it to mean "female persons".

 Therefore, sense 1 is correct.

 But I need to be careful. The index in the output should correspond to the list provided:
 1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00::
 2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01::
 3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02::
 4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00::

 So if I choose sense 1, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}

 Let me double-check by looking at similar examples. If the text said "women are more likely to get breast cancer", is that sense 1 or 4?

 In WordNet, sense 4 (woman%1:14:00) is a noun denoting a group/collective, similar to "population" or "public". It's for when you refer to women as a collective entity.

 But "predispose women" is a verb taking a plural object. The women are the patients, individual instances.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet gloss for sense 4 again: "women as a class" - this is a group noun. Examples: "it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation".

 The context here is clearly not talking about "womanhood" or the abstract class. It's talking about actual female people who might get cancer.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

 Final check: Could it be sense 2? "a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man" - No, clearly not. The context is medical/scientific, not relational.

 Could it be sense 3? "a human female employed to do housework" - No, clearly not.

 So it's between 1 and 4.

 Sense 1: "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)" - this fits "women" as plural of adult female persons.

 Sense 4: "women as a class" - this would fit if it were saying something like "the place of women in society" or "women have achieved much".

 The phrase "predispose women to the cancer" is about biological/medical predisposition of individuals. Even though it's a general statement, it's referring to the individuals who make up the group, not the class as an abstract entity.

 Therefore: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DeepInfra


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the <t>cancer</t>. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "cancer" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses the p53 gene and its relationship to cancer
 - It mentions "human cancer cells", "cancer studies", "cancer formation", "other cancers", "breast tumors", "breast cancer", "lung cancer"
 - The target word "cancer" appears in: "may predispose women to the <t>cancer</t>"
 - The context is clearly about the disease, not astrology or zoology

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: - definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division...
    - This is the disease sense (medical/biological)
    - Synonyms: malignant neoplastic disease

 2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: - definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer
    - Astrological sign (person)
    - Synonyms: Crab

 3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: - definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
    - Constellation/astronomy
    - No synonyms listed in the candidate

 4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: - definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22
    - Zodiac sign (astrology)
    - Synonyms: Cancer the Crab, Crab

 5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: - definition=type genus of the family Cancridae
    - Biological taxonomy (genus of crabs)
    - Synonyms: genus Cancer

 The context is clearly about the disease:
 - "p53 gene caused cancer"
 - "human cancer cells"
 - "cancer formation"
 - "breast cancer"
 - "lung cancer"

 The target instance is in the phrase "predispose women to the <t>cancer</t>" referring to breast cancer mentioned earlier.

 Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1: the malignant disease/growth.

 The user wants the output as JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00::
 2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00::
 3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00::
 4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00::
 5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00::

 So sense_index should be 1.

 Let me double-check the WordNet sense keys to make sure I understand the numbering:
 - cancer%1:26:00:: - This is the disease sense (noun.state or noun.phenomenon? Actually 26 is noun.state I think, or noun.phenomenon? Let me think... In WordNet, cancer as disease is usually noun.state or noun.phenomenon. Actually checking WordNet: "cancer" as malignant neoplasm is noun.state (26).
 - cancer%1:18:00:: - person born under sign (noun.person)
 - cancer%1:17:00:: - constellation (noun.object)
 - cancer%1:15:00:: - zodiac sign (noun.time? or noun.group? Actually 15 is noun.time)
 - cancer%1:05:00:: - genus (noun.animal)

 Yes, sense 1 is definitely the disease.

 The context is entirely about genetics, tumors, breast cancer, lung cancer, etc. No mention of astrology or crabs (the animal).

 Therefore: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AtlasCloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: implicate
Target surface form: implicated
Context:
Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been <t>implicated</t> in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=implicate%2:42:01:: | definition=bring into intimate and incriminating connection | examples=He is implicated in the scheme to defraud the government
2. sense_key=implicate%2:42:00:: | definition=impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment or result | synonyms=entail | examples=What does this move entail?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "implicated" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about the p53 gene and its role in cancer.
 - The specific sentence is: "The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer."
 - This means that the p53 gene has been connected to or associated with lung cancer.
 - It's suggesting that the gene is involved in causing or being related to lung cancer.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=implicate%2:42:01:: | definition=bring into intimate and incriminating connection | examples=He is implicated in the scheme to defraud the government
    - This sense is about criminal implication, incriminating someone in wrongdoing.
    - The example shows involvement in a scheme to defraud.

 2. sense_key=implicate%2:42:00:: | definition=impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment or result | synonyms=entail | examples=What does this move entail?
    - This sense is about logical implication or necessary involvement/entailment.
    - The synonym is "entail" which means to involve something as a necessary consequence.

 In the context:
 - "The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer"
 - This means the gene has been shown to be involved in lung cancer, or connected to it as a cause or factor.
 - Is this about criminal implication? Not really, though "implicate" can be used metaphorically for causal connections.
 - Is this about entailment/necessary involvement? The text suggests the gene is involved in the formation or development of lung cancer.

 Looking at the two senses:
 - Sense 1 (incriminating connection) is typically used for people being implicated in crimes or wrongdoing.
 - Sense 2 (involve/imply as necessary accompaniment) is more about logical or causal connections.

 However, in scientific/medical contexts, when we say a gene is "implicated in" a disease, we typically mean it is shown to be involved in or associated with causing the disease. This is closer to sense 2 (involve, imply as necessary accompaniment) but actually...

 Wait, let me reconsider. In WordNet, sense 1 is "bring into intimate and incriminating connection" - while "incriminating" suggests crime, the broader sense is about showing to be involved or connected, especially in something negative.

 But actually, looking at standard usage: "implicate" in scientific contexts (gene X is implicated in disease Y) usually means "to show to be involved in or connected with" - which aligns more with showing involvement.

 However, looking carefully at the WordNet definitions:
 - Sense 1: "bring into intimate and incriminating connection" - the example is about a crime (fraud).
 - Sense 2: "impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment or result" - synonym "entail".

 In biology/medical texts, "implicate" usually means to show that something is involved in or a cause of something, often in a causal way. This might actually align better with sense 1's general meaning of "bring into connection" even though the WordNet gloss mentions "incriminating" (which is specific to legal contexts).

 But wait, WordNet often has specific senses. Let me think about how "implicate" is used.

 Actually, looking at the sentence: "The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer."

 This means researchers have found evidence connecting the gene to lung cancer.

 Comparing with the examples:
 - Sense 1 example: "He is implicated in the scheme to defraud the government" - this shows connection to a negative action/event.
 - Sense 2 example: "What does this move entail?" - this is about logical consequences.

 While genes aren't criminals, the usage "implicated in [disease]" is analogous to "implicated in [crime]" - it's about establishing a connection or involvement in something. The "incriminating" part of the gloss might be specific to legal contexts, but the core meaning is "bring into intimate connection."

 However, sense 2 with synonym "entail" seems to be about logical implication or necessary consequences, like "This entails that..."

 In the sentence "The p53 gene has been implicated in lung cancer," we don't mean that the gene entails lung cancer (logically necessitates it), but rather that the gene is connected to or involved in lung cancer causation.

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
 - implicate%2:42:01:: is usually the first sense (most common?) about incriminating.
 - implicate%2:42:00:: is about entailment.

 But I need to check: in medical contexts, when we say a gene is "implicated" in a disease, which sense is this?

 The phrase "implicated in" firmly suggests sense 1 (connection/involvement), not sense 2 (entailment). You wouldn't say "This gene entails lung cancer" - you would say "This gene is implicated in lung cancer" meaning it is found to be involved in the disease process.

 However, sense 1 specifically mentions "incriminating" which is about crime/blame.

 Let me reconsider both senses carefully:

 Sense 1: "bring into intimate and incriminating connection"
 - This is about showing someone is involved in wrongdoing.
 - "Incriminating" is key here.

 Sense 2: "impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment or result"
 - Synonym: entail
 - This is about logical or necessary consequences.

 Actually, I think I need to look at this differently. The word "implicate" comes from Latin "implicare" meaning "to entangle, involve."

 In scientific usage, "implicated" means "shown to be involved in."

 If sense 2 has the synonym "entail" and means "involve as a necessary accompaniment," that might actually be closer, because if a gene is implicated in a disease, it means the gene is involved in the disease process.

 But wait, "entail" usually means "to make necessary" or "to involve by necessity." If a gene is implicated in lung cancer, it doesn't mean the gene necessarily causes lung cancer in every case, or that lung cancer entails the gene (or vice versa).

 Actually, let me look at the exact WordNet senses. Since I don't have the full WordNet database, I need to infer from the given information.

 Sense 1: "bring into intimate and incriminating connection" - this is the criminal sense.
 Sense 2: "impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment or result" - this is the logical/causal sense with synonym "entail".

 But in the context: "The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer."

 This is standard scientific usage. The gene is being connected to the disease. It's not about criminal incrimination (though "incriminating" in the gloss might be misleadingly specific), and it's not exactly about entailment either.

 However, looking at the examples provided:
 - Sense 1: "He is implicated in the scheme to defraud the government"
 - Sense 2: "What does this move entail?"

 The structure "implicated in [noun phrase]" matches sense 1's pattern: "implicated in the scheme".
 Sense 2's example uses "entail" transitively with a different structure.

 Also, note that the word "implicate" in sense 2 is defined as imposing or implying as a necessary accompaniment, with synonym "entail". But "entail" is not typically used as "entailed in" - you say "this entails that" or "this move entails consequences."

 The phrase "implicated in" is characteristic of sense 1 usage, even if we extend "incriminating" metaphorically to diseases (which are negative outcomes).

 Actually, looking carefully: diseases are often treated analogously to crimes in medical genetics - genes are "culprits," "suspects," etc. So "implicated in cancer" fits sense 1's "incriminating connection" metaphorically.

 But wait, I should verify if there's a specific biological sense. In WordNet, there are only these two senses for the verb "implicate."

 Let me think about the semantics:
 - If sense 1 is correct, the gene is being brought into connection with lung cancer (as a suspect/cause).
 - If sense 2 is correct, the gene involves or entails lung cancer as a necessary accompaniment.

 Actually, that doesn't make sense. You don't say a gene "entails" a disease. You say a gene "is associated with" or "is involved in" a disease.

 The structure "X is implicated in Y" passive voice, where X is the thing being connected to Y.

 Let me reconsider sense 2: "impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment or result"
 - This could mean: to involve (something) as a necessary accompaniment.
 - So if the gene is implicated in lung cancer, does it mean the gene involves lung cancer? No, that doesn't make sense syntactically.

 Actually, looking at the definition again: "impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment or result"
 This is ambiguous. It could mean:
 a) [subject] imposes/involves/implies [object] as a necessary accompaniment
 b) [subject] is imposed/involved/implied as a necessary accompaniment by [object]

 But the synonym "entail" suggests causation where A entails B.

 However, in the passive "X is implicated in Y", if sense 2 were used, it would mean X is imposed/involved as a necessary accompaniment in Y? That seems odd.

 Actually, I think sense 2 is the sense where "implicate" means "entail" in the logical sense. Like "This implicates that" = "This entails that."

 But the sentence is "The p53 gene has been implicated in lung cancer" - this suggests the gene is the thing being connected to the disease, not the thing doing the connecting.

 Wait, in sense 1 example: "He is implicated in the scheme" - he is being connected to the scheme.
 Similarly: "The gene is implicated in lung cancer" - the gene is being connected to lung cancer.

 This fits sense 1's structure perfectly.

 But does it fit sense 2? "What does this move entail?" - here the subject (move) entails something. If we passivized it: "What is entailed by this move?"

 If we tried: "Lung cancer is implicated by the gene"? No, that's not the sentence.

 The sentence is: "[The p53 gene] has been [implicated] [in lung cancer]."

 This strongly suggests sense 1. Even though WordNet labels sense 1 with "incriminating," the core meaning is about establishing a connection or involvement. In extended usage, genes can be "implicated" in diseases - this is standard scientific English.

 Sense 1 is indexed as 01, sense 2 as 00. Usually in WordNet, :00 is the first sense (most frequent), but the indexing here shows 01 and 00, which might indicate different numbering.

 Actually, WordNet sense keys use :xx:yy:zz where xx is the lexicographer file number, yy is the lex_id (usually 00 unless there are homographs with same POS), and zz is the sense number? Or actually, in the key "implicate%2:42:01::", the last number before the :: is the sense number.

 Wait, implicate%2:42:01:: vs implicate%2:42:00::.

 Actually, looking at WordNet format: lemma%pos:lex_filenum:lex_id:head_word:head_id

 But here we have implicate%2:42:01:: which suggests lex_id 01.

 But typically, :00 is the first sense.

 Let me check: if there are two senses, usually they are numbered 00, 01 or 1, 2?

 In WordNet 3.0, sense keys are like "implicate%2:32:00::" where the last number is the sense number (0-indexed or 1-indexed?).

 Actually, standard WordNet sense key format: word%pos:lex_fileno:lex_id:head_word:head_id

 The lex_id is usually 00 for the first sense, 01 for the second if the word appears twice in the same file with the same part of speech.

 Wait, no. For words with multiple senses in the same syntactic category, they are distinguished by the lex_id field.

 But here we have 00 and 01. So :
 - implicate%2:42:00:: is one sense
 - implicate%2:42:01:: is another sense

 Which is which?
 - One definition: "bring into intimate and incriminating connection"
 - Other: "impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment or result"

 Usually, the "incriminating" sense is the most common sense of "implicate."

 But actually, looking at typical WordNet ordering:
 Verb "implicate" in WordNet:
 1. incriminate, imply, inculpate -- (suggest that someone is guilty)
 2. entail, implicate -- (impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment or result)

 Wait, let me think. The second one has synonym "entail".

 In the context of the sentence about the gene and lung cancer, is the meaning closer to "incriminate" or to "entail"?

 I think it's closer to "show to be involved in" which is similar to incriminating (showing involvement in a crime), but metaphorically extended.

 However, looking at the exact wording: "The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer."

 The phrase "implicated in [disease]" is extremely common in biomedical literature. It means "found to be involved in the causation or development of."

 If I have to choose between:
 1. incriminating connection (criminal/legal)
 2. necessary accompaniment/result (logical/causal necessity)

 The biomedical usage is actually about establishing a causal or etiological involvement. But "entail" is too strong - a gene doesn't entail a disease (guarantee it).

 However, looking at the WordNet gloss for sense 2 again: "impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment or result"

 The word "involve" here is key. If a gene is implicated in a disease, it is involved in the disease.

 But the structure matters. In sense 2, the verb takes an object that is the thing being entailed or involved. "This move entails consequences" = This move involves consequences (as a necessary result).

 In our sentence: "The gene is implicated in lung cancer."
 If we paraphrase with involve: "The gene is involved in lung cancer" - yes, that works.
 If we paraphrase with entail: "The gene entails lung cancer" - no, that's wrong. Genes don't entail diseases; they predispose to them or are involved in them.

 But "implicate" in sense 2 is synonymous with "entail", not "involve" generally. The gloss says "impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment" - so "involve" here means causing to be involved, i.e., entailing.

 Actually, I think I'm overthinking this. Let me look at the evidence:

 1. The example for sense 1: "He is implicated in the scheme to defraud the government"
    - Structure: Subject is implicated in [bad event/action]
    - Meaning: Subject is shown to be involved in [bad event]

 2. The sentence: "The p53 gene has been implicated in lung cancer"
    - Structure: Subject is implicated in [bad event/disease]
    - Meaning: Subject is shown to be involved in [disease]

 This is a perfect match for sense 1, even though the gloss mentions "incriminating" which is specific to human agents and crimes. Diseases can be metaphorically "crimes" or negative events that agents (genes) are implicated in.

 Sense 2 with "entail" would be: "What does this move implicate?" = "What does this move entail?"
 - This is a different usage where "implicate" means "to have as a logical consequence."

 The context clearly is using "implicate" to mean "show to be involved in," not "to entail."

 Therefore, sense 1 (implicate%2:42:01::) is the correct choice.

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user asks for "sense_index".

 The candidates are:
 1. sense_key=implicate%2:42:01::
 2. sense_key=implicate%2:42:00::

 Which index should I return? The instructions say "Choose the single best indexed sense."

 If sense 1 (the one with :01) is the "incriminating" sense, and that's the one I want, then the index is 1.
 If sense 2 (the one with :00) is the "entail" sense, and I don't want that, then I return index 1.

 The format should be: {"sense_index": 1}

 But I need to be careful. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=implicate%2:42:01:: ...
 2. sense_key=implicate%2:42:00:: ...

 So "1." refers to the first one listed, which has sense_key ending in 01.
 "2." refers to the second one listed, which has sense_key ending in 00.

 The first one (index 1) is "bring into intimate and incriminating connection"
 The second one (index 2) is "impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment" with synonym entail.

 I believe the answer is index 1.

 But let me double-check by searching my internal knowledge of WordNet.

 In WordNet 3.1:
 - Word: implicate (v.)
 - Sense 1: incriminate, imply, inculpate -- (suggest that someone is guilty)
 - Sense 2: entail, implicate -- (impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment or result)

 The first sense is the one with criminal connotations ("incriminate").
 The second sense is the logical one ("entail").

 Which one fits "The p53 gene has been implicated in lung cancer"?

 Upon reflection, while "implicated" in scientific contexts means "shown to be involved," the WordNet sense 1 specifically includes "incriminating" which might make it less suitable for a gene. However, WordNet senses often have specific nuances.

 Actually, looking at WordNet examples for sense 2 (entail/implicate):
 - "This move entails that..."
 - Does this include "The gene is implicated in the disease"?

 I think in strict WordNet terms, "implicate" meaning "to involve as a necessary consequence" (sense 2) is different from "implicate" meaning "to connect someone with a crime" (sense 1).

 But in the passive "be implicated in", this is almost exclusively sense 1 usage (involvement in something), extended metaphorically.

 However, there's a problem: genes aren't being incriminated in the criminal sense.

 But looking carefully at the definition of sense 1: bring into intimate and incriminating connection.
 The word "incriminating" modifies "connection". The connection is incriminating.

 In the scientific context, the connection between the gene and the disease is causal/etiological, not incriminating in the legal sense.

 Yet, I still think sense 1 is the intended answer because:
 1. The structure "implicated in" matches
 2. The meaning of "being connected to/involved in" matches the core of sense 1
 3. Sense 2 is about entailment, which doesn't fit well with the passive construction here

 Actually, let me reconsider sense 2 one more time. Could "implicate" in this context mean that the existence of the gene implies or entails lung cancer? No, because the sentence says the gene "has been implicated" - passive voice. Something (researchers) has implicated the gene. Researchers have shown that the gene is involved.

 If sense 2 means "entail", then "Researchers implicate the gene in lung cancer" would mean researchers show that the gene entails lung cancer? That's not quite right.

 Actually, "to implicate" in sense 1 can mean "to show to be involved in."
 Example from various dictionaries: "The evidence implicates him in the robbery."
 Similarly: "Evidence implicates the gene in lung cancer."

 This is clearly sense 1, extended from human agents to biological entities (metaphorically).

 Therefore, the answer is sense 1.

 JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: report
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a <t>report</t> out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "report" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The sentence is: "In a <t>report</t> out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."
 - The context is scientific/medical research about cancer genes.
 - It's talking about a specific document that came out last week from researchers at the National Cancer Institute.
 - Later in the text: "There also are reports from several labs..." - this suggests these are written documents or publications.

 Let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
    - This seems very fitting. It's a written document describing findings (scientific findings about p53 gene and lung cancer).

 2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
    - This is about verbal reporting, not a written document. The context mentions "out last week" and refers to specific researchers and their findings, suggesting a published document.

 3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
    - This is more about news/journalism. While this could be in a news context, the specific mention of "John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute" and scientific details suggests a scientific report, not necessarily a news story. However, this is close.

 4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
    - Clearly wrong, no sound context.

 5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card
    - Wrong context (school/students).

 6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme
    - This could be close, but "paper" might fit scientific context. However, sense 1 specifically mentions "written document describing the findings" which is more specific to scientific research.

 7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation
    - Wrong context.

 Comparing sense 1 and sense 3:
 - Sense 1: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" - synonyms include "study". This fits scientific research reports perfectly.
 - Sense 3: "a short account of the news" - this is journalistic.

 The context is about scientific research (National Cancer Institute, cancer research, gene studies). The "report out last week" refers to a scientific publication or study. Sense 1 mentions "study" as a synonym and refers to findings, which matches "John Minna and colleagues... say that about half the cells..." describing their findings.

 Also, looking at the next sentence: "There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished..." - unpublished reports from labs strongly suggests written scientific documents, not news stories.

 Therefore, sense 1 (index 1 in the list? Wait, let me check the indexing).

 Wait, the user asks for "sense_index". Looking at the format:
 Candidate senses are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

 So:
 1. sense_key=report%1:10:03::
 2. sense_key=report%1:10:01::
 3. sense_key=report%1:10:00::
 4. sense_key=report%1:11:00::
 5. sense_key=report%1:10:04::
 6. sense_key=report%1:10:02::
 7. sense_key=report%1:09:00::

 I need to return the index number. The best fit is sense 1 (the first one in the list).

 Wait, let me double-check sense 6: "an essay (especially one written as an assignment)". While scientific papers could be called essays, sense 1 is much more specific to research findings. The example "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" is very academic/scientific sounding, matching the context perfectly.

 Also, sense 3 (news report) is possible, but the text seems to be from a science publication discussing research findings. The phrase "report out last week" in scientific contexts usually refers to a paper or study published in a journal.

 Actually, looking carefully at the context: "In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say..." - this could be interpreted as a news report about their findings, or the scientific report itself. However, given that it mentions specific technical details (cells taken from lung cancer tissue, missing gene), and the following sentence mentions "reports from several labs, as yet unpublished", these are clearly referring to scientific reports/documents.

 Sense 1 is definitely the correct choice.

 The json should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: last
Target surface form: last
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out <t>last</t> week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "last" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The sentence is: "In a report out <t>last</t> week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."
 - The phrase is "last week"
 - This refers to the week immediately preceding the current time of writing/speaking

 Candidate sense analysis:
 1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
    - This seems to fit perfectly. "last week" means the week immediately past.
    - The examples include "last Thursday" which is similar temporal usage.

 2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
    - This is the "final" sense - the end of a sequence.
    - "last week" doesn't mean the final week ever, but the most recent past week.

 3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
    - This is about endings/terminations, not about recent past.

 4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
    - Not relevant here.

 5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
    - Not relevant.

 6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
    - Not relevant.

 7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
    - Not relevant.

 8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
    - Not relevant.

 9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place
    - Not relevant.

 The correct sense is clearly sense 1: "immediately past" as in "last week", "last Thursday", etc.

 The index requested is the number in the list provided. Sense 1 is index 1.

 Wait, I need to check the format. The user wants {"sense_index": 3} format - meaning the index number of the sense in the provided list.

 So for sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00, which is listed first, the index is 1.

 Let me double-check the context to make sure I'm not missing anything.
 "In a report out last week" - yes, this means the report came out in the week immediately preceding the current time. This is the "immediately past" sense.

 Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: week
Target surface form: week
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last <t>week</t>, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=week%1:28:00:: | definition=any period of seven consecutive days | synonyms=hebdomad | examples=it rained for a week
2. sense_key=week%1:28:01:: | definition=hours or days of work in a calendar week | synonyms=workweek | examples=they worked a 40-hour week
3. sense_key=week%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday | synonyms=calendar week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "week" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence containing the target word is: "In a report out last <t>week</t>, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

 This refers to "last week" meaning the previous seven-day period, not specifically related to work hours (workweek) or a calendar week starting on Sunday.

 Looking at the candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=week%1:28:00:: | definition=any period of seven consecutive days | synonyms=hebdomad | examples=it rained for a week
 2. sense_key=week%1:28:01:: | definition=hours or days of work in a calendar week | synonyms=workweek | examples=they worked a 40-hour week
 3. sense_key=week%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday | synonyms=calendar week

 The phrase "last week" in news reporting typically refers to the immediate past seven days or the previous calendar week. However, looking at the definitions:
 - Sense 1 is the general "any period of seven consecutive days"
 - Sense 2 is specifically about work (workweek)
 - Sense 3 is specifically a calendar week starting on Sunday

 In the context of news reporting ("In a report out last week..."), this is referring to the general time period of seven days, not specifically a work week or a Sunday-to-Saturday calendar week. The general sense (sense 1) fits best because:
 1. It's referring to when the report came out (temporal reference)
 2. It's not specifying a work schedule
 3. While it could be a calendar week, the general sense of "any period of seven consecutive days" is more appropriate for "last week" in this context, as it's simply referring to the recent past seven-day period.

 Actually, looking more carefully at WordNet:
 - week%1:28:00:: is the general sense "any period of seven consecutive days"
 - week%1:28:02:: is "a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday" (calendar week)

 In news contexts, "last week" usually refers to the calendar week or the seven-day period immediately preceding. Between sense 1 and sense 3, sense 1 is more general and fits better because the text doesn't specify that it's referring to a Sunday-starting week specifically. It's just referring to the previous seven days.

 Sense 2 (workweek) is clearly wrong because it's not about working hours.

 So the choice is between 1 and 3. Given that the text mentions "last week" as a time reference for when a report came out, and there's no indication that it's specifically referring to the calendar week starting on Sunday (as opposed to just the past 7 days), sense 1 is the most accurate.

 However, I should check if "last week" in news reporting is typically considered to be sense 1 or sense 3. In many WSD datasets, temporal references like "last week", "next week", "this week" are often mapped to the general sense (sense 1) unless there's specific mention of it being a calendar week starting on Sunday.

 Let me reconsider: In WordNet, sense 3 specifically mentions "starting on Sunday". Without evidence that the week being referred to starts on Sunday, sense 1 is safer.

 Also, looking at the examples provided:
 - Sense 1: "it rained for a week" - this is a duration
 - Sense 3: no example provided in the prompt, but by definition it's specific to Sunday-starting weeks

 "Last week" functions as a specific point in time (the week immediately preceding the current one), but it's still a period of seven days. Since we don't know if it starts on Sunday, and news reports can refer to any seven-day period as "last week", sense 1 is appropriate.

 Therefore, I should select sense index 1.

 Wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=week%1:28:00::
 2. sense_key=week%1:28:01::
 3. sense_key=week%1:28:02::

 So:
 - Index 1 corresponds to week%1:28:00:: (general seven days)
 - Index 2 corresponds to week%1:28:01:: (workweek)
 - Index 3 corresponds to week%1:28:02:: (calendar week starting Sunday)

 My analysis suggests index 1 is correct.

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet senses:
 - week.n.01: any period of seven consecutive days (hebdomad)
 - week.n.02: hours or days of work in a calendar week (workweek)
 - week.n.03: a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday (calendar week)

 So yes, index 1 is the general sense.

 In the context: "In a report out last week..." - this is using "week" to refer to a time period. It's not about work hours, so not sense 2. Between sense 1 and sense 3, sense 1 is the hypernym and more general. Unless there's specific evidence it's a Sunday-starting week, sense 1 is correct.

 Final decision: sense_index: 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute <t>say</t> that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "say" in the given context.

 Looking at the context: "John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

 This is a reporting of research findings. The scientists are reporting or maintaining that about half the cells... are missing this gene.

 Let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. express in words (state, tell) - very general, but might fit. Example: "He said that he wanted to marry her"
 2. report or maintain (allege, aver) - this seems to fit well with scientific reporting. Example: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war"
 3. express a supposition (suppose) - not this one, they're not supposing, they're reporting findings.
 4. have or contain a certain wording (read) - not this.
 5. give instructions (order, tell) - not this, they're not ordering.
 6. speak, pronounce - not about pronunciation.
 7. communicate nonverbally - no.
 8. utter aloud - no, it's reported speech/written context.
 9. state as one's opinion or judgement; declare - this could also fit.
 10. recite - no.
 11. indicate - no.

 Now between sense 1, 2, and 9.

 Sense 1: "express in words" - very general.
 Sense 2: "report or maintain" - synonyms allege, aver. This fits scientific reporting where researchers report their findings.
 Sense 9: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare"

 In the context of scientific research reporting in a news article (Wall Street Journal style based on the text), "say" is used to introduce what researchers reported or found.

 Looking at sense 2's examples: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" - this is similar to reporting a position or finding.

 Looking at sense 1's examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you" - this is more general expression.

 Looking at sense 9: "I say let's forget this whole business" - this is declaring an opinion or judgement.

 In the context: "John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells..." - they are reporting their research findings. This aligns with "report or maintain" (sense 2) more than just general "express in words" (sense 1) or "state as opinion" (sense 9). Scientific reporting is often categorized under "report or maintain" in WSD tasks.

 However, sense 1 is also very common for this usage. But looking at the synonyms:
 - Sense 1: state, tell
 - Sense 2: allege, aver
 - Sense 9: (no synonyms listed, but declare)

 In WordNet, sense 2 (report or maintain) is often used for "say" when someone is asserting something as a fact or report, especially in journalistic contexts like "Police say that..." or "Researchers say that..."

 Actually, looking carefully at the examples for sense 2: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war"

 The structure "X say that Y" where Y is a factual claim about research findings fits sense 2 (report or maintain) very well.

 But I should double-check if sense 1 might be better. Sense 1 is the most general sense. However, in fine-grained WSD, the distinction between general "express in words" (sense 1) and "report or maintain" (sense 2) is important. When someone "says" something in a formal reporting context (like academic or news reporting), it's often sense 2.

 Sense 9 is "state as one's opinion or judgement". The researchers aren't just stating an opinion - they're reporting empirical findings. While it could be sense 9, sense 2 seems more accurate for reporting research results.

 Let me reconsider the WordNet senses for "say":
 - say%2:32:00:: is usually the general "utter" sense
 - say%2:32:01:: is specifically "report or maintain; allege, aver"

 In many WSD datasets like SemCor or Senseval/SEMCOR, when journalists write "Scientists say that..." it is often tagged as sense 2 (report or maintain).

 Therefore, the best choice is sense_index 2.

 Wait, I need to check the ordering. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=say%2:32:00::
 2. sense_key=say%2:32:01::
 ...
 So sense 2 corresponds to index 2.

 Actually, looking at the JSON format requested: {"sense_index": 3} - this suggests 1-based indexing based on the list provided.

 So if I choose sense 2 (report or maintain), the answer is {"sense_index": 2}.

 But let me verify once more. Could it be sense 1?
 "express in words" - yes, they are expressing in words their findings.
 But sense 2 is more specific and accurate for the context of researchers reporting scientific findings.

 Could it be sense 9? "state as one's opinion or judgement" - while research involves interpretation, "say" here is introducing their reported findings, not necessarily their opinion or judgement in the sense of making a pronouncement like "I say we go to war".

 I think sense 2 is the correct choice.

 Actually, looking at the sentence structure again: "John Minna and colleagues... say that about half the cells..."

 In FrameNet or other lexical resources, this would be the STATEMENT frame or REPORT frame.

 In WordNet, sense 2 (report or maintain) is defined as: "report or maintain; `He alleged that he was the victim of a crime'; `He said it was too late to intervene in the war'"

 This matches perfectly.

 Final check: The target is "say" in the context of researchers announcing their findings. This is definitely the "report" sense.

 The answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: about
Target surface form: about
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that <t>about</t> half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=about%4:02:00:: | definition=(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct | synonyms=approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less | examples=lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute
2. sense_key=about%4:02:06:: | definition=all around or on all sides | synonyms=around | examples=dirty clothes lying around (or about); let's look about for help
3. sense_key=about%4:02:01:: | definition=in the area or vicinity | synonyms=around | examples=a few spectators standing about; hanging around
4. sense_key=about%4:02:04:: | definition=used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction | synonyms=around | examples=wandering about with no place to go; people were rushing about
5. sense_key=about%4:02:02:: | definition=in or to a reversed position or direction | synonyms=around | examples=about face; suddenly she turned around
6. sense_key=about%4:02:03:: | definition=in rotation or succession | examples=turn about is fair play
7. sense_key=about%4:02:05:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "about" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

 The target word "about" is modifying "half the cells", indicating an approximate quantity or proportion.

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=about%4:02:00:: | definition=(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct | synonyms=approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less | examples=lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute
 - This sense deals with quantities being imprecise but close to correct.
 - The context uses "about half" - this is clearly referring to a quantity (half of the cells).
 - Synonyms include "approximately", "roughly", which fit perfectly with "about half".

 2. sense_key=about%4:02:06:: | definition=all around or on all sides | synonyms=around | examples=dirty clothes lying around (or about); let's look about for help
 - This is about physical location/position, not quantities.

 3. sense_key=about%4:02:01:: | definition=in the area or vicinity | synonyms=around | examples=a few spectators standing about; hanging around
 - This is about location/proximity.

 4. sense_key=about%4:02:04:: | definition=used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction | synonyms=around | examples=wandering about with no place to go; people were rushing about
 - This is about movement/direction.

 5. sense_key=about%4:02:02:: | definition=in or to a reversed position or direction | synonyms=around | examples=about face; suddenly she turned around
 - This is about reversal of direction.

 6. sense_key=about%4:02:03:: | definition=in rotation or succession | examples=turn about is fair play
 - This is about alternation/rotation.

 7. sense_key=about%4:02:05:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded
 - This is about actions or states being nearly accomplished, not quantities.

 The context clearly uses "about" to indicate an approximate quantity ("half the cells"). This matches sense 1 perfectly: "(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct".

 The phrase "about half" means approximately half, roughly half - which fits the definition of sense 1.

 Sense 7 might seem tempting because it involves approximation, but it's specifically about actions or states being "slightly short of or not quite accomplished" (e.g., "about done"), whereas sense 1 is specifically for quantities.

 Therefore, the correct sense is index 1.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=about%4:02:00::
 2. sense_key=about%4:02:06::
 3. sense_key=about%4:02:01::
 4. sense_key=about%4:02:04::
 5. sense_key=about%4:02:02::
 6. sense_key=about%4:02:03::
 7. sense_key=about%4:02:05::

 So the indices in the JSON should correspond to the numbering in the list (1-7).

 The correct choice is sense 1.

 Let me verify:
 - "about half" = approximately half
 - This is a quantity (half of the cells)
 - Sense 1: "(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct"
 - Examples given: "lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute" - these are temporal quantities, but the definition says "of quantities" generally.

 Yes, sense 1 is correct.

 Sense 7 is "all but" / "almost" which is different - that's for completeness of actions, not for quantities like "half".

 So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the <t>cells</t> taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "cells" in the given context.

Context analysis:
- The text is about cancer research, genes, tumors, breast cancer, lung cancer, etc.
- The specific sentence: "John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."
- "cells taken from lung cancer tissue" clearly refers to biological cells - the basic structural and functional units of organisms.
- The surrounding context discusses genes, chromosomes, tumors, tissue - all biological/medical terminology.

Candidate senses review:
1. cell%1:06:03:: - any small compartment (e.g., honeycomb) - not biological in the organism sense.
2. cell%1:03:00:: - (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms - this fits perfectly with "cells taken from lung cancer tissue."
3. cell%1:06:00:: - electric cell - not relevant.
4. cell%1:14:00:: - political cell/cadre - not relevant.
5. cell%1:06:04:: - cellular telephone - not relevant.
6. cell%1:06:02:: - monk's/nun's room - not relevant.
7. cell%1:06:01:: - prison cell - not relevant.

The correct sense is clearly sense 2 (cell%1:03:00::).

The user wants the output as a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3} - but wait, the index should correspond to the candidate sense number. Let me check:
- Sense 1: cell%1:06:03::
- Sense 2: cell%1:03:00::
- Sense 3: cell%1:06:00::
- Sense 4: cell%1:14:00::
- Sense 5: cell%1:06:04::
- Sense 6: cell%1:06:02::
- Sense 7: cell%1:06:01::

The best sense is candidate #2, so the index should be 2.

Wait, let me re-read the instruction: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." This is an example format. I need to return {"sense_index": 2}.

Let me double-check the sense numbering. The candidates are numbered 1 through 7. The biological sense is #2. So {"sense_index": 2}.

Actually, looking carefully at the sense keys:
1. cell%1:06:03::
2. cell%1:03:00::
3. cell%1:06:00::
4. cell%1:14:00::
5. cell%1:06:04::
6. cell%1:06:02::
7. cell%1:06:01::

Yes, biological cell is #2.

The context explicitly mentions "lung cancer tissue", "breast tumors", "gene", "chromosome", "organisms" - all pointing to the biological definition.

Final check: The user said "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." and "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

So I will return: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: taken
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells <t>taken</t> from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "taken" (lemma "take") in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells <t>taken</t> from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

 The key phrase is "cells taken from lung cancer tissue". This means cells that were extracted/removed/obtained from the lung cancer tissue.

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. carry out - doesn't fit (take action)
 2. require (time or space) - doesn't fit
 3. take somebody somewhere - doesn't fit
 4. get into one's hands, take physically - "Take a cookie!" - This is about physically taking/holding something. But here it's about extracting/biopsying cells from tissue.
 5. take on a certain form - doesn't fit
 6. interpret something - doesn't fit
 7. take something or somebody with oneself somewhere - "Bring me the box" - implies transporting, not extracting from tissue
 8. take into one's possession - "We are taking an orphan" - implies adopting/receiving into possession
 9. travel or go by means of - doesn't fit
 10. pick out, select - doesn't fit
 11. receive willingly - doesn't fit
 12. assume, as of positions - doesn't fit
 13. take into consideration - doesn't fit
 14. require as useful - doesn't fit
 15. experience or feel - doesn't fit
 16. make a film - doesn't fit
 17. remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off - "remove a threat; remove a wrapper" - This seems close. Taking cells from tissue implies removing/extracting them.
 18. serve oneself to, consume - doesn't fit
 19. accept or undergo - doesn't fit
 20. make use of or accept - doesn't fit
 21. take by force - doesn't fit (military conquest)
 22. occupy or take on - doesn't fit
 23. admit into a group - doesn't fit
 24. ascertain or determine - doesn't fit (take a pulse)
 25. be a student of - doesn't fit
 26. take as an undesirable consequence - doesn't fit
 27. head into a specified direction - doesn't fit
 28. point or cause to go - doesn't fit
 29. be seized or affected - doesn't fit
 30. have with oneself - doesn't fit
 31. engage for service - doesn't fit
 32. receive or obtain regularly - doesn't fit
 33. buy, select - doesn't fit
 34. to get into a position of having - take shelter - doesn't quite fit
 35. have sex with - doesn't fit
 36. lay claim to - doesn't fit
 37. be designed to hold - doesn't fit
 38. be capable of holding - doesn't fit
 39. develop a habit - doesn't fit
 40. proceed along in a vehicle - doesn't fit
 41. obtain by winning - doesn't fit
 42. be stricken by an illness - doesn't fit

 Sense 17: "remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract" - synonyms: remove, take away, withdraw. Examples: "remove a threat; remove a wrapper"

 This seems the most appropriate. When cells are "taken" from tissue in a medical/scientific context, they are being removed/extracted from the tissue. This fits the definition of removing something concrete (cells) from a location (the tissue).

 Sense 4: "get into one's hands, take physically" - this is more about grasping/holding something that is offered or available, like taking a cookie. But "taken from tissue" implies extraction/removal, not just grasping.

 Sense 40: "proceed along in a vehicle" - no.

 Sense 7: "take something or somebody with oneself somewhere" - this implies transport, but the key aspect here is the extraction from the tissue, not the transport.

 Sense 8: "take into one's possession" - this is about possession/ownership, like taking an orphan or taking salmon steaks (buying/receiving).

 Sense 17 specifically mentions "remove something concrete... or remove something abstract" and lists "take away" and "withdraw" as synonyms. In medical contexts, "taken from" often means "extracted from" or "removed from" or "obtained from" (via biopsy/removal).

 Actually, looking at the WordNet sense keys:
 - take%2:30:00:: corresponds to sense 17 in the list above (remove something concrete...)

 Wait, I need to check the mapping. The user provided a numbered list. Sense 17 in the list is:
 17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper

 But there's also sense 24: "ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial" - "take a pulse; A reading was taken..."

 And sense 4: "get into one's hands, take physically" - "Take a cookie!"

 In the context of "cells taken from lung cancer tissue", this is a biopsy or tissue sample extraction. The cells are removed/extracted from the tissue.

 This aligns with sense 17 (remove something concrete).

 However, I should also consider sense 40? No, that's driving.

 Sense 8 is about taking into possession (like adopting).

 Sense 17 (take%2:30:00::) is the removal sense.

 Let me double-check if there's a sense about obtaining samples...

 Sense 4: "get into one's hands, take physically" - could be close, but "take from tissue" implies removal from the source.

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet senses for "take" in medical contexts:
 - "take a biopsy" or "cells taken from..." usually maps to sense 17 (remove) or sometimes to sense related to "obtain" but WordNet doesn't have a specific "sample/obtain" sense separate from "take into possession" or "remove".

 Sense 8: "take into one's possession" - "We are taking an orphan from Romania" - this involves removing the orphan from Romania and taking possession. But for cells, we are removing them from the tissue.

 But sense 17 is more specific about the physical removal action: "remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off".

 In medical English, "taken from" is very commonly used to mean "extracted from" or "removed from". This is synonymous with "removed" or "withdrawn" (as per sense 17 synonyms).

 Therefore, sense 17 is the best choice.

 Wait, is there any other possibility?
 Sense 40: "proceed along in a vehicle" - no.
 Sense 3: "take somebody somewhere" - no.
 Sense 7: "take something... somewhere" - no, that's about carrying/bringing.

 So the answer should be index 17.

 But let me verify the sense key mapping in the prompt.
 The prompt lists:
 17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract...

 Yes.

 Therefore: {"sense_index": 17}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tissue
Target surface form: tissue
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer <t>tissue</t> they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tissue%1:08:00:: | definition=part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function
2. sense_key=tissue%1:27:02:: | definition=a soft thin (usually translucent) paper | synonyms=tissue paper

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "tissue" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is about cancer research, specifically discussing the p53 gene and its involvement in various cancers (breast, lung, kidney, brain, skin).
 - The specific sentence containing "tissue" is: "In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer <t>tissue</t> they tested are missing this gene."
 - Later it mentions: "missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers."

 Candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=tissue%1:08:00:: | definition=part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function
 2. sense_key=tissue%1:27:02:: | definition=a soft thin (usually translucent) paper | synonyms=tissue paper

 Analysis:
 - Sense 1 refers to biological tissue - groups of cells in an organism. This fits perfectly with "lung cancer tissue", "kidney, brain and skin cancers" - these are all biological samples from body tissues.
 - Sense 2 refers to tissue paper (like Kleenex, toilet paper, etc.). This makes no sense in the context of cancer research and cells taken from patients.

 The context clearly indicates biological tissue - samples taken from cancer patients for testing. The mention of "cells taken from lung cancer tissue" confirms this is the biological meaning (aggregate of cells), not paper.

 Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1 (tissue%1:08:00::).

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}

 Wait, let me check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=tissue%1:08:00::
 2. sense_key=tissue%1:27:02::

 So sense_index should be 1.

 The instructions say:
 3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
 4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

 So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Phala