[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: election
Target surface form: election
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the <t>election</t> of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=election%1:04:01:: | definition=a vote to select the winner of a position or political office | examples=the results of the election will be announced tonight
2. sense_key=election%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of selecting someone or something; the exercise of deliberate choice | examples=her election of medicine as a profession
3. sense_key=election%1:26:00:: | definition=the status or fact of being elected | examples=they celebrated his election
4. sense_key=election%1:09:00:: | definition=the predestination of some individuals as objects of divine mercy (especially as conceived by Calvinists)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "election" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses politics, legislators, voters, races for the White House, GOP president, Franklin Roosevelt, New Deal, Congress
 - The specific phrase is: "Prior to the <t>election</t> of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal..."
 - This refers to the event where Franklin Roosevelt was chosen/voted to become president

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=election%1:04:01:: | definition=a vote to select the winner of a position or political office | examples=the results of the election will be announced tonight
    - This seems to fit. It's about voting to select someone for a political office (president).

 2. sense_key=election%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of selecting someone or something; the exercise of deliberate choice | examples=her election of medicine as a profession
    - This is more general, about choosing anything. The example shows "election of medicine as a profession" - this is a general selection, not necessarily a voting process.

 3. sense_key=election%1:26:00:: | definition=the status or fact of being elected | examples=they celebrated his election
    - This refers to the state of having been elected, not the process/event of voting. The example "they celebrated his election" suggests the status/result.

 4. sense_key=election%1:09:00:: | definition=the predestination of some individuals as objects of divine mercy (especially as conceived by Calvinists)
    - This is a theological sense, clearly not relevant here.

 Now, in the context: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president..."
 This is referring to the event where FDR was voted into office. It's the process/act of voting to select the winner of a political office (the presidency).

 Is it sense 1 or sense 3?
 - Sense 1: "a vote to select the winner of a position or political office" - this refers to the electoral process/event
 - Sense 3: "the status or fact of being elected" - this refers to the condition of having been elected

 The phrase "the election of Franklin Roosevelt" could theoretically be interpreted either way, but in the context "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president", it's referring to the time before the voting event that made him president. It's referring to the electoral event/process.

 Also, looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1 example: "the results of the election will be announced tonight" - this refers to the voting event
 - Sense 3 example: "they celebrated his election" - this refers to the fact/status of him having been elected

 In the given context, "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt..." parallels "Prior to the vote/event where Franklin Roosevelt was selected..." rather than "Prior to the status of Franklin Roosevelt being elected..."

 Actually, looking more carefully: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president" - this is ambiguous between the event and the result. But given the context about "races for the White House" and voting behavior, and the fact that it's talking about a specific historical event (FDR becoming president), it's referring to the electoral process/event (sense 1).

 Also, sense 1 is the most common sense for political contexts.

 Let me double-check WordNet sense distinctions:
 - election%1:04:01:: is typically the general voting sense for political offices
 - election%1:26:00:: is the state/condition sense

 The phrase "the election of X" can mean either "the event at which X was elected" or "the fact that X was elected". But in historical/political contexts like "the election of Franklin Roosevelt", it almost always refers to the electoral event (1932, 1936, etc.).

 Therefore, sense 1 (index 1) is the correct choice.

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=election%1:04:01::
 2. sense_key=election%1:04:00::
 3. sense_key=election%1:26:00::
 4. sense_key=election%1:09:00::

 So index 1 is the political voting sense.
 Index 2 is the general selection sense.
 Index 3 is the status sense.
 Index 4 is the theological sense.

 My answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Chutes


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: president
Target surface form: president
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as <t>president</t> and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=president%1:18:01:: | definition=an executive officer of a firm or corporation
2. sense_key=president%1:18:04:: | definition=the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government | synonyms=President of the United States, United States President, Chief Executive | examples=the President likes to jog every morning
3. sense_key=president%1:18:00:: | definition=the chief executive of a republic
4. sense_key=president%1:18:03:: | definition=the officer who presides at the meetings of an organization | synonyms=chairman, chairwoman, chair, chairperson | examples=address your remarks to the chairperson
5. sense_key=president%1:18:02:: | definition=the head administrative officer of a college or university | synonyms=prexy
6. sense_key=president%1:04:04:: | definition=the office of the United States head of state | synonyms=President of the United States, Chief Executive | examples=a President is elected every four years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "president" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses legislators, national policy making, races for the White House, GOP president, Franklin Roosevelt being elected as president, the New Deal, etc.
 - The specific sentence is: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as <t>president</t> and the advent of the New Deal..."
 - Franklin Roosevelt was the President of the United States (head of state/government).
 - The context mentions "races for the White House" which specifically refers to the US presidency.
 - It mentions "GOP president" referring to the Republican party's candidate for US president.
 - It mentions "ticket splitting" which is a US political term referring to voting for candidates of different parties for different offices (e.g., voting for a Republican president but a Democratic congressperson).

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. president%1:18:01:: - an executive officer of a firm or corporation (business context, not this)
 2. president%1:18:04:: - the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government (synonyms: President of the United States, United States President, Chief Executive) - examples mention "the President likes to jog every morning"
 3. president%1:18:00:: - the chief executive of a republic (generic, could be any republic)
 4. president%1:18:03:: - the officer who presides at the meetings of an organization (like a club president, not this)
 5. president%1:18:02:: - the head administrative officer of a college or university (prexy, not this)
 6. president%1:04:04:: - the office of the United States head of state (this is the office/position itself, not the person)

 The target is referring to Franklin Roosevelt as a person who was elected to the office. So it's referring to the person, not the office (which would be sense 6).

 Between sense 2 and sense 3:
 - Sense 2 is specifically about the United States President (head of state of the US government)
 - Sense 3 is about the chief executive of a republic (generic)

 Given the context mentions:
 - "races for the White House" (specific to US)
 - "GOP president" (Republican Party is US specific)
 - "Franklin Roosevelt" (was US President)
 - "New Deal" (US specific policy)
 - "Congress" (US legislature)
 - "ticket splitting" (US political phenomenon)

 This is clearly referring to the President of the United States specifically, not just any president of a republic.

 Therefore, sense 2 (president%1:18:04::) is the best fit.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=president%1:18:01::
 2. sense_key=president%1:18:04::
 3. sense_key=president%1:18:00::
 4. sense_key=president%1:18:03::
 5. sense_key=president%1:18:02::
 6. sense_key=president%1:04:04::

 So:
 - Index 1: corporate executive
 - Index 2: US head of state (person)
 - Index 3: chief executive of a republic (generic)
 - Index 4: meeting chairperson
 - Index 5: university president
 - Index 6: the office of US head of state (not the person)

 The context refers to Franklin Roosevelt as a person who was elected as president. So it's the person holding the office, not the office itself. So index 6 is out.

 Between index 2 and index 3: The context is clearly US-specific (White House, GOP, New Deal, Franklin Roosevelt, Congress). So index 2 is better than index 3.

 Therefore, the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Phala

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: advent
Target surface form: advent
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the <t>advent</t> of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=advent%1:04:00:: | definition=arrival that has been awaited (especially of something momentous) | synonyms=coming | examples=the advent of the computer
2. sense_key=advent%1:28:01:: | definition=the season including the four Sundays preceding Christmas
3. sense_key=advent%1:11:00:: | definition=(Christian theology) the reappearance of Jesus as judge for the Last Judgment | synonyms=Second Coming, Second Coming of Christ, Second Advent, Parousia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "advent" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the <t>advent</t> of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society..."
 - The phrase is "the advent of the New Deal"
 - The New Deal refers to the series of programs and policies implemented by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s
 - This is referring to the arrival/coming of the New Deal era

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=advent%1:04:00:: | definition=arrival that has been awaited (especially of something momentous) | synonyms=coming | examples=the advent of the computer
    - This fits well. The New Deal was a momentous event/program whose arrival changed the role of government.
    - The example "the advent of the computer" is structurally similar to "the advent of the New Deal"
    - Synonym "coming" fits: "the coming of the New Deal"

 2. sense_key=advent%1:28:01:: | definition=the season including the four Sundays preceding Christmas
    - This is the religious season of Advent.
    - The context is about political history (FDR, New Deal), not religion or Christmas.
    - Doesn't fit.

 3. sense_key=advent%1:11:00:: | definition=(Christian theology) the reappearance of Jesus as judge for the Last Judgment | synonyms=Second Coming, Second Coming of Christ, Second Advent, Parousia
    - This is about the Second Coming of Christ.
    - The context is secular political history.
    - Doesn't fit.

 The context clearly refers to the arrival or beginning of the New Deal as a significant historical event. Sense 1 is the correct choice.

 The user wants a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3} where the number corresponds to the index of the sense in the list provided.

 Sense 1 is the first one listed, so the index is 1.

 Wait, let me check the format again. The user says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

 The candidate senses are numbered 1, 2, 3. So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

 Let me double-check:
 - Sense 1: arrival that has been awaited (especially of something momentous) - matches "advent of the New Deal"
 - Sense 2: the season including the four Sundays preceding Christmas - religious season, doesn't match
 - Sense 3: Christian theology - Second Coming, doesn't match

 Yes, sense 1 is correct.

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: government
Target surface form: government
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, <t>government</t> occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=government%1:14:00:: | definition=the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit | synonyms=authorities, regime | examples=the government reduced taxes; the matter was referred to higher authorities
2. sense_key=government%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of governing; exercising authority | synonyms=governing, governance, government activity, administration | examples=regulations for the governing of state prisons; he had considerable experience of government
3. sense_key=government%1:09:00:: | definition=(government) the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed | examples=tyrannical government
4. sense_key=government%1:09:01:: | definition=the study of government of states and other political units | synonyms=politics, political science

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "government" in the given context. I need to choose the best sense from the four candidates provided.

Let me analyze the context:
The sentence is: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, <t>government</t> occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe."

Key aspects of the context:
1. It talks about the "role" of government in society
2. It contrasts the time before FDR/New Deal with presumably later times
3. It mentions that government occupied a smaller role - this suggests the entity/institution itself, not the act of governing
4. The phrase "government occupied a much smaller role" suggests the governing authority/organization itself

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=government%1:14:00:: | definition=the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit | synonyms=authorities, regime | examples=the government reduced taxes; the matter was referred to higher authorities
- This refers to the organization/entity itself (the governing authority)
- Examples show it as an agent doing things (reduced taxes)

2. sense_key=government%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of governing; exercising authority | synonyms=governing, governance, government activity, administration | examples=regulations for the governing of state prisons; he had considerable experience of government
- This refers to the act/process of governing
- Examples: "experience of government" (could be ambiguous), "governing of state prisons"

3. sense_key=government%1:09:00:: | definition=(government) the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed | examples=tyrannical government
- This refers to the system or form of government (e.g., democracy, tyranny)
- Example "tyrannical government" suggests a type/system

4. sense_key=government%1:09:01:: | definition=the study of government of states and other political units | synonyms=politics, political science
- This is about the academic field
- Clearly not correct here

Now, analyzing the specific usage: "government occupied a much smaller role in society"

Is this referring to:
- The organization/institution itself (sense 1)?
- The act of governing (sense 2)?
- The system/form (sense 3)?

The phrase "occupied a much smaller role" suggests a concrete entity that can have a role, not an abstract act. However, we need to be careful.

Let's look at the examples again:
Sense 1: "the government reduced taxes" - government as agent
Sense 2: "regulations for the governing of state prisons" - process/activity; "he had considerable experience of government" - could mean experience working in the government (sense 1) or experience with the activity/process
Sense 3: "tyrannical government" - describes the nature/type

In the context: "government occupied a much smaller role in society" - this is referring to the size/scope of government intervention or the government apparatus in society. Before the New Deal, the federal government was smaller, had fewer programs, etc.

This seems to align best with sense 1: "the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit" - where "government" refers to the governing body/organization/institution as a whole.

However, let me reconsider sense 2. "The act of governing; exercising authority" - could "government occupied a smaller role" mean the activity of governing occupied a smaller role? That's possible, but less likely than referring to the institution itself.

Actually, looking carefully at the gloss for sense 1: "the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit" - this seems to fit well. The government (as an organization/institution) had a smaller role before the New Deal.

But wait, let me look at sense 2 again: "the act of governing; exercising authority". This is the activity sense. "Government" as a mass noun referring to the activity. Example: "he had considerable experience of government."

In the phrase "government occupied a much smaller role", "government" is being personified or treated as an entity that can occupy a role. This strongly suggests sense 1 (the organization/authority) rather than sense 2 (the act).

Sense 3 (system/form): "tyrannical government" is the example. This doesn't fit because the text isn't talking about the form or system of government, but rather the extent/size of government involvement.

Sense 4 is clearly wrong.

So it's between 1 and 2.

Let me think about "government" vs "governance". In modern political science discourse, "government" often refers to the institutional apparatus (sense 1), while "governance" refers to the process (sense 2).

The context mentions "the advent of the New Deal" which greatly expanded the role of the federal government (the organization/institution). The New Deal created many new government agencies and programs - this is about the organization/institution growing.

Therefore, sense 1 seems correct: the organization that is the governing authority.

However, I should double-check the WordNet sense distinctions. In WordNet:
- Sense 1 (1:14:00): The organization itself (the authorities, regime)
- Sense 2 (1:04:00): The act, governing, governance, administration
- Sense 3 (1:09:00): The system or form

The example given for sense 1: "the government reduced taxes" - here government is the agent (the organization).
The example for sense 3: "tyrannical government" - here government refers to the type/system (tyranny).

In our sentence: "government occupied a much smaller role" - this treats government as an entity that can have a role in society. This is consistent with the organization (sense 1).

Also, the context contrasts with "the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress". This is about policy making and benefits brought home by legislators. The "government" here that occupied a smaller role is the federal government as an institution that provides benefits/spending.

I think sense 1 is the best choice.

Wait, I should verify the indexing. The user asks for JSON like {"sense_index": 3}. The senses are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4 in the candidate list. So I should return the number corresponding to the best sense.

Sense 1: government%1:14:00::
Sense 2: government%1:04:00::
Sense 3: government%1:09:00::
Sense 4: government%1:09:01::

So if I choose sense 1, I return {"sense_index": 1}, etc.

Let me reconsider if sense 2 could be correct. "The act of governing occupied a much smaller role" - this is grammatical and makes sense. Before the New Deal, governing (the activity) was less extensive.

But the parallelism with "the advent of the New Deal" suggests we're talking about the institution. The New Deal expanded the government (institution) and its role.

Also, "government" without an article can sometimes be ambiguous, but here it seems to refer to the general concept of the governing authority.

Actually, looking at the examples provided in the candidates:
- Sense 1: "the government reduced taxes" (specific instance or the general institution)
- Sense 2: "regulations for the governing of state prisons" (clearly the act); "he had considerable experience of government" (could be either, but often means working in the institution)

In "government occupied a much smaller role", "government" is the subject of "occupied". This is similar to "the government reduced taxes" where government is the agent. In "he had considerable experience of government", government is the object of a preposition, which is more likely to be the activity sense.

But actually, "experience of government" can mean "experience working in the government" (institution) too.

Let me look for clues in the surrounding text. It mentions "national policy making", "local benefits", "taxes", "Congress". These are institutions and activities of the governing organization.

The text says: "government occupied a much smaller role in society". This is a general statement about the scope of government (the public sector/institution) in society.

I think sense 1 is clearly the best fit.

One final check: Could it be sense 3 (system/form)? "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt... government [as a system] occupied a much smaller role". This doesn't make sense because the system of government (democracy, republic) didn't necessarily occupy a smaller role - rather the activities and size of the governing apparatus did. And the example "tyrannical government" shows sense 3 is about the character/type, not the scope.

Therefore, sense 1 is correct.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: occupy
Target surface form: occupied
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government <t>occupied</t> a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=occupy%2:41:00:: | definition=keep busy with | synonyms=busy | examples=She busies herself with her butterfly collection
2. sense_key=occupy%2:42:00:: | definition=live (in a certain place) | synonyms=reside, lodge in | examples=She resides in Princeton; he occupies two rooms on the top floor
3. sense_key=occupy%2:42:01:: | definition=occupy the whole of | synonyms=fill | examples=The liquid fills the container
4. sense_key=occupy%2:42:04:: | definition=be on the mind of | synonyms=concern, interest, worry | examples=I worry about the second Germanic consonant shift
5. sense_key=occupy%2:33:00:: | definition=march aggressively into another's territory by military force for the purposes of conquest and occupation | synonyms=invade | examples=Hitler invaded Poland on September 1, 1939
6. sense_key=occupy%2:40:08:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=take, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
7. sense_key=occupy%2:31:00:: | definition=consume all of one's attention or time | synonyms=absorb, engross, engage | examples=Her interest in butterflies absorbs her completely
8. sense_key=occupy%2:41:04:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, take | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "occupied" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government <t>occupied</t> a much smaller role in society..."

 The sentence is talking about the role of government in society. Before FDR and the New Deal, government "occupied" a much smaller role.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. keep busy with - This doesn't fit. Government isn't "keeping busy with" a role.

 2. live (in a certain place) - This is about physical residence. Doesn't fit with "role in society."

 3. occupy the whole of - This means to fill completely. While "occupy a role" could potentially be related, this specific sense seems to be about filling space/containers physically.

 4. be on the mind of - This is about mental concern. Doesn't fit.

 5. march aggressively into another's territory - Military conquest. Doesn't fit here.

 6. require (time or space) - This is about taking up time or space. The example "This event occupied a very short time" shows temporal usage. But here we have "occupied a much smaller role" - this is about the position/status of government, not time or space.

 7. consume all of one's attention or time - This is about mental absorption. Doesn't fit with government and roles.

 8. assume, as of positions or roles - This sense is about holding/assuming positions or roles. The example "he occupies the position of manager" is very close to "government occupied a much smaller role."

 Wait, let me reconsider sense 6 vs sense 8.

 Sense 6: "require (time or space)" - examples show "It took three hours..." and "This event occupied a very short time" - this is about duration.

 Sense 8: "assume, as of positions or roles" - examples: "She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager"

 The phrase is "government occupied a much smaller role in society". This is clearly about holding/assuming a position or role in society.

 However, looking at sense 3: "occupy the whole of" with synonym "fill" - could "occupy a role" be interpreted as "fill a role"?

 Actually, looking carefully at sense 8: "assume, as of positions or roles" - the gloss says "assume" but the examples include "occupies the position of manager" which means to hold/fulfill that position.

 But wait, in the sentence "government occupied a much smaller role", it's saying that government held/constituted a smaller role in society.

 Let me check if there's a sense about "constituting" or "taking up" in the sense of being present as.

 Actually, looking at sense 6 again: "require (time or space)" - "This event occupied a very short time". This is about taking up time.

 But "occupy a role" is an idiom. In WordNet, "occupy" with "role" or "position" typically maps to sense 8: "assume, as of positions or roles" (occupy%2:41:04::).

 However, looking at the specific context: "government occupied a much smaller role in society" - this could mean that government took up/constituted a smaller portion of society's functions.

 But sense 8 specifically mentions "positions or roles" in the definition: "assume, as of positions or roles". And the example "he occupies the position of manager" is very analogous to "government occupied... a role".

 Sense 3 is "occupy the whole of" = fill. If something occupies a role, it fills that role. But sense 3 examples are "The liquid fills the container" - physical filling.

 Sense 8 seems the best fit because it explicitly mentions "roles" in the definition.

 Wait, I should check if there's any other interpretation. Could it be sense 6 (require time/space)? "Government occupied a much smaller role" - if we interpret "role" metaphorically as space, maybe, but that's a stretch.

 Could it be sense 7 (consume attention)? No.

 So it's between sense 3 (fill) and sense 8 (assume positions/roles).

 In WordNet, "occupy" in the sense of holding a job or position is sense 8. For example, "He occupies the chair of philosophy" would be sense 8.

 The phrase "occupy a role" is most similar to "occupy a position".

 Therefore, sense 8 (index 8) seems correct.

 But wait, looking at the sense keys:
 1. occupy%2:41:00::
 2. occupy%2:42:00::
 3. occupy%2:42:01::
 4. occupy%2:42:04::
 5. occupy%2:33:00::
 6. occupy%2:40:08::
 7. occupy%2:31:00::
 8. occupy%2:41:04::

 The indices in the JSON should correspond to the numbering in the list (1-8).

 So if I choose sense 8, the answer is {"sense_index": 8}.

 But let me double-check sense 6. "require (time or space)". Could "role" be considered "space" metaphorically? "A smaller role" = less space in society? The example "This event occupied a very short time" shows that "occupy" can take an object that specifies the amount (a very short time). Similarly, "a much smaller role" specifies the size of the role.

 However, "occupy a role" is a standard collocation meaning to hold/fulfill that role, which aligns with sense 8.

 Also, looking at the WordNet entry for occupy online (in my internal knowledge), sense 8 (occupy%2:41:04) is "assume, as of positions or roles" with synonyms fill, take.

 Actually, looking at the examples for sense 8: "She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager"

 The structure is: [subject] occupies [position/role].

 In the target sentence: "government occupied a much smaller role"

 This matches the structure perfectly.

 Sense 3 (occupy%2:42:01) is "occupy the whole of" with synonym "fill". This would be used like "The theater was occupied by the audience" or metaphorically "Memory occupies the whole of his mind." But "occupy a role" is not the same as "fill completely".

 Actually, "fill a role" is synonymous with "occupy a role" in the sense of performing the duties of that role. But WordNet sense 3 is specifically about "occupy the whole of" = taking up all available space. The gloss says "occupy the whole of" not just "fill".

 So sense 8 is definitely the correct choice.

 Therefore, the answer is {"sense_index": 8}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: role
Target surface form: role
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller <t>role</t> in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=role%1:04:00:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, office, part | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
2. sense_key=role%1:09:00:: | definition=an actor's portrayal of someone in a play | synonyms=character, theatrical role, part, persona | examples=she played the part of Desdemona
3. sense_key=role%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, purpose, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
4. sense_key=role%1:04:01:: | definition=normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting | examples=what is your role on the team?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "role" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses government, politics, and society
 - The specific sentence is: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller <t>role</t> in society..."
 - Here, "role" refers to the function, position, or part that government plays in society
 - It's talking about the scope or extent of government's involvement/activity in society

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=role%1:04:00::
    - definition: the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group
    - synonyms: function, office, part
    - examples: the function of a teacher; the government must do its part

    This seems like a strong candidate. It refers to the activities/expectations of a group (government) and has synonyms like "function" and "part" which fit well with "government occupied a much smaller role in society."

 2. sense_key=role%1:09:00::
    - definition: an actor's portrayal of someone in a play
    - synonyms: character, theatrical role, part, persona
    - examples: she played the part of Desdemona

    This is clearly about acting/theater. The context is about government in society, not acting. Eliminate.

 3. sense_key=role%1:07:00::
    - definition: what something is used for
    - synonyms: function, purpose, use
    - examples: the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?

    This refers to the purpose or utility of an object/tool. While "government" could be seen as having a purpose, this sense seems more oriented towards physical objects or tools (like an auger) rather than the abstract societal position of an institution. The examples suggest concrete utility/functions of things.

 4. sense_key=role%1:04:01::
    - definition: normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting
    - examples: what is your role on the team?

    This is close to sense 1, but focuses on "normal or customary activity" in a "social setting" for a "person". While government could metaphorically be a "person" in some contexts, sense 1 seems broader and more appropriate for a group's activities in society.

 Comparing sense 1 and sense 4:
 - Sense 1: "actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group" - fits government (a group/institution) and the activities expected of it in society
 - Sense 4: "normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting" - more individual-focused, "what is your role on the team"

 The context emphasizes that government occupied a smaller role - meaning it had fewer responsibilities, activities, or functions in society. This aligns best with sense 1, which emphasizes "actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group."

 Also, looking at the examples for sense 1: "the government must do its part" - this directly parallels the context about government's role in society.

 Sense 3 is about utility/purpose of objects primarily. While one could argue government has a "function," the phrase "occupied a... role in society" is more about the position and expected activities (sense 1) rather than the utilitarian purpose (sense 3).

 Therefore, the best sense is sense 1 (index 1).

 Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user asks for a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}. The senses are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4 in the list provided.

 So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

 Actually, looking carefully at the definitions:
 - Sense 1: role%1:04:00:: - "the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group"
 - Sense 4: role%1:04:01:: - "normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting"

 The key difference is that sense 1 explicitly mentions "group" which fits "government" perfectly, while sense 4 mentions "person" (though it could be metaphorical). Also, sense 1 includes "function" and "office" as synonyms, and "part" - and the example "the government must do its part" is very close to the context.

 The phrase "occupied a much smaller role in society" is discussing the scope of government's involvement - the activities and functions it performs. This is definitely sense 1.

 Final check: Could it be sense 3? "what something is used for" - "government occupied a much smaller what something is used for in society" - that doesn't parse well. "Role" in the context clearly means the position or set of activities, not the utilitarian purpose.

 So the answer is sense 1.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: society
Target surface form: society
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in <t>society</t> and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=society%1:14:00:: | definition=an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization
2. sense_key=society%1:14:01:: | definition=a formal association of people with similar interests | synonyms=club, social club, guild, gild, lodge, order | examples=he joined a golf club; they formed a small lunch society
3. sense_key=society%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being with someone | synonyms=company, companionship, fellowship | examples=he missed their company; he enjoyed the society of his friends
4. sense_key=society%1:14:02:: | definition=the fashionable elite | synonyms=high society, beau monde, smart set, bon ton

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "society" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses government policy making, legislators, voters, and the role of government in "society"
 - The specific sentence is: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in <t>society</t> and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe."
 - Here, "society" refers to the broader social structure or the community at large, not a specific club or organization, nor the state of being with someone, nor the fashionable elite.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=society%1:14:00:: | definition=an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization
    - This seems to fit best. It refers to society as a whole - the extended social group with cultural and economic organization. The context is talking about government's role in the broader social structure.

 2. sense_key=society%1:14:01:: | definition=a formal association of people with similar interests | synonyms=club, social club, guild, gild, lodge, order | examples=he joined a golf club; they formed a small lunch society
    - This refers to specific organizations or clubs. The context is not talking about a club, but about the broader concept of society as a whole.

 3. sense_key=society%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being with someone | synonyms=company, companionship, fellowship | examples=he missed their company; he enjoyed the society of his friends
    - This refers to companionship or being with others. The context is not about personal companionship.

 4. sense_key=society%1:14:02:: | definition=the fashionable elite | synonyms=high society, beau monde, smart set, bon ton
    - This refers to high society or the elite. The context is not about fashionable people or the elite class specifically.

 The context clearly uses "society" to mean the broader social structure or community - "government occupied a much smaller role in society" means in the broader social/economic system. This matches sense 1: "an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization."

 Therefore, the correct answer is sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: problem
Target surface form: problem
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma <t>problem</t> confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=problem%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=job | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him
2. sense_key=problem%1:10:00:: | definition=a question raised for consideration or solution | examples=our homework consisted of ten problems to solve
3. sense_key=problem%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=trouble | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "problem" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text discusses political theory about voting behavior, specifically regarding the "prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters"
 - The phrase "prisoner's dilemma problem" suggests that "problem" here refers to a specific issue or difficulty associated with the prisoner's dilemma concept
 - The prisoner's dilemma is a classic game theory scenario where individuals acting in their own self-interest lead to a suboptimal outcome for the group
 - The text says this "problem" was "considerably less severe" before the New Deal era, implying it's a difficulty or troublesome situation

 Candidate sense analysis:

 1. sense_key=problem%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=job | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him
    - This suggests a general state of difficulty or problematic condition
    - "Job" as a synonym here means a difficult task or situation
    - This could fit: the prisoner's dilemma creates a state of difficulty for voters

 2. sense_key=problem%1:10:00:: | definition=a question raised for consideration or solution | examples=our homework consisted of ten problems to solve
    - This is the "puzzle" or "exercise" sense, like a math problem
    - The context is not talking about a question to be solved like a homework exercise
    - The prisoner's dilemma is not being treated as a question here, but as a structural difficulty

 3. sense_key=problem%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=trouble | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?
    - This focuses on the source/cause of difficulty
    - "Trouble" as a synonym
    - "What's the problem?" - asking about the source of trouble
    - In the context: "the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters" - this could mean the prisoner's dilemma as a source of difficulty/trouble for voters

 Distinction between sense 1 and sense 3:
 - Sense 1 (problem%1:26:00::): "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved" - this is about the condition/state itself
 - Sense 3 (problem%1:09:00::): "a source of difficulty" - this is about what causes the difficulty

 In the phrase "the prisoner's dilemma problem", the word "problem" is being used to characterize the prisoner's dilemma itself. The prisoner's dilemma is a source of difficulty for voters (they face a dilemma/trouble in coordinating their votes).

 However, looking closely at the phrase "the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters", it seems to refer to the problematic situation or difficulty that voters face due to the prisoner's dilemma structure.

 Let me reconsider the WordNet senses more carefully:

 Sense 1 (26): "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved" - this is often used for personal problems, issues in relationships, etc. "Having problems"

 Sense 3 (09): "a source of difficulty" - this is more like "the problem is that we don't have enough time" or "what's the problem?" referring to the specific thing causing trouble.

 In the context: "the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters" - this describes a situation or condition that voters face. The prisoner's dilemma creates a problematic state of affairs.

 But wait, looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1: "she and her husband are having problems" - this is a state of difficulty in their relationship
 - Sense 3: "one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?" - this is about the source of the trouble

 In the prisoner's dilemma context, is "problem" referring to:
 a) The prisoner's dilemma as a source of difficulty/trouble for voters? (Sense 3)
 b) The state of difficulty that voters find themselves in? (Sense 1)

 The phrase "the prisoner's dilemma problem" treats the prisoner's dilemma as the problem itself - i.e., the source of difficulty. The prisoner's dilemma is the thing causing the trouble.

 However, looking at typical usage of "the prisoner's dilemma problem", it often refers to the problematic nature of the dilemma itself as it applies to a situation.

 Let me look at the specific wording again: "the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters"

 If I say "the unemployment problem confronting the nation", is "problem" sense 1 or 3?
 - It could be sense 1: a state of difficulty (the state of being unemployed)
 - Or sense 3: unemployment as a source of difficulty

 Actually, looking at WordNet's own structure:
 - Sense 1 (26) is under noun.state (a stable state)
 - Sense 3 (09) is under noun.cognition? No, let me check...

 Actually, looking at the sense keys:
 - problem%1:26:00:: - 26 usually refers to noun.state or noun.attribute? Let me recall WordNet lexicographer file numbers...
 - 26 is noun.state
 - 09 is noun.cognition? No, 09 is noun.cognition... wait, no:
 - 10 is noun.communication (for the "question" sense - that makes sense, a problem in a textbook)
 - 26 is noun.state (a state of difficulty)
 - 09... actually looking at standard WordNet lexicographer files:
   - 09 is noun.cognition? No, that's 06...
   - Actually:
     - 26: noun.state
     - 10: noun.communication
     - 09: noun.cognition? Let me verify...

 Actually, standard WordNet 3.0 lexicographer file numbers:
 - noun.state: 26
 - noun.communication: 10
 - noun.cognition: 06? No, that's not right.

 Wait, the sense keys given are:
 1. problem%1:26:00:: - this is definitely noun.state (state of difficulty)
 2. problem%1:10:00:: - this is noun.communication (a question)
 3. problem%1:09:00:: - this is likely noun.cognition or noun.attribute? Actually, looking at common patterns:
    - 09 is often noun.cognition (concepts, ideas)
    - But "source of difficulty" sounds like it could be noun.state or noun.cognition...

 Actually, checking WordNet documentation:
 - Lexicographer files:
   - noun.state: 26
   - noun.communication: 10
   - noun.cognition: 06? No...

 Wait, I should look at the actual definitions to determine the semantic distinction.

 Sense 1: "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved" - this is about being in a problematic situation
 Sense 3: "a source of difficulty" - this is about the cause

 In "the prisoner's dilemma problem", the word "problem" is appositional or attributive to "prisoner's dilemma" - it's saying the prisoner's dilemma IS the problem. The prisoner's dilemma is the source of difficulty for voters.

 But "confronting voters" suggests the voters are facing this difficulty.

 Let me look at similar constructions:
 - "the drug problem" - usually sense 1 (the societal state of having drugs) or sense 3 (drugs as the source)?
 - "the pollution problem" - similarly ambiguous

 However, looking at the examples provided:
 - Sense 1: "she and her husband are having problems" - personal, relational
 - Sense 3: "one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?" - asking for the source/cause

 In the context: "the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe"

 If something is "severe", it suggests a condition or state (sense 1). We say "the problem was severe" - meaning the difficulty was great.

 Also, comparing to "prisoner's dilemma problem" - this is a compound where "problem" specifies what kind of thing the prisoner's dilemma represents in this context. The prisoner's dilemma represents a difficult situation (state) that voters face.

 But actually, looking carefully at academic usage, "the prisoner's dilemma problem" usually refers to the problem posed by the prisoner's dilemma structure - i.e., the difficulty it creates.

 I think sense 1 is the best fit: "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved". The prisoner's dilemma creates a state of difficulty for voters (they are in a problematic situation where individual and collective rationality diverge).

 Wait, but sense 3 "a source of difficulty" also fits well: the prisoner's dilemma is the source of the difficulty.

 Let me look at the synonym clues:
 - Sense 1: synonym = "job" (as in "it's a real job" = it's difficult)
 - Sense 3: synonym = "trouble"

 "Trouble" fits better with "prisoner's dilemma" than "job" does. We say "the trouble with the prisoner's dilemma" more naturally than "the job of the prisoner's dilemma".

 Also, "what's the problem?" maps to "what's the trouble?"

 In the sentence: "the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters" - if we substitute "trouble": "the prisoner's dilemma trouble confronting voters" - that works.

 If we substitute "job": "the prisoner's dilemma job confronting voters" - that doesn't work as well.

 So sense 3 seems better.

 But let me reconsider sense 1. The example "it is always a job to contact him" suggests difficulty, effort. The prisoner's dilemma does create a difficult situation.

 However, the key distinction in WordNet is:
 - Sense 1 (26): the difficulty itself, the troubled condition
 - Sense 3 (09): the thing causing the difficulty

 In "the prisoner's dilemma problem", the prisoner's dilemma IS the problem. It's the source.

 Also, looking at the phrase "the problem was considerably less severe" - can a source be severe? "The source of difficulty was severe" - that's a bit odd. Usually the difficulty/state is severe.

 But "the problem was less severe" could mean either the source was less severe (less serious) or the state was less severe.

 Actually, looking at the full phrase: "the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters... was considerably less severe"

 If "problem" = state of difficulty, then "the state of difficulty was severe" makes sense.
 If "problem" = source of difficulty, then "the source of difficulty was severe" is somewhat metaphorical but acceptable (meaning the source created severe difficulty).

 But there's another clue: "Prior to... government occupied a much smaller role... and the prisoner's dilemma problem... was considerably less severe."

 This suggests that as government grew larger, the problem became more severe. This refers to the severity of the dilemma/difficulty itself.

 In game theory, when we say "the prisoner's dilemma problem", we usually mean the problematic situation characterized by the payoff structure.

 I think I need to look at this differently. The target is "problem" in the phrase "the prisoner's dilemma problem".

 In many academic texts, "the X problem" where X is a technical term (like "prisoner's dilemma", "framing", "measurement") uses "problem" in sense 1: a state of difficulty or the difficult situation itself.

 But let me check if there's a pattern with "dilemma problem". A dilemma is already a problem. "The dilemma problem" is slightly redundant, emphasizing that this is a difficult situation.

 Given the choice between:
 1. A state of difficulty (the condition voters face)
 3. A source of difficulty (the dilemma as the cause)

 And considering that "prisoner's dilemma" is itself a type of problem (a difficult choice/situation), adding "problem" after it emphasizes that this is a difficult state of affairs.

 However, looking at the WordNet examples again:
 - Sense 1: "she and her husband are having problems" - plural, personal
 - Sense 3: "one trouble after another" - can be impersonal, "what's the problem?"

 The prisoner's dilemma is an abstract game-theoretic construct. It's not a personal problem like marital issues (sense 1 example). It's more like "the trouble with this situation is..."

 Actually, looking at similar WSD decisions for "problem" in academic contexts:
 - "the optimization problem" - usually sense 2 (question to be solved) if it's a math problem, or sense 1/3 if it's the difficulty
 - "the collective action problem" - usually refers to the difficulty of achieving collective action (sense 1 or 3)

 But "prisoner's dilemma" specifically refers to a game structure. The "problem" here refers to the problematic nature of this structure for achieving optimal outcomes.

 I think the key is the word "severe". We describe conditions/states as severe. "A severe problem" usually means a serious difficulty (sense 1).

 Also, sense 3 "source of difficulty" with synonym "trouble" - "severe trouble" is common, but "the trouble was severe" is also common.

 Let me look at the instruction: "Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense."

 Synonym for sense 1: "job" (meaning a difficult task)
 Synonym for sense 3: "trouble"

 In the context: "the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters"

 If we substitute: "the prisoner's dilemma job confronting voters" - awkward, doesn't fit.
 If we substitute: "the prisoner's dilemma trouble confronting voters" - fits better.

 Therefore, sense 3 seems better.

 But wait, "job" in this sense means "a difficult undertaking" or "state of difficulty". "It is always a job to contact him" means it is always difficult.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet entry for problem:
 - Sense 1: problem, job (a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved) - "she and her husband are having problems"
 - Sense 2: problem (a question raised for consideration or solution) - "our homework consisted of ten problems"
 - Sense 3: trouble, problem (a source of difficulty) - "one trouble after another delayed the job"

 Given that "prisoner's dilemma" is a specific technical term for a type of strategic interaction, and the text is discussing it as something that confronts voters (they face this difficulty), and "trouble" fits better than "job" in this context, I should choose sense 3.

 However, there's a complication. The phrase "prisoner's dilemma problem" might be treating "problem" as the general term for the game-theoretic situation, i.e., the problematic state.

 But given the synonym test ("trouble" vs "job"), sense 3 wins.

 Let me reconsider one more time. Is "prisoner's dilemma" the source, or is the "problem" the state?

 The prisoner's dilemma creates a problematic situation. The dilemma is the source (sense 3), the situation is the state (sense 1).

 But when we say "the prisoner's dilemma problem", we are referring to the problem associated with or constituted by the prisoner's dilemma. The dilemma itself is the problem.

 In "what's the problem?", we are asking for the source of the difficulty.

 In "the problem confronting voters", this could be interpreted either way, but given the academic context of game theory, and the fact that the prisoner's dilemma is the canonical example of a collective action problem (where "problem" = source of difficulty/failure), sense 3 seems most appropriate.

 Final decision: sense_index: 3

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: race
Target surface form: races
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in <t>races</t> for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=race%1:11:01:: | definition=any competition | examples=the race for the presidency
2. sense_key=race%1:11:00:: | definition=a contest of speed | examples=the race is to the swift
3. sense_key=race%1:14:00:: | definition=people who are believed to belong to the same genetic stock | examples=some biologists doubt that there are important genetic differences between races of human beings
4. sense_key=race%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group that is a division of a species; usually arises as a consequence of geographical isolation within a species | synonyms=subspecies
5. sense_key=race%1:19:00:: | definition=the flow of air that is driven backwards by an aircraft propeller | synonyms=slipstream, airstream, backwash, wash
6. sense_key=race%1:06:00:: | definition=a canal for a current of water | synonyms=raceway

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "races" in the given context.

 Target lemma: race
 Target surface form: races
 Context: The text discusses political races, specifically "races for the White House" and "races for Congress".

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=race%1:11:01:: | definition=any competition | examples=the race for the presidency
 2. sense_key=race%1:11:00:: | definition=a contest of speed | examples=the race is to the swift
 3. sense_key=race%1:14:00:: | definition=people who are believed to belong to the same genetic stock | examples=some biologists doubt that there are important genetic differences between races of human beings
 4. sense_key=race%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group that is a division of a species; usually arises as a consequence of geographical isolation within a species | synonyms=subspecies
 5. sense_key=race%1:19:00:: | definition=the flow of air that is driven backwards by an aircraft propeller | synonyms=slipstream, airstream, backwash, wash
 6. sense_key=race%1:06:00:: | definition=a canal for a current of water | synonyms=raceway

 The context mentions:
 - "In races for the White House" - this refers to political competition/elections
 - "races for Congress" - also political competition/elections

 Sense 1 (race%1:11:01::) has the example "the race for the presidency" which directly matches "races for the White House". The definition "any competition" fits political elections/competitions.

 Sense 2 (race%1:11:00::) refers to speed contests (like foot races, horse races), which doesn't fit political elections.

 Senses 3 and 4 refer to biological/genetic races, which is clearly not the meaning here.

 Sense 5 refers to airflow from propellers, irrelevant.

 Sense 6 refers to water canals, irrelevant.

 Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1 (index 1).

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: explain
Target surface form: explains
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it <t>explains</t> why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=explain%2:32:00:: | definition=make plain and comprehensible | synonyms=explicate | examples=He explained the laws of physics to his students
2. sense_key=explain%2:32:01:: | definition=define | examples=The committee explained their plan for fund-raising to the Dean
3. sense_key=explain%2:32:02:: | definition=serve as a reason or cause or justification of | synonyms=excuse | examples=Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival at work; Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "explains" in the given context. I need to choose between three candidate senses:

1. explain%2:32:00:: - make plain and comprehensible (synonyms: explicate)
2. explain%2:32:01:: - define (examples: committee explained their plan...)
3. explain%2:32:02:: - serve as a reason or cause or justification of (synonyms: excuse)

Let me analyze the context:

The sentence is: "While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things."

Then it lists what the theory explains:
1. "why ticket splitting has increased..."
2. "why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives..."
3. "why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making..."

So the theory is providing reasons or causes for these phenomena. It's not just making them comprehensible (sense 1) or defining them (sense 2), but rather accounting for them, serving as a reason or cause for why these things happen.

Sense 3 is "serve as a reason or cause or justification of" with synonyms including "excuse". The examples include "Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again" - this is clearly about providing a reason/cause for something.

In the context, the theory explains (accounts for, provides a reason for) why certain political phenomena occur. This matches sense 3.

Sense 1 (make plain and comprehensible) is about clarifying or elucidating something complex to make it understandable. While the theory does make things understandable, the specific usage here is about accounting for phenomena - providing the causal mechanism or reason why things are the way they are.

Sense 2 (define) is clearly wrong - the theory isn't defining these things.

So the best sense is sense 3: explain%2:32:02:: - serve as a reason or cause or justification of.

Wait, let me double-check. The phrase "explain several things" followed by "why..." clauses suggests causation/reasoning. The theory accounts for these observations.

Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
- Sense 1: make plain and comprehensible (this is the most general sense)
- Sense 2: define (this seems like a specific type of explanation)
- Sense 3: serve as a reason or cause or justification of (this is about explaining behavior or phenomena by providing causes)

In the context: "it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased..."

This is clearly using "explain" in the sense of providing a reason or cause for observed phenomena. This is sense 3.

The example for sense 3: "Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again" - divorce is the cause/reason for the reluctance.

Similarly, the theory is the cause/reason for the phenomena described (or rather, provides the causal explanation).

So I should choose sense index 3.

The output format should be: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hold
Target surface form: hold
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters <t>hold</t> Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hold%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. sense_key=hold%2:35:00:: | definition=have or hold in one's hands or grip | synonyms=take hold | examples=Hold this bowl for a moment, please; A crazy idea took hold of him
3. sense_key=hold%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=throw, have, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
4. sense_key=hold%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have, have got | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
5. sense_key=hold%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view | synonyms=deem, view as, take for | examples=take for granted; view as important
6. sense_key=hold%2:37:00:: | definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse | examples=bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions
7. sense_key=hold%2:35:03:: | definition=to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement | synonyms=restrain, confine | examples=This holds the local until the express passengers change trains; About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade
8. sense_key=hold%2:40:02:: | definition=secure and keep for possible future use or application | synonyms=retain, keep back, hold back | examples=The landlord retained the security deposit; I reserve the right to disagree
9. sense_key=hold%2:40:04:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=bear | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
10. sense_key=hold%2:35:01:: | definition=be the physical support of; carry the weight of | synonyms=support, sustain, hold up | examples=The beam holds up the roof; He supported me with one hand while I balanced on the beam
11. sense_key=hold%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=bear, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
12. sense_key=hold%2:42:05:: | definition=have room for; hold without crowding | synonyms=accommodate, admit | examples=This hotel can accommodate 250 guests; The theater admits 300 people
13. sense_key=hold%2:42:01:: | definition=remain in a certain state, position, or condition | examples=The weather held; They held on the road and kept marching
14. sense_key=hold%2:35:02:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=carry, bear | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
15. sense_key=hold%2:42:02:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=prevail, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
16. sense_key=hold%2:31:08:: | definition=assert or affirm | examples=Rousseau's philosophy holds that people are inherently good
17. sense_key=hold%2:42:07:: | definition=have as a major characteristic | examples=The novel holds many surprises; The book holds in store much valuable advise
18. sense_key=hold%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, take | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
19. sense_key=hold%2:41:00:: | definition=arrange for and reserve (something for someone else) in advance | synonyms=reserve, book | examples=reserve me a seat on a flight; The agent booked tickets to the show for the whole family
20. sense_key=hold%2:33:05:: | definition=protect against a challenge or attack | synonyms=defend, guard | examples=Hold that position behind the trees!; Hold the bridge against the enemy's attacks
21. sense_key=hold%2:32:13:: | definition=bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted | synonyms=oblige, bind, obligate | examples=He's held by a contract; I'll hold you by your promise
22. sense_key=hold%2:31:04:: | definition=hold the attention of | examples=The soprano held the audience; This story held our interest
23. sense_key=hold%2:31:10:: | definition=remain committed to | examples=I hold to these ideas
24. sense_key=hold%2:42:08:: | definition=resist or confront with resistance | synonyms=defy, withstand, hold up | examples=The politician defied public opinion; The new material withstands even the greatest wear and tear
25. sense_key=hold%2:42:04:: | definition=be pertinent or relevant or applicable | synonyms=apply, go for | examples=The same laws apply to you!; This theory holds for all irrational numbers
26. sense_key=hold%2:42:12:: | definition=stop dealing with | examples=hold all calls to the President's office while he is in a meeting
27. sense_key=hold%2:41:15:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
28. sense_key=hold%2:41:13:: | definition=keep from departing | examples=Hold the taxi; Hold the horse
29. sense_key=hold%2:41:14:: | definition=take and maintain control over, often by violent means | examples=The dissatisfied students held the President's office for almost a week
30. sense_key=hold%2:38:05:: | definition=cause to stop | synonyms=halt, arrest | examples=Halt the engines; Arrest the progress
31. sense_key=hold%2:35:09:: | definition=cover as for protection against noise or smell | examples=She held her ears when the jackhammer started to operate; hold one's nose
32. sense_key=hold%2:34:00:: | definition=drink alcohol without showing ill effects | synonyms=carry | examples=He can hold his liquor; he had drunk more than he could carry
33. sense_key=hold%2:33:00:: | definition=aim, point, or direct | examples=Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames
34. sense_key=hold%2:32:11:: | definition=declare to be | synonyms=declare, adjudge | examples=She was declared incompetent; judge held that the defendant was innocent
35. sense_key=hold%2:32:15:: | definition=be in accord; be in agreement | synonyms=agree, concur, concord | examples=We agreed on the terms of the settlement; I can't agree with you!
36. sense_key=hold%2:29:04:: | definition=keep from exhaling or expelling | examples=hold your breath

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "hold" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "Second, it explains why voters <t>hold</t> Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives"

 The structure is "hold [someone/something] in [emotion/state]" - specifically "hold Congress in disdain".

 This is an idiomatic expression meaning to regard or consider Congress with disdain/contempt.

 Let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=hold%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=keep clean; hold in place
 - This is about maintaining a state. "Hold in disdain" could fit here as keeping Congress in a state of disdain, but let's check others.

 2. sense_key=hold%2:35:00:: | definition=have or hold in one's hands or grip | synonyms=take hold
 - Physical holding, not relevant.

 3. sense_key=hold%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for
 - Not relevant.

 4. sense_key=hold%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense
 - "Have" in abstract sense. Could be "have disdain for", but the structure is "hold in disdain".

 5. sense_key=hold%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view | synonyms=deem, view as, take for
 - This looks promising. "Hold in disdain" means to view/regard with disdain. The synonyms include "deem, view as".

 6. sense_key=hold%2:37:00:: | definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse
 - This is about maintaining feelings. "Hold a grudge", "entertain notions". "Hold in disdain" could fit here as maintaining a feeling of disdain toward Congress.

 7. sense_key=hold%2:35:03:: | definition=to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement
 - Physical restraint, not relevant.

 8. sense_key=hold%2:40:02:: | definition=secure and keep for possible future use or application
 - Not relevant.

 9. sense_key=hold%2:40:04:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices
 - Not relevant.

 10. sense_key=hold%2:35:01:: | definition=be the physical support of
 - Not relevant.

 11. sense_key=hold%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within
 - Not relevant.

 12. sense_key=hold%2:42:05:: | definition=have room for
 - Not relevant.

 13. sense_key=hold%2:42:01:: | definition=remain in a certain state, position, or condition
 - Not relevant.

 14. sense_key=hold%2:35:02:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner
 - Not relevant.

 15. sense_key=hold%2:42:02:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true
 - Not relevant.

 16. sense_key=hold%2:31:08:: | definition=assert or affirm
 - "Hold that people are good" - this is about asserting a proposition. "Hold Congress in disdain" is not asserting a proposition but having an attitude.

 17. sense_key=hold%2:42:07:: | definition=have as a major characteristic
 - Not relevant.

 18. sense_key=hold%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing
 - Not relevant.

 19. sense_key=hold%2:41:00:: | definition=arrange for and reserve
 - Not relevant.

 20. sense_key=hold%2:33:05:: | definition=protect against a challenge or attack
 - Not relevant.

 21. sense_key=hold%2:32:13:: | definition=bind by an obligation
 - Not relevant.

 22. sense_key=hold%2:31:04:: | definition=hold the attention of
 - Not relevant.

 23. sense_key=hold%2:31:10:: | definition=remain committed to
 - "Hold to these ideas" - similar to maintaining a belief, but "hold in disdain" is different.

 24. sense_key=hold%2:42:08:: | definition=resist or confront with resistance
 - Not relevant.

 25. sense_key=hold%2:42:04:: | definition=be pertinent or relevant or applicable
 - Not relevant.

 26. sense_key=hold%2:42:12:: | definition=stop dealing with
 - Not relevant.

 27. sense_key=hold%2:41:15:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint
 - "Hold your tongue" - restrain. Not relevant.

 28. sense_key=hold%2:41:13:: | definition=keep from departing
 - Not relevant.

 29. sense_key=hold%2:41:14:: | definition=take and maintain control over
 - Not relevant.

 30. sense_key=hold%2:38:05:: | definition=cause to stop
 - Not relevant.

 31. sense_key=hold%2:35:09:: | definition=cover as for protection against noise or smell
 - Not relevant.

 32. sense_key=hold%2:34:00:: | definition=drink alcohol without showing ill effects
 - Not relevant.

 33. sense_key=hold%2:33:00:: | definition=aim, point, or direct
 - Not relevant.

 34. sense_key=hold%2:32:11:: | definition=declare to be
 - Not relevant.

 35. sense_key=hold%2:32:15:: | definition=be in accord; be in agreement
 - Not relevant.

 36. sense_key=hold%2:29:04:: | definition=keep from exhaling or expelling
 - Not relevant.

 Now, between sense 5 and sense 6:

 Sense 5: keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view; synonyms=deem, view as, take for
 Sense 6: maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings); synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse

 "Hold in disdain" is a specific idiom. Let me check WordNet for "hold in disdain".

 Actually, looking at the examples:
 - Sense 5 examples: "take for granted; view as important"
 - Sense 6 examples: "bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions"

 "Hold in disdain" means to regard with contempt or to view as unworthy. This aligns with sense 5 (view as, deem). However, sense 6 is about maintaining feelings (harbor, entertain).

 But "hold in disdain" is closer to "view as" or "regard as" - it's about the mental attitude or opinion one has.

 Wait, looking at the definition of sense 5 again: "keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view"
 And sense 6: "maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings)"

 "Hold in disdain" is definitely about having a particular view/opinion of Congress. It's synonymous with "regard with disdain" or "view with disdain".

 Sense 5 has synonyms "deem, view as, take for". This fits well with "view as [being in a state of disdain]" or rather "hold [someone] in [state]".

 Actually, looking at the structure "hold X in Y", this is a specific construction. In WordNet, "hold in disdain" might be mapped to sense 5 or sense 6.

 But let's look at sense 1: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity" - examples "keep clean; hold in place". This is about maintaining a state. "Hold Congress in disdain" could mean keeping Congress in the state of being disdained? No, that doesn't make sense. It's the voters who have the disdain.

 Actually, "hold [someone] in [esteem/contempt/disdain]" means to have a particular attitude toward someone.

 In WordNet, the sense for "hold" meaning "to regard or consider in a specified way" is often sense 5: "keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view".

 But let me check if there's a better fit. Sense 6 is "maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings)". If disdain is a feeling, then maintaining that feeling toward Congress could fit.

 However, "hold in high esteem" and "hold in contempt" are standard phrases. In WordNet, these are usually mapped to the sense of "deem" or "view as" (sense 5), or possibly the sense of "harbor/entertain" (sense 6).

 Let me reconsider sense 5: "keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view"
 Examples: "take for granted; view as important"

 If I say "I hold him in high regard", it means I view him as important/worthy. This matches "view as important" from sense 5.

 Similarly, "hold in disdain" = view as unworthy/contemptible.

 Sense 6 examples: "bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions". These are about having/maintaining specific mental contents.

 But "hold in disdain" is more about the attitude or opinion (view) rather than maintaining a feeling. Though disdain is a feeling...

 Actually, looking at standard WSD for "hold in contempt", it is usually sense 5 or similar.

 Wait, I should look at the specific WordNet sense keys provided.

 Sense 5: hold%2:31:01::
 Sense 6: hold%2:37:00::

 The verb class (2nd number):
 - 31 is cognition
 - 37 is emotion

 "Hold in disdain" involves cognition (viewing, deeming) and emotion (disdain).

 But "deem" and "view as" are definitely cognition verbs. "Harbor" and "entertain" (in the sense of "entertain doubts") are also cognition but with an emotional component.

 However, "hold in disdain" is very similar to "hold in contempt". Let me think about which sense "hold in contempt" would be.

 Actually, looking at the examples for sense 5: "take for granted; view as important"
 And for sense 6: "bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions"

 "Hold in disdain" fits better with sense 5 because:
 1. It parallels "view as important" (view as contemptible)
 2. "Take for granted" is similar to having a certain view of something

 But wait, there's also the possibility of sense 1: "keep in a certain state". If we interpret "hold Congress in disdain" as keeping Congress in the state of being disdained... no, that's not right. The voters are the ones doing the holding, and they hold (have) the disdain.

 Actually, looking at the phrase "hold [someone] in [state]", like "hold him in custody", that's sense 1 (keep in a certain state). But "disdain" is not a physical state of Congress, it's an attitude of the voters.

 So it's not sense 1.

 Between sense 5 and 6, sense 5 seems better because "deem" and "view as" capture the evaluative judgment aspect of "hold in disdain".

 However, I should check if there's a specific sense for "hold" meaning "to regard" or "consider".

 In WordNet 3.0/3.1, the sense "deem, view as, take for" is indeed one of the senses for "hold".

 Let me verify the sense key format. hold%2:31:01::
 - 2 = verb
 - 31 = cognition
 - 01 = specific sense

 hold%2:37:00::
 - 37 = emotion

 "Hold in disdain" is about having a low opinion of Congress - this is cognitive (an opinion) but also emotional (disdain).

 But the key is the specific construction "hold X in Y" where Y is an attitude.

 Actually, looking at the provided list again, I see sense 5 is "keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view" with synonyms "deem, view as, take for".

 This is the best fit. "Voters hold Congress in disdain" = Voters view Congress as contemptible / Voters deem Congress worthy of disdain.

 Sense 6 "maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings)" with "harbor, entertain" is also possible, but "entertain disdain" is less common than "hold in disdain", and "harbor disdain" is possible but "hold in disdain" is more about the judgment/view.

 Also, the example "view as important" in sense 5 directly parallels "hold in high regard" or "hold in disdain".

 Therefore, I choose sense 5.

 Wait, I need to check the index. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=hold%2:42:00::
 2. sense_key=hold%2:35:00::
 ...
 5. sense_key=hold%2:31:01::
 ...

 So sense 5 corresponds to index 5.

 Let me double-check if there's any other sense that could fit.

 Sense 16: "assert or affirm" - "hold that people are good". This is propositional. "Hold Congress in disdain" is not asserting a proposition about Congress, it's expressing an attitude.

 Sense 23: "remain committed to" - "hold to these ideas". Not the same.

 So yes, sense 5 (index 5) is the best choice.

 The JSON should be: {"sense_index": 5}