[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: close
Target surface form: close
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are <t>close</t> to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=close%3:00:01:: | definition=at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other | examples=close to noon; how close are we to town?
2. sense_key=close%3:00:02:: | definition=close in relevance or relationship | examples=a close family; we are all...in close sympathy with...
3. sense_key=close%3:00:05:: | definition=not far distant in time or space or degree or circumstances | synonyms=near, nigh | examples=near neighbors; in the near future
4. sense_key=close%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=rigorously attentive; strict and thorough | examples=close supervision; paid close attention
5. sense_key=close%5:00:00:accurate:00 | definition=marked by fidelity to an original | synonyms=faithful | examples=a close translation; a faithful copy of the portrait
6. sense_key=close%5:00:00:equal:00 | definition=(of a contest or contestants) evenly matched | synonyms=tight | examples=a close contest; a close election
7. sense_key=close%5:00:00:confined:00 | definition=crowded | synonyms=confining | examples=close quarters
8. sense_key=close%5:00:00:unventilated:00 | definition=lacking fresh air | synonyms=airless, stuffy, unaired | examples=a dusty airless attic; the dreadfully close atmosphere
9. sense_key=close%5:00:00:fine:00 | definition=of textiles | synonyms=tight | examples=a close weave; smooth percale with a very tight weave
10. sense_key=close%5:00:00:restrained:00 | definition=strictly confined or guarded | examples=kept under close custody
11. sense_key=close%5:00:00:private:00 | definition=confined to specific persons | examples=a close secret
12. sense_key=close%5:00:00:tight:01 | definition=fitting closely but comfortably | synonyms=snug, close-fitting | examples=a close fit
13. sense_key=close%5:00:00:short:01 | definition=used of hair or haircuts | examples=a close military haircut
14. sense_key=close%5:00:00:stingy:00 | definition=giving or spending with reluctance | synonyms=cheeseparing, near, penny-pinching, skinny | examples=our cheeseparing administration; very close (or near) with his money
15. sense_key=close%5:00:00:uncommunicative:00 | definition=inclined to secrecy or reticence about divulging information | synonyms=closelipped, closemouthed, secretive, tightlipped | examples=although they knew her whereabouts her friends kept close about it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "close" in the given context. I need to choose the best sense from the 15 candidate senses provided.

Let me analyze the context:
- The passage discusses genetics, cancer research, and tumor-suppressor genes.
- The specific sentence: "Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are <t>close</t> to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5."
- The phrase is "are close to finding" - meaning they are near to achieving the discovery, almost there, approaching success.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=close%3:00:01:: | definition=at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other | examples=close to noon; how close are we to town?
   - This seems general - short distance in space or time.

2. sense_key=close%3:00:02:: | definition=close in relevance or relationship | examples=a close family; we are all...in close sympathy with...
   - This is about relationships/familiarity, not about proximity in progress.

3. sense_key=close%3:00:05:: | definition=not far distant in time or space or degree or circumstances | synonyms=near, nigh | examples=near neighbors; in the near future
   - This says "not far distant in time or space or degree" - this could fit "close to finding" (degree of completion/progress).

4. sense_key=close%5:00:00:careful:00 - careful/strict attention
   - Doesn't fit.

5. sense_key=close%5:00:00:accurate:00 - fidelity to original
   - Doesn't fit.

6. sense_key=close%5:00:00:equal:00 - evenly matched
   - Doesn't fit.

7. sense_key=close%5:00:00:confined:00 - crowded
   - Doesn't fit.

8. sense_key=close%5:00:00:unventilated:00 - lacking fresh air
   - Doesn't fit.

9. sense_key=close%5:00:00:fine:00 - of textiles
   - Doesn't fit.

10. sense_key=close%5:00:00:restrained:00 - confined/guarded
    - Doesn't fit.

11. sense_key=close%5:00:00:private:00 - specific persons
    - Doesn't fit.

12. sense_key=close%5:00:00:tight:01 - fitting closely but comfortably
    - Doesn't fit.

13. sense_key=close%5:00:00:short:01 - haircuts
    - Doesn't fit.

14. sense_key=close%5:00:00:stingy:00 - reluctant to spend
    - Doesn't fit.

15. sense_key=close%5:00:00:uncommunicative:00 - secretive
    - Doesn't fit.

So it's between senses 1, 3, and possibly 2 (but 2 is clearly relationship-based).

Sense 1: "at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other"
- "close to finding" - this is metaphorical progress/proximity to a goal. It's about being near in terms of progress/degree.

Sense 3: "not far distant in time or space or degree or circumstances" | synonyms=near, nigh | examples=near neighbors; in the near future
- This explicitly mentions "degree" which fits "close to finding" (degree of completion).
- "in the near future" is analogous to "close to finding."

Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
- Sense 1 is likely the basic adjective sense: close%3:00:01::
- Sense 3 is close%3:00:05::

Wait, WordNet sense numbering: The sense keys follow the format lemma%ss_type:lex_filenum:lex_id:head_word:head_id

But the question gives us indices 1-15. I need to return the index number.

Comparing sense 1 and sense 3:
- Sense 1: "at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other"
- Sense 3: "not far distant in time or space or degree or circumstances"

The phrase "close to finding" means nearly finding, approaching the point of finding. This is about proximity in terms of progress/degree of completion.

Sense 3 explicitly mentions "degree" in the definition: "not far distant in time or space or degree or circumstances."
The examples for sense 3 include: "near neighbors; in the near future" - these are about proximity.

Sense 1 examples: "close to noon; how close are we to town?" - these are spatial or temporal.

But both could potentially fit. However, "close to" + verb (finding) indicating imminent completion is typically covered by sense 3 or similar in WordNet.

Actually, looking at standard WordNet for "close" (adjective):
- Sense 1: at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other - "close to noon; how close are we to town?"
- Sense 5: close in time; "the ball was close behind them"
- Sense 3: not far distant in time or space or degree or circumstances - "near neighbors"; "in the near future"

Wait, the numbering in the problem might not correspond to WordNet's internal ordering, but the sense keys give clues:
- close%3:00:01::
- close%3:00:02::
- close%3:00:05::

These are all adjective senses (3 indicates adjective satellite? No, in WordNet 3.0, 3 is adjective, 5 is adjective satellite).

Actually in WordNet sense keys:
- 3 = adjective
- 5 = adjective satellite

So senses 1, 2, 3 are core adjectives, and 4-15 are satellites.

Sense 1 (close%3:00:01::): "at or within a short distance in space or time"
Sense 3 (close%3:00:05::): "not far distant in time or space or degree or circumstances"

The phrase "close to finding" means "nearly finding" or "on the verge of finding." This is about degree of progress toward a goal.

Sense 3 explicitly mentions "degree" in the definition.

Also, sense 3 lists synonyms: near, nigh.
"Near to finding" would work similarly.

Sense 1 seems more about physical or temporal proximity, while sense 3 expands to "circumstances" and "degree."

Given the context: "are close to finding another gene" - this is about being near to completing the research, near in terms of progress/degree.

Therefore, sense 3 seems the best fit.

However, let's double-check if sense 1 could work. "close to" is a preposition-like use, but here "close" is an adjective followed by an infinitive "to finding."

Actually, "close to" + V-ing is an idiomatic expression meaning "about to" or "on the verge of."

In WordNet, sense 3 (close%3:00:05::) with synonyms "near" and "nigh" and definition including "degree" seems most appropriate.

 sense 1 is close%3:00:01:: which might be the most general spatial sense.

Let me reconsider the actual WordNet senses (even though I shouldn't rely on external knowledge beyond what's provided):

From the provided candidates:
1. close%3:00:01:: - spatial/temporal proximity (short distance)
2. close%3:00:02:: - relevance/relationship (close friend)
3. close%3:00:05:: - not far distant in time or space or degree

The phrase "close to finding" definitely involves "degree" of completion/progress.

Thus, index 3 is the answer.

Wait, I should check if there's any other sense that might fit. Sense 2 is about relationships ("close family"). The researchers are not having a close relationship to finding a gene; they are near to achieving it.

So yes, sense 3.

The answer should be JSON: {"sense_index": 3}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: finding
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to <t>finding</t> another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "finding" (target surface form) with lemma "find" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about scientific research on cancer genes (p53 gene, tumor-suppressor genes)
 - Researchers are looking for specific genes involved in cancer
 - "Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer... are close to <t>finding</t> another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5."

 The context suggests that researchers are in the process of discovering or locating a specific gene (on chromosome 5) that is involved in colon cancer. They haven't found it yet, but are "close to finding" it.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: - come upon by accident (happen, chance, bump, encounter) - This doesn't fit. Scientific discovery of genes is not accidental in this context.

 2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: - discover or determine existence/presence (detect, observe, discover, notice) - This could work. They are discovering the gene.

 3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: - come upon after searching; find location of something lost (regain) - This implies searching for something lost or missed. While they are searching, the gene isn't "lost" in the sense of personal belongings, but it is being sought after.

 4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: - establish after calculation, investigation, experiment (determine, find out, ascertain) - This fits well with scientific research context. The examples mention "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" which is very similar to finding a gene.

 5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: - come to believe on basis of emotion/intuition (feel) - Not relevant.

 6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: - perceive or be contemporaneous with (witness, see) - Not quite right.

 7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: - get something/somebody for specific purpose (line up, get hold) - Not quite.

 8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: - make a discovery, make a new finding (discover) - This is very close. The definition says "make a discovery, make a new finding" and synonyms include "discover". Examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"

 9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: - make a discovery (discover) - Similar to 8 but different WordNet classification. Examples: "She found that he had lied to her" - this is more about discovering a fact/truth rather than a physical entity.

 10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: - obtain through effort or management - Not quite right.

 11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: - decide on and make declaration about (rule) - Legal context, not relevant.

 12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: - receive specified treatment - Not relevant.

 13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: - perceive oneself to be in condition/place - Not relevant.

 14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: - get or find back; recover - Not relevant (they aren't recovering a lost gene they had before).

 15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: - succeed in reaching; arrive at - Not quite.

 16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: - accept and make use of personality/abilities - Not relevant.

 Now between the top candidates:
 - Sense 2: discover/detect existence (find%2:39:02::)
 - Sense 4: establish after investigation (find%2:32:00::)
 - Sense 8: make a discovery/make new finding (find%2:36:00::)

 Sense 8 (find%2:36:00::) seems most appropriate because:
 - Definition: "make a discovery, make a new finding"
 - Synonyms: discover
 - Examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"
 - This matches perfectly with scientists finding a new gene involved in cancer.

 Sense 4 (find%2:32:00::) is also good: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" with example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize". This is also very close.

 However, sense 8 is specifically about making a discovery of something new (like X-rays, elementary particles, or genes), while sense 4 is more about establishing/ascertaining facts through study.

 Sense 2 (find%2:39:02::) is about detecting existence/presence, which is also plausible, but the examples are more about detecting traces or levels (lead in water), whereas sense 8 is about discovering new scientific entities.

 Given the context is about discovering a new gene (or newly identifying a gene's role), sense 8 seems best. The phrase "close to finding another gene" suggests they are on the verge of discovering it.

 Wait, let me check the sense indices. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=find%2:40:02::
 2. sense_key=find%2:39:02::
 3. sense_key=find%2:40:00::
 4. sense_key=find%2:32:00::
 5. sense_key=find%2:31:10::
 6. sense_key=find%2:39:01::
 7. sense_key=find%2:40:01::
 8. sense_key=find%2:36:00::
 9. sense_key=find%2:31:09::
 10. sense_key=find%2:40:03::
 11. sense_key=find%2:32:01::
 12. sense_key=find%2:30:00::
 13. sense_key=find%2:39:05::
 14. sense_key=find%2:40:15::
 15. sense_key=find%2:38:10::
 16. sense_key=find%2:30:13::

 So sense 8 is find%2:36:00::.

 But I should also consider sense 4 (find%2:32:00::) carefully. The example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" is extremely similar to finding a gene. However, sense 8's example "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" is also very similar.

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
 - find%2:36:00:: is likely the verb "find" in the sense of "discover" (as in scientific discovery)
 - find%2:32:00:: is "determine, find out, ascertain"

 In scientific contexts, when researchers "find" a gene, they are making a discovery. Sense 8 is specifically "make a discovery, make a new finding" which is exactly what is happening here.

 However, I need to be careful. The surface form is "finding" (gerund/participle), but the lemma is "find". The context is "close to finding another gene".

 Let me reconsider sense 2 (find%2:39:02::): "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". This is also very strong. When scientists find a gene, they are determining its existence/location.

 But sense 8 (find%2:36:00::) is "make a discovery, make a new finding". This seems to be the most specific to scientific breakthroughs.

 Actually, looking at the examples again:
 - Sense 8: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"
 - Sense 4: "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize"

 Both have physics examples. But sense 8 is explicitly about making a discovery, while sense 4 is about establishing after investigation.

 In the context of cancer research and genes, "finding" here means discovering the gene's existence/location.

 Let me check if there's a distinction between finding a physical object (sense 3) vs discovering a scientific entity.

 Sense 3: "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" - examples are about glasses and gloves. This is for personal belongings.

 Sense 8 is clearly for scientific discoveries.

 Therefore, sense 8 (index 8) is the best choice.

 Wait, I should double-check sense 9 (find%2:31:09::): "make a discovery" - examples: "She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover". This is about discovering facts/truths, not physical entities like genes.

 So sense 8 is better than sense 9 for discovering a gene.

 Between sense 2 and sense 8:
 - Sense 2: detect, observe, discover, notice - "She detected high levels of lead... We found traces of lead"
 - Sense 8: discover - "Roentgen discovered X-rays... found a new elementary particle"

 Finding a gene is more like discovering X-rays (a major scientific discovery) than like detecting lead in paint (testing for presence). Though both are valid, sense 8 captures the "discovery" aspect better.

 Also, the phrase "close to finding" suggests they are about to announce a discovery, which aligns with sense 8.

 Therefore, I choose sense index 8.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DeepInfra

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene <t>involved</t> with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "involved" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about cancer genetics, specifically tumor-suppressor genes.
- "Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5."
- Here, "involved" describes a gene's relationship to colon cancer. It means the gene participates in, is associated with, or plays a role in colon cancer.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
   - This fits perfectly. The gene is connected by participation or association with colon cancer.

2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
   - This is about being stuck/hindered. Doesn't fit a gene's relationship to cancer.

3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
   - This is about emotional attachment. Genes don't have emotions. Doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious
   - This describes something complicated. The gene isn't being described as complex here; it's being described as having a role in cancer.

5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped
   - This means surrounded/enveloped. Doesn't fit the context of a gene's role in cancer.

Sense 1 is clearly the best fit. The gene is "connected by participation or association or use" with colon cancer. The phrase "involved with some types of colon cancer" indicates participation or association.

The user wants only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}. Since sense 1 is the correct one, I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The candidate senses are numbered 1-5. I need to choose the single best indexed sense. Sense 1 is the first one listed. So the index is 1.

Let me verify: "another gene involved with some types of colon cancer" - yes, this means the gene participates in or is associated with colon cancer. This is exactly sense 1.

The answer should be exactly: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: type
Target surface form: types
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some <t>types</t> of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=type%1:09:00:: | definition=a subdivision of a particular kind of thing | examples=what type of sculpture do you prefer?
2. sense_key=type%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, case | examples=a real character; a strange character
3. sense_key=type%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon
4. sense_key=type%1:10:01:: | definition=printed characters | examples=small type is hard to read
5. sense_key=type%1:10:00:: | definition=all of the tokens of the same symbol | examples=the word `element' contains five different types of character
6. sense_key=type%1:06:00:: | definition=a small metal block bearing a raised character on one end; produces a printed character when inked and pressed on paper | examples=he dropped a case of type, so they made him pick them up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "types" in the given context. The target lemma is "type" and the surface form is "types".

Let me analyze the context:
The passage is about cancer genetics, specifically discussing tumor-suppressor genes and their involvement in various cancers. The specific sentence containing "types" is: "Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some <t>types</t> of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5."

Here, "types" refers to categories or kinds of colon cancer. It's talking about different varieties/classifications of colon cancer.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=type%1:09:00:: | definition=a subdivision of a particular kind of thing | examples=what type of sculpture do you prefer?
   - This seems relevant. It refers to a subdivision or kind of something. "Types of colon cancer" would mean different kinds/subdivisions of colon cancer.

2. sense_key=type%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, case | examples=a real character; a strange character
   - This refers to people/characters. The context is about cancer, not people. So this is wrong.

3. sense_key=type%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon
   - This is a specific biological taxonomy term. While the context is biological (cancer), "types of colon cancer" isn't using "type" in the strict taxonomic sense of a type specimen or taxonomic group that defines a higher taxon. It's using it in the general sense of "kinds" or "varieties".

4. sense_key=type%1:10:01:: | definition=printed characters | examples=small type is hard to read
   - This is about typography/printing. Not relevant here.

5. sense_key=type%1:10:00:: | definition=all of the tokens of the same symbol | examples=the word `element' contains five different types of character
   - Also about symbols/characters/printing. Not relevant.

6. sense_key=type%1:06:00:: | definition=a small metal block bearing a raised character on one end; produces a printed character when inked and pressed on paper | examples=he dropped a case of type, so they made him pick them up
   - Printing press blocks. Not relevant.

So the choice is between sense 1 and sense 3.

Sense 1: "a subdivision of a particular kind of thing" - This is the general sense of "type" meaning kind, sort, or variety. "Types of colon cancer" means different kinds of colon cancer.

Sense 3: "(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon" - This is a very specific technical biological meaning referring to a type specimen or the group that serves as the basis for defining a taxon. This is not what's meant here. When scientists talk about "types of cancer" or "types of colon cancer", they mean subcategories, varieties, or classifications of the disease, not the biological taxonomic concept of a "type".

The phrase "some types of colon cancer" clearly refers to different varieties or forms of colon cancer. This matches sense 1: "a subdivision of a particular kind of thing".

Therefore, the best sense is sense 1.

Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user lists them as:
1. sense_key=type%1:09:00::
2. sense_key=type%1:18:00::
3. sense_key=type%1:14:01::
4. sense_key=type%1:10:01::
5. sense_key=type%1:10:00::
6. sense_key=type%1:06:00::

So sense 1 is the correct index.

Actually, looking at WordNet, type%1:09:00:: is indeed the sense for "a subdivision of a particular kind of thing" - this is the hypernym for kinds, sorts, etc.

The example given for sense 1 is "what type of sculpture do you prefer?" which parallels "types of colon cancer" very well.

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believes
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna <t>believes</t> people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "believes" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about cancer research and genetics
 - Dr. Minna is a researcher mentioned in the text
 - The sentence is: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."
 - This is stating Dr. Minna's opinion or judgment about a scientific hypothesis/finding

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
    - This is about accepting something as true/factual. While Dr. Minna might accept this as true, the context seems more like he's forming a judgment or opinion based on evidence.

 2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
    - This sense involves judging or regarding something in a certain way. The example "I believe her to be very smart" is structurally similar to "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit... are especially prone..."
    - This seems to fit well with expressing an opinion or judgment based on scientific evidence.

 3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
    - This is more about confidence or trust in a future outcome. While there's some overlap, the context here is more about a scientific judgment/opinion rather than confidence in a future event.

 4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
    - This is religious/spiritual belief. Not applicable here.

 5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?
    - This is about believing/trusting a source or person's truthfulness. Not applicable here.

 The key distinction is between sense 1 (accept as true) and sense 2 (judge/regard/think).

 In scientific contexts, when a researcher "believes" something about a biological mechanism, they are typically expressing a judgment, opinion, or hypothesis based on evidence. The structure "believes [that] people who... are prone to..." aligns with the pattern of "believe X to be Y" or judging/regarding a situation in a certain way.

 Sense 2 (index 2 in the list, but the sense key ends in 04) has synonyms: think, consider, conceive. The example "I believe her to be very smart" matches the syntactic pattern here: "believes people who inherit... are especially prone..."

 However, looking at the indexing:
 - The user lists them as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
 - Sense 2 in the list is: sense_key=believe%2:31:04::

 Wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user asks for the "sense_index" in the JSON. Looking at the list:
 1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00::
 2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04::
 3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03::
 4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01::
 5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02::

 So if I choose sense 2 (the one with definition "judge or regard; look upon; judge"), the index would be 2.

 Let me double-check:
 - Sense 1: accept as true (taking a statement as factual)
 - Sense 2: judge or regard (holding an opinion/view)
 - Sense 3: be confident about (trust/confidence)
 - Sense 4: religious faith
 - Sense 5: credit with veracity (believe someone is telling the truth)

 In the sentence "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene... are especially prone to lung cancer", Dr. Minna is expressing his scientific opinion or judgment based on research. This aligns with sense 2 (judge or regard; look upon; judge).

 The example for sense 2: "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart" - this parallels "Dr. Minna believes [that] people... are especially prone..."

 While sense 1 could also work (accepting it as true), in academic/scientific contexts, "believe" often indicates a considered opinion or hypothesis rather than absolute acceptance of truth. The distinction is subtle, but sense 2 is more appropriate for expressing a professional judgment or view.

 Also, looking at the WordNet sense ordering:
 - believe%2:31:00:: is usually the "accept as true" sense
 - believe%2:31:04:: is the "think, consider" sense

 The syntactic structure "believes [clause]" where the clause expresses a proposition that the subject holds as an opinion fits better with sense 2.

 Therefore, the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: people
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes <t>people</t> who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "people" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
The sentence containing the target word is: "Dr. Minna believes <t>people</t> who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
   - This is the most general sense referring to human beings collectively.

2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
   - This refers to citizens/nationals of a country.

3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
   - This refers to family/relatives/ancestors.

4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people
   - This refers to the masses/common folk as opposed to elites.

Now, in the context: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene..."
This is referring to individuals who inherit a genetic defect - specifically human beings who have this genetic characteristic. It's talking about a subset of human beings defined by a genetic trait (inheriting a defective gene on chromosome 3).

Is it referring to:
- Citizens? No, no mention of citizenship or nationality.
- Family members? No, it's not referring to relatives or family line specifically, though it mentions inheritance. Inheritance here is biological/genetic inheritance, not family lineage in the sense of "his people" (ancestors).
- Common people/masses? No, it's not contrasting with elites or referring to the general populace as opposed to specific classes.

It seems to be using the most general sense: human beings collectively, specifically those who inherit this gene. The phrase "people who inherit..." is using "people" in the general sense of "human beings" or "persons" (plural).

Sense 1: "(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively"
Examples: "old people", "there were at least 200 people in the audience"

This matches best. The sentence is talking about human beings who have a specific genetic condition. It's the general collective sense of human beings.

Sense 3 (family line) might seem tempting because of the word "inherit", but "inherit" here refers to genetic inheritance of a gene, not inheriting property or family lineage. The phrase "people who inherit" refers to individuals who receive the gene from parents, not to "his people" meaning his family/ancestors.

Sense 4 (common people) doesn't fit because there's no class distinction being made.

Sense 2 (citizens) doesn't fit because there's no political/national context.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

Wait, let me double-check WordNet sense distinctions. In WordNet:
- people#1: (plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively
- people#2: the body of citizens of a state or country (e.g., "the Spanish people")
- people#3: members of a family line (e.g., "his people have been farmers")
- people#4: the common people generally (syn: multitude, masses...)

In the sentence: "people who inherit a defective gene..."
This is definitely sense 1. It's referring to human beings in general who have this genetic characteristic. It's not referring to a specific family (sense 3), even though inheritance is mentioned, because it's referring to people in general who inherit this gene (i.e., anyone with the genetic predisposition), not specifically "his people" or family lineage.

Yes, sense 1 is correct.

The output format should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherit
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who <t>inherit</t> a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "inherit" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about cancer genetics and genes.
- The specific sentence is: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."
- This is clearly about genetic inheritance - receiving a gene from one's parents through genetic transmission.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
   - This is about inheriting property/assets after death. Not relevant here.

2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
   - This is about receiving something from a predecessor in a role/position. Not relevant here.

3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother
   - This is about genetic inheritance. The context is about inheriting a defective gene on chromosome 3, which is clearly genetic transmission from parents to offspring.

The context is clearly about genetics - chromosome 3, defective gene, prone to lung cancer. This matches sense 3 perfectly.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two <t>copies</t> of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "copies" in the given context. The target lemma is "copy" and the surface form is "copies".

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about genetics, cancer, chromosomes, and genes
- The specific sentence is: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two <t>copies</t> of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."
- Here, "copies" refers to the two instances of chromosome 3 that a person has (one from each parent)
- Humans have two copies of each chromosome (diploid), one from the mother and one from the father

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: - definition: a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
   - This is about written records, documents. Not applicable here.

2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: - definition: a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples: she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
   - This refers to a duplicate, replica, or identical/similar thing. In genetics, chromosomes come in pairs, so each chromosome has a "copy" - meaning one of the two similar/identical chromosomes. This fits well with the biological context where humans have two copies (versions) of each chromosome.

3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: - definition: matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
   - This is about text for printing. Not applicable.

4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: - definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy
   - This is about news/media content. Not applicable.

Sense 2 (copy%1:06:00::) is the best fit because:
- It refers to a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing
- In genetics, the two chromosomes in a pair are considered "copies" of each other (homologous chromosomes)
- The context is talking about having two copies of chromosome 3 (one on each homologous chromosome)
- The example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" supports the biological interpretation of similar/identical genetic material

Therefore, the answer should be sense_index 2.

Wait, let me double-check the sense numbering. The user lists:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00::
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00::
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01::
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02::

So sense 2 is the one with definition "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing".

Yes, that's the correct choice. The context is biological/genetic, referring to the two homologous chromosomes (copies) of chromosome 3 that each person inherits.

Final check: Is there any other interpretation? Could it be referring to gene copies? The text says "two copies of chromosome 3" - this clearly refers to the chromosomes themselves, not written records or printed matter.

The JSON should be: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: especially
Target surface form: especially
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are <t>especially</t> prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "especially" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."

 The word "especially" here is modifying "prone to lung cancer", indicating that these people are to a distinctly greater extent prone to lung cancer compared to others or compared to the common case.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack

 2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

 Sense 1 means "to a greater extent/degree than is common" - this fits the context. The sentence is saying that people with the defective gene are particularly/prone to lung cancer (more so than others or than is common).

 Sense 2 means "in a special manner" - this would imply they are prone to lung cancer in a special way, which doesn't fit as well. The context is about degree/extent of proneness, not the manner in which they are prone.

 The examples for sense 1 include "particularly fussy" and "particularly gruesome" - these are about degree/extent.
 The example for sense 2 is "specially arranged dinner" - this is about manner/method.

 In the target sentence, "especially prone" means "particularly prone" or "to a greater extent prone" - clearly sense 1.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 1.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense keys. The user provided:
 1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00::
 2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01::

 So sense 1 is the first one, sense 2 is the second one.

 The context clearly supports sense 1: "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common".

 The JSON output should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: reported
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others <t>reported</t> that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%2:32:00:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
2. sense_key=report%2:32:04:: | definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research
3. sense_key=report%2:32:03:: | definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock
4. sense_key=report%2:32:01:: | definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal
5. sense_key=report%2:32:13:: | definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City
6. sense_key=report%2:32:02:: | definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "reported" in the given context. I need to choose the best sense from the 6 candidate senses provided.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too."
 - This is a scientific/medical context about research findings.
 - The subject is Dr. Minna and others (researchers).
 - They are reporting findings about gene involvement in cancers.
 - The structure is: [subject] reported that [finding].

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=report%2:32:00:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account
    - This is a general sense of giving an account. Could fit.

 2. sense_key=report%2:32:04:: | definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research
    - Examples include "The team reported significant advances in their research" which is very similar to the context. The context mentions researchers reporting findings about genes and cancer.
    - This seems like a strong candidate.

 3. sense_key=report%2:32:03:: | definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock
    - This is about reporting for duty/work. Not relevant.

 4. sense_key=report%2:32:01:: | definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal
    - This is about informing authorities, often with a connotation of telling on someone or reporting misconduct. Not relevant here.

 5. sense_key=report%2:32:13:: | definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City
    - This is journalistic reporting. The context is scientific research reporting, not journalism per se.

 6. sense_key=report%2:32:02:: | definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor
    - This is about making a complaint. Not relevant.

 Comparing sense 1 and sense 2:
 - Sense 1 is more general: "to give an account or representation of in words"
 - Sense 2 is more specific: "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding"
 - The context specifically mentions scientific research (Dr. Minna, labs, findings, genes, cancers).
 - The example for sense 2 "The team reported significant advances in their research" matches the context almost perfectly.
 - The word "reported" here means they announced/communicated their research findings.

 Therefore, sense 2 (index 2) is the best choice.

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=report%2:32:00::
 2. sense_key=report%2:32:04::
 3. sense_key=report%2:32:03::
 4. sense_key=report%2:32:01::
 5. sense_key=report%2:32:13::
 6. sense_key=report%2:32:02::

 So the indices are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

 Sense 2 is the one with definition "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding".

 Actually, looking at the WordNet sense keys:
 - report%2:32:00:: is usually the first sense (verb, communication)
 - report%2:32:04:: would be a specific sense

 But in the list provided:
 1. report%2:32:00::
 2. report%2:32:04::
 3. report%2:32:03::
 4. report%2:32:01::
 5. report%2:32:13::
 6. report%2:32:02::

 The question asks for the "sense_index". Based on the numbering in the list (1., 2., 3., etc.), I should return the index number.

 The best fit is sense 2 (the one with definition "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding").

 Let me double-check the context:
 "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers..."
 This is clearly announcing findings from research (investigation).

 Sense 1 is more general "give an account" but sense 2 is specifically about announcing results of investigation/findings, which fits scientific reporting better.

 The answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be <t>involved</t> in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "involved" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses tumor-suppressor genes and their relationship to various cancers
 - "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be <t>involved</t> in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too."

 The usage here is about the retinoblastoma suppressor gene being connected to or participating in the development or occurrence of lung cancers.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
    - This fits well. The gene is connected by participation/association with lung cancers.

 2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
    - This implies being stuck or hindered, which doesn't fit the biological context of genes and diseases.

 3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
    - This is about emotional attachment, clearly not applicable to a gene.

 4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious...
    - This describes something complicated or intricate, not the relationship between a gene and a disease.

 5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped
    - This means surrounded or wrapped up, which doesn't fit the context of a gene being involved in cancer development.

 The correct sense is clearly sense 1: "connected by participation or association or use". The gene is participating in or associated with the occurrence of lung cancers.

 The index for this sense is 1 (based on the numbering provided in the candidate senses list).

 So the answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several <t>other</t> more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "other" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about cancer research and tumor-suppressor genes
 - The specific sentence: "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several <t>other</t> more common cancers, too."
 - The target word "other" modifies "more common cancers"
 - It refers to additional cancers beyond lung cancers that were already mentioned

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
    - This seems to be the standard sense of "other" meaning additional or different ones
    - The example "the construction of highways and other public works" is similar to "lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers"

 2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
    - This refers to time, like "the other day"
    - Doesn't fit here - we're talking about types of cancers, not time

 3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
    - This means "former" or "early"
    - Doesn't fit - we're not talking about past cancers, but additional types of cancers

 4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail
    - This means strange or unusual
    - Doesn't fit - "other" here simply means additional/different types, not strange ones

 The context clearly uses "other" to mean "additional" or "not the ones already mentioned" (lung cancers). The phrase is "several other more common cancers" - meaning several additional/different types of cancers that are more common.

 This matches sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied"

 The example given for sense 1 includes "the construction of highways and other public works" which parallels "lung cancers... and several other more common cancers."

 Therefore, the correct sense is index 1.

 Wait, I need to check the format. The user wants:
 {"sense_index": 3}

 But I think sense 1 is the correct one, so it should be:
 {"sense_index": 1}

 Let me double-check the sense indices:
 - Candidate 1: sense_key=other%3:00:00::
 - Candidate 2: sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00
 - Candidate 3: sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00
 - Candidate 4: sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00

 So the indices are 1, 2, 3, 4 as listed.

 Sense 1 is definitely the correct one. The word "other" here means additional types of cancers beyond the lung cancers already mentioned.

 Actually, looking carefully at the sentence: "the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers"

 This means the gene is involved in:
 1. some lung cancers
 2. several other more common cancers (i.e., other types of cancers that are more common)

 So "other" refers to different types of cancers not yet mentioned in this specific clause (though cancer in general has been discussed).

 Yes, sense 1 is correct.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other <t>more</t> common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "more" in the given context.

Context analysis:
The sentence is: "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other <t>more</t> common cancers, too."

The target word "more" is modifying "common" here. It's forming the comparative degree of the adjective "common" - meaning "more common" as opposed to "less common" or just "common".

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Sense 1 is specifically about forming the comparative of adjectives and adverbs (like "more interesting", "more beautiful").
Sense 2 is about the comparative of "much" - used as an adverb modifying verbs or other adverbs to indicate degree (like "he works more").

In the context "several other more common cancers", "more" is modifying the adjective "common" to form the comparative degree. This matches sense 1.

Sense 2 would be used when "more" is functioning as a pronoun or adverb indicating quantity/degree by itself (comparative of "much"), not when it's forming the comparative of an adjective.

Examples:
- Sense 1: "more common", "more interesting", "more beautiful" - forming comparative of adjectives
- Sense 2: "eat more", "works more" - comparative of much, indicating greater quantity or degree

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

The JSON output should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more <t>common</t> cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "common" in the given context. Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses.

Context analysis:
The sentence is: "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more <t>common</t> cancers, too."

Here, "common" is modifying "cancers". The meaning seems to be that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene is involved in lung cancers and also in several other cancers that are more frequent/prevalent/widespread.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: - belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public
   - Examples: for the common good; common lands...
   - This doesn't fit. We're talking about cancers being common, not belonging to a community.

2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: - having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual
   - Examples: the common man; a common sailor
   - This could fit. "Commonly encountered" cancers would mean frequent cancers.

3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 - common to or shared by two or more parties
   - Synonyms: mutual
   - Examples: a common friend; the mutual interests...
   - This doesn't fit. It's not about shared cancers between parties.

4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 - commonly encountered
   - Synonyms: usual
   - Examples: a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
   - This fits well. "More common cancers" = cancers that are encountered more frequently, more usual/familiar cancers in terms of prevalence.

5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 - being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language
   - Synonyms: vernacular, vulgar
   - Examples: common parlance...
   - Doesn't fit.

6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 - of or associated with the great masses of people
   - Synonyms: plebeian, vulgar, unwashed
   - Examples: the common people...
   - Doesn't fit for cancers.

7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 - of low or inferior quality or value
   - Synonyms: coarse
   - Doesn't fit.

8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 - lacking refinement or cultivation or taste
   - Synonyms: coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar
   - Doesn't fit.

9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 - to be expected; standard
   - Examples: common decency
   - This could also fit. "More common cancers" could mean more ordinary/standard cancers.

Now I need to decide between sense 2, 4, and 9.

Sense 2: "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual"
Sense 4: "commonly encountered" (synonyms: usual)
Sense 9: "to be expected; standard"

In the context of diseases/cancers, when we say "common cancers", we typically mean cancers that occur frequently, are prevalent, or are widely encountered.

Sense 4 (common%5:00:00:familiar:02) specifically focuses on "commonly encountered" with synonym "usual".
Sense 2 (common%3:00:01::) is broader: "widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual".
Sense 9 (common%5:00:00:ordinary:00) is "to be expected; standard".

Looking at the examples for sense 4: "a common (or familiar) complaint" - this suggests something that happens frequently or is often seen.

Looking at the examples for sense 2: "the common man; a common sailor" - this suggests ordinary, not special.

In medical contexts, "common cancer" refers to prevalence - how frequently it occurs. This aligns best with "commonly encountered" (sense 4) or "widely known or commonly encountered" (sense 2).

But sense 4 is specifically "commonly encountered" with synonym "usual", which seems more precise for the frequency/prevalence meaning.

However, looking at WordNet structure, sense 2 (common%3:00:01::) is often the main sense for "frequently occurring". Let me check the definitions again.

Sense 2: "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual"
- This includes "commonly encountered" as part of the definition.

Sense 4: "commonly encountered"
- This is more specific but seems to be a satellite adjective sense (indicated by the %5 prefix).

Actually, looking at the sense keys:
- %3:00:02:: and %3:00:01:: are main adjective senses (adjective satellites are %5)
- %5:00:00:... are adjective satellites

In WordNet, adjective satellites are senses that are similar to the head adjective sense.

Sense 4 has the pointer to "familiar" (familiar%3:00:02:: presumably), meaning it's a satellite of familiar.

But in the context "more common cancers", we're comparing frequency of occurrence.

Sense 2 examples: "the common man; a common sailor" - these refer to ordinary people, not necessarily frequent.
But the definition includes "commonly encountered".

Sense 4 examples: "a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting" - these refer to things that happen often.

For cancers, "common" means occurring frequently in the population. This is closer to sense 4 "commonly encountered" or sense 2's "commonly encountered" aspect.

However, looking at typical WordNet usage, sense 2 (common%3:00:01::) is usually the default sense for "frequent" or "prevalent" when talking about things like diseases, occurrences, etc.

Wait, let me reconsider. The phrase is "more common cancers". This is a comparative form indicating higher frequency of occurrence.

Sense 2: "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual"
- "commonly encountered" fits frequency.

Sense 4: "commonly encountered" (synonyms: usual)
- This is essentially the same as the "commonly encountered" part of sense 2, but as a satellite of "familiar".

Sense 9: "to be expected; standard"
- This could work but is more about expectation than frequency.

Between sense 2 and sense 4, sense 2 is the core sense while sense 4 is a satellite. However, sense 4 is specifically about being "commonly encountered" whereas sense 2 is broader (includes "having no special distinction", "average", etc.).

In the context of cancer epidemiology, "common" means high incidence/prevalence - i.e., frequently encountered.

Looking at the examples for sense 4: "a common complaint" - this is exactly the usage pattern: a medical condition that occurs frequently.

Sense 2 examples ("common man", "common sailor") don't fit the cancer context as well.

Therefore, sense 4 seems better.

But wait, I should check if there's a specific sense for "frequent" or "prevalent". Looking at the list, sense 4 is "commonly encountered" which is the closest.

Actually, looking carefully at sense 2's definition: "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual"

And sense 4: "commonly encountered"

Sense 4 is essentially a specialization of part of sense 2. But sense 4 is linked to "familiar" while sense 2 is the main "common" sense.

In WSD tasks, usually we want the most specific sense that applies. Here, "common cancers" means cancers that are encountered frequently/often. This aligns with sense 4.

However, I recall that in WordNet, "common" in the sense of "frequent" or "prevalent" is often mapped to sense 2 (common%3:00:01::).

Let me think about the examples again:
- Sense 2: "the common man" (ordinary), "a common sailor" (ordinary)
- Sense 4: "a common complaint" (frequent), "the usual greeting" (frequent)

"a common complaint" is very similar to "common cancers" - both are medical/health conditions that occur frequently.

Therefore, sense 4 (common%5:00:00:familiar:02) seems to be the best fit.

But I need to be careful. The index in the output should correspond to the numbering in the candidate list.

Candidate 1: sense_key=common%3:00:02::
Candidate 2: sense_key=common%3:00:01::
Candidate 3: sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00
Candidate 4: sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02
Candidate 5: sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02
Candidate 6: sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00
Candidate 7: sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02
Candidate 8: sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01
Candidate 9: sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00

So if I choose sense 4, the index is 4.

But let me double-check sense 9: "to be expected; standard" - examples: "common decency"
This is about social norms/standards, not frequency.

Sense 2 vs Sense 4:
- Sense 2 emphasizes "ordinary, average, no special distinction"
- Sense 4 emphasizes "commonly encountered, usual"

For cancers, we care about how often they occur (frequency), not whether they are ordinary or have special distinction (though that's related).

"More common cancers" = cancers that occur more frequently = more commonly encountered cancers.

Therefore, sense 4 is the best choice.

Wait, I should verify the WordNet sense keys to make sure I understand the indices correctly.

The user lists:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02::
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01::
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00

Yes, so index 4 corresponds to common%5:00:00:familiar:02.

One final check: could it be index 2?
Definition: "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual"
Examples: "the common man; a common sailor"

In "the common man", it means ordinary, not special.
In "common cancers", it could mean ordinary cancers (as opposed to rare cancers).

But "common" vs "rare" is about frequency. While "ordinary" vs "special" is about quality/distinction.

However, in medical terminology, "common" definitely means high prevalence (frequently encountered).

Sense 4 is "commonly encountered" with synonym "usual".
Sense 2 includes "commonly encountered" but also "no special distinction".

The example "a common complaint" for sense 4 strongly supports that this is the right sense for diseases/conditions.

Therefore, I will go with index 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common <t>cancers</t>, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "cancers" (target surface form of lemma "cancer") in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The text is about medical/genetic research. It mentions:
 - "missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers"
 - "colon cancer"
 - "lung cancer"
 - "retinaoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers"

 This is clearly about the disease cancer - malignant growths/tumors caused by abnormal cell division.

 Looking at the candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: - definition about malignant growth/tumor (the disease)
 2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: - astrological sign/person born under Cancer
 3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: - constellation
 4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: - zodiac sign (astrology)
 5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: - genus of crabs (biology/taxonomy)

 The context is clearly about medical conditions - various types of cancer (kidney, brain, skin, colon, lung). This matches sense 1.

 The target word "cancers" is plural and refers to multiple instances of the disease.

 Therefore, sense_index should be 1.

 Wait, I need to check the formatting. The user wants a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}.

 So I should return: {"sense_index": 1}

 But let me verify the sense keys again to make sure I'm indexing correctly.
 - sense 1: cancer%1:26:00:: (the disease)
 - sense 2: cancer%1:18:00:: (person born under sign)
 - sense 3: cancer%1:17:00:: (constellation)
 - sense 4: cancer%1:15:00:: (zodiac sign)
 - sense 5: cancer%1:05:00:: (genus)

 Yes, sense 1 is the disease sense.

 The instruction says "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key" and "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

 So I will provide {"sense_index": 1}.