[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dog
Target surface form: dogs
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory <t>dogs</t> or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: | definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | synonyms=domestic dog, Canis familiaris | examples=the dog barked all night
2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: | definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | synonyms=frump | examples=she got a reputation as a frump; she's a real dog
3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: | definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | synonyms=cad, bounder, blackguard, hound, heel | examples=you dirty dog
5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: | definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll | synonyms=frank, frankfurter, hotdog, wiener, wienerwurst, weenie
6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: | definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward | synonyms=pawl, detent, click
7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: | definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | synonyms=andiron, firedog, dog-iron | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "dogs" (plural of dog) in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The text is about Cerenia, a veterinary medication. It mentions:
 - "supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment"
 - "treatment of vomiting"
 - "injection or as injection followed by tablets"
 - "studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory <t>dogs</t> or in animal patients at veterinary practises"

 The key phrase is "laboratory dogs". This refers to dogs used in laboratory settings for scientific/medical research.

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: | definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | synonyms=domestic dog, Canis familiaris | examples=the dog barked all night
 - This is the animal sense. "Laboratory dogs" refers to dogs (the animals) used in laboratories for research. This fits perfectly.

 2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: | definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | synonyms=frump
 - This is a slang/derogatory term for a person. Doesn't fit the context of veterinary studies.

 3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: | definition=informal term for a man
 - Slang for a man. Doesn't fit.

 4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who is morally reprehensible
 - Moral insult. Doesn't fit.

 5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: | definition=a smooth-textured sausage...
 - Food item. Doesn't fit.

 6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: | definition=a hinged catch...
 - Mechanical part. Doesn't fit.

 7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: | definition=metal supports for logs...
 - Fireplace equipment. Doesn't fit.

 The context clearly refers to animals (Canis familiaris) used in laboratory studies for veterinary research. The mention of "veterinary practises" and "animal patients" confirms we're talking about actual dogs (the animals).

 Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}

 Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00::
 2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01::
 3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00::
 4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02::
 5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01::
 6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00::
 7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01::

 So index 1 corresponds to the animal sense.

 Yes, "laboratory dogs" = dogs (animals) used in laboratories.

 The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: several
Target surface form: several
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in <t>several</t> European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00 | definition=(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many | examples=several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident
2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00 | definition=considered individually | synonyms=respective, various | examples=the respective club members; specialists in their several fields
3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=distinct and individual | examples=three several times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "several" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in <t>several</t> European countries and in the USA."

 The target word "several" modifies "European countries". It indicates an indefinite number of European countries (more than 2 or 3 but not many).

 Candidate sense analysis:

 1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00
    - definition: (used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many
    - examples: several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident
    - This fits perfectly. "Several European countries" means an indefinite number of countries, more than 2 or 3 but not many.

 2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00
    - definition: considered individually
    - synonyms: respective, various
    - examples: the respective club members; specialists in their several fields
    - This sense emphasizes individuality or "respective". The context doesn't suggest that the countries are being considered individually in a way that distinguishes them as separate entities with distinct characteristics. It's just indicating a quantity.

 3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00
    - definition: distinct and individual
    - examples: three several times
    - This seems to be an archaic or specific usage ("three several times" - meaning three separate times?). The context clearly doesn't mean "distinct and individual" in the sense of emphasizing difference, but rather quantity.

 The context is talking about studies carried out in multiple European countries. This is a straightforward quantitative use indicating "more than a few but not many" - the standard quantifier sense.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

 The user wants only a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: benefit
Target surface form: benefit
Context:
For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What <t>benefit</t> has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=benefit%1:21:00:: | definition=financial assistance in time of need
2. sense_key=benefit%1:07:00:: | definition=something that aids or promotes well-being | synonyms=welfare | examples=for the benefit of all
3. sense_key=benefit%1:10:00:: | definition=a performance to raise money for a charitable cause

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "benefit" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about a veterinary medicine called Cerenia
 - It discusses how Cerenia works (blocks NK1 receptor)
 - It discusses studies conducted on Cerenia
 - Then it asks "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"
 - The answer explains that Cerenia was more effective than placebo, causing less vomiting in dogs

 So the meaning of "benefit" here is asking what positive effect, advantage, or improvement the medicine demonstrated in the studies.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=benefit%1:21:00:: | definition=financial assistance in time of need
    - This is about financial aid, welfare payments, etc.
    - Not relevant to the medical context of a drug's effects.

 2. sense_key=benefit%1:07:00:: | definition=something that aids or promotes well-being | synonyms=welfare | examples=for the benefit of all
    - This refers to something that promotes well-being, an advantage, a positive effect.
    - The example "for the benefit of all" suggests general welfare/well-being.
    - In the context, the "benefit" refers to the positive medical effect (less vomiting) that promotes the well-being of the dogs.
    - This fits the context of asking what positive effect the medicine showed.

 3. sense_key=benefit%1:10:00:: | definition=a performance to raise money for a charitable cause
    - This is a specific event (like a benefit concert).
    - Not relevant to the context of drug studies.

 The context is clearly asking about the therapeutic benefit or positive effect of the medication. This aligns with sense 2: "something that aids or promotes well-being."

 The question "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?" is asking what positive outcome or advantage was observed - specifically that it reduced vomiting compared to placebo. This is a medical/therapeutic benefit promoting the well-being of the animals.

 Therefore, the correct sense is index 2.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys to make sure I understand the indices correctly. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=benefit%1:21:00::
 2. sense_key=benefit%1:07:00::
 3. sense_key=benefit%1:10:00::

 So index 2 is the one about "something that aids or promotes well-being".

 Yes, that matches my analysis. The context is about the positive medical effects (reduced vomiting) which aids/promotes the well-being of the dogs.

 The answer should be: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: shown
Context:
For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia <t>shown</t> during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "shown" (lemma: show) in the given context.

Context analysis:
The sentence is: "What benefit has Cerenia <t>shown</t> during the studies?"
The surrounding context discusses clinical studies of Cerenia (a veterinary drug), comparing it to placebo, and mentioning results that showed effectiveness.
Specifically: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."

So "shown" here means to demonstrate, prove, or establish through evidence/studies.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate
- This is about exhibiting something physically or giving a demonstration. Not right for showing benefits in a study.

2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
- This looks promising. The context is about studies/experiments establishing/proving the benefit of Cerenia.

3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
- Also possible. This is about providing evidence for something.

4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking
- Not quite right. We're not making the benefit visible, we're proving it exists through studies.

5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render
- Not relevant.

6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince
- Not right. Not about expressing emotion.

7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate
- Not right. Not about pointing to something.

8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up
- Not right.

9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record
- Not right. Not about instruments.

10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
- This is close. "Give evidence of" - the studies show the benefit.

11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats
- Not relevant.

12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race
- Not relevant.

Now between sense 2, 3, and 10:

Sense 2 (show%2:31:00::): "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" - synonyms: prove, demonstrate, establish, shew. Examples: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound", "The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture".

Sense 3 (show%2:32:00::): "provide evidence for" - synonyms: testify, bear witness, prove, evidence. Examples: "The blood test showed that he was the father".

Sense 10 (show%2:32:03::): "give evidence of, as of records" - examples: "The diary shows his distress that evening".

The context: "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?" and "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective..."

This is about establishing/proving through experimentation. Sense 2 seems most appropriate because:
- It mentions "experiment" in the definition
- The examples include scientific contexts ("the experiment demonstrated...", "the mathematician showed...")
- The synonyms include "prove", "demonstrate", "establish"

Sense 3 is also about providing evidence, but is more about testimony or bearing witness (legal/witness context), though it includes scientific examples like blood tests.

Sense 10 is about records/documents showing something.

But Sense 2 specifically captures the meaning of "to demonstrate through scientific study/experiment that something is true/valid." The phrase "shown during the studies" aligns with "establish the validity of something... by... experiment".

Actually, looking at the examples for sense 3: "The blood test showed that he was the father" - this is a scientific/medical test providing evidence.
And sense 2: "The experiment demonstrated..." - this is also scientific.

Let me look more carefully at the WordNet hierarchy:

Sense 2: show%2:31:00:: - "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" - this is under verb.communication (probably) with specific focus on convincing/proving.

Sense 3: show%2:32:00:: - "provide evidence for" - this is likely under verb.communication but more about attesting/evidencing.

Sense 10: show%2:32:03:: - "give evidence of, as of records" - this is about records providing evidence.

In the context of clinical studies showing benefits, sense 2 seems most appropriate. The studies are establishing the validity of the claims about the medicine's benefits through experiments.

However, sense 3 could also work: "provide evidence for" - the studies provide evidence for the benefit.

But looking at the specific wording "establish the validity of something... by... experiment" vs "provide evidence for" - the former emphasizes the experimental/validity aspect which fits the context of placebo-controlled studies establishing efficacy.

Also, looking at the examples:
- Sense 2: "The experiment demonstrated..." - directly parallel to "studies showed"
- Sense 3: "The blood test showed..." - also parallel, but more about a test result indicating a state of affairs
- Sense 10: "The diary shows..." - passive recording

Given that the context emphasizes "studies" and "results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective" (establishing validity through comparison with placebo), Sense 2 is the best fit.

Wait, let me check the indices. The user lists:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02::
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00::
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00::
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00::
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00::
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02::
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01::
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01::
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04::
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03::
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00::
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00::

So if I choose sense 2, the index is 2.
If I choose sense 3, the index is 3.
If I choose sense 10, the index is 10.

Given the context of scientific studies establishing/proving efficacy, and the examples in sense 2 including "The experiment demonstrated...", I believe the answer is sense 2.

But I should verify: is there any ambiguity with sense 10? "Give evidence of, as of records" - the studies are records. But the focus is on establishing validity through experimentation, not just that records contain evidence.

Also, sense 3 "provide evidence for" is close, but sense 2's focus on "establish the validity... by experiment" is more precise for clinical trials.

Therefore, the best sense is index 2.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the <t>studies</t>? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "studies" (lemma: study) in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 The text is about Cerenia (a veterinary medicine). The specific sentence containing the target word is: "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the <t>studies</t>?"

 And later: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."

 So here, "studies" refers to scientific/medical research studies conducted to test the efficacy of Cerenia. These are empirical investigations, trials, or research projects.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
    - This could work - a study can be an inspection/investigation. But "survey" might imply something broader than clinical trials.

 2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work
    - This is about the act of studying/learning. Not what we want. The text refers to experiments/trials, not someone sitting down to read.

 3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report
    - This is close. The studies mentioned do produce reports. However, the phrase "during the studies" and "results of the studies" suggests the studies are the research activities themselves, not just the written documents. But wait - "study" can mean the research project/paper. Let me think... In scientific contexts, "a study" often refers to the research project/publication.

 4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption
    - No, this is about being in a state of concentration.

 5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing
    - No, physical room.

 6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge
    - No, this would be like "the study of medicine" as a field.

 7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration
    - No, artistic sketch.

 8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation
    - No, mental activity.

 9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly
    - No, a person.

 10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique
     - No, musical/artistic exercise.

 So it's between sense 1 (inspection/investigation) and sense 3 (written document/report).

 Let me look at the glosses more carefully:

 Sense 1: "a detailed critical inspection" - synonym "survey"
 Sense 3: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" - synonyms "report, written report"

 In the context: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out..." - here "carried out" suggests the studies are activities/investigations, not documents. You carry out an investigation/study (sense 1), but you write or publish a study (sense 3).

 Also: "during the studies" - this refers to the time period when the research was being conducted. You show benefit during the conduct of the research (the inspection/investigation), not during the document.

 However, "the results of the studies" could go either way. But given "were carried out" (physical action), sense 1 seems better.

 Wait, actually in WordNet, sense 1 (study%1:04:00::) is under noun.artifact? No, looking at the key: study%1:04:00::
 - 1:04 means noun.act (or noun.possession? no, 04 is noun.act I think? Let me recall WordNet offset categories...)
 Actually, looking at standard WordNet sense keys:
 - %1:04:00 would be noun.act (deeds/acts)
 - %1:10:00 would be noun.communication

 So sense 1 is likely "a detailed critical inspection" as an act/action.
 Sense 3 is a communication (written document).

 The context emphasizes the carrying out of studies: "were carried out", "during the studies", "results of the studies". This points to the research activities themselves - the investigations, trials, experiments.

 However, I should check if there's a sense for "scientific study" or "research study". Sense 1 "a detailed critical inspection" with synonym "survey" captures this meaning of systematic investigation. Sense 3 is specifically the written report.

 In the phrase "clinical studies", "studies" refers to the research trials/investigations. The text mentions "laboratory dogs" and "animal patients at veterinary practises" - this describes the research being conducted, not just documents.

 Therefore, sense 1 seems most appropriate.

 But let me reconsider sense 3. Could the text be referring to the written reports? "A large number of studies... were carried out" - this is slightly ambiguous. You can say "studies were conducted" (the research) or "studies were published" (the documents). "Carried out" strongly suggests the research activity.

 Also, "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?" - during the research period.
 "The results of the studies" - results come from investigations.

 I think sense 1 is the best fit.

 Wait, I should verify the WordNet sense indices. The user provided:
 1. sense_key=study%1:04:00::
 2. sense_key=study%1:09:03::
 3. sense_key=study%1:10:00::
 etc.

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet:
 - study as "a detailed critical inspection" is indeed sense 1 (noun).
 - study as "applying the mind..." is sense 2? Or different.
 - study as "a written document..." is usually sense 3 or similar.

 In WordNet 3.0:
 1. survey, study -- (a detailed critical inspection)
 2. study, work -- (applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject...)
 3. report, study, written report -- (a written document describing the findings...)
 ...

 So the indices in the candidate list seem to correspond to the standard WordNet ordering.

 Therefore:
 - Index 1: detailed critical inspection
 - Index 2: applying the mind to learning
 - Index 3: written document

 Given "studies were carried out", this is clearly the activity/investigation (index 1), not the document (index 3) or the mental state.

 Final check: Could it be sense 6 (branch of knowledge)? No, "studies" in plural with "carried out" doesn't fit a field of study.

 So the answer should be sense_index: 1.

 Wait, I want to double-check the exact wording. The instruction says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

 So I need to return {"sense_index": 1}.

 But let me reconsider one more time if sense 3 could be right. In medical/pharmaceutical contexts, "studies" often refers to the published research papers. "A large number of studies were carried out" - this is interesting because you don't literally carry out a document. You carry out research. However, metonymically, "studies" can refer to the research projects.

 Actually, looking at theWordNet gloss for sense 3: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group"
 Examples: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale"

 And sense 1: "a detailed critical inspection"
 Examples: usually something like "he made a study of the scene" or similar.

 In the context: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out..."
 If we interpret "studies" as "written documents", you don't carry them out. You carry out investigations.
 If we interpret "studies" as "detailed critical inspections", you can carry them out.

 Also: "during the studies" - you show benefit during the inspection/investigation phase.
 "results of the studies" - results of the inspections.

 Therefore, sense 1 is definitely the correct choice.

 Final answer: {"sense_index": 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The <t>results</t> of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "results" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is about Cerenia (a veterinary medicine) and studies conducted on it.
 - The specific sentence is: "The <t>results</t> of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."
 - Here, "results" refers to the findings/outcomes of the scientific studies.
 - The results showed specific findings (less vomiting in dogs that received the medicine).

 Candidate sense analysis:

 1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot
    - This is a very general sense referring to phenomena that follow from previous phenomena.
    - While study results could fit here broadly, this seems more focused on causal phenomena in general.

 2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent
    - This refers to answers or solutions to problems.
    - The study results are not necessarily "statements that solve a problem" in the sense of being a solution/answer to a puzzle. They are findings/outcomes.

 3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
    - This seems to fit best. The example "he listened for the results on the radio" suggests this sense is used for outcomes of events/processes (like election results, study results, game results).
    - The definition "something that results" is broad but the example aligns with "results of studies."
    - This is often used for the outcome of a process, investigation, or study.

 4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role
    - This is a technical linguistic sense about semantic roles (like in "The building collapsed" where "the building" is the result of collapsing? No, actually this refers to resultatives).
    - This is clearly not the right sense for "results of studies" in this context.

 Comparing sense 1 and sense 3:
 - Sense 1 (result%1:19:00::) is under noun.artifact? No, looking at the lexicographer file numbers... 1:19 is likely "phenomenon" or similar. Actually, in WordNet:
   - 1:19 is "phenomenon" (according to WordNet lexicographer file names: noun.phenomenon is 19)
   - 1:10 is "communication"
   - 1:11 is "act" or... wait, let me check WordNet lexicographer files:
     - noun.phenomenon = 17? No, let me recall:
     - Actually, the format is: POS:lexicographer_file:lex_id
     - 1 = noun
     - 19 = ?
     - 10 = communication
     - 11 = ?

   Actually, looking at standard WordNet sense keys:
   - result%1:19:00:: - This is likely noun.phenomenon (phenomenon that follows...)
   - result%1:11:00:: - This is likely noun.act or noun.event? Actually 11 is usually noun.act.

   Wait, let me think about the definitions:
   - Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" - This is the causal/consequential sense.
   - Sense 3: "something that results" - This is the outcome/final product sense.

   In the context of scientific studies, "results" typically refers to the findings or outcomes of the study.

   Looking at the examples:
   - Sense 1 examples: "the magnetic effect was greater...", "his decision had depressing consequences..."
   - Sense 3 examples: "he listened for the results on the radio" - This clearly refers to outcomes of events (like election results, sports results).

   Scientific study results align better with sense 3. The results of a study are the outcomes/findings.

   Sense 1 is more about consequences and effects in a causal chain.
   Sense 3 is about the final outcome of a process or event.

   Therefore, sense 3 (result%1:11:00::) is the best fit.

 Wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user asks for "sense_index" which corresponds to the numbered list provided:
 1. sense_key=result%1:19:00::
 2. sense_key=result%1:10:00::
 3. sense_key=result%1:11:00::
 4. sense_key=result%1:10:01::

 So if I choose sense 3, the answer is {"sense_index": 3}.

 Let me double-check:
 - The context is about scientific studies showing that Cerenia was effective.
 - "The results of the studies" refers to the findings/outcomes/data from the studies.
 - Sense 3 has the example "he listened for the results on the radio" which is exactly the usage (election results, study results).
 - Sense 1 is more about consequences (cause and effect), which while related, is less specific to the output of a study.
 - Sense 2 is about solutions/answers to problems.
 - Sense 4 is a technical linguistic term.

 Therefore, sense 3 is correct.

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the <t>studies</t> showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "studies" in the given context. The target lemma is "study" and the surface form is "studies".

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about Cerenia (a veterinary medicine)
- "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out..."
- "The results of the <t>studies</t> showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."

The word "studies" here refers to scientific research, experiments, or investigations conducted to test the effectiveness of Cerenia.

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
   - This could fit, as studies involve inspection, but "survey" might imply something broader.

2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work
   - This refers to the act of studying/learning, not the research itself.

3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
   - This refers to the written report/document of findings. The context mentions "results of the studies", which suggests the studies are the research activities or the documents reporting the research.

4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption
   - Not relevant here.

5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying
   - Physical room, not relevant.

6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject...
   - Academic field, not relevant.

7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch
   - Art context, not relevant.

8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation
   - Mental activity, not relevant.

9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily
   - Person, not relevant.

10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique
    - Music/performance context, not relevant.

Now, between sense 1 and sense 3:
- Sense 1: "a detailed critical inspection" - this could refer to the research activity itself
- Sense 3: "a written document describing the findings" - this refers to the published report

In the context: "The results of the studies showed..." - this suggests that "studies" refers to the research investigations/experiments that were conducted. However, "results of the studies" could mean results from the research activities or results reported in the documents.

But looking at the earlier sentence: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out..." - here "carried out" suggests these are activities, investigations, or research projects.

Sense 1 (study%1:04:00::) is "a detailed critical inspection" with synonym "survey". In WordNet, this sense often refers to a detailed examination or investigation.

Sense 3 (study%1:10:00::) is specifically about a written document describing findings.

In scientific contexts, "studies" can refer to:
1. The research investigations themselves (activities)
2. The published papers/reports

However, looking at the example for sense 3: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" - this clearly refers to a published work/document.

In the given context: "A large number of studies... were carried out" - "carried out" strongly suggests the research activities/investigations, not documents. Documents are written, not "carried out". Also, "results of the studies" refers to the outcomes of these investigations.

But wait, let me reconsider sense 1 vs sense 3 more carefully.

Sense 1: study%1:04:00:: - noun: survey, study - a detailed critical inspection
Sense 3: study%1:10:00:: - noun: report, study, written report - a written document describing the findings of some individual or group

In the phrase "studies were carried out", this is clearly referring to research studies as activities or investigations. However, in WordNet, the activity sense might be covered by sense 1 (inspection/investigation) or possibly sense 2 (applying the mind...), but sense 2 is about learning/reading.

Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
- %1:04:00:: is under noun.act (action/activity)
- %1:10:00:: is under noun.communication

"Carried out" suggests an activity, not a communication. So sense 1 seems more appropriate for "studies were carried out".

However, "the results of the studies" could work with both:
- Results of the inspections/investigations (sense 1)
- Results described in the reports (sense 3)

But given "were carried out", this points strongly to sense 1 as the primary meaning here - the studies as investigations/research activities.

Wait, I should check if there's a sense specifically for "research study" or "scientific study".

Looking at the definitions:
Sense 1: "a detailed critical inspection" - this is close to "investigation"
Sense 3: "a written document describing the findings"

In many WSD datasets, "study" in the context of scientific research (clinical trials, etc.) is often mapped to sense 1 (the investigation) or sense 3 (the report).

But let's look at the example for sense 3 again: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" - this treats "study" as a citation, a document.

In our context: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out" - you don't "carry out" a written document. You carry out an investigation, research, or study (activity).

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit: "a detailed critical inspection" (synonym: survey).

But I want to double-check. Is there any other sense that might fit better?

Sense 2: "applying the mind to learning..." - no, that's the act of studying as a student.
Sense 6: "a branch of knowledge" - no.

So it's between 1 and 3.

The phrase "results of the studies" appears in the target sentence. In scientific writing, "study" can refer to the research project/investigation (sense 1) or the published paper (sense 3).

However, the verb phrase "were carried out" in the previous sentence strongly selects for the activity meaning (sense 1), not the document meaning (sense 3).

Also, looking at the gloss for sense 1: "a detailed critical inspection" with synonym "survey". Clinical trials and veterinary studies are indeed detailed critical inspections/investigations of the drug's effects.

Therefore, I choose sense 1.

Wait, I need to be careful. Let me reconsider the WordNet senses more precisely.

In WordNet 3.0/3.1:
- study%1:04:00:: is "survey, study" - a detailed critical inspection
- study%1:10:00:: is "report, study, written report" - a written document describing the findings...

The context mentions "studies... were carried out" and "results of the studies".

If I look at similar examples in WSD literature, "study" in the context of scientific research is often sense 1 when referring to the research itself, and sense 3 when referring to the publication.

Given "were carried out", this is clearly the research activity.

Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 1.

But let me check if there's any trick here. The user says "WordNet glosses are schematic". This means I shouldn't just rely on the gloss wording but consider the actual usage.

In the context:
- "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out" - studies as activities/experiments
- "The results of the studies" - outcomes of these experiments

This aligns with sense 1 (detailed critical inspection/investigation).

Sense 3 would be more like "a study published in the Journal of Veterinary Medicine" or "according to a recent study".

Therefore, I select sense 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: showed
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies <t>showed</t> that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "showed" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "The results of the studies <t>showed</t> that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."
 - This is about scientific study results demonstrating or proving something.
 - The results are establishing the validity/efficacy of the drug through experimental evidence.

 Now let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: - give an exhibition of to an interested audience (demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate)
    - This is about presenting something visually or demonstratively to an audience. Not quite right for study results.

 2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: - establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment (prove, demonstrate, establish, shew)
    - Examples: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture"
    - This looks very promising. The studies are establishing/validating that Cerenia is effective.

 3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: - provide evidence for (testify, bear witness, prove, evidence)
    - Examples: "The blood test showed that he was the father"
    - This is also close, but sense 2 seems more specific to establishing validity through experiments/studies.

 4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: - make visible or noticeable
    - More about physical visibility.

 5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: - show in, or as in, a picture (depict)
    - Artistic representation.

 6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: - give expression to (express, evince)
    - Showing emotions.

 7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: - indicate a place, direction, person, or thing (point, designate)
    - Physical pointing.

 8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: - be or become visible or noticeable
    - Becoming visible.

 9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: - indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments
    - Specific to measurement devices.

 10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: - give evidence of, as of records
     - Similar to sense 3 but more about records specifically.

 11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: - take (someone) to their seats (usher)
     - Physical guidance.

 12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: - finish third or better in a horse or dog race
     - Racing context.

 Comparing sense 2 and sense 3:
 - Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" - synonyms: prove, demonstrate, establish, shew
 - Sense 3: "provide evidence for" - synonyms: testify, bear witness, prove, evidence

 The context mentions "studies" and "results" demonstrating efficacy. This is about establishing validity through experimental evidence. Sense 2 specifically mentions "experiment" in the definition and has "demonstrate" as a synonym, which fits perfectly with scientific studies demonstrating/proving effectiveness.

 Sense 3 is also close but seems more about testimony or bearing witness (legal/witness context), whereas sense 2 is explicitly about establishing validity through examples, explanations, or experiments.

 The example for sense 2: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound" is almost exactly parallel to "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective..."

 Therefore, sense 2 (index 2) is the best choice.

 Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=...
 2. sense_key=...
 etc.

 So I should return {"sense_index": 2}

 Actually, looking carefully at the format, the user wants the index number from the list provided (1-12).

 Let me verify sense 2 again:
 - Definition: establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment
 - Synonyms: prove, demonstrate, establish, shew
 - Examples: The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture

 This matches perfectly with "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo" - the studies are establishing/proving the validity of the drug's effectiveness.

 Sense 3: provide evidence for
 - While related, this is slightly different. "Provide evidence for" can be part of establishing validity, but sense 2 is more comprehensive for the scientific context of proving something through studies.

 Actually, looking at WordNet, sense 2:31:00 is typically the "prove, demonstrate, establish, show, shew" sense, which is used when showing something to be true through argument or evidence.

 Sense 2:32:00 is "testify, bear witness, prove, evidence, show" - this is more about giving testimony or evidence.

 In scientific contexts, when study results demonstrate/prove something, it's typically sense 2:31:00 (establish validity).

 So the answer should be sense_index 2.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was <t>more</t> effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "more" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The sentence is: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was <t>more</t> effective than the placebo"
 - "more" is modifying "effective" (an adjective)
 - It's forming a comparative structure: "more effective than"
 - This is comparing the effectiveness of Cerenia vs placebo

 Candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
 2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

 Analysis:
 - Sense 1: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs" - This fits because "effective" is an adjective (specifically a multi-syllable adjective that takes "more" rather than "-er" for comparative). The examples show "more interesting" and "more beautiful" which are exactly this pattern: more + adjective.
 - Sense 2: "comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent" - This seems to be when "more" is used as a determiner/quantifier (comparative of much/many), often standing alone or modifying verbs/nouns, not forming the comparative of adjectives. Examples: "he works more" (modifying verb), "they eat more" (pronoun/determiner usage).

 In the target sentence, "more" is directly modifying the adjective "effective" to form its comparative degree. This matches sense 1 perfectly.

 The structure is: [adjective: effective] -> [comparative: more effective]
 This is exactly what sense 1 describes: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives"

 Sense 2 would be for cases like:
 - "I need more water" (comparative of much)
 - "He eats more" (comparative of much)
 - "more than enough" (comparative of much)

 Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

 Wait, let me double-check WordNet sense distinctions for "more".

 In WordNet:
 - more%4:02:00:: is the adverb sense for forming comparatives of adjectives/adverbs
 - more%4:02:01:: is the adverb sense meaning "comparative of much" - used when it's the comparative of quantity/degree but not attached to an adjective to form its comparative.

 Actually, looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1 examples: "more interesting; more beautiful" - these are exactly "more + adjective"
 - Sense 2 examples: "he works more now; they eat more than they should" - these are "more" as a standalone adverb or modifying verbs

 In "Cerenia was more effective", "more" is modifying the adjective "effective" to form the comparative. This is sense 1.

 The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effective
Target surface form: effective
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more <t>effective</t> than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effective%3:00:00:: | definition=producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect; -LewisMumford | synonyms=effectual, efficacious | examples=an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witch's broomstick for rapid long-distance transportation; effective teaching methods
2. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively; -G.B.Shaw | synonyms=efficient | examples=people who will do nothing unless they get something out of it for themselves are often highly effective persons...; effective personnel
3. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:efficacious:00 | definition=works well as a means or remedy | examples=an effective reprimand; a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat
4. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
5. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:actual:00 | definition=existing in fact; not theoretical; real | examples=a decline in the effective demand; confused increased equipment and expenditure with the quantity of effective work done
6. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operational:00 | definition=ready for service | examples=the fort was held by about 100 effective soldiers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "effective" in the given context. Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses.

Context analysis:
The text is about Cerenia, a medicine for dogs. The specific sentence is: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting."

Here, "effective" is being used to describe the medicine's ability to produce the intended result (preventing/treating vomiting) compared to a placebo. It's about the efficacy of the drug.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=effective%3:00:00:: | definition=producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect; -LewisMumford | synonyms=effectual, efficacious | examples=an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witch's broomstick for rapid long-distance transportation; effective teaching methods

This sense emphasizes producing an intended result. The example "an air-cooled motor was more effective than..." is very similar to our context comparing Cerenia to placebo. The synonyms include "efficacious" which is very relevant for medical contexts.

2. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively; -G.B.Shaw | synonyms=efficient | examples=people who will do nothing unless they get something out of it for themselves are often highly effective persons...; effective personnel

This seems more about people being competent or efficient, not really about medicines working.

3. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:efficacious:00 | definition=works well as a means or remedy | examples=an effective reprimand; a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat

This is specifically about working well as a remedy. The example mentions "a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat" which is medical. This seems very relevant.

4. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years

This is about being in force or legally operative, not about medical efficacy.

5. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:actual:00 | definition=existing in fact; not theoretical; real | examples=a decline in the effective demand; confused increased equipment and expenditure with the quantity of effective work done

This is about actual vs. theoretical, not relevant here.

6. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operational:00 | definition=ready for service | examples=the fort was held by about 100 effective soldiers

This is about being ready for service, typically military context.

Now deciding between sense 1 and sense 3:

Sense 1: "producing or capable of producing an intended result" - general sense of effectiveness
Sense 3: "works well as a means or remedy" - specifically about remedies

The context is clearly medical - talking about a medicine (Cerenia) treating/preventing vomiting in dogs. While sense 1 could work (producing intended result), sense 3 is more specific to remedies and treatments. However, looking at the examples:

Sense 1 examples: "an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witch's broomstick" - this comparative structure matches our context exactly ("more effective than the placebo").

Sense 3 examples: "an effective reprimand; a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat" - while the lotion example is medical, it doesn't have the comparative structure.

But wait, looking closely at the definitions:
Sense 1: producing or capable of producing an intended result
Sense 3: works well as a means or remedy

In medical/pharmaceutical contexts, when we say a drug is "effective", we typically mean it produces the intended therapeutic result. Sense 1 has "efficacious" as a synonym, which is the technical term for drug effectiveness.

Actually, looking at WordNet structure, sense 1 is the main adjective sense (3:00:00), while sense 3 is a satellite (5:00:00:efficacious:00).

The context emphasizes that Cerenia produces the intended result (less vomiting) compared to placebo. This is the standard meaning of "effective" in clinical trials.

But sense 3 is specifically "works well as a means or remedy" with a medical example (lotion). This seems very close.

However, looking at the gloss for sense 1: "producing or capable of producing an intended result" - this is exactly what clinical efficacy is about. The example "an air-cooled motor was more effective than..." shows the comparative usage matching our text.

Sense 3 is marked as "efficacious" in the sense key (effective%5:00:00:efficacious:00), meaning it's similar to efficacious. But sense 1 actually lists "efficacious" as a synonym.

Actually, looking carefully:
Sense 1: effective%3:00:00:: (main sense)
Sense 3: effective%5:00:00:efficacious:00 (satellite of efficacious?)

Wait, WordNet sense keys:
- %3:00:00:: is usually the main adjective sense
- %5:00:00:... are satellite adjectives

Sense 3 is defined as "works well as a means or remedy" - this is essentially the medical-specific meaning.

But in the context: "Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen..." - this is describing the drug's ability to produce the intended result (preventing vomiting).

Between sense 1 and sense 3:
- Sense 1 is the general "producing intended result"
- Sense 3 is specifically "works well as a remedy"

Given this is a veterinary medicine context, sense 3 might seem appropriate, but actually, sense 1 is the primary sense used for things (including medicines) that produce intended results. The example in sense 1 about the motor being more effective shows the comparative usage.

However, looking at the synonym lists:
Sense 1: effectual, efficacious
Sense 3: (no synonyms listed in the candidate, but implied by the sense key relation to efficacious)

Actually, looking at the provided information, sense 3's definition is "works well as a means or remedy" which fits perfectly with a medicine treating vomiting.

But I need to check: is "effective" in "more effective than placebo" referring to the general capability to produce results (sense 1) or specifically working as a remedy (sense 3)?

In clinical trial contexts, "effective" usually means "producing the intended result" (sense 1). The comparison to placebo is about whether the drug produces the intended effect better than a dummy treatment.

Sense 3's example "a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat" is about a specific treatment working for a specific condition, which is similar to our context.

However, looking at the WordNet hierarchy, sense 1 (effective%3:00:00::) is the core meaning, and sense 3 (effective%5:00:00:efficacious:00) is a satellite linked to efficacious.

Given the context explicitly mentions "treatment" and "prevention" and compares to "placebo", and the definition mentions "producing an intended result", I think sense 1 is the best fit. The drug is capable of producing the intended result (preventing vomiting).

But wait, the user provided these specific sense keys and definitions. Let me look at sense 3 again: "works well as a means or remedy". This is very specific to medical treatments. The example includes "a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat" which is dermatological/medical.

However, sense 1 includes "efficacious" as a synonym, which is specifically about medical effectiveness, and the example compares two methods of transportation for effectiveness.

In standard WordNet:
- effective, effectual, efficacious (all similar in this cluster)
- The main sense is about producing intended results

Given the structure of the choices:
- Sense 1 is the primary adjective sense (3:00:00)
- Sense 3 is a satellite (5:00:00:efficacious:00)

In WSD tasks, usually the main sense (3:00:00) is the default unless a specific satellite is clearly indicated.

But let's look at the gloss for sense 3 again: "works well as a means or remedy". The context is about a medicine working well as a remedy for vomiting. This seems like a perfect match.

However, sense 1's gloss "producing or capable of producing an intended result" also fits perfectly, and medicines are specifically designed to produce intended results.

The key difference might be:
- Sense 1: General effectiveness (can be applied to anything: teaching methods, motors, etc.)
- Sense 3: Specific to remedies/means

Given that the text is specifically about a pharmaceutical product (Cerenia) and its medical effect (preventing vomiting), and sense 3 explicitly mentions "remedy", one might argue for sense 3.

But looking at the examples provided for sense 1: "an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witch's broomstick" - this shows "effective" used in a comparative structure ("more effective than"), exactly like in our target sentence.

The examples for sense 3 don't show a comparative structure.

Also, in WordNet, sense 1 (effective%3:00:00::) is the most frequent sense and covers the general meaning of "producing intended results", which includes medical contexts.

Sense 3 is more specifically "works well as a means or remedy" - but actually, looking at the sense key effective%5:00:00:efficacious:00, this suggests it's similar to efficacious.

But efficacious is specifically about producing desired effects, especially in medicine.

Actually, I think I should look at whether sense 1 or sense 3 is more appropriate for a drug study context.

In the sentence: "Cerenia was more effective than the placebo"
- This means Cerenia produced better results than the placebo
- This fits "producing or capable of producing an intended result" (sense 1)
- This also fits "works well as a means or remedy" (sense 3)

But sense 1 is the broader, more general sense that encompasses medicines. Sense 3 seems to be a specialization.

However, looking at the provided candidate list, sense 3 is specifically defined with a medical example (lotion), suggesting it's tailored for medical contexts.

But I need to be careful. In many WSD datasets, for "effective" describing drugs, the main sense (sense 1 here) is typically selected.

Let me reconsider the senses:
1. effective%3:00:00:: - producing intended result (general)
2. effective%5:00:00:competent:00 - competent/efficient (people)
3. effective%5:00:00:efficacious:00 - works well as remedy
4. effective%5:00:00:operative:00 - in force (laws)
5. effective%5:00:00:actual:00 - actual/real
6. effective%5:00:00:operational:00 - ready for service

Sense 3 is clearly the medical-specific one. But is "effective" in this context using that specific medical sense, or the general sense?

In common parlance and clinical trials, when we say a drug is "effective", we mean it produces the intended therapeutic effect. This is the general sense 1, but applied to medicine. Sense 3 seems to be a subset or specific usage.

However, the definition of sense 3 "works well as a means or remedy" is very close to the context. But sense 1 with "producing or capable of producing an intended result" is also perfect.

The decisive factor might be the synonyms and examples:
- Sense 1: synonyms include "efficacious" (which is specifically medical), and the example shows comparative usage ("more effective than")
- Sense 3: example is medical (lotion) but doesn't show comparative usage

Given the comparative structure "more effective than" matches sense 1's example, and sense 1 includes "efficacious" as a synonym (making it suitable for medical contexts), I lean toward sense 1.

But actually, looking at WordNet structure, sense 3 is the satellite of efficacious, meaning it's essentially the same as efficacious but used predicatively or something similar? No, WordNet satellite structure groups similar senses.

Actually, looking carefully: effective%5:00:00:efficacious:00 means it's a satellite adjective similar to efficacious. The gloss "works well as a means or remedy" is essentially the definition of efficacious.

In the context of veterinary medicine comparing a drug to placebo, "efficacious" is the technical term, but "effective" is the common term. Both sense 1 and sense 3 apply.

However, the most common and general sense for "effective" when something works as intended is sense 1. The specific mention of "remedy" in sense 3 might make it too narrow if the speaker is using "effective" in the general sense of "works well."

But given the domain is clearly medical (veterinary), and sense 3 is specifically glossed with medical examples (lotion, remedy), while sense 1 has general examples (motor, teaching methods), sense 3 might be the better fit for fine-grained disambiguation.

Wait, I should check if there's any distinction I'm missing. The instruction says "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense."

Context: Medicine vs placebo, preventing vomiting.
Sense 1: General effectiveness, producing intended results. Examples: motor vs broomstick, teaching methods.
Sense 3: Remedy-specific. Examples: reprimand (which is a means, not necessarily medical), lotion (medical).

Actually, "reprimand" is not medical, so sense 3 is not exclusively medical. It's about "means or remedy" - a reprimand is a means of correction, a lotion is a remedy.

So sense 3 covers both medical and non-medical "means".

Given that, and given that the context is clearly about a medical remedy (Cerenia), sense 3 seems very appropriate.

But sense 1 is also appropriate and is the primary sense.

In WSD, usually the most specific sense that fits is chosen if the context supports it. Here, the context supports the "remedy" interpretation strongly.

However, looking at the sense indices, sense 1 is 1, sense 3 is 3. The user wants {"sense_index": N}.

Let me reconsider sense 1 vs sense 3 one more time.

Sense 1 definition: "producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect"
- Cerenia produces the intended result (preventing vomiting)
- This fits perfectly

Sense 3 definition: "works well as a means or remedy"
- Cerenia works well as a remedy for vomiting
- This fits perfectly

Which is better?
The phrase "more effective than the placebo" is a standard comparative efficacy statement in clinical pharmacology. In WordNet, the main sense (sense 1) is typically used for this unless there's a reason to use a satellite.

But sense 3 is specifically linked to efficacious via the sense key.

Actually, looking at the provided sense keys:
- Sense 1: effective%3:00:00::
- Sense 3: effective%5:00:00:efficacious:00

In WordNet, adjectives have a head sense (3:00:00) and satellite senses (5:00:00:head_word:00). So sense 3 is a satellite of "efficacious"? No, the format is usually %5:00:00:head_lex:head_ss_type:head_lex_id.

Wait, the sense key format is: lemma%ss_type:lex_filenum:lex_id:head_word:head_id

So effective%5:00:00:efficacious:00 means it's a satellite adjective (ss_type 5) related to the head word "efficacious".

This means sense 3 is essentially synonymous with efficacious, or closely related.

Given that the context is about pharmaceutical efficacy (Cerenia being efficacious compared to placebo), and efficacious is specifically a medical term for effective, sense 3 seems like the correct fine-grained choice.

However, sense 1 lists efficacious as a synonym, so they are closely related.

But in fine-grained WSD, if there's a specific sense for "remedy/means" and the context is about a remedy, that should be chosen over the general sense.

Let me check the other options to be sure:
- Sense 2 (competent): No, it's not about personnel being competent.
- Sense 4 (operative): No, not about laws being in force.
- Sense 5 (actual): No, not about actual vs theoretical demand.
- Sense 6 (operational): No, not about soldiers being ready for service.

So it's between 1 and 3.

Given that the text explicitly discusses a medical treatment (Cerenia) and its therapeutic effect (preventing vomiting), and sense 3 is defined specifically in terms of "remedy" (with a medical example), while sense 1 is more general (with examples about motors and teaching), I think sense 3 is the better choice for fine-grained disambiguation.

But I need to be careful. The example in sense 1 "an air-cooled motor was more effective than..." structurally parallels "Cerenia was more effective than the placebo" almost exactly. This suggests sense 1.

Also, "effective" in clinical trial contexts is usually mapped to the general efficacy sense (sense 1) in WSD datasets, not a special satellite, unless the satellite is specifically about medical remedies.

Actually, looking at the definition of sense 3 again: "works well as a means or remedy". The word "means" broadens it beyond just medical remedies (as seen in the "reprimand" example). But "remedy" is specifically medical.

Given the veterinary context, sense 3 is appropriate.

However, I recall that in WordNet 3.0 or similar, the main sense of effective (producing intended result) is the one used for drugs.

Let me think about the phrase "effective than".
- Sense 1 example: "more effective than a witch's broomstick"
- Sense 3 examples: "effective reprimand", "effective in cases of" (no comparative)

The comparative structure strongly supports sense 1.

Also, the synonym "effectual" in sense 1 suggests successful in producing a result, which fits the clinical outcome.

I think I'm overthinking. In standard WSD:
- If it's about a drug working, and there's a specific medical sense (sense 3), use that.
- But if the general sense (sense 1) covers it and has the comparative example, use that.

Given the instruction to use context, examples, and synonyms:
- Context: Medicine preventing vomiting (medical remedy)
- Examples: Sense 1 has comparative; Sense 3 has medical
- Synonyms: Sense 1 has efficacious (medical)

Both point to both senses.

But sense 1 is the primary sense and covers "producing intended result" which is the definition of an effective drug. Sense 3 is more about "works well as" which is slightly different.

Actually, looking at the gloss for sense 3: "works well as a means or remedy" - this is almost exactly what we want for a drug.

But sense 1: "producing or capable of producing an intended result" - this is also exactly what we want.

In fine-grained WSD, when a specific satellite exists for the domain (medical), and the context is clearly in that domain, we should prefer the satellite.

But wait, sense 3 is not specifically medical; it's about means or remedies. A reprimand is not medical.

Sense 1 includes "efficacious" which is the medical term.

Given the ambiguity, and that sense 1 is the main sense with the comparative example matching the text structure exactly, I will go with sense 1.

Wait, I should reconsider the indices. The user lists them as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. I need to return the index.

Final decision: Sense 1.

Reasoning: The context describes Cerenia producing the intended result (preventing vomiting) in a comparative clinical study. While sense 3 is also plausible, sense 1 is the primary sense of "effective" meaning "producing an intended result," and its example ("more effective than") matches the syntactic structure of the target sentence. Additionally, sense 1 lists "efficacious" as a synonym, making it suitable for medical contexts without being overly specific to the point of excluding the general effectiveness meaning intended in clinical comparisons.

Actually, looking at typical WordNet mappings for this specific type of text (EMA/ FDA documentation about veterinary medicines), "effective" in "more effective than placebo" is usually mapped to the main adjective sense (sense 1).

I'll go with 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: placebo
Target surface form: placebo
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the <t>placebo</t>: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=placebo%1:06:00:: | definition=an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug
2. sense_key=placebo%1:04:00:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "placebo" in the given context.

Context analysis:
- The text is about Cerenia, a medication for dogs to prevent/treat vomiting
- It mentions studies comparing Cerenia to a "placebo"
- The sentence says: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo"
- This is clearly referring to a control substance used in clinical trials/medical experiments

Candidate senses:
1. placebo%1:06:00:: - an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug
2. placebo%1:04:00:: - (Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead

Analysis:
- Sense 1 refers to the medical/scientific concept of a placebo used in drug trials as a control
- Sense 2 refers to a religious service (Roman Catholic vespers)

The context is clearly medical/veterinary - talking about studies on a drug (Cerenia) for dogs, comparing effectiveness against a placebo. This matches sense 1 perfectly.

Sense 2 is completely unrelated to the context.

Therefore, the correct sense is index 1.

I need to return a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: less
Target surface form: less
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: <t>less</t> vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=less%3:00:00:: | definition=(comparative of `little' usually used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning not as great in amount or degree | examples=of less importance; less time to spend with the family
2. sense_key=less%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=(usually preceded by `no') lower in quality | examples=no less than perfect
3. sense_key=less%5:00:00:fewer:00 | definition=(nonstandard in some uses but often idiomatic with measure phrases) fewer | examples=less than three weeks; no less than 50 people attended

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "less" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

Context analysis:
- The text is about a medicine called Cerenia used for dogs to treat/prevent vomiting.
- The specific sentence is: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo..."
- Here "less" is modifying "vomiting" (which is a mass noun/uncountable noun in this context - referring to the phenomenon of vomiting in general, not countable instances).
- The comparison is between dogs receiving medicine vs. dogs receiving placebo.
- "Less vomiting" means a smaller amount/degree of vomiting occurred.

Candidate sense analysis:

1. sense_key=less%3:00:00:: | definition=(comparative of `little' usually used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning not as great in amount or degree | examples=of less importance; less time to spend with the family
- This sense is for mass nouns/uncountable nouns.
- "Vomiting" is being treated as a mass phenomenon here (not countable instances).
- The meaning fits: "not as great in amount or degree" - less vomiting means not as much vomiting occurred.
- Examples show "less time" (mass/uncountable), "less importance" (abstract/mass).

2. sense_key=less%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=(usually preceded by `no') lower in quality | examples=no less than perfect
- This sense requires "no" before it typically ("no less").
- The context doesn't have "no less" - it just has "less vomiting".
- Also, this is about quality/comparison with "no less than", not about quantity of a mass noun.
- Doesn't fit.

3. sense_key=less%5:00:00:fewer:00 | definition=(nonstandard in some uses but often idiomatic with measure phrases) fewer | examples=less than three weeks; no less than 50 people attended
- This sense equates "less" with "fewer" (for countable nouns).
- But "vomiting" here is not countable (it's not "fewer vomiting episodes" but "less vomiting" as a mass).
- Also, the note says "nonstandard in some uses but often idiomatic with measure phrases" - but "vomiting" isn't really a measure phrase here, it's a mass noun directly.
- Standard usage would be "less" for mass nouns (like vomiting), "fewer" for count nouns.
- Since this sense specifically mentions it means "fewer", and vomiting is typically treated as a mass noun in this medical context, sense 1 is better.

Confirmation:
- "Vomiting" can be both countable (instances/episodes) and uncountable (the act/phenomenon). In medical contexts describing study results, "vomiting" as a symptom/condition is often treated as a mass noun.
- Even if interpreted as countable episodes, sense 3 is marked as "nonstandard" and specifically for measure phrases or when synonymous with "fewer".
- Sense 1 is the standard comparative of "little" for mass nouns, which is the standard prescriptive rule for "less" vs "fewer".
- The examples for sense 1 include "less time" and "less importance" - abstract/mass concepts similar to "vomiting" in this context.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best choice.

Wait, let me reconsider. The distinction between sense 1 and sense 3 is subtle.

Sense 1: comparative of 'little' usually used with mass nouns - quantifier meaning not as great in amount or degree
Sense 3: (nonstandard in some uses but often idiomatic with measure phrases) fewer

In the sentence: "less vomiting was seen"

If "vomiting" refers to the act/amount of vomit or the frequency of the symptom as a mass, sense 1 applies.
If "vomiting" refers to countable instances/occurrences, sense 3 would apply (though nonstandard).

But looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "of less importance", "less time" - these are clearly mass/uncountable.
- Sense 3: "less than three weeks", "no less than 50 people" - these involve measure phrases with time and countable people, but using "less" instead of "fewer".

In our context, "vomiting" is the phenomenon, similar to "importance" or "time". It's not a measure phrase like "three weeks". It's a direct modification of the noun.

Also, medically, "vomiting" is the symptom, treated as a mass concept when saying "less vomiting" (meaning reduced severity or frequency overall, not necessarily fewer discrete countable events).

Therefore, sense 1 is definitely the correct choice.

JSON format required: {"sense_index": 1}