[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one <t>copy</t> of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "copy" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about genetics, cancer research, and chromosomes.
 - The specific sentence is: "Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one <t>copy</t> of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies."
 - Here, "copy" refers to one of the instances or versions of chromosome 17.
 - Humans typically have two copies of each chromosome (one from each parent).
 - In this context, "one copy of chromosome 17" means one of the two homologous chromosomes.

 Now let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
    - This is about written records, not chromosomes. Doesn't fit.

 2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
    - This could potentially fit, as one chromosome is a copy/duplicate of the other in the sense that they are homologous. But "copy" in genetics often refers to the number of instances of a chromosome or gene.

 3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
    - This is about printed material. Doesn't fit.

 4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy
    - This is about journalism. Doesn't fit.

 Wait, I need to look more carefully at the senses. The candidate list seems limited. Let me think about whether sense 2 fits.

 In genetics, when we say "one copy of chromosome 17", we mean one of the two homologous chromosomes. In biological contexts, "copy" often refers to an individual instance of a chromosome or gene within a genome.

 Looking at sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" - examples include "she made a copy of the designer dress" and "the clone was a copy of its ancestor".

 Actually, in the context of chromosomes, each chromosome in a pair is inherited from a different parent, so they are not exactly identical (except for the fact that they carry the same genes in the same order, though possibly different alleles). But the term "copy" is used to mean "one of the two instances".

 However, looking at the WordNet sense 1:06:00, the definition "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" seems to be the closest match among the given options, even if it's not perfect. The other senses are clearly about written/printed material or journalism.

 Actually, I should check if there's a biological sense missing from the candidates. But I can only choose from the given candidates.

 Let me reconsider the candidates:
 - 1:10:00 - transcript (written record)
 - 1:06:00 - thing made to be similar (replica, duplicate)
 - 1:10:01 - matter to be printed
 - 1:10:02 - material for journalism

 In genetics, when referring to chromosomes, "copy" means one of the homologous chromosomes. This is closest to sense 2 (1:06:00) - "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" - in the sense that the two chromosomes are copies of each other (in terms of genetic information), or one is a copy in the sense of being one of a pair.

 Actually, looking at typical WordNet sense distinctions, there might be a sense related to "instance" or "specimen", but among the given options, sense 2 is the only one that could apply to physical objects like chromosomes.

 The chromosome is a physical thing, and "one copy" refers to one of the two similar/identical instances of chromosome 17 that a diploid organism possesses.

 Therefore, sense_index should be 2.

 Wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user asks for {"sense_index": 3} format, where the number corresponds to the position in the list (1-indexed) or the sense_key number?

 Looking at the instructions: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

 The candidates are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4. So I should return the index number from that list.

 Candidate 2 is: sense_key=copy%1:06:00::
 Definition: a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing
 Examples: she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor

 This fits best because:
 1. A chromosome is a physical thing (noun, not written matter)
 2. In a diploid cell, there are two copies of each chromosome, which are similar/identical to each other (homologous)
 3. The context is about having one vs two copies, where the "copy" refers to an individual chromosome instance

 The other senses (1, 3, 4) are all about text/written material/journalism, which clearly doesn't fit a chromosome context.

 So the answer is sense_index 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spot
Target surface form: spot
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the <t>spot</t> where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spot%1:15:01:: | definition=a point located with respect to surface features of some region | synonyms=topographic point, place | examples=this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet
2. sense_key=spot%1:10:01:: | definition=a short section or illustration (as between radio or tv programs or in a magazine) that is often used for advertising
3. sense_key=spot%1:07:02:: | definition=an outstanding characteristic | synonyms=point | examples=his acting was one of the high points of the movie
4. sense_key=spot%1:07:00:: | definition=a blemish made by dirt | synonyms=smudge, blot, daub, smear, smirch, slur | examples=he had a smudge on his cheek
5. sense_key=spot%1:07:01:: | definition=a small contrasting part of something | synonyms=speckle, dapple, patch, fleck, maculation | examples=a bald spot; a leopard's spots
6. sense_key=spot%1:10:00:: | definition=a section of an entertainment that is assigned to a specific performer or performance | examples=they changed his spot on the program
7. sense_key=spot%1:06:00:: | definition=a business establishment for entertainment | examples=night spot
8. sense_key=spot%1:04:01:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, office, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury
9. sense_key=spot%1:26:00:: | definition=a slight attack of illness | synonyms=touch | examples=he has a touch of rheumatism
10. sense_key=spot%1:23:00:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=bit | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
11. sense_key=spot%1:10:02:: | definition=a mark on a die or on a playing card (shape depending on the suit) | synonyms=pip
12. sense_key=spot%1:06:01:: | definition=a lamp that produces a strong beam of light to illuminate a restricted area; used to focus attention of a stage performer | synonyms=spotlight
13. sense_key=spot%1:06:02:: | definition=a playing card with a specified number of pips on it to indicate its value | examples=an eight-spot
14. sense_key=spot%1:04:00:: | definition=an act that brings discredit to the person who does it | synonyms=blot, smear, smirch, stain | examples=he made a huge blot on his copybook

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "spot" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."
- "Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies."

Here, "spot" refers to a specific location/position on chromosome 17 where gene p53 is located. It's talking about a point or location with respect to surface features or some region (in this case, a region on a chromosome).

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=spot%1:15:01:: | definition=a point located with respect to surface features of some region | synonyms=topographic point, place | examples=this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet
   - This seems like a strong candidate. It's a point/location on a chromosome. The gloss says "a point located with respect to surface features of some region." While a chromosome isn't a geographic surface, WordNet glosses are schematic. The key idea is a point/location in a region.

2. sense_key=spot%1:10:01:: | definition=a short section or illustration... for advertising
   - Not relevant.

3. sense_key=spot%1:07:02:: | definition=an outstanding characteristic
   - Not relevant.

4. sense_key=spot%1:07:00:: | definition=a blemish made by dirt
   - Not relevant.

5. sense_key=spot%1:07:01:: | definition=a small contrasting part of something
   - Could potentially fit (a small part of the chromosome), but the context emphasizes the location where the gene lies, not a visual contrasting part.

6. sense_key=spot%1:10:00:: | definition=a section of an entertainment...
   - Not relevant.

7. sense_key=spot%1:06:00:: | definition=a business establishment for entertainment
   - Not relevant.

8. sense_key=spot%1:04:01:: | definition=a job in an organization
   - Not relevant.

9. sense_key=spot%1:26:00:: | definition=a slight attack of illness
   - Not relevant.

10. sense_key=spot%1:23:00:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something
    - Not quite. It's not a quantity.

11. sense_key=spot%1:10:02:: | definition=a mark on a die or on a playing card
    - Not relevant.

12. sense_key=spot%1:06:01:: | definition=a lamp...
    - Not relevant.

13. sense_key=spot%1:06:02:: | definition=a playing card...
    - Not relevant.

14. sense_key=spot%1:04:00:: | definition=an act that brings discredit...
    - Not relevant.

Sense 1 is clearly the best fit. The context uses "spot" to mean a specific location or point on a chromosome (a region). The first example "a bright spot on a planet" is somewhat analogous - a specific point on a larger surface/region.

Wait, let me double-check if there's any other sense that could fit better. Sense 5 is "a small contrasting part of something" like "a bald spot" or "a leopard's spots." But here, the chromosome isn't being described as having a visible contrasting part in the sense of appearance; rather, it's a specific locus/position. The phrase "at the spot where gene p53 lies" strongly indicates a location.

Sense 1: "a point located with respect to surface features of some region" - the chromosome 17 can be considered a region, and the gene lies at a specific point/location on it.

Actually, looking at WordNet, sense 1 (spot%1:15:01::) is the location sense. The examples include "this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet." The word "place" is a synonym. In the context, "the same spot as p53" and "at the spot where gene p53 lies" both mean "the same place/location as p53."

Therefore, the answer is sense index 1.

Wait, I need to make sure about the indexing. The user lists:
1. sense_key=spot%1:15:01::
2. sense_key=spot%1:10:01::
...
So the index is 1.

Let me verify once more. Is there any chance sense 5 (a small contrasting part of something) is better? No, because the context is about a specific location on a chromosome where a mutation occurs and where a gene lies. It's clearly a positional/locational sense.

Sense 1 is the correct choice.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: SiliconFlow

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists <t>say</t> that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "say" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "The scientists <t>say</t> that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."
 - The scientists are making a statement or expressing their opinion/judgment about the relationship between the gene and breast cancer.
 - They are reporting their findings or maintaining a position based on their research.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
    - This is a general "express in words" sense. It fits, but let's see if there's a more specific one.

 2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
    - This involves reporting or maintaining a position. The scientists are reporting their findings/conclusions.

 3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
    - This is about hypothetical situations ("let's say"). Not fitting here.

 4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
    - This is about text containing certain wording. Not fitting.

 5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
    - This is about giving orders. Not fitting.

 6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
    - This is about pronunciation. Not fitting.

 7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
    - This is about nonverbal communication. Not fitting.

 8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
    - This is about uttering specific words aloud. Not fitting.

 9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
    - This is about stating an opinion or judgment. The scientists are stating their conclusion/opinion based on research.

 10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
    - This is about reciting. Not fitting.

 11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon
    - This is about indicating (like a clock). Not fitting.

 Now I need to decide between sense 1 (express in words), sense 2 (report or maintain), and sense 9 (state as one's opinion or judgement).

 Sense 1 is very general.
 Sense 2 (report or maintain) - the scientists are reporting their findings. The synonyms are "allege, aver". "Aver" means to state or assert to be the case. This fits well with scientists reporting research findings.
 Sense 9 (state as one's opinion or judgement) - this also fits, as they are stating their conclusion.

 However, looking at the example for sense 2: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" - this is similar to the scientists saying something about the gene.
 Looking at sense 9: "I say let's forget this whole business" - this is more of a suggestion or proposal.

 The context suggests the scientists are reporting or maintaining a position based on evidence: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families..." This is an explanation of their findings/view.

 But wait, looking more carefully at sense 2: "report or maintain" with synonyms "allege, aver". In academic/scientific contexts, "allege" often has a connotation of claiming without proof, though "aver" is stronger. However, the definition "report or maintain" fits well with scientists reporting their conclusions.

 Sense 1 "express in words" is very broad and would cover almost any use of "say".

 Let me look at the WordNet sense keys to understand the numbering:
 - say%2:32:00:: is the first sense (express in words)
 - say%2:32:01:: is the second sense (report or maintain)
 - say%2:32:03:: is the third sense (express a supposition) - note the skip from 01 to 03
 - etc.

 Actually, looking at the candidate list, the indices seem to be:
 1. sense_key=say%2:32:00::
 2. sense_key=say%2:32:01::
 3. sense_key=say%2:32:03::
 4. sense_key=say%2:42:00::
 5. sense_key=say%2:32:04::
 6. sense_key=say%2:32:02::
 7. sense_key=say%2:32:07::
 8. sense_key=say%2:32:15::
 9. sense_key=say%2:32:13::
 10. sense_key=say%2:32:08::
 11. sense_key=say%2:32:09::

 The user asks for the "sense_index". Looking at the JSON format example: {"sense_index": 3}, this likely refers to the index in the candidate list (1-based), not the WordNet sense key.

 So I need to choose which numbered item from the list (1-11) is correct.

 Between 1, 2, and 9:

 Sense 1: "express in words" - very general
 Sense 2: "report or maintain" - fits with scientists reporting findings
 Sense 9: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" - also fits

 However, looking at the example for sense 9: "I say let's forget this whole business" - this is an exhortation or proposal, not a scientific reporting.

 Looking at sense 2 examples: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war" - the second example is very similar to the context.

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet sense distinctions:
 - Sense 1 (say%2:32:00::) is the most common, general sense of expressing something verbally.
 - Sense 2 (say%2:32:01::) specifically involves reporting or maintaining (alleging, averring).

 In the context: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families..." - this is the scientists reporting their findings or maintaining a position based on their research.

 However, sense 1 is also very applicable. But sense 2 is more specific and captures the "reporting findings" aspect.

 But wait, looking at the gloss for sense 2: "report or maintain" with synonyms "allege, aver". In many WSD datasets, when scientists "say" something in a paper or study, it's often sense 1 (express in words/state) unless there's a specific connotation of alleging or asserting as fact.

 Let me reconsider sense 9: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare". The scientists are stating their conclusion/judgment based on evidence.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet 3.0 or 3.1 definitions:
 - say%2:32:00:: express in words; "He said that he wanted to marry her"; "tell me what is bothering you"
 - say%2:32:01:: report or maintain; "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime"; "He said it was too late to intervene in the war"

 The example "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" is very similar to the structure here: "The scientists say that since..."

 But is this "reporting" or just "expressing"? The scientists are not just expressing words; they are reporting their findings/conclusions.

 However, in standard WSD for "say", the most common sense is sense 1 (express in words). Sense 2 is typically used when there's a sense of "allege" or "aver" - asserting something to be the case, often in a legal or formal context of maintaining a position.

 In scientific contexts, when researchers "say" something, it's usually sense 1, unless the context emphasizes that they are alleging or asserting a controversial claim.

 But looking at the specific content: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families..." - this is an explanation of their reasoning. They are stating their opinion/conclusion.

 Let me look at sense 9 again: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" with example "I say let's forget this whole business". This seems to be about making a proposal or declaration.

 Actually, I think sense 1 is the safest choice here. The scientists are simply expressing in words (stating) their findings. Sense 2 implies a specific type of saying - reporting or maintaining, often with the connotation of "allege" (which can imply without proof).

 But looking at the candidate list order, sense 1 is "express in words", sense 2 is "report or maintain".

 In the SemCor or other WSD corpora, instances like "The scientists say that..." are typically tagged with sense 1 (the first sense) unless there's a specific reason to use another.

 However, looking at the gloss for sense 2: "report or maintain". Scientists reporting their research findings fits this well.

 Let me check if there's a pattern. The text says: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes..." This is them explaining their conclusion.

 Actually, looking carefully at sense 9: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare". This might be the best fit because they are stating their scientific opinion/judgment about the gene's role.

 But I need to be careful. In WordNet, sense 9 (say%2:32:13::) is often used for "I say, old chap" or declarative statements like "I say we should go".

 Let me reconsider sense 2. The synonyms are "allege, aver". While "allege" can have negative connotations, "aver" means to state or assert to be the case. Scientists are asserting that the gene may predispose women to cancer.

 But sense 1 is the hypernym of all these specific senses. The question is whether the context specifies a more specific sense.

 Looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her" - simple statement
 - Sense 2: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" - also a simple statement, but classified as "report or maintain"

 The distinction between sense 1 and sense 2 in WordNet is subtle. Sense 2 seems to be for cases where someone is reporting information or maintaining a claim, often in a formal or official capacity.

 Given that these are scientists reporting research findings, sense 2 seems appropriate.

 However, I should check if sense 1 is actually the correct answer in standard WSD for this type of sentence. In many cases, "say" in news articles reporting what scientists say is sense 1.

 But looking at the specific wording: "The scientists say that since..." - this is them providing an explanation/reasoning. This could be sense 1.

 Let me look at sense 9 again. The definition is "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare". The example is "I say let's forget this whole business". This is a proposal.

 The scientists are not making a proposal; they are stating a finding/conclusion.

 Between sense 1 and sense 2:
 - Sense 1: express in words (general)
 - Sense 2: report or maintain (specific)

 I think sense 2 is the best fit because they are reporting their research findings. The word "report" in the definition aligns with scientists reporting results.

 Wait, I should check the WordNet sense numbering. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=say%2:32:00::
 2. sense_key=say%2:32:01::
 ...
 9. sense_key=say%2:32:13::

 So if I choose sense 2, the answer is {"sense_index": 2}.
 If I choose sense 1, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.
 If I choose sense 9, the answer is {"sense_index": 9}.

 Given the context of scientific reporting, and the specific gloss "report or maintain", I believe sense 2 (index 2) is the most accurate.

 But let me double-check by looking at the other senses to make sure I'm not missing something.

 Sense 3: "express a supposition" - no, they're not saying "let's say" or hypothesizing; they're stating findings.
 Sense 4: "have or contain a certain wording" - no.
 Sense 5: "give instructions" - no.
 Sense 6: "pronounce" - no.
 Sense 7: "communicate nonverbally" - no.
 Sense 8: "utter aloud" - no, this is about speaking out loud, not the content.
 Sense 9: "state as one's opinion" - possible, but less likely than sense 2 for scientific reporting.
 Sense 10: "recite" - no.
 Sense 11: "indicate" - no.

 So it's between 1, 2, and 9.

 Sense 9 is typically for "I say..." as in "I propose" or "I declare". Not fitting.

 Sense 2 vs Sense 1: In WordNet, sense 2 (report or maintain) is a hyponym of sense 1 (express in words). The question is whether the context triggers the specific sense.

 The presence of "allege" and "aver" as synonyms suggests that sense 2 is for cases where someone is making a claim or assertion, often in a formal context. Scientists asserting a genetic link fits this.

 However, in many WSD systems, simple "say" with a that-clause is often sense 1 unless there's a clear "allege" context.

 But looking at the example for sense 2: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" - this is very similar to our sentence structure.

 I will go with sense 2 (index 2).

 Actually, wait. I should reconsider sense 9. The definition is "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare". The scientists are stating their scientific judgment that the gene may predispose women to cancer. This could be sense 9.

 But the example for sense 9 "I say let's forget this whole business" suggests it's used for suggestions or proposals, not factual statements.

 Sense 2's example "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" is a factual statement about a situation, similar to the scientists' statement.

 I think sense 2 is correct.

 Final check: The user wants the JSON with the sense_index. The candidates are numbered 1-11. So I should return {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer <t>often</t> strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "often" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 "The scientists say that since breast cancer <t>often</t> strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

 The sentence is saying that breast cancer frequently strikes multiple members of certain families, or in many cases/instances it strikes multiple members.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
    - This suggests repetition at short intervals, like meeting often for coffee.

 2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
    - This seems to relate to quantity or degree (much, a great deal).

 3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances
    - This suggests that in many instances/cases, something happens.

 In the context: "breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families"

 This means that in many cases or instances, breast cancer strikes multiple members of certain families. It's talking about the frequency of occurrence across cases, not necessarily "many times at short intervals" (which would imply the same person getting cancer multiple times quickly), nor "in great quantities" (which doesn't fit well with "strikes").

 Actually, looking more carefully:
 - Sense 1: "many times at short intervals" - this is about temporal frequency (happening repeatedly)
 - Sense 2: "frequently or in great quantities" - this seems to be about degree/amount (much)
 - Sense 3: "in many cases or instances" - this is about how common something is across a population

 The context is about breast cancer occurring in multiple members of families - it's saying that it happens in many cases/instances that breast cancer strikes multiple family members. This is about the statistical frequency across cases, not about temporal repetition.

 However, "often" in "breast cancer often strikes" could be interpreted as "frequently" (sense 1). But let's look at the distinction between sense 1 and sense 3 more carefully.

 Sense 1 examples: "we often met over a cup of coffee" - this is about habitual action, temporal frequency.
 Sense 3: "in many cases or instances" - this is about generic statements, statistical frequency.

 The sentence "breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families" is making a generalization about how breast cancer behaves - in many cases/instances, it strikes multiple family members. This is a generic statement about the frequency of the phenomenon across the population.

 Actually, looking at WordNet:
 - often%4:02:00:: is the "frequently" sense (temporal)
 - often%4:02:02:: is the "in many cases" sense (generic)

 The phrase "breast cancer often strikes" is similar to saying "it often happens that..." or "in many instances...".

 But wait, "strikes" is an event verb. "Often" modifying an event verb like "strikes" could be temporal frequency. However, the subject is "breast cancer" (a disease), and it's saying that the disease often (frequently) strikes multiple members.

 Let me reconsider the examples:
 - Sense 1: "we often met" - habitual, repeated action
 - Sense 2: "I don't drink much" - quantity/degree
 - Sense 3: No example given, but "in many cases or instances"

 In the sentence "breast cancer often strikes multiple members", it's saying that it is frequently the case that breast cancer strikes multiple members of certain families. This is a statement about the frequency of the situation occurring.

 Actually, looking at the distinction in WordNet:
 - Sense 1 (often%4:02:00::): many times at short intervals (temporal)
 - Sense 3 (often%4:02:02::): in many cases or instances (logical/generic)

 The context is about a general truth: breast cancer frequently/in many cases strikes multiple members of certain families. This is a generic statement, not about a specific repeated action at short intervals.

 However, "often" is very commonly used for both. But sense 3 specifically captures the "in many cases" meaning which is used for generalizations.

 Let me check if there's a clear distinction. In the sentence, "since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families" - this is providing a reason based on a general pattern. The pattern is that in many cases (when breast cancer occurs in families), it strikes multiple members.

 Actually, looking at it again: "breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families" means that it frequently happens that multiple members get cancer. This could be sense 1 (temporal frequency of the event).

 But sense 3 is specifically "in many cases or instances". This fits well with epidemiological statements like "breast cancer often strikes..." meaning "in many instances/cases, breast cancer strikes..."

 Let me look at the synonyms again:
 - Sense 1: frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes
 - Sense 2: much, a great deal
 - Sense 3: (no synonyms listed, just "in many cases or instances")

 In the context, "often" is not synonymous with "much" or "a great deal" (you wouldn't say "breast cancer much strikes"). So sense 2 is out.

 Between sense 1 and sense 3:
 - Sense 1 emphasizes repetition at short intervals (temporal)
 - Sense 3 emphasizes occurrence in many cases (generic/statistical)

 The sentence is making a generalization about breast cancer occurrence in families. This is a classic case for sense 3. Words like "often", "usually", "generally" can have this "in many cases" reading.

 For example: "The disease often proves fatal" = "In many cases, the disease proves fatal."

 So I think sense 3 is the best fit.

 Wait, I should double-check. Is there any reason to prefer sense 1? "Breast cancer often strikes" could mean the disease frequently attacks, repeatedly. But given the context about families and inheritance, it's talking about the pattern across cases - in many instances, it affects multiple family members.

 The phrase "strikes multiple members of certain families" - if it were sense 1 (many times at short intervals), it would imply that breast cancer repeatedly strikes the same families over short intervals, which doesn't quite capture the meaning. Rather, it's saying that when breast cancer occurs, it often (in many cases) affects multiple members of those families.

 Actually, looking at the sentence structure: "since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families" - this is saying that breast cancer frequently has the characteristic of striking multiple family members. This is a generic statement.

 I think sense 3 (in many cases or instances) is correct.

 But let me reconsider sense 1. Could "often" here mean "frequently" in the temporal sense? Like, breast cancer frequently strikes (happens to) multiple members? In everyday English, we say "cancer often runs in families" - this is similar. "Often" here means "frequently" or "commonly".

 In WordNet, sense 1 is the more general "frequently" sense, while sense 3 is specifically "in many cases or instances".

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
 - often%4:02:00:: is the first sense, usually the most common.
 - often%4:02:02:: is the third sense.

 But the definitions are distinct. Sense 1 is "many times at short intervals" which suggests repetition over time. Sense 3 is "in many cases or instances" which suggests across different situations.

 In "breast cancer often strikes multiple members", we are talking about different families (different cases/instances), not the same family being struck repeatedly at short intervals. So sense 3 is more appropriate.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 3.

 Wait, I need to be careful. The user said "Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense."

 Let me verify once more. Is there any ambiguity?

 Context: "breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families"

 If I replace with sense 1 synonyms: "breast cancer frequently strikes..." - this works.
 If I replace with sense 3 definition: "breast cancer in many cases or instances strikes..." - this also works, but is more wordy.

 However, the key is the WordNet sense distinction. Sense 1 is specifically "many times at short intervals". This implies temporal closeness. But breast cancer striking family members could happen over years, not necessarily at short intervals. And it's about different people (different cases).

 Sense 3 "in many cases or instances" fits the epidemiological context perfectly - in many instances (cases of breast cancer in families), it strikes multiple members.

 Also, looking at the examples for sense 2: "I don't drink much" - this shows that sense 2 is about quantity/degree, which doesn't fit.

 So it's between 1 and 3. Given that this is a scientific text discussing the frequency of a phenomenon across cases (families), sense 3 is the precise fit.

 I will go with sense_index: 3.

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: strike
Target surface form: strikes
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often <t>strikes</t> multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=strike%2:35:00:: | definition=deliver a sharp blow, as with the hand, fist, or weapon | examples=The teacher struck the child; the opponent refused to strike
2. sense_key=strike%2:37:00:: | definition=have an emotional or cognitive impact upon | synonyms=affect, impress, move | examples=This child impressed me as unusually mature; This behavior struck me as odd
3. sense_key=strike%2:35:01:: | definition=hit against; come into sudden contact with | synonyms=hit, impinge on, run into, collide with | examples=The car hit a tree; He struck the table with his elbow
4. sense_key=strike%2:33:00:: | definition=make a strategic, offensive, assault against an enemy, opponent, or a target | synonyms=hit | examples=The Germans struck Poland on Sept. 1, 1939; We must strike the enemy's oil fields
5. sense_key=strike%2:32:00:: | definition=indicate (a certain time) by striking | examples=The clock struck midnight; Just when I entered, the clock struck
6. sense_key=strike%2:35:02:: | definition=affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely | synonyms=hit | examples=We were hit by really bad weather; He was stricken with cancer when he was still a teenager
7. sense_key=strike%2:41:00:: | definition=stop work in order to press demands | synonyms=walk out | examples=The auto workers are striking for higher wages; The employees walked out when their demand for better benefits was not met
8. sense_key=strike%2:42:00:: | definition=touch or seem as if touching visually or audibly | synonyms=fall, shine | examples=Light fell on her face; The sun shone on the fields
9. sense_key=strike%2:41:02:: | definition=attain | synonyms=come to | examples=The horse finally struck a pace
10. sense_key=strike%2:35:03:: | definition=produce by manipulating keys or strings of musical instruments, also metaphorically | synonyms=hit | examples=The pianist strikes a middle C; strike `z' on the keyboard
11. sense_key=strike%2:30:00:: | definition=cause to form (an electric arc) between electrodes of an arc lamp | examples=strike an arc
12. sense_key=strike%2:40:00:: | definition=find unexpectedly | synonyms=fall upon, come upon, light upon, chance upon, come across, chance on | examples=the archeologists chanced upon an old tomb; she struck a goldmine
13. sense_key=strike%2:36:00:: | definition=produce by ignition or a blow | examples=strike fire from the flintstone; strike a match
14. sense_key=strike%2:35:08:: | definition=remove by erasing or crossing out or as if by drawing a line | synonyms=scratch, expunge, excise | examples=Please strike this remark from the record; scratch that remark
15. sense_key=strike%2:39:00:: | definition=cause to experience suddenly | synonyms=hit, come to | examples=Panic struck me; An interesting idea hit her
16. sense_key=strike%2:38:02:: | definition=drive something violently into a location | synonyms=hit | examples=he hit his fist on the table; she struck her head on the low ceiling
17. sense_key=strike%2:38:08:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, take, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
18. sense_key=strike%2:36:02:: | definition=form by stamping, punching, or printing | synonyms=mint, coin | examples=strike coins; strike a medal
19. sense_key=strike%2:35:10:: | definition=smooth with a strickle | synonyms=strickle | examples=strickle the grain in the measure
20. sense_key=strike%2:35:09:: | definition=pierce with force | examples=The bullet struck her thigh; The icy wind struck through our coats
21. sense_key=strike%2:31:00:: | definition=arrive at after reckoning, deliberating, and weighing | examples=strike a balance; strike a bargain

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "strikes" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The sentence is: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often <t>strikes</t> multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."
 - The subject is "breast cancer" (a disease)
 - The object is "multiple members of certain families" (people)
 - The meaning is that breast cancer affects or afflicts multiple members of certain families

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. strike%2:35:00:: - deliver a sharp blow (physical action) - doesn't fit, cancer doesn't deliver blows
 2. strike%2:37:00:: - have an emotional or cognitive impact - doesn't fit, cancer doesn't emotionally impact in this sense (though it could, but the context is about physical affliction)
 3. strike%2:35:01:: - hit against, come into sudden contact - physical contact, doesn't fit
 4. strike%2:33:00:: - military assault - doesn't fit
 5. strike%2:32:00:: - indicate time by striking (clock) - doesn't fit
 6. strike%2:35:02:: - affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely - synonyms: hit; examples: "We were hit by really bad weather; He was stricken with cancer when he was still a teenager"
    - This fits perfectly! The example even mentions "stricken with cancer"
    - Cancer strikes/affects/afflicts multiple members
 7. strike%2:41:00:: - stop work (labor strike) - doesn't fit
 8. strike%2:42:00:: - touch visually or audibly (light falling) - doesn't fit
 9. strike%2:41:02:: - attain - doesn't fit
 10. strike%2:35:03:: - produce by manipulating keys/strings - doesn't fit
 11. strike%2:30:00:: - cause to form electric arc - doesn't fit
 12. strike%2:40:00:: - find unexpectedly - doesn't fit
 13. strike%2:36:00:: - produce by ignition - doesn't fit
 14. strike%2:35:08:: - remove by erasing - doesn't fit
 15. strike%2:39:00:: - cause to experience suddenly - could be close, but sense 6 is more specific to affliction/disease
    - Examples: "Panic struck me; An interesting idea hit her"
    - This is about sudden experience, but sense 6 is specifically about adverse affliction
 16. strike%2:38:02:: - drive violently into location - doesn't fit
 17. strike%2:38:08:: - occupy or take on - doesn't fit
 18. strike%2:36:02:: - form by stamping - doesn't fit
 19. strike%2:35:10:: - smooth with strickle - doesn't fit
 20. strike%2:35:09:: - pierce with force - doesn't fit
 21. strike%2:31:00:: - arrive at after reckoning - doesn't fit

 Sense 6 (strike%2:35:02::) is the best match:
 - Definition: affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely
 - Synonyms: hit
 - Examples include "He was stricken with cancer when he was still a teenager"
 - The context is about breast cancer affecting multiple family members

 Sense 15 (strike%2:39:00::) is also possible: "cause to experience suddenly" with examples like "Panic struck me". However, sense 6 is more specific to diseases and adverse conditions affecting people, which fits the medical context better.

 The index for sense 6 is: 6

 Wait, let me check the indexing. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=strike%2:35:00::
 2. sense_key=strike%2:37:00::
 3. sense_key=strike%2:35:01::
 4. sense_key=strike%2:33:00::
 5. sense_key=strike%2:32:00::
 6. sense_key=strike%2:35:02::
 ...

 So sense_key strike%2:35:02:: corresponds to index 6.

 The answer should be: {"sense_index": 6}

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: member
Target surface form: members
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple <t>members</t> of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=member%1:18:00:: | definition=one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization) | synonyms=fellow member | examples=only members will be admitted; a member of the faculty
2. sense_key=member%1:24:00:: | definition=anything that belongs to a set or class | examples=snakes are members of the class Reptilia; members of the opposite sex
3. sense_key=member%1:08:00:: | definition=an external body part that projects from the body | synonyms=extremity, appendage | examples=it is important to keep the extremities warm
4. sense_key=member%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization that is a member of another organization (especially a state that belongs to a group of nations) | examples=the library was a member of the interlibrary loan association; Canada is a member of the United Nations
5. sense_key=member%1:08:01:: | definition=the male organ of copulation (`member' is a euphemism) | synonyms=penis, phallus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "member" (surface form "members") in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The text is about cancer research, specifically the p53 gene and its relation to breast cancer. The key sentence is: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple <t>members</t> of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

 So "members" here refers to people in families - specifically, multiple people from the same family getting breast cancer.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=member%1:18:00:: | definition=one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization) | synonyms=fellow member | examples=only members will be admitted; a member of the faculty

 This seems to fit best. Family members are persons who compose a social group (the family). The definition mentions "individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization" - while family isn't exactly an "organization" you join, it's still a social group. The example "a member of the faculty" shows it can be used for groups that aren't strictly "organizations" but social/professional groups.

 2. sense_key=member%1:24:00:: | definition=anything that belongs to a set or class | examples=snakes are members of the class Reptilia; members of the opposite sex

 This is for biological/taxonomic classification or abstract sets. While family could be considered a set, the context is about people (women with breast cancer), not biological classification.

 3. sense_key=member%1:08:00:: | definition=an external body part that projects from the body | synonyms=extremity, appendage | examples=it is important to keep the extremities warm

 This is anatomical (limbs, etc.). Not relevant here.

 4. sense_key=member%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization that is a member of another organization (especially a state that belongs to a group of nations) | examples=the library was a member of the interlibrary loan association; Canada is a member of the United Nations

 This is for organizations being members of other organizations. Here we're talking about people (family members), not organizations.

 5. sense_key=member%1:08:01:: | definition=the male organ of copulation (`member' is a euphemism) | synonyms=penis, phallus

 Definitely not relevant here.

 So sense 1 is clearly the best fit. The context refers to "members of certain families" meaning people belonging to families.

 Wait, let me double-check sense 1 vs sense 2. Sense 2 includes "members of the opposite sex" which shows it can be used for people. But "members of the opposite sex" is a different usage - it's about belonging to a class/category.

 "Members of families" is about belonging to a social group/unit. The WordNet sense 1 specifically mentions "social group" and "persons who compose a social group". Families are definitely social groups.

 Also, sense 1 examples: "only members will be admitted; a member of the faculty" - these are about belonging to groups/organizations. Family is a primary social group.

 Sense 2 examples: "snakes are members of the class Reptilia; members of the opposite sex" - these are about classification into categories/sets.

 The context is clearly about people in families, not about classification. So sense 1 is correct.

 The index for sense 1 is 1.

 Wait, I need to check the format. The user wants {"sense_index": 3} format - just the number corresponding to the position in the list.

 The candidates are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: certain
Target surface form: certain
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of <t>certain</t> families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=definite but not specified or identified | examples=set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree
2. sense_key=certain%3:00:02:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=sure | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
3. sense_key=certain%3:00:01:: | definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known | examples=what is certain is that every effect must have a cause; it is certain that they were on the bus
4. sense_key=certain%3:00:03:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable; ; ; - Benjamin Franklin | synonyms=sure | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain
5. sense_key=certain%3:00:05:: | definition=established irrevocably | synonyms=sealed | examples=his fate is sealed
6. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=sure | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two
7. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=sure | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "certain" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of <t>certain</t> families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

 The phrase is "certain families". This means specific families, particular families, but not necessarily identified or named in the text. It's referring to definite but unspecified families.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=definite but not specified or identified | examples=set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree
    - This fits "certain families" = specific families but not named/identified
    - Examples include "a certain sum" which is parallel to "certain families"

 2. sense_key=certain%3:00:02:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=sure | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
    - This is about being confident, not about specifying particular items
    - Doesn't fit "certain families"

 3. sense_key=certain%3:00:01:: | definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known | examples=what is certain is that every effect must have a cause; it is certain that they were on the bus
    - This is about something being definitely true/known
    - Doesn't fit "certain families"

 4. sense_key=certain%3:00:03:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable; ; ; - Benjamin Franklin | synonyms=sure | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain
    - This is about inevitability
    - Doesn't fit "certain families"

 5. sense_key=certain%3:00:05:: | definition=established irrevocably | synonyms=sealed | examples=his fate is sealed
    - This is about being sealed/fixed irrevocably
    - Doesn't fit

 6. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=sure | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two
    - This is about reliability
    - Doesn't fit "certain families"

 7. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=sure | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors
    - This is about being careful/sure to do something
    - Doesn't fit

 The best fit is sense 1: "definite but not specified or identified"
 - "certain families" = specific/particular families (definite) but not named (not specified or identified)
 - This matches the example "set aside a certain sum each week" - a specific sum but not specified which amount
 - Also matches "to a certain degree" - a specific degree but not specified which one

 In the context, it means breast cancer strikes multiple members of specific/particular families (implying some families have genetic predisposition), but these families aren't named or identified in the text.

 So the answer should be sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: family
Target surface form: families
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain <t>families</t>, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=family%1:14:02:: | definition=a social unit living together | synonyms=household, house, home, menage | examples=he moved his family to Virginia; It was a good Christian household
2. sense_key=family%1:14:00:: | definition=primary social group; parents and children | synonyms=family unit | examples=he wanted to have a good job before starting a family
3. sense_key=family%1:14:04:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category | examples=there are two classes of detergents
4. sense_key=family%1:14:01:: | definition=people descended from a common ancestor | synonyms=family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry | examples=his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower
5. sense_key=family%1:18:00:: | definition=a person having kinship with another or others | synonyms=kin, kinsperson | examples=he's kin; he's family
6. sense_key=family%1:14:03:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera | examples=sharks belong to the fish family
7. sense_key=family%1:14:06:: | definition=a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities | synonyms=syndicate, crime syndicate, mob
8. sense_key=family%1:14:05:: | definition=an association of people who share common beliefs or activities | synonyms=fellowship | examples=the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family; the church welcomed new members into its fellowship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "families" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about cancer research, specifically the p53 gene
 - The sentence in question: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain <t>families</t>, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

 Key clues:
 - "breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families"
 - This refers to genetic inheritance within family groups
 - "members of certain families" suggests people related by blood/descent
 - The context is about inherited genes passing through generations

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. family%1:14:02:: - a social unit living together (household)
    - This refers to people living in the same house, not necessarily genetically related
    - The context is about genetic inheritance, not cohabitation

 2. family%1:14:00:: - primary social group; parents and children
    - This is close but typically refers to the immediate nuclear family
    - The context suggests extended lineage ("multiple members of certain families" implies larger groups related by blood)

 3. family%1:14:04:: - a collection of things sharing a common attribute (class, category)
    - This is abstract, not about human relations
    - Doesn't fit the context of people getting cancer

 4. family%1:14:01:: - people descended from a common ancestor (family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry)
    - This fits perfectly: "multiple members of certain families" refers to people related by descent/ancestry
    - The context of inherited genes predisposing women to cancer points to genetic lineage
    - Synonyms like "kinfolk", "family line" match the genetic inheritance context

 5. family%1:18:00:: - a person having kinship with another or others (kin, kinsperson)
    - This refers to an individual person, not a group
    - The text says "members of certain families" (plural), implying groups, not individuals

 6. family%1:14:03:: - (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera
    - This is biological classification (like biological family), not human family relations
    - While the text is about biology/genes, "families" here refers to human families, not taxonomic ranks

 7. family%1:14:06:: - a loose affiliation of gangsters (syndicate, mob)
    - Clearly wrong context

 8. family%1:14:05:: - an association of people who share common beliefs or activities (fellowship)
    - This is about shared interests/beliefs, not genetic relations
    - The context is about genetic inheritance, not shared activities

 The best fit is sense 4: family%1:14:01:: - people descended from a common ancestor.

 The context explicitly discusses inherited genes passing through families, breast cancer striking multiple members (implying genetic predisposition through lineage), and the gene being "inherited" - all pointing to the sense of family as a group of people related by blood/descent.

 The index for this sense appears to be 4 in the list provided (counting from 1):
 1. sense_key=family%1:14:02::
 2. sense_key=family%1:14:00::
 3. sense_key=family%1:14:04::
 4. sense_key=family%1:14:01::
 5. sense_key=family%1:18:00::
 6. sense_key=family%1:14:03::
 7. sense_key=family%1:14:06::
 8. sense_key=family%1:14:05::

 So the answer should be {"sense_index": 4}.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when <t>inherited</t> in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "inherited" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about the p53 gene and cancer
- It mentions that breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families (familial inheritance)
- "the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer"
- This refers to genetic transmission - receiving the gene from parents through biological inheritance

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
   - This is about inheriting property/assets after death. Not applicable here.

2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
   - This is about receiving something (like responsibilities, problems) from a predecessor in a role/position. Not applicable here.

3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother
   - This is about genetic inheritance - receiving traits/genes from parents. This matches the context perfectly because:
     - The text discusses genes
     - It mentions families (multiple members of certain families)
     - It's about receiving a damaged form of the gene through genetic transmission
     - The example "I inherited my good eyesight from my mother" shows biological/genetic inheritance

The context clearly points to genetic/biological inheritance, not property inheritance or institutional succession.

Therefore, the correct sense is sense 3 (index 3).

The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a <t>damaged</t> form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "damaged" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text discusses the p53 gene and cancer
- It mentions "when inherited in a damaged form" referring to the p53 gene
- The gene p53 is described as a cancer-suppressing gene
- When it's "damaged," it may predispose women to cancer
- Earlier in the text, it mentions "he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53"

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
- This sense refers to physical or biological harm/injury/spoilage
- In the context, the gene is described as being in a "damaged form" - meaning it's harmed/spoiled/mutated in a way that affects its function
- This fits with biological/genetic damage

2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation
- This sense refers to reputation, disrepute, being discredited
- The context is about a gene, not reputation
- While "damaged reputation" is a common collocation, here we're talking about a biological entity (gene) being damaged

The context clearly refers to a biological/genetic context where the p53 gene is mutated or altered in a way that harms its function (suppressing cancer). This aligns with sense 1 (harmed or injured or spoiled).

Sense 2 is about reputation and social standing, which doesn't apply to a gene.

Therefore, the best sense is sense 1 (index 1).

The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: form
Target surface form: form
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged <t>form</t>, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=form%1:10:00:: | definition=the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something | synonyms=word form, signifier, descriptor | examples=the inflected forms of a word can be represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached
2. sense_key=form%1:09:01:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, variety | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
3. sense_key=form%1:09:00:: | definition=a perceptual structure | synonyms=shape, pattern | examples=the composition presents problems for students of musical form; a visual pattern must include not only objects but the spaces between them
4. sense_key=form%1:07:01:: | definition=any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline) | synonyms=shape, configuration, contour, conformation | examples=he could barely make out their shapes
5. sense_key=form%1:08:00:: | definition=alternative names for the body of a human being | synonyms=human body, physical body, material body, soma, build, figure | examples=Leonardo studied the human body; he has a strong physique
6. sense_key=form%1:03:00:: | definition=the spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance | synonyms=shape | examples=geometry is the mathematical science of shape
7. sense_key=form%1:07:00:: | definition=the visual appearance of something or someone | synonyms=shape, cast | examples=the delicate cast of his features
8. sense_key=form%1:10:01:: | definition=a printed document with spaces in which to write | examples=he filled out his tax form
9. sense_key=form%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups | synonyms=variant, strain, var. | examples=a new strain of microorganisms
10. sense_key=form%1:10:02:: | definition=an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse | examples=the essay was in the form of a dialogue; he first sketches the plot in outline form
11. sense_key=form%1:07:03:: | definition=a particular mode in which something is manifested | examples=his resentment took the form of extreme hostility
12. sense_key=form%1:26:00:: | definition=(physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and physical state and separated from other material by the phase boundary | synonyms=phase | examples=the reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system
13. sense_key=form%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
14. sense_key=form%1:07:02:: | definition=an ability to perform well | examples=he was at the top of his form; the team was off form last night
15. sense_key=form%1:06:00:: | definition=a life-size dummy used to display clothes | synonyms=mannequin, manikin, mannikin, manakin
16. sense_key=form%1:06:01:: | definition=a mold for setting concrete | examples=they built elaborate forms for pouring the foundation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "form" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about the p53 gene and cancer research
 - The specific sentence containing the target word is: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged <t>form</t>, may predispose women to the cancer."

 The phrase is "damaged form of p53" or "inherited in a damaged form". The context is about a gene (p53) that can exist in different states or variants - specifically a "damaged" version versus a normal/healthy version.

 Let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. form%1:10:00:: - phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word. Not relevant here (not about linguistics).

 2. form%1:09:01:: - a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality (kind, sort, variety). This could potentially fit - "a damaged kind of p53".

 3. form%1:09:00:: - a perceptual structure (shape, pattern). Not quite right for a gene.

 4. form%1:07:01:: - any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline). Physical shape, not relevant for a gene.

 5. form%1:08:00:: - alternative names for the body of a human being. Not relevant.

 6. form%1:03:00:: - the spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance. Physical geometry, not relevant.

 7. form%1:07:00:: - the visual appearance of something or someone. Not relevant.

 8. form%1:10:01:: - a printed document with spaces in which to write. Not relevant.

 9. form%1:14:02:: - (biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups (variant, strain, var.). This is biological and refers to variants/strain. The example is "a new strain of microorganisms". This seems very relevant - a gene can have different forms/variants/strains.

 10. form%1:10:02:: - an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse. Not relevant.

 11. form%1:07:03:: - a particular mode in which something is manifested. This could work - "his resentment took the form of extreme hostility". A damaged form could be a mode of manifestation.

 12. form%1:26:00:: - (physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system (phase). Not quite right for a gene variant.

 13. form%1:14:00:: - a body of students who are taught together. Not relevant.

 14. form%1:07:02:: - an ability to perform well. Not relevant.

 15. form%1:06:00:: - a life-size dummy used to display clothes. Not relevant.

 16. form%1:06:01:: - a mold for setting concrete. Not relevant.

 Now between the top candidates:
 - Sense 2: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality" - kind, sort, variety. Example: "sculpture is a form of art"
 - Sense 9: "(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups" - variant, strain, var.
 - Sense 11: "a particular mode in which something is manifested"

 The context is specifically biological - talking about a gene (p53) and inheritance. The phrase "damaged form" refers to a variant or version of the gene that is damaged/mutated.

 Sense 9 is specifically marked as biology: "(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups". While this definition mentions "organisms within a species", in biological contexts, "form" can also refer to variants of genes (alleles or mutated forms). The synonyms "variant, strain, var." strongly suggest this is about biological variation.

 However, looking closely at sense 9: "a group of organisms within a species" - this is about organisms, not genes. But genes can also have forms/variants.

 Sense 2 is more general: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality". This is very broad.

 Sense 11: "a particular mode in which something is manifested". Example: "his resentment took the form of extreme hostility". This suggests "form" as a way something appears or manifests.

 But in genetics, when we say "damaged form of the gene", we typically mean a variant or version of the gene.

 Let me reconsider sense 9. Even though the definition mentions "organisms", WordNet senses can sometimes be extended. But actually, looking at the definition strictly: "a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups" - this is about taxonomic groups (like subspecies, varieties).

 Actually, looking at the context again: "inherited in a damaged form" - this refers to the gene being inherited in a damaged state/variant.

 In biological/genetic contexts, "form" often maps to sense 9 (variant/strain) or sense 2 (kind/type).

 But wait, looking at sense 9's examples: "a new strain of microorganisms". This is about microorganisms.

 However, in the sentence: "the gene, when inherited in a damaged form" - this is similar to saying "the gene, when inherited in a damaged variant/state".

 Let me look at sense 2 again: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality" - kind, sort, variety. Examples: "sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?"

 If I say "damaged form of p53", I could mean "damaged kind of p53" or "damaged variant of p53".

 But sense 9 is specifically biological. Even though it mentions organisms, in the context of genes, "form" is often used to mean "variant" or "allele".

 Actually, looking at WordNet more carefully, sense 9 (form%1:14:02) is specifically:
 "(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups"

 This is the biological taxonomy sense (like a variety or subspecies).

 But the context is about a gene, not an organism group. However, genes can be said to have "forms" meaning variants.

 Let me check if there's a better fit. Sense 11: "a particular mode in which something is manifested". This is abstract. "His resentment took the form of hostility."

 In the context: "inherited in a damaged form" - this could mean "in a damaged state" or "as a damaged variant".

 Actually, looking at similar usages: "inherited in a recessive form", "inherited in a dominant form", "inherited in a mutated form". These typically refer to variants or states of the gene.

 Between sense 2 and sense 9:
 - Sense 2 is very general (kind, sort, variety)
 - Sense 9 is biological (variant, strain)

 Given the context is specifically about genetics and biology, and the synonyms for sense 9 include "variant" and "strain", which are terms used in genetics, sense 9 seems most appropriate, even if the definition mentions organisms. The key is that it's the biological sense of "form" meaning a variant.

 However, I should be careful. The definition of sense 9 specifically says "a group of organisms". A gene is not a group of organisms.

 So maybe sense 2 is better? "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality". A damaged form of the gene would be a category of the gene characterized by being damaged.

 Or sense 11: "a particular mode in which something is manifested". The gene manifests in a damaged mode.

 Let me think about how "form" is used in genetics. We say "allelic forms", "mutant forms", "wild-type form". This refers to different versions or variants of the gene.

 In WordNet, sense 9 is the only one with "variant" as a synonym. Even though the definition mentions organisms, it is the closest biological concept.

 But actually, looking at the sentence structure: "inherited in a damaged form". This is parallel to "in the form of".

 Let me look at sense 11's example: "his resentment took the form of extreme hostility". This is about manifestation.

 If I substitute: "the gene took the damaged form" or "inherited in the damaged form".

 Actually, looking at the broader context: "he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53". This means a damaged version/type of p53.

 I think sense 2 (kind, sort, variety) or sense 9 (variant, strain) are the main contenders.

 Given that:
 1. The context is biological
 2. The word "form" refers to a genetic variant/mutant version
 3. Sense 9 has synonyms "variant, strain, var."
 4. Even though the definition mentions organisms, it is the biological taxonomy sense that extends to genetic variants

 But wait, I should check if sense 2's examples fit: "sculpture is a form of art" - yes, "damaged form of p53" fits this pattern (X is a form of Y).

 Sense 9's examples: "a new strain of microorganisms" - "a damaged form of p53" - this also fits the pattern.

 However, sense 9 is more specific to biology, and the context is specifically about genes and inheritance. The word "form" in genetics often corresponds to this sense.

 Let me reconsider sense 9's definition: "(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups".

 Actually, upon reflection, while "form" can mean variant in biology, in this specific WordNet sense (9), it is defined specifically for organisms. Using it for a gene might be a stretch.

 Sense 2 is: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality". This is very general and fits "damaged form" = "damaged kind".

 But there's also sense 11: "a particular mode in which something is manifested".

 Let me look at the phrase "damaged form" in the context. The gene p53 can exist in different forms: normal/healthy vs damaged/mutated. This is similar to "water exists in three forms: solid, liquid, gas" - which would be sense 12 (phase/state of matter)? No, sense 12 is physical chemistry.

 Actually, "form" meaning "version" or "variant" is often sense 2 in WordNet.

 But let me check if there's a sense I missed that fits "version" or "variant" better.

 Looking at the list again:
 - Sense 2: kind, sort, variety
 - Sense 9: variant, strain, var. (biology)

 In many WSD tasks for biological texts, when "form" refers to a genetic variant, it is often mapped to sense 9, despite the definition mentioning organisms, because it's the only biological variant sense.

 However, to be precise, "damaged form of the gene" means the gene existing in a damaged state or version.

 I think the best choice is sense 9 because:
 1. It is the only sense with "variant" as a synonym
 2. The context is biological (genetics)
 3. In biological contexts, "form" frequently means a variant type (even if the WordNet definition is slightly narrow by mentioning organisms, it captures the biological variation concept)

 Alternatively, sense 2 is safer because it is general enough to cover "damaged type/kind of gene", but sense 9 is more specific to the domain.

 Actually, looking at the example for sense 2: "sculpture is a form of art" - this is about categorization. "Damaged form of p53" is also categorization (the damaged category of p53).

 But "inherited in a damaged form" suggests the state or version in which it is inherited.

 I think I should go with sense 9. The key is that in biology, "form" refers to variants, and this is the biological sense.

 Wait, I need to be careful. The instruction says "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense."

 So I should look at:
 - Synonyms: sense 9 has "variant, strain, var." - these are exactly the words used in genetics for different forms of a gene.
 - Examples: "a new strain of microorganisms" - shows biological usage for different types of organisms, analogous to different types of genes.
 - Context: biological, about genes and inheritance.

 Sense 2 has synonyms "kind, sort, variety" - more general.
 Sense 11 has no synonyms listed (or rather, the definition doesn't list synonyms in the same way, but the example shows "form" used with "took the form of").

 Given that the text is about "gene p53" and "inherited", and mentions "mutated", the word "form" here is best captured by the biological variant sense (sense 9).

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 9.

 But let me double-check if there's any other sense that could fit better.

 Sense 12: "(physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system" - no, genes aren't states of matter like solid/liquid/gas.

 Sense 3: "a perceptual structure" - no.

 Sense 6: "the spatial arrangement of something" - no, not about geometry.

 So it's between 2, 9, and 11.

 Sense 11: "a particular mode in which something is manifested". Example: "his resentment took the form of extreme hostility". If I apply this: "the gene took the damaged form of..." - this doesn't quite fit the inheritance context as well as "variant".

 Sense 2: "a category of things...". "Damaged form" as a category.

 Sense 9: "a group of organisms... that differ...". While genes aren't organisms, the concept of "differing in trivial ways" and being a "variant" or "strain" is the closest match for genetic variants.

 In many WSD datasets, "form" in biological contexts referring to subtypes or variants is tagged as sense 9.

 I will go with 9.

provider: Chutes