[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: see
Target surface form: seen
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was <t>seen</t> in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=see%2:39:00:: | definition=perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight | examples=You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?
2. sense_key=see%2:31:01:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realize, realise | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
3. sense_key=see%2:39:02:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
4. sense_key=see%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind | synonyms=visualize, visualise, envision, project, fancy, figure | examples=I can't see him on horseback!; I can see what will happen
5. sense_key=see%2:31:00:: | definition=deem to be | synonyms=consider, reckon, view, regard | examples=She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow
6. sense_key=see%2:31:02:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
7. sense_key=see%2:39:03:: | definition=see or watch | synonyms=watch, view, catch, take in | examples=view a show on television; This program will be seen all over the world
8. sense_key=see%2:38:00:: | definition=come together | synonyms=meet, run into, encounter, run across, come across | examples=I'll probably see you at the meeting; How nice to see you again!
9. sense_key=see%2:32:00:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, find out, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works
10. sense_key=see%2:31:03:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=check, insure, see to it, ensure, control, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
11. sense_key=see%2:41:11:: | definition=go to see for professional or business reasons | examples=You should see a lawyer; We had to see a psychiatrist
12. sense_key=see%2:41:12:: | definition=go to see for a social visit | examples=I went to see my friend Mary the other day
13. sense_key=see%2:41:10:: | definition=go to see a place, as for entertainment | synonyms=visit | examples=We went to see the Eiffel Tower in the morning
14. sense_key=see%2:41:14:: | definition=take charge of or deal with | synonyms=attend, take care, look | examples=Could you see about lunch?; I must attend to this matter
15. sense_key=see%2:35:09:: | definition=receive as a specified guest | examples=the doctor will see you now; The minister doesn't see anybody before noon
16. sense_key=see%2:41:00:: | definition=date regularly; have a steady relationship with | synonyms=go steady, go out, date | examples=Did you know that she is seeing an older man?; He is dating his former wife again!
17. sense_key=see%2:39:05:: | definition=see and understand, have a good eye | examples=The artist must first learn to see
18. sense_key=see%2:31:08:: | definition=deliberate or decide | examples=See whether you can come tomorrow; let's see--which movie should we see tonight?
19. sense_key=see%2:39:11:: | definition=observe as if with an eye | examples=The camera saw the burglary and recorded it
20. sense_key=see%2:39:13:: | definition=observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect | synonyms=examine | examples=The customs agent examined the baggage; I must see your passport before you can enter the country
21. sense_key=see%2:39:12:: | definition=go or live through | synonyms=experience, go through | examples=We had many trials to go through; he saw action in Viet Nam
22. sense_key=see%2:38:03:: | definition=accompany or escort | synonyms=escort | examples=I'll see you to the door
23. sense_key=see%2:33:00:: | definition=match or meet | examples=I saw the bet of one of my fellow players
24. sense_key=see%2:31:13:: | definition=make sense of; assign a meaning to | synonyms=interpret, construe | examples=What message do you see in this letter?; How do you interpret his behavior?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "seen" (which is the past participle of "see") in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was <t>seen</t> in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting."

 This is describing the results of clinical studies/veterinary studies. The phrase "less vomiting was seen" means that the researchers observed or noticed less vomiting in the treated dogs compared to the placebo group.

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=see%2:39:00:: - perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight
    - This is the basic visual perception sense. While "seen" involves observation, in scientific contexts, "was seen" often means "was observed" or "was noted" rather than strictly visual perception.

 2. sense_key=see%2:31:01:: - perceive (an idea or situation) mentally (understand, realize)
    - Not fitting here. It's not about understanding mentally.

 3. sense_key=see%2:39:02:: - perceive or be contemporaneous with (witness, find)
    - Examples: "We found Republicans winning the offices", "You'll see a lot of cheating"
    - This could work - "witness" or "find" fits with observing vomiting in a study.

 4. sense_key=see%2:36:00:: - imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind
    - Not fitting. Not about imagination.

 5. sense_key=see%2:31:00:: - deem to be (consider, reckon, view, regard)
    - Not fitting. Not about deeming or considering.

 6. sense_key=see%2:31:02:: - get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally (learn, hear, get word)
    - Not quite. This is about learning information, not observing physical symptoms.

 7. sense_key=see%2:39:03:: - see or watch (watch, view, catch, take in)
    - Examples: "view a show", "This program will be seen"
    - This is close but usually implies intentional watching or broadcasting.

 8. sense_key=see%2:38:00:: - come together (meet)
    - Not fitting.

 9. sense_key=see%2:32:00:: - find out, learn, or determine with certainty (determine, check, ascertain)
    - This could work in a scientific context - determining that less vomiting occurred.

 10. sense_key=see%2:31:03:: - be careful or certain to do something (ensure)
     - Not fitting.

 11. sense_key=see%2:41:11:: - go to see for professional or business reasons
     - Not fitting.

 12. sense_key=see%2:41:12:: - go to see for a social visit
     - Not fitting.

 13. sense_key=see%2:41:10:: - go to see a place, as for entertainment
     - Not fitting.

 14. sense_key=see%2:41:14:: - take charge of or deal with
     - Not fitting.

 15. sense_key=see%2:35:09:: - receive as a specified guest
     - Not fitting.

 16. sense_key=see%2:41:00:: - date regularly
     - Not fitting.

 17. sense_key=see%2:39:05:: - see and understand, have a good eye
     - Not fitting (artistic/perceptual skill).

 18. sense_key=see%2:31:08:: - deliberate or decide
     - Not fitting.

 19. sense_key=see%2:39:11:: - observe as if with an eye
     - Examples: "The camera saw the burglary"
     - This is close - observation, but "as if with an eye" suggests mechanical or metaphorical seeing.

 20. sense_key=see%2:39:13:: - observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect (examine)
     - Examples: "The customs agent examined the baggage", "I must see your passport"
     - This implies active inspection/examination, which doesn't quite fit the passive "was seen".

 21. sense_key=see%2:39:12:: - go or live through (experience)
     - Examples: "he saw action in Viet Nam"
     - Not fitting - the vomiting is being observed, not experienced by the observer.

 22. sense_key=see%2:38:03:: - accompany or escort
     - Not fitting.

 23. sense_key=see%2:33:00:: - match or meet (as in betting)
     - Not fitting.

 24. sense_key=see%2:31:13:: - make sense of; assign a meaning to (interpret)
     - Not fitting.

 Now, comparing the most likely candidates:

 Candidate 1 (see%2:39:00::): "perceive by sight" - This is the most general sense of visual perception. In scientific writing, "was seen" is often used to mean "was observed" in the sense of being visually detected or noted.

 Candidate 3 (see%2:39:02::): "perceive or be contemporaneous with" - synonyms include witness, find. The example "You'll see a lot of cheating" suggests encountering or witnessing phenomena.

 Candidate 7 (see%2:39:03::): "see or watch" - more active viewing.

 Candidate 9 (see%2:32:00::): "find out, learn, or determine with certainty" - This is about inquiry and determination.

 In the context of scientific studies: "less vomiting was seen" means that the researchers observed or noted less vomiting. This is essentially the basic perceptual sense - they perceived the vomiting (or lack thereof) through observation.

 However, looking closely at sense 3 (see%2:39:02::): "perceive or be contemporaneous with" - the synonym "witness" is very appropriate here. In clinical trials, you "witness" or "observe" outcomes.

 But sense 1 (see%2:39:00::) is the core visual perception sense: "perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight".

 Actually, looking at the examples for sense 3: "We found Republicans winning the offices" - this is about finding/witnessing an event or state. "You'll see a lot of cheating" - encountering/witnessing.

 For sense 1: "You have to be a good observer to see all the details" - this is about visual perception capability.

 In the sentence "less vomiting was seen", this is a passive construction describing what was observed in the study. This is closest to the general perceptual sense.

 But wait, there's also sense 19 (see%2:39:11::): "observe as if with an eye" - this might be for mechanical observation (cameras), but could apply.

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure, sense see%2:39:02:: (witness, find) seems most appropriate for "was seen" in the context of study results indicating observation of symptoms.

 Let me reconsider the specific context. This is a veterinary pharmaceutical context. "Less vomiting was seen" is standard clinical trial language meaning "less vomiting was observed" or "less vomiting was noted."

 Between sense 1 (basic visual perception) and sense 3 (witness/find):

 Sense 1: perceive by sight
 Sense 3: perceive or be contemporaneous with; witness, find

 The key difference is that sense 3 includes "be contemporaneous with" and has synonyms "witness, find". In scientific contexts, when we say "X was seen in patients", we mean "X was observed/witnessed/noted in patients".

 However, sense 1 is the most general and common sense. But sense 3 specifically captures the "witness/encounter" aspect which fits well with observing side effects or symptoms in a study population.

 Let me check the examples again:
 Sense 3: "We found Republicans winning the offices" - this parallels "less vomiting was seen in dogs" - both describe findings in a population/group.

 Sense 1 examples are about ability to see details and seeing birds - more about visual acuity.

 Therefore, sense 3 (see%2:39:02::) seems better than sense 1.

 But wait, looking at the sense indices:
 1. see%2:39:00::
 2. see%2:31:01::
 3. see%2:39:02::
 ...

 So sense index 3 corresponds to see%2:39:02::.

 However, I should also consider sense 7 (see%2:39:03::): "see or watch" with synonyms watch, view, catch, take in. Examples include "This program will be seen all over the world". This is about viewing broadcasts.

 Sense 9 (see%2:32:00::): "find out, learn, or determine with certainty" - this involves making an inquiry. The studies did determine that less vomiting occurred, but "was seen" specifically refers to the observation aspect, not the determination aspect.

 Actually, looking carefully at the sentence structure: "less vomiting was seen in dogs" - this is a passive voice construction where "see" means "observe" or "notice".

 In WordNet, the sense "observe, notice" is often distinct from basic visual perception.

 Looking at the list again, sense 20 (see%2:39:13::) is "observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect" - but this is too active (examine).

 Sense 19 (see%2:39:11::) is "observe as if with an eye" - this might be the "observe" sense.

 But actually, the most standard sense for "was seen" meaning "was observed" in scientific contexts is likely sense 1 or sense 3.

 Let me think about the semantic distinctions:
 - Sense 1: The basic visual faculty (can see, perceive by sight)
 - Sense 3: To witness or find (encounter through observation)

 "Less vomiting was seen" = "Less vomiting was witnessed/observed to occur"

 This aligns well with sense 3.

 However, I recall that in many WSD datasets, "be seen" in the sense of "be observed" or "appear" is often mapped to the basic visual sense or a specific observation sense.

 Let me reconsider sense 1 vs sense 3 using the examples:

 Sense 1: "You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?"
 - This is about the ability to visually detect.

 Sense 3: "We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school"
 - This is about encountering or witnessing events/phenomena through observation.

 In the target sentence, "less vomiting was seen" is about encountering/witnessing the phenomenon of vomiting in the study subjects. It's not about the visual acuity of the researchers (sense 1), but about the observation/witnessing of the symptom in the patient population (sense 3).

 Therefore, sense 3 (index 3) appears to be the best choice.

 Wait, I need to check if there's a sense specifically for "observe" as in scientific observation.

 Sense 20 is "examine" - too specific.
 Sense 19 is "observe as if with an eye" - suggests mechanical or metaphorical observation.
 Sense 3 is "witness, find" - suggests encountering phenomena.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet entry for "see", sense 2:39:02 is indeed glossed as "perceive or be contemporaneous with" and includes "witness" and "find". This is the sense used when you "see" something happening or "find" something to be the case.

 In the context "less vomiting was seen in dogs", it means that among the dogs, less vomiting was observed/witnessed/noted. This matches "witness" or "find" well.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 3.

 But let me double-check if sense 1 could be correct. Sense 1 is "perceive by sight". If we interpret "was seen" strictly as "was perceived by sight", it works, but it's less specific than sense 3 which captures the "witnessing of events" meaning.

 In WordNet, sense 1 is usually the most general visual perception, while sense 3 (witness) is for perceiving events or situations as they occur or exist.

 Given that vomiting is an event/occurrence that is witnessed/observed in the study, sense 3 is more precise.

 One more check: sense 9 (see%2:32:00::) - "find out, learn, or determine with certainty". This could apply to study results. However, "was seen" is passive and describes the observation of the symptom, not the active determination by inquiry. The studies showed/determined the results, but the vomiting itself was seen (observed).

 Also, the structure "X was seen in Y" where X is a symptom and Y is a patient population is idiomatic for "X was observed to occur in Y".

 I will go with sense index 3.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dog
Target surface form: dogs
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in <t>dogs</t> that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: | definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | synonyms=domestic dog, Canis familiaris | examples=the dog barked all night
2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: | definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | synonyms=frump | examples=she got a reputation as a frump; she's a real dog
3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: | definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | synonyms=cad, bounder, blackguard, hound, heel | examples=you dirty dog
5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: | definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll | synonyms=frank, frankfurter, hotdog, wiener, wienerwurst, weenie
6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: | definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward | synonyms=pawl, detent, click
7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: | definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | synonyms=andiron, firedog, dog-iron | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "dogs" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is about Cerenia, a medicine for preventing vomiting
 - It mentions studies carried out "in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises"
 - It talks about "dogs that received the medicine" vs "dogs that received a placebo"
 - It mentions "treatment of a vomiting dog"
 - The context is clearly about animals, specifically domestic dogs used in veterinary studies

 Candidate sense analysis:
 1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: - This is the animal sense: "a member of the genus Canis... domesticated by man". Synonyms include "domestic dog, Canis familiaris". Examples mention barking. This fits perfectly with the context of laboratory animals, veterinary practices, and vomiting animals being treated with medicine.

 2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: - "a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman" - This is a slang/pejorative sense for people. Not relevant here.

 3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: - "informal term for a man" - Slang for a person. Not relevant.

 4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: - "someone who is morally reprehensible" - Moral insult. Not relevant.

 5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: - "sausage" (hotdog). Not relevant to veterinary context.

 6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: - mechanical part (pawl, detent). Not relevant.

 7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: - fireplace supports (andirons). Not relevant.

 The context clearly refers to the animals being studied in veterinary research. The mention of "laboratory dogs", "veterinary practises", "vomiting", "medicine", and "placebo" all point to the domesticated animal sense.

 Therefore, the correct sense is index 1 (dog%1:05:00::).

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00::
 2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01::
 3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00::
 4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02::
 5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01::
 6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00::
 7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01::

 So sense_index should be 1.

 The instructions say: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

 So I should return: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Phala

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: medicine
Target surface form: medicine
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the <t>medicine</t> than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=medicine%1:09:00:: | definition=the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques | synonyms=medical specialty
2. sense_key=medicine%1:06:00:: | definition=(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease | synonyms=medication, medicament, medicinal drug
3. sense_key=medicine%1:04:00:: | definition=the learned profession that is mastered by graduate training in a medical school and that is devoted to preventing or alleviating or curing diseases and injuries | synonyms=practice of medicine | examples=he studied medicine at Harvard
4. sense_key=medicine%1:04:02:: | definition=punishment for one's actions | synonyms=music | examples=you have to face the music; take your medicine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "medicine" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about Cerenia, a drug for dogs that prevents vomiting
 - The specific sentence: "less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the <t>medicine</t> than in dogs that received a placebo"
 - Here, "medicine" refers to the actual substance/drug being administered to the dogs (Cerenia)
 - It's being compared to a placebo
 - It's something that is "received" by the dogs (administered/taken)

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=medicine%1:09:00::
    - definition: the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques
    - synonyms: medical specialty
    - This refers to the field of study, not a physical substance. The context is about a specific drug given to dogs, not a field of study.

 2. sense_key=medicine%1:06:00::
    - definition: (medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease
    - synonyms: medication, medicament, medicinal drug
    - This refers to the actual substance/drug. The context describes Cerenia as a substance given to dogs to treat/prevent vomiting. This fits perfectly.

 3. sense_key=medicine%1:04:00::
    - definition: the learned profession that is mastered by graduate training in a medical school and that is devoted to preventing or alleviating or curing diseases and injuries
    - synonyms: practice of medicine
    - examples: he studied medicine at Harvard
    - This refers to the profession or practice of being a doctor. The context is not about a profession but about a substance given to dogs.

 4. sense_key=medicine%1:04:02::
    - definition: punishment for one's actions
    - synonyms: music
    - examples: you have to face the music; take your medicine
    - This is an idiomatic usage meaning punishment. The context is clearly about a pharmaceutical product, not punishment.

 The correct sense is clearly sense 2: medicine%1:06:00:: - referring to the medication/drug itself.

 The JSON output should be: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dog
Target surface form: dogs
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in <t>dogs</t> that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: | definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | synonyms=domestic dog, Canis familiaris | examples=the dog barked all night
2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: | definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | synonyms=frump | examples=she got a reputation as a frump; she's a real dog
3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: | definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | synonyms=cad, bounder, blackguard, hound, heel | examples=you dirty dog
5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: | definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll | synonyms=frank, frankfurter, hotdog, wiener, wienerwurst, weenie
6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: | definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward | synonyms=pawl, detent, click
7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: | definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | synonyms=andiron, firedog, dog-iron | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "dogs" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The text is about Cerenia, a medication for vomiting. It mentions studies carried out in "laboratory dogs" and "animal patients at veterinary practises". It talks about "vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine" and "treatment of a vomiting dog".

 This clearly refers to the animal, specifically the domesticated canine.

 Looking at the candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: - This is the animal sense: "a member of the genus Canis... domesticated by man". This fits perfectly with "laboratory dogs", "dogs that received the medicine", "vomiting dog".
 2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: - "a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman" - clearly not relevant here.
 3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: - "informal term for a man" - not relevant.
 4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: - "someone who is morally reprehensible" - not relevant.
 5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: - "sausage" - not relevant (though hot dogs are food, the context is about laboratory animals and veterinary medicine).
 6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: - "a hinged catch..." - mechanical part, not relevant.
 7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: - "metal supports for logs..." - fireplace equipment, not relevant.

 The context explicitly mentions:
 - "laboratory dogs"
 - "animal patients at veterinary practises"
 - "vomiting was seen in dogs"
 - "treatment of a vomiting dog"

 This is clearly referring to the domesticated animal Canis familiaris.

 Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1: dog%1:05:00::.

 The user wants the output as a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists the senses as:
 1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00::
 2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01::
 3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00::
 4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02::
 5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01::
 6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00::
 7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01::

 So sense_index should be 1.

 Let me double-check the WordNet sense keys to make sure I understand the numbering correctly.
 dog%1:05:00:: - noun.animal (05 is the lexicographer file number for noun.animal)
 dog%1:18:01:: - noun.person (18 is noun.person)
 dog%1:18:00:: - noun.person
 dog%1:18:02:: - noun.person
 dog%1:13:01:: - noun.food (13 is noun.food)
 dog%1:06:00:: - noun.artifact (06 is noun.artifact)
 dog%1:06:01:: - noun.artifact

 Yes, sense 1 is the animal.

 The context is clearly about veterinary medicine and laboratory animals (dogs as test subjects for the drug Cerenia).

 Therefore: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: placebo
Target surface form: placebo
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a <t>placebo</t>, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=placebo%1:06:00:: | definition=an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug
2. sense_key=placebo%1:04:00:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "placebo" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about Cerenia, a medication for dogs
 - It discusses studies and clinical trials comparing Cerenia to a placebo
 - Specifically: "Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a <t>placebo</t>"
 - This is clearly referring to a control substance used in medical experiments to test drug efficacy

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=placebo%1:06:00:: | definition=an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug
 2. sense_key=placebo%1:04:00:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead

 Sense 1 clearly matches the context. This is about a medical/clinical trial context where a placebo is an inert substance given to a control group to compare against the actual drug (Cerenia).

 Sense 2 refers to a religious service (vespers), which is completely unrelated to the context of veterinary medicine and drug trials.

 The context explicitly mentions "studies," "effective," "control group" (implied by comparison), and "received a placebo" in the context of treating/preventing vomiting in dogs.

 Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1 (index 1).

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: treatment
Target surface form: treatment
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the <t>treatment</t> or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "treatment" in the given context.

Context analysis:
The text is about Cerenia, a medicine for dogs to prevent/treat vomiting. The specific sentence containing the target word is: "less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the <t>treatment</t> or in the prevention of vomiting."

The phrase is "both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting." Here, "treatment" is contrasted with "prevention" and refers to the medical care/procedure given to dogs that are already vomiting (as opposed to preventing vomiting).

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
   - This fits well. It's about medical care/procedures to relieve illness (vomiting).

2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
   - This is more about general management/handling, not specifically medical care. While it could apply broadly, the context is specifically medical.

3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
   - This is artistic treatment, clearly not relevant here.

4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse
   - This is about discussion/writing about a topic, not relevant.

The context is clearly medical - talking about a medicine (Cerenia), placebo, vomiting in dogs. The word "treatment" here refers to medical care/procedures to relieve the illness (vomiting).

Sense 1 is the best fit: "care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury)"

The JSON output should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: treatment
Target surface form: treatment
Context:
Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The <t>treatment</t> of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "treatment" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about Cerenia, a medicine for dogs that prevents vomiting
 - "The <t>treatment</t> of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection..."
 - This refers to medical care/procedures for a vomiting dog
 - It's about providing medical care to improve the situation (stop the vomiting)

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
    - This fits perfectly. It's about medical care for a vomiting dog (illness/injury).

 2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
    - This is more about general management/handling, not specifically medical. While "treatment of water sewage" is similar, the context here is clearly medical care for a sick animal.

 3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
    - This is about artistic treatment, clearly not relevant here.

 4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse
    - This is about discussing a topic, not relevant to medical care.

 The context clearly indicates medical treatment - giving injections and tablets to a vomiting dog to relieve illness. This matches sense 1 perfectly: "care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury)".

 The phrase "treatment of a vomiting dog" refers to the medical care/procedures given to the dog to stop the vomiting.

 Therefore, the correct sense is index 1.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dog
Target surface form: dog
Context:
Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting <t>dog</t> should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: | definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | synonyms=domestic dog, Canis familiaris | examples=the dog barked all night
2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: | definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | synonyms=frump | examples=she got a reputation as a frump; she's a real dog
3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: | definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | synonyms=cad, bounder, blackguard, hound, heel | examples=you dirty dog
5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: | definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll | synonyms=frank, frankfurter, hotdog, wiener, wienerwurst, weenie
6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: | definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward | synonyms=pawl, detent, click
7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: | definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | synonyms=andiron, firedog, dog-iron | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "dog" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is about Cerenia, a medicine for vomiting
 - It mentions "laboratory dogs" and "dogs that received the medicine"
 - The specific target is in the phrase: "The treatment of a vomiting <t>dog</t> should be started with the injection..."
 - This clearly refers to an animal, specifically a domestic dog (Canis familiaris), which is a patient receiving veterinary treatment

 Looking at the candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: - This is the animal sense: "a member of the genus Canis... domesticated by man... occurs in many breeds" - synonyms include "domestic dog, Canis familiaris"
 2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: - "a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman" - clearly not this
 3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: - "informal term for a man" - not this
 4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: - "someone who is morally reprehensible" - not this
 5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: - sausage/hotdog - not this
 6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: - mechanical part (pawl/detent) - not this
 7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: - fireplace support (andiron) - not this

 The context is clearly about veterinary medicine and animals being treated for vomiting. The word "dog" refers to the domesticated animal.

 Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1 (dog%1:05:00::).

 The user wants the output as a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}

 Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00::
 2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01::
 3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00::
 4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02::
 5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01::
 6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00::
 7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01::

 So sense 1 is indeed the animal sense.

 The context mentions:
 - "laboratory dogs"
 - "dogs that received the medicine"
 - "vomiting dog"
 - "the dog" (at the end)

 All refer to the animal.

 So the answer is {"sense_index": 1}

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: start
Target surface form: started
Context:
Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be <t>started</t> with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=start%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, get, start out, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=start%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=begin, lead off, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
3. sense_key=start%2:38:02:: | definition=leave | synonyms=depart, part, start out, set forth, set off, set out | examples=The family took off for Florida
4. sense_key=start%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=begin | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
5. sense_key=start%2:36:00:: | definition=bring into being | synonyms=originate, initiate | examples=He initiated a new program; Start a foundation
6. sense_key=start%2:36:01:: | definition=get off the ground | synonyms=start up, embark on, commence | examples=Who started this company?; We embarked on an exciting enterprise
7. sense_key=start%2:38:04:: | definition=move or jump suddenly, as if in surprise or alarm | synonyms=startle, jump | examples=She startled when I walked into the room
8. sense_key=start%2:38:01:: | definition=get going or set in motion | synonyms=start up | examples=We simply could not start the engine; start up the computer
9. sense_key=start%2:38:00:: | definition=begin or set in motion | synonyms=go, get going | examples=I start at eight in the morning; Ready, set, go!
10. sense_key=start%2:41:00:: | definition=begin work or acting in a certain capacity, office or job | synonyms=take up | examples=Take up a position; start a new job
11. sense_key=start%2:33:00:: | definition=play in the starting lineup
12. sense_key=start%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=begin | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
13. sense_key=start%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=begin | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
14. sense_key=start%2:38:03:: | definition=bulge outward | synonyms=protrude, pop, pop out, bulge, bulge out, bug out | examples=His eyes popped

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "started" (lemma: start) in the given context.

Context analysis:
- The sentence is: "The treatment of a vomiting dog should be <t>started</t> with the injection..."
- This is describing a medical/veterinary procedure
- The treatment is being initiated/begun with an injection
- It's about beginning a course of treatment
- The subject is "treatment" which is being started/administered

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=start%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, get, start out, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
   - This is about beginning an action. Could fit, but let's check others.

2. sense_key=start%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=begin, lead off, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
   - This is transitive - causing something to start. But here "treatment" is the subject being started (passive voice), so it's about the treatment beginning.

3. sense_key=start%2:38:02:: | definition=leave | synonyms=depart...
   - Doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=start%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=begin | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill...
   - This is intransitive - something having a beginning. But "treatment" is being acted upon (passive), and it's about initiating/administering treatment.

5. sense_key=start%2:36:00:: | definition=bring into being | synonyms=originate, initiate | examples=He initiated a new program; Start a foundation
   - Creating something new. Treatment already exists, it's just being administered/begun.

6. sense_key=start%2:36:01:: | definition=get off the ground | synonyms=start up, embark on, commence | examples=Who started this company?; We embarked on an exciting enterprise
   - Starting up an organization/enterprise. Not quite right for medical treatment.

7. sense_key=start%2:38:04:: | definition=move or jump suddenly...
   - No.

8. sense_key=start%2:38:01:: | definition=get going or set in motion | synonyms=start up | examples=We simply could not start the engine; start up the computer
   - Starting a machine/device. Treatment isn't really a machine.

9. sense_key=start%2:38:00:: | definition=begin or set in motion | synonyms=go, get going | examples=I start at eight in the morning; Ready, set, go!
   - General beginning.

10. sense_key=start%2:41:00:: | definition=begin work or acting in a certain capacity, office or job | synonyms=take up | examples=Take up a position; start a new job
    - Starting a job/position.

11. sense_key=start%2:33:00:: | definition=play in the starting lineup
    - Sports.

12. sense_key=start%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=begin | examples=The novel begins with a murder...
    - Intransitive.

13. sense_key=start%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=begin | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
    - This looks promising. It means to begin doing something with an object where the nature of the activity is inherent to the object. Starting treatment means beginning to administer the treatment. The examples include "She started the soup" (began cooking/heating it).

14. sense_key=start%2:38:03:: | definition=bulge outward...
    - No.

Now comparing 1, 2, 13:

Sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" - This is about a person beginning to do something. But here it's passive "treatment... should be started".

Sense 2: "set in motion, cause to start" - This is transitive, causing something to begin. But in the passive, "treatment was started" could fit, but it usually implies causing a process to begin (like starting a war).

Sense 13: "begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object" - This is specifically for activities like "start a cigar" (smoking), "start a book" (reading/writing), "start treatment" (administering). The direct object here is "treatment" and starting treatment means beginning to administer it.

Actually, looking at the examples for sense 13: "begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot" - this is about beginning an activity associated with the object.

In the medical context, "start treatment" means to begin administering or undergoing treatment. This fits sense 13 well.

But let me look at sense 1 again: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" - this is sense 2:30:00, which is often used for people starting to do things.

Sense 13 (2:41:04) is specifically: "begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object"

Is "treatment" being used as the direct object of "started"? In the passive voice "should be started", the underlying active would be "(someone) should start the treatment". So yes, "treatment" is the direct object.

So sense 13 seems most appropriate - beginning the treatment (the activity of treating is implied by the object "treatment").

But I should also consider sense 2: "set in motion, cause to start". Treatment is a process, so causing it to start could work.

However, sense 13 is more specific to activities/events implied by the object, which fits medical treatment well.

Let me check the WordNet entries to be sure. Since I don't have external access, I rely on the provided glosses.

Sense 13: "begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object"
Examples: "begin a cigar" (start smoking it), "She started the soup" (started cooking/heating it)

"Start treatment" would mean begin administering it.

Sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action"
Example: "We began working at dawn"

If I say "The treatment should be started", it's similar to "We should start the treatment".

Actually, looking at the synset offsets:
- 2:30:00 is usually "begin, commence, get, get down, start out, set about, set out, start" - this is about beginning an activity (intransitive or with activity as object?)
- 2:41:04 is "begin, start" - this is the one with examples "begin a cigar; start the soup"

Yes, starting the treatment is like starting the soup - beginning the process associated with the object.

Therefore, sense 13 (index 13) seems best.

Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists them as 1-14. So sense_key=start%2:41:04:: is number 13 in the list.

Let me verify:
1. start%2:30:00::
2. start%2:30:01::
3. start%2:38:02::
4. start%2:42:00::
5. start%2:36:00::
6. start%2:36:01::
7. start%2:38:04::
8. start%2:38:01::
9. start%2:38:00::
10. start%2:41:00::
11. start%2:33:00::
12. start%2:42:03::
13. start%2:41:04::
14. start%2:38:03::

Yes, number 13 is start%2:41:04::.

But let me double-check if sense 1 or 2 could be better.

Sense 1 (2:30:00): "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" - this could apply to starting treatment, as treatment is an action.

However, the distinction in WordNet is often:
- 2:30:00: begin an activity (intransitive or with activity as object)
- 2:41:04: begin an event implied by the object (like start a cigar, start a book, start a war movie)

Actually, looking at the examples for sense 2: "The U.S. started a war" - this is also transitive.

Sense 2 (2:30:01): "set in motion, cause to start" - examples: "started a war", "began hostilities". This is about initiating hostilities/war.

Sense 13 (2:41:04): "begin a cigar", "started the soup" - these are about beginning to consume or prepare something.

Medical treatment is more like a process or course of action. "Start treatment" is a common collocation meaning to begin the course of therapy.

In WordNet, "start a war" (sense 2) vs "start a cigar" (sense 13). The difference is that starting a war is initiating a major event/process, while starting a cigar is beginning the use/consumption of something.

Actually, looking carefully at WordNet documentation:
- sense 2:30:01 (verb.creation) - set in motion, cause to start
- sense 2:41:04 (verb.consumption) - begin an event that is implied...

"start treatment" could be seen as beginning the administration of therapy.

But I think sense 1 (2:30:00) is the most general "begin" sense for activities.

However, looking at the specific example in sense 13: "She started the soup while it was still hot" - this is starting to heat/serve the soup.

"The treatment... should be started" - beginning the treatment regimen.

I think the safest choice is sense 1 (index 1) or sense 2 (index 2), but sense 13 is also plausible.

Wait, I need to look at the syntax. The sentence is: "The treatment... should be started with the injection"

This is passive. The agent would start the treatment.

If we look at "start" with direct object:
- "start the engine" (sense 8: get going or set in motion - machines)
- "start a war" (sense 2: set in motion, cause to start)
- "start the soup" (sense 13: begin an event implied by object)
- "start a company" (sense 6: get off the ground)
- "start working" (sense 1: take the first step)

For medical treatment, it's similar to "start the procedure" or "start the process".

In WordNet, "treatment" is likely to fit with sense 1 or 2.

But actually, looking at the verb frames:
- Sense 1: "The men started the patrol" - no, wait, let me check examples again.

Examples for sense 1: "We began working at dawn; Who will start?"
- "Who will start?" - intransitive or transitive with implied activity?
- "We began working" - begin + verbing

Examples for sense 2: "The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities"
- These are transitive: start + event/process (war, hostilities)

Examples for sense 13: "begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot"
- These are transitive: start + object (cigar, soup)

The difference between sense 2 and sense 13 is subtle. Sense 2 is about initiating/causing something to begin (often something big like war), while sense 13 is about beginning an activity implied by the object (like smoking a cigar, eating a meal, etc.).

Medical treatment is arguably a process that is "set in motion" (sense 2) or something you "begin" in the general sense (sense 1).

However, looking at the specific surface form and context: "The treatment... should be started"

This is similar to "The procedure was started" or "The therapy was started".

In actual WordNet usage, "start treatment" is most likely to be sense 1 (take the first step or steps in carrying out an action) or sense 2 (set in motion).

But let me reconsider sense 13. The gloss says "begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object".

For "treatment", the inherent function is treating/healing. To "start treatment" means to begin the treating.

Compare to "start the soup" - begin the eating/cooking of soup.
"start a cigar" - begin smoking it.

This is actually a very good fit. You don't "start" treatment in the sense of causing it to exist (like starting a company), nor do you start it like an engine (mechanical). You begin the process of administering it.

Actually, looking at medical contexts in WordNet, treatments are typically "begun" or "started" in the sense of initiating the therapeutic process.

I think sense 2 (set in motion, cause to start) might actually be the intended sense for things like "start treatment", "start the process", etc.

But let me look at the index numbers again to make sure I don't confuse myself.

The user wants the "sense_index" which corresponds to the number in the list (1-14).

If I choose sense 2:41:04, that is index 13.

If I choose sense 2:30:01 (set in motion), that is index 2.

If I choose sense 2:30:00 (take the first step), that is index 1.

Given the context of medical treatment being administered, and the parallel structure with "follow-up treatment", "administer the tablets", the sense is about initiating the therapeutic course.

I think index 1 (take the first step or steps in carrying out an action) is too agent-focused (the person doing the action), whereas here it's the treatment itself being begun.

Actually, in "The treatment should be started", "started" is a verb predicated of "treatment" (passive).

In WordNet, sense 2:42:00 is "have a beginning" (intransitive), but here it's passive, so technically it's transitive.

Let me look for "start" with medical objects in WordNet examples. I don't have external lookup, but I can reason.

"treatment" is an event/process. Starting an event/process is sense 2: "set in motion, cause to start" - examples include "started a war", "began hostilities".

But "started the soup" is also a process (cooking/eating).

The distinction might be:
- Sense 2: initiate, cause to begin (focus on causation)
- Sense 13: begin an activity associated with the object (focus on the activity)

For medical treatment, both could work, but sense 13 (2:41:04) is specifically for consumption/activity verbs, often with food or consumables (cigar, soup).

Actually, checking WordNet verb classes:
- 2:41:04 is under verb.consumption
- 2:30:01 is under verb.creation or similar?

"set in motion, cause to start" is likely verb.creation or verb.change.
"take the first step" is likely verb.change.

Given that treatment is a medical procedure/therapy, and "start treatment" is like "begin therapy", I think the best fit is actually sense 1 or sense 2.

But wait, I recall that in WordNet, "begin" and "start" have many senses. The sense "start the soup" is distinct from "start the war".

"Start the war" = initiate hostilities (sense 2)
"Start the soup" = begin eating/cooking it (sense 13)

"Start treatment" = begin administering it.

However, there's also sense 10: "begin work or acting in a certain capacity" - that's for jobs.

And sense 6: "get off the ground" - for companies/organizations.

Let me reconsider sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action"
- This is the most general sense of beginning to do something.
- "Who will start?" - begin the activity
- Synonyms: get down, begin, get, start out, set about, set out

If we say "The treatment should be started", we mean someone should begin carrying out the treatment (the action of treating).

This seems like a safe choice. But is it specific enough?

Sense 13 is more specific: it requires a direct object whose inherent function implies the activity.

In "start treatment", the activity is treating. The treatment is the object being begun.

Actually, in the sentence "The treatment should be started with the injection", "treatment" is the thing being started.

I think I'm overthinking. In most WSD tasks for "start treatment", the sense would be the general "begin" sense (sense 1 or sense 2).

But looking at the provided examples:
- Sense 1: "We began working at dawn" - begin an activity
- Sense 2: "The U.S. started a war" - cause/initiate an event
- Sense 13: "She started the soup" - begin dealing with the object

For "treatment", sense 2 seems appropriate because treatment is a process/event that is initiated/caused to begin.

However, medical texts often use specific colocations.

Let me check if "treatment" is listed as an example in any of these senses in the actual WordNet. Since I can't check external, I must decide based on the glosses.

The phrase "should be started with the injection" suggests that the treatment is being initiated/administered.

I think the best answer is sense index 13 (start%2:41:04) because:
1. It involves a direct object (treatment)
2. The activity is implied by the object (the treating)
3. It's similar to "started the soup" (began the process of dealing with it)

Alternatively, it could be sense 2 (index 2) as "set in motion".

But "set in motion" is often used for things like wars, machines, processes. Treatment is a process.

However, looking at the synonym "lead off" for sense 2 - that's about initiating.

For sense 13, synonym is just "begin".

Actually, looking at the examples again for sense 13: "begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot"

These are about beginning to use/consume something.

Medical treatment is not exactly consumption, but it is a course of action.

I think I should go with sense 1 (index 1) as the general "begin" sense, or sense 2 (index 2).

But wait, looking at the target: "started" - past participle used in passive.

In "The treatment was started", this is similar to "The war was started by the US" (sense 2) or "The soup was started" (sense 13).

"The war was started" - sense 2.
"The soup was started" - sense 13 (though rare).
"The treatment was started" - ?

Given that treatment is a medical intervention, similar to a procedure, and procedures are "started" in the sense of being initiated (sense 2), I think index 2 is a strong candidate.

But let me look at sense 1 once more. It includes "begin" and examples like "We began working". "The treatment should be started" = "We should begin the treatment".

Actually, looking at WordNet sense numbering:
- start%2:30:00:: corresponds to WordNet 3.0 sense 1 of verb "start"
- start%2:30:01:: corresponds to sense 2

Sense 1: "begin, get, get down, commence, get started, start out, set about, set out, start" - take the first step or steps in carrying out an action
Sense 2: "begin, lead off, commence, start" - set in motion, cause to start

The difference is that sense 1 can be intransitive or transitive with a human subject beginning an activity, while sense 2 is strictly transitive with an object that is set in motion.

"The treatment should be started" - treatment is the object being set in motion (initiated).

Therefore, sense 2 (index 2) is appropriate.

However, sense 13 (2:41:04) is "begin, start" - begin an event that is implied...

This is also transitive.

How to decide between 2 and 13?

Sense 2 examples: "The U.S. started a war", "The Iraqis began hostilities"
Sense 13 examples: "begin a cigar", "started the soup"

Wars and hostilities are major events that are "set in motion".
Cigars and soup are objects where the activity is implied.

Medical treatment is more like a war (a process/event) than like a cigar (an object to be consumed), but it's also like a regimen that is undertaken.

However, in WordNet, medical treatments are typically associated with the general "begin" sense or the "set in motion" sense.

I found a clue: sense 13 has synonym "begin" (only), while sense 2 has synonyms "begin, lead off, commence".

Sense 1 has many synonyms including "begin".

The specific sense 13 is for the consumption aspect.

Given the medical context and the fact that treatment is a procedure/process, I think index 2 (set in motion, cause to start) is the best fit.

But I'm not entirely sure. Let me reconsider index 1.

Index 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action"
If a doctor starts treatment, they take the first step in carrying out the treatment.
This fits well.

Index 2: "set in motion, cause to start"
The doctor causes the treatment to start.
This also fits.

In many WSD systems, "start treatment" is annotated with the most frequent sense, which is usually sense 1 (begin) or sense 2 (initiate).

Given the passive construction "should be started", treating the treatment as the object being initiated, and the context of medical studies discussing how therapy is initiated, I will go with index 2.

Wait, I should reconsider index 13. The gloss "begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object" is actually very specific. It captures exactly what "start treatment" means - beginning the event of treating, which is implied by the word "treatment".

In WordNet, this sense is used for:
- begin a cigar (start smoking)
- start the soup (start eating/cooking)

But also potentially for:
- start a book (start reading/writing)
- start treatment (start administering)

However, "treatment" is not typically a consumption activity, so sense 13 might not be right.

Sense 2: "set in motion, cause to start" - treatments are set in motion.

I think I'll go with index 2.

But let me check one more time. The user asks for the "best indexed sense" and says "Do not hedge".

If I look at similar words: "therapy" - how is "start therapy" classified?

In the absence of perfect information, I should choose the most general appropriate sense or the most specific that fits.

The context: "The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection"

This is clearly about initiating the therapy/administration.

Between sense 1 (take first steps) and sense 2 (set in motion), sense 2 is more transitive and causative, which fits the passive "be started".

Sense 1 is often intransitive or about personal actions ("I started to work").

So I choose index 2.

Actually, looking back at the list:
2. sense_key=start%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=begin, lead off, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities

This seems right for initiating medical treatment.

Final check: Could it be sense 1?
1. sense_key=start%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, get, start out, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?

"We began working" - this is begin + activity.
"The treatment was started" - this is start + object (treatment).

Sense 2 is better for objects like "war", "hostilities", "treatment" (as a process).

I'll go with index 2.

Wait, I want to double-check if there's any chance it's sense 8: "get going or set in motion" for machines?
8. sense_key=start%2:38:01:: | definition=get going or set in motion | synonyms=start up | examples=We simply could not start the engine; start up the computer

No, treatment is not a machine.

Sense 13 is the only other contender for transitive use with non-mechanical objects.

But sense 13 is for consumption.

Therefore, sense 2 is the winner.

One final thought: In WordNet 3.0, the sense "begin a cigar" (2:41:04) might actually be the correct sense for "start treatment" if treatment is viewed as an activity implied by the object.

But I think for robustness, sense 2 is the standard "initiate" sense for processes and events.

I will provide {"sense_index": 2}.

Actually, I want to look at the sentence once more: "The treatment... should be started with the injection"

This means the first step is the injection.

"Set in motion" is appropriate.

I'll go with 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: injection
Target surface form: injection
Context:
Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the <t>injection</t>, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=injection%1:04:00:: | definition=the forceful insertion of a substance under pressure
2. sense_key=injection%1:27:00:: | definition=any solution that is injected (as into the skin) | synonyms=injectant
3. sense_key=injection%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of putting a liquid into the body by means of a syringe | synonyms=shot | examples=the nurse gave him a flu shot

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "injection" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about Cerenia, a medicine for dogs
- It mentions treating vomiting dogs
- It says treatment should start with "the injection" because vomiting animals might not keep tablets down
- For follow-up, tablets can be used

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=injection%1:04:00:: | definition=the forceful insertion of a substance under pressure
   - This seems like a general physical act of injecting, possibly mechanical or general physical insertion, not specifically medical.

2. sense_key=injection%1:27:00:: | definition=any solution that is injected (as into the skin) | synonyms=injectant
   - This refers to the substance itself (the liquid/solution being injected), not the act or the medical procedure.

3. sense_key=injection%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of putting a liquid into the body by means of a syringe | synonyms=shot | examples=the nurse gave him a flu shot
   - This refers to the medical procedure/act of administering injection via syringe.

In the context: "The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the <t>injection</t>, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down..."

Here, "injection" is contrasted with "tablet" (pill). The injection is a form of administering medication. The context suggests it's the method of administration (the act or the shot), not just the substance itself.

However, looking closely:
- Sense 2 (injection%1:27:00::) refers to the solution/substance itself ("any solution that is injected")
- Sense 3 (injection%1:04:01::) refers to the act ("the act of putting a liquid into the body")

In the phrase "started with the injection", it could mean:
1. Started with the administration procedure (sense 3)
2. Started with the injectable form of the drug (sense 2)

But given the contrast with "tablet" (which is a physical form of medication), and the mention that "vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down", it seems like "injection" here refers to the form of medication administration - specifically the act of injecting or the shot itself.

The example for sense 3 is "the nurse gave him a flu shot" - this fits well with the medical context of giving a dog an injection of Cerenia.

Sense 1 is too general (forceful insertion of a substance under pressure) - could refer to mechanical processes, not specifically medical.

Between sense 2 and 3:
- Sense 2 is the substance (the injectant)
- Sense 3 is the act/procedure

In the sentence "treatment should be started with the injection", it's referring to the method of administration. The parallel structure is: start with injection, then follow up with tablets. This suggests forms of medication or methods of administration.

Actually, looking at WordNet:
- injection%1:27:00:: is a noun denoting the substance (artifact/substance)
- injection%1:04:01:: is a noun denoting the act (act/event)

In medical contexts, when we say "give an injection" or "start with an injection", we usually mean the act of administering the drug via syringe, or the shot itself.

The example "the nurse gave him a flu shot" aligns with "started with the injection" - both refer to the administration event.

Also, sense 2's synonym is "injectant" which is the substance itself. But in the context, we're talking about the treatment method - injection vs tablet. The tablet is a dosage form, and injection is another dosage form/administration method.

But wait, "tablet" in WordNet is likely a physical object (artifact), while "injection" as a substance would also be an artifact. However, the phrase "the injection" in this context seems to refer to the administration method.

Let me reconsider the WordNet senses more carefully:

Sense 1: injection%1:04:00:: - "the forceful insertion of a substance under pressure" - this is likely the general physical act (like fuel injection, or mechanical injection).

Sense 2: injection%1:27:00:: - "any solution that is injected (as into the skin)" - this is the substance.

Sense 3: injection%1:04:01:: - "the act of putting a liquid into the body by means of a syringe" - this is the medical procedure.

In the context: "The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down..."

The contrast is between:
- injection (something that doesn't require keeping down, unlike a tablet)
- tablet (which can be thrown up)

Both injection and tablet are forms of the medicine. But "injection" here refers to the administered dose via needle/syringe.

However, looking at the specific wording: "started with the injection" - this is similar to "given a shot" (example for sense 3).

If it were sense 2 (the solution), it would be emphasizing the liquid nature, but the contrast with tablets suggests the route of administration is the key factor.

Also, sense 3 has the synonym "shot", and the example mentions "flu shot". In the context, Cerenia is given as an injection (shot) initially, then tablets for follow-up.

Therefore, sense 3 (injection%1:04:01::) seems most appropriate.

Wait, I need to check the indices. The user lists:
1. sense_key=injection%1:04:00::
2. sense_key=injection%1:27:00::
3. sense_key=injection%1:04:01::

So sense_index 3 corresponds to injection%1:04:01::.

Let me double-check if sense 2 could be correct. If "injection" meant the injectable solution (the liquid medicine), that could also fit: "started with the injectable solution (since you can't keep a tablet down)".

But the definition of sense 2 is "any solution that is injected" - this is the substance. While sense 3 is the act.

In medical contexts, "injection" can refer to both the act and the substance. However, given the example for sense 3 ("the nurse gave him a flu shot") and the synonym "shot", and the fact that the context describes a medical treatment procedure (starting with X, then following up with Y), sense 3 seems better.

Also, the phrase "the injection" suggests a specific instance of administration, not the general substance type.

Therefore, the best sense is sense 3.

JSON output: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: able
Target surface form: able
Context:
Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be <t>able</t> to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=able%3:00:00:: | definition=(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something | examples=able to swim; she was able to program her computer
2. sense_key=able%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=have the skills and qualifications to do things well | synonyms=capable | examples=able teachers; a capable administrator
3. sense_key=able%5:00:00:capable:00 | definition=having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity | examples=able to learn; human beings are able to walk on two feet
4. sense_key=able%5:00:00:fit:01 | definition=having a strong healthy body | synonyms=able-bodied | examples=an able seaman; every able-bodied young man served in the army

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "able" in the given context.

Context analysis:
The sentence is: "The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be <t>able</t> to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again)."

Key observations:
- The structure is "might not be able to keep a tablet down"
- This is talking about the physical capacity/capability of vomiting dogs to retain a tablet in their stomach
- It's about whether they have the physical ability to do something (keep the tablet down) given their condition (vomiting)
- The structure "able to [verb]" suggests sense 1 or 3

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=able%3:00:00:: | definition=(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something | examples=able to swim; she was able to program her computer
- This is the predicative use with "to" infinitive
- The definition mentions "necessary means or skill or know-how or authority"
- In the context, it's about physical ability to retain food/medicine, not necessarily skill or know-how

2. sense_key=able%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=have the skills and qualifications to do things well | synonyms=capable | examples=able teachers; a capable administrator
- This is attributive use (able teachers)
- Our context is predicative ("be able to")
- This doesn't fit

3. sense_key=able%5:00:00:capable:00 | definition=having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity | examples=able to learn; human beings are able to walk on two feet
- This mentions "physical or mental ability or capacity"
- The context is about physical ability to keep a tablet down
- Structure "be able to" fits
- Examples include "able to learn", "able to walk" - physical/mental capacities

4. sense_key=able%5:00:00:fit:01 | definition=having a strong healthy body | synonyms=able-bodied | examples=an able seaman; every able-bodied young man served in the army
- This is specifically about being healthy/able-bodied
- Used as adjective before noun (able seaman)
- Our context is "be able to" construction, not "able-bodied"

Comparing sense 1 and sense 3:
Sense 1: "having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something"
- Focuses on means, skill, know-how, authority
- Usually for learned skills or external circumstances permitting

Sense 3: "having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity"
- Focuses on inherent capacity, physical ability
- The dog's inability to keep a tablet down is due to physical condition (vomiting), not lack of skill or means

Actually, looking carefully at WordNet:
- Sense 1 (3:00:00::) is the main adjective sense for "able to"
- Sense 3 (5:00:00:capable:00) is similar but classified differently

Wait, I need to look at the actual WordNet structure. In WordNet 3.0:
- able%3:00:00:: is the first sense, predicative usage with "to"
- able%5:00:00:competent:00 is the second sense ( competent )
- able%5:00:00:capable:00 is the third sense ( capable - having ability )
- able%5:00:00:fit:01 is the fourth sense ( able-bodied )

But the gloss for sense 1 says: "(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something"

And sense 3 says: "having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity"

The context is about physical ability to retain a tablet, not about having learned a skill. However, in common usage, "be able to" is most commonly associated with sense 1 in WordNet.

Let me reconsider. The dog is vomiting, so it physically cannot keep the tablet down. This is a physical incapacity. But is it "inherent physical ability"? Inherence might suggest permanent trait, whereas here it's temporary due to vomiting.

Actually, looking at the examples for sense 3: "able to learn; human beings are able to walk on two feet" - these are about inherent capacities.

Examples for sense 1: "able to swim; she was able to program her computer" - these can be learned skills.

But in the context of "not be able to keep a tablet down" due to vomiting, this is about the physical possibility/capacity at that moment.

However, looking at the definition of sense 1 again: "having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something"
- Is the dog lacking means? No, it's lacking physical capacity.

Definition of sense 3: "having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity"
- This seems closer, though "inherent" might be slightly off for a temporary condition, but it's the closest.

Wait, I should check if sense 1 is actually the general "can do" sense while sense 3 is more specific to inherent capability.

Actually, in WordNet:
- able%3:00:00:: is the main adjective sense: (usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something
- able%5:00:00:capable:00 is similar to: capable, able -- (having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity; "able to learn"; "human beings are able to walk on two feet")

But both are followed by "to" in usage.

The distinction is subtle. Sense 1 seems to focus on "means/skill/know-how/authority" while sense 3 focuses on "inherent physical or mental ability".

In our context: "vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down"
- This is clearly about physical ability/capacity, not about skill or know-how.
- It's about the physiological capacity to retain something in the stomach.

So sense 3 seems more appropriate than sense 1.

But let me double-check the WordNet sense keys format:
- able%3:00:00:: is adjective (3)
- able%5:... are adjective satellites (5)

In WordNet, the main sense (predicative) is usually sense 1.

However, looking at the examples:
Sense 1 examples: "able to swim; she was able to program her computer"
Sense 3 examples: "able to learn; human beings are able to walk on two feet"

"Keep a tablet down" is a physical action like "walk on two feet" or "swim". But "swim" is a learned skill while "walk" is inherent.

"Keep a tablet down" when vomiting is a physiological capacity, not a learned skill. So sense 3 fits better.

But I need to be careful. In many WSD datasets, "be able to" constructions are often mapped to sense 1 (the first sense) because it's the general "capability" sense.

However, looking at the specific glosses provided:
1. focus on means/skill/know-how/authority
3. focus on inherent physical or mental ability

The context is clearly about physical ability (keeping food down when nauseous), not skill or know-how. Therefore, sense 3 is better.

But wait, "might not be able to keep a tablet down" - is this about the dog's choice or capability? It's about the physical reality that vomiting dogs vomit up tablets. It's a physical incapacity.

Also, sense 4 (able-bodied) is clearly wrong.
Sense 2 (competent) is wrong.

So it's between 1 and 3.

Given that sense 3 specifically mentions "physical... ability" and the context is about a physical limitation (vomiting), while sense 1 focuses on "means or skill or know-how", sense 3 is the better choice.

Actually, looking at the WordNet entry more carefully:
In WordNet 3.0:
- able (a) [sense 1]: (usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something; "able to swim"; "she was able to program her computer"; "we were able to solve the problem"
- able (s) [sense 2]: have the skills and qualifications to do things well; "able teachers"; "a capable administrator"
- able (s) [sense 3]: having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity; "able to learn"; "human beings are able to walk on two feet"; "Superman is able to leap tall buildings"
- able (s) [sense 4]: having a strong healthy body; "an able seaman"; "every able-bodied young man served in the army"

The key difference between sense 1 and 3 is:
- Sense 1: external factors (means, authority) or learned skills
- Sense 3: inherent/internal physical or mental capacity

While vomiting is a temporary condition, the inability to keep a tablet down is due to the physical state of the body (being sick), which aligns more with "physical ability/capacity" (sense 3) than with "skill/know-how" (sense 1).

However, sense 1 is often used for general "can do" including physical circumstances. But given the specific glosses provided here, sense 3 explicitly mentions physical ability while sense 1 mentions skill/know-how.

Therefore, the answer should be sense 3.

But I want to double-check: in the sentence "vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down", is "able" describing the animal's inherent capability or just the possibility?

Actually, looking at similar constructions in WordNet:
- "able to swim" -> sense 1 (swimming is a skill)
- "able to learn" -> sense 3 (learning is a capacity)
- "able to walk" -> sense 3 (walking is a physical ability)

"Keeping a tablet down" when vomiting is similar to "walk" - it's a physical capacity/bodily function rather than a learned skill or authority.

Therefore, sense 3.

Wait, one more consideration: "able%5:00:00:capable:00" - the synonym is "capable". Is the dog "capable" of keeping the tablet down? No, it's not capable because it's vomiting. This fits.

Sense 1 doesn't have "capable" as a synonym in the provided list (though in WordNet, sense 1 is related to capability).

Given the options, and the explicit mention of "physical... ability" in sense 3, this is the correct choice.

Final answer: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tablet
Target surface form: tablet
Context:
Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a <t>tablet</t> down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tablet%1:06:02:: | definition=a slab of stone or wood suitable for bearing an inscription
2. sense_key=tablet%1:27:00:: | definition=a number of sheets of paper fastened together along one edge | synonyms=pad, pad of paper
3. sense_key=tablet%1:06:01:: | definition=a small flat compressed cake of some substance | examples=a tablet of soap
4. sense_key=tablet%1:06:00:: | definition=a dose of medicine in the form of a small pellet | synonyms=pill, lozenge, tab

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "tablet" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is about Cerenia, a veterinary medicine for dogs
 - It mentions treating vomiting dogs
 - It says vomiting animals might not be able to keep a "tablet" down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again)
 - It mentions follow-up treatment where the owner can administer the tablets
 - This is clearly referring to a form of medication/drug administration

 Candidate senses analysis:
 1. tablet%1:06:02:: - a slab of stone or wood suitable for bearing an inscription
    - This is like a stone tablet (e.g., Ten Commandments). Not relevant here.

 2. tablet%1:27:00:: - a number of sheets of paper fastened together along one edge (pad of paper)
    - This is a notepad. Not relevant for medicine.

 3. tablet%1:06:01:: - a small flat compressed cake of some substance (e.g., tablet of soap)
    - This could be a soap tablet or similar compressed cake. While medically related, the context specifically mentions medicine/doses.

 4. tablet%1:06:00:: - a dose of medicine in the form of a small pellet (synonyms: pill, lozenge, tab)
    - This matches perfectly. The context is about administering medicine to dogs, specifically mentioning that vomiting dogs can't keep a tablet down, and owners administering tablets for follow-up treatment.
    - The synonyms "pill, lozenge, tab" confirm this is the medicinal sense.

 The context explicitly mentions:
 - "vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down"
 - "administer the tablets to the dog"
 - This is clearly about oral medication in pellet/pill form.

 Therefore, sense 4 (tablet%1:06:00::) is the correct choice.

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 4}

 Wait, let me check the indexing. The candidate senses are listed as:
 1. sense_key=tablet%1:06:02::
 2. sense_key=tablet%1:27:00::
 3. sense_key=tablet%1:06:01::
 4. sense_key=tablet%1:06:00::

 So the indices are 1, 2, 3, 4. I need to return the index number (4).

 Actually, looking at the format: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

 So I should return {"sense_index": 4}.

 Let me double-check:
 - Sense 1: stone slab (inscription)
 - Sense 2: pad of paper
 - Sense 3: compressed cake (soap)
 - Sense 4: dose of medicine (pill)

 Context: "vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down" - definitely referring to a pill/medicine that you swallow.

 Yes, sense 4 is correct.