[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: national
Target surface form: national
Context:
The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each <t>national</t> report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=national%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country | examples=national hero; national anthem
2. sense_key=national%3:00:00:: | definition=limited to or in the interests of a particular nation | examples=national interests; isolationism is a strictly national policy
3. sense_key=national%3:00:01:: | definition=concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country | examples=the national government; national elections
4. sense_key=national%5:00:00:public:00 | definition=owned or maintained for the public by the national government | examples=national parks
5. sense_key=national%5:00:00:domestic:00 | definition=inside the country | synonyms=home, interior, internal | examples=the British Home Office has broader responsibilities than the United States Department of the Interior; the nation's internal politics
6. sense_key=national%3:01:02:: | definition=characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation | examples=a national trait
7. sense_key=national%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to nationality | examples=national origin

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "national" in the given context. I need to choose the best sense from the 7 candidate senses provided.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about a Foundation organizing conferences and studies about social exclusion, employment, etc.
- The specific sentence with the target word is: "Each <t>national</t> report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives..."
- The context mentions "fifteen European countries" and "For each country..."
- So "national report" here means a report pertaining to a specific nation/country.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=national%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country | examples=national hero; national anthem
   - This seems to fit. "National report" = report belonging to a nation.

2. sense_key=national%3:00:00:: | definition=limited to or in the interests of a particular nation | examples=national interests; isolationism is a strictly national policy
   - This emphasizes "limited to" or specific interests, which doesn't fit as well. The report isn't necessarily limited to the nation's interests in a restrictive sense, but rather belongs to/applies to the nation.

3. sense_key=national%3:00:01:: | definition=concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country | examples=the national government; national elections
   - This also fits well. "National report" could be a report applicable to/belonging to an entire nation. The examples include "national government" which is similar to "national report" in structure.

4. sense_key=national%5:00:00:public:00 | definition=owned or maintained for the public by the national government | examples=national parks
   - This is about ownership by the national government. The report might be from the national level, but the definition emphasizes "owned or maintained... by the national government" which is more specific than what's implied.

5. sense_key=national%5:00:00:domestic:00 | definition=inside the country | synonyms=home, interior, internal | examples=the British Home Office has broader responsibilities than the United States Department of the Interior; the nation's internal politics
   - This is about being internal/domestic vs. foreign. While related, "national report" in this context is more about belonging to a specific nation among several European countries, not necessarily contrasting with international.

6. sense_key=national%3:01:02:: | definition=characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation | examples=a national trait
   - This is about characteristics/traits of people, not applicable to reports.

7. sense_key=national%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to nationality | examples=national origin
   - This is about nationality as a concept, not fitting for "national report".

Now between sense 1 and sense 3:
- Sense 1: "of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country" - examples: national hero, national anthem
- Sense 3: "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country" - examples: the national government; national elections

"National report" in the context of "Each national report contains..." referring to reports from different countries (fifteen European countries) seems to mean "report pertaining to a specific nation" or "country-level report".

Sense 3 seems slightly better because:
- It includes "applicable to... an entire nation"
- The examples "national government" parallels "national report" (both are institutional/organizational things at the national level)
- Sense 1 examples (hero, anthem) are more about cultural symbols

However, looking closely at the definitions:
- Sense 1: "of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country"
- Sense 3: "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country"

The key difference is that Sense 3 emphasizes "entire" nation, while Sense 1 is more general. In the context of "national level peak organisations" mentioned earlier in the text, and "national report" contrasted with the European/international context, Sense 3 seems most appropriate.

Actually, looking at the WordNet sense keys:
- national%3:01:00:: (Sense 1) - this is an adjective satellite (3:01) or maybe not? Wait, the format is:
  - 3:01:00 - adjective satellite
  - 3:00:00 - adjective (pertainym?)

Wait, let me check the WordNet sense key format:
- The first number is the part of speech: 3 = adjective
- The second number: 00 = head word, 01 = satellite
- Actually, looking at the keys:
  - national%3:01:00:: - this is an adjective satellite (01)
  - national%3:00:00:: - this is an adjective (00)
  - national%3:00:01:: - this is also an adjective (00) with lex_id 01

So:
- Sense 1 (3:01:00): adjective satellite - "of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country"
- Sense 2 (3:00:00): adjective - "limited to or in the interests of a particular nation"
- Sense 3 (3:00:01): adjective - "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country"
- Sense 4 (5:00:00:public:00): adjective satellite? No, 5 usually means adjective satellite in some notations, but here it seems to be using 5 as a different class? Actually, looking at WordNet, 3 = adjective, 5 = adjective satellite.

Wait, standard WordNet sense key format:
- lemma%pos:lex_filenum:lex_id:head_word:head_id

But here the format seems to be:
- lemma%3:01:00:: where 3 = adjective, 01 = lex_filenum? No...

Actually, looking at the examples:
- national%3:01:00::
- national%3:00:00::
- national%3:00:01::
- national%5:00:00:public:00

In WordNet:
- 3 = adjective
- 5 = adjective satellite

So:
- Sense 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 are adjectives (3)
- Sense 4 and 5 are adjective satellites (5)

But actually, looking at the definitions:
- Sense 3: "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country" - examples: "the national government; national elections"
- This matches "national report" very well - a report at the national level (as opposed to regional or international).

Sense 1: "of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country" - examples: "national hero; national anthem"
- This is more about things that represent the nation culturally.

Sense 3 is about things that operate at the level of the entire nation (government, elections, and by extension, reports).

Given the context mentions "national level peak organisations" and "Each national report" (implying one per country), Sense 3 is the best fit.

The index for Sense 3 is 3.

Wait, I need to make sure about the indexing. The user lists:
1. sense_key=...
2. sense_key=...
3. sense_key=...
etc.

So I should return {"sense_index": 3}

Let me double-check Sense 5: "inside the country" - synonyms home, interior, internal. This is about domestic vs foreign. While a national report could be domestic, the context emphasizes the national level as opposed to European/regional level, but it's more about belonging to the nation (country-level) than being domestic vs foreign.

Sense 3 is definitely the best choice.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: report
Context:
The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national <t>report</t> contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "report" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about a Foundation organizing conferences and studies
 - It mentions "Each national <t>report</t> contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives..."
 - These reports present policies and practices to improve recruitment, training and development of ageing workers
 - They are described as containing portfolios of initiatives
 - This sounds like a formal written document describing findings or studies

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
    - This seems to fit well. It's a written document describing findings (about policies and practices for ageing workers).

 2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
    - This is about verbal reporting, not a written document. The context mentions "Each national report contains..." which suggests a physical/written document.

 3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
    - This is about news reports. The context is about academic/policy studies, not news.

 4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
    - This is about sound (gunshot). Clearly not relevant.

 5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
    - This is specifically about school report cards. Not relevant here.

 6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
    - This is about student essays/assignments. While similar to sense 1, the context suggests formal research documents, not student assignments.

 7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report
    - This is about reputation. Not relevant.

 The best fit is sense 1: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group"

 The context describes:
 - "Each national report contains a portfolio..."
 - It's part of a comparative study (EPOC project)
 - It presents policies and practices
 - It's based on interviews and case studies
 - It's a formal document from national level organizations

 This matches sense 1 perfectly: a written document describing findings of a group (the national level peak organizations/social partners).

 The synonyms "study, written report" also fit well with the context which mentions "comparative study" and describes the document as containing research findings.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Phala

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: contain
Target surface form: contains
Context:
The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report <t>contains</t> a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=contain%2:42:00:: | definition=include or contain; have as a component | synonyms=incorporate, comprise | examples=A totally new idea is comprised in this paper; The record contains many old songs from the 1930's
2. sense_key=contain%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=hold, bear, carry | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
3. sense_key=contain%2:41:00:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, hold, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
4. sense_key=contain%2:42:06:: | definition=be divisible by | examples=24 contains 6
5. sense_key=contain%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=take, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
6. sense_key=contain%2:33:00:: | definition=hold back, as of a danger or an enemy; check the expansion or influence of | synonyms=check, turn back, arrest, stop, hold back | examples=Arrest the downward trend; Check the growth of communism in South East Asia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "contains" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "Each national report <t>contains</t> a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives..."
 - The meaning here is that the report includes or has as a component a portfolio of initiatives.
 - It's about the report having/including content within it.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=contain%2:42:00:: | definition=include or contain; have as a component | synonyms=incorporate, comprise | examples=A totally new idea is comprised in this paper; The record contains many old songs from the 1930's
 - This seems to fit. The report includes/has as a component a portfolio of initiatives. The example "The record contains many old songs" is very similar - a record (document/media) contains songs (items), just as a report contains initiatives (items).

 2. sense_key=contain%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=hold, bear, carry | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
 - This is more about physical containers holding physical things. While a report can metaphorically "hold" content, this sense seems more focused on physical containment (jar, canteen).

 3. sense_key=contain%2:41:00:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint...
 - This is about controlling or restraining, which doesn't fit here.

 4. sense_key=contain%2:42:06:: | definition=be divisible by
 - Mathematical sense, clearly wrong.

 5. sense_key=contain%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=take, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
 - This is about capacity - being able to hold something. The sentence isn't saying the report is capable of holding initiatives, but that it actually does include them.

 6. sense_key=contain%2:33:00:: | definition=hold back, as of a danger or an enemy...
 - About restraining enemies or dangers, not relevant here.

 The best fit is sense 1: "include or contain; have as a component"
 - The report includes/has as a component a portfolio of initiatives.
 - Synonyms incorporate, comprise fit well.
 - The example "The record contains many old songs from the 1930's" is parallel to "The report contains a portfolio of initiatives."

 Sense 2 is close but seems more physical/containment focused (hold within), while sense 1 is more about inclusion/composition (have as a component).

 The index requested is the number in the list (1-6), not the WordNet sense key.

 So the answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: present
Target surface form: present
Context:
The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best <t>present</t> policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=present%2:39:00:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=show, demo, exhibit, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=present%2:32:00:: | definition=bring forward and present to the mind | synonyms=represent, lay out | examples=We presented the arguments to him; We cannot represent this knowledge to our formal reason
3. sense_key=present%2:36:00:: | definition=perform (a play), especially on a stage | synonyms=stage, represent | examples=we are going to stage `Othello'
4. sense_key=present%2:40:01:: | definition=hand over formally | synonyms=submit
5. sense_key=present%2:42:00:: | definition=introduce | synonyms=pose | examples=This poses an interesting question
6. sense_key=present%2:40:02:: | definition=give, especially as an honor or reward | synonyms=award | examples=bestow honors and prizes at graduation
7. sense_key=present%2:40:00:: | definition=give as a present; make a gift of | synonyms=give, gift | examples=What will you give her for her birthday?
8. sense_key=present%2:32:02:: | definition=deliver (a speech, oration, or idea) | synonyms=deliver | examples=The commencement speaker presented a forceful speech that impressed the students
9. sense_key=present%2:32:01:: | definition=cause to come to know personally | synonyms=introduce, acquaint | examples=permit me to acquaint you with my son; introduce the new neighbors to the community
10. sense_key=present%2:36:08:: | definition=represent abstractly, for example in a painting, drawing, or sculpture | synonyms=portray | examples=The father is portrayed as a good-looking man in this painting
11. sense_key=present%2:32:06:: | definition=present somebody with something, usually to accuse or criticize | synonyms=confront, face | examples=We confronted him with the evidence; He was faced with all the evidence and could no longer deny his actions
12. sense_key=present%2:32:04:: | definition=formally present a debutante, a representative of a country, etc.
13. sense_key=present%2:32:03:: | definition=recognize with a gesture prescribed by a military regulation; assume a prescribed position | synonyms=salute | examples=When the officers show up, the soldiers have to salute

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "present" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best <t>present</t> policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community."
 - The initiatives are presenting policies and practices.
 - This means the initiatives are showing, displaying, or representing the policies and practices.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=present%2:39:00:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=show, demo, exhibit, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
    - This seems to fit. The initiatives are showing/exhibiting the policies and practices.

 2. sense_key=present%2:32:00:: | definition=bring forward and present to the mind | synonyms=represent, lay out | examples=We presented the arguments to him; We cannot represent this knowledge to our formal reason
    - This is more about bringing ideas to mind, representing abstractly in thought. The context is about initiatives showing policies, not necessarily bringing them to mind in an abstract way.

 3. sense_key=present%2:36:00:: | definition=perform (a play), especially on a stage | synonyms=stage, represent | examples=we are going to stage `Othello'
    - This is about theatrical performance. Not relevant here.

 4. sense_key=present%2:40:01:: | definition=hand over formally | synonyms=submit
    - This is about physically handing something over. Not quite right.

 5. sense_key=present%2:42:00:: | definition=introduce | synonyms=pose | examples=This poses an interesting question
    - This is about introducing or posing something. While close, "present policies" here means to show/display them, not just introduce them.

 6. sense_key=present%2:40:02:: | definition=give, especially as an honor or reward | synonyms=award | examples=bestow honors and prizes at graduation
    - This is about giving awards. Not relevant.

 7. sense_key=present%2:40:00:: | definition=give as a present; make a gift of | synonyms=give, gift | examples=What will you give her for her birthday?
    - This is about giving gifts. Not relevant.

 8. sense_key=present%2:32:02:: | definition=deliver (a speech, oration, or idea) | synonyms=deliver | examples=The commencement speaker presented a forceful speech that impressed the students
    - This is about delivering a speech. While initiatives can present information, this is specifically about oral delivery.

 9. sense_key=present%2:32:01:: | definition=cause to come to know personally | synonyms=introduce, acquaint | examples=permit me to acquaint you with my son; introduce the new neighbors to the community
    - This is about personal introductions. Not relevant.

 10. sense_key=present%2:36:08:: | definition=represent abstractly, for example in a painting, drawing, or sculpture | synonyms=portray | examples=The father is portrayed as a good-looking man in this painting
    - This is about artistic representation. Not relevant.

 11. sense_key=present%2:32:06:: | definition=present somebody with something, usually to accuse or criticize | synonyms=confront, face | examples=We confronted him with the evidence; He was faced with all the evidence and could no longer deny his actions
    - This is about confronting with evidence. Not relevant.

 12. sense_key=present%2:32:04:: | definition=formally present a debutante, a representative of a country, etc.
    - This is about formal introductions in social/diplomatic contexts. Not relevant.

 13. sense_key=present%2:32:03:: | definition=recognize with a gesture prescribed by a military regulation; assume a prescribed position | synonyms=salute | examples=When the officers show up, the soldiers have to salute
    - This is about military salutes. Not relevant.

 Now, between sense 1 and sense 2:
 - Sense 1: "give an exhibition of to an interested audience" - synonyms: show, demo, exhibit, demonstrate
 - Sense 2: "bring forward and present to the mind" - synonyms: represent, lay out

 The context says initiatives "present policies and practices". This means they display them, show them, exhibit them. The initiatives are portfolios that demonstrate or exhibit the policies.

 Sense 1 seems the best fit because:
 - It involves showing/exhibiting to an audience (the readers of the report)
 - The synonyms "show", "exhibit", "demonstrate" fit well with how initiatives would display policies
 - The initiatives are acting as examples that demonstrate the policies

 Sense 2 is more about representing ideas to the mind, which is more abstract and cognitive. While "represent" is a synonym, the context suggests a more concrete exhibition or demonstration of the policies through the initiatives.

 Actually, looking more carefully at sense 2: "bring forward and present to the mind" - this is about presenting arguments or knowledge to someone's reasoning. The example is "We presented the arguments to him."

 In the context, the initiatives are presenting policies - they are showing them, exhibiting them, making them visible or known. This aligns with sense 1.

 Wait, let me reconsider. Is it possible that sense 2 is better? "represent, lay out" - the initiatives represent the policies? But the definition says "bring forward and present to the mind" - this is about cognitive presentation.

 Sense 1 is about giving an exhibition - showing physically or demonstratively.

 The initiatives are concrete examples (case studies) that demonstrate or exhibit the policies. So sense 1 seems correct.

 But let me check if there's any other sense that might fit. Sense 8 is about delivering a speech. No. Sense 5 is about introducing/posing. "Present policies" could mean "pose policies" or "introduce policies", but the context suggests showing them off, displaying them as examples.

 Actually, looking at the sentence structure: "initiatives which best present policies and practices" - this is similar to "initiatives which best demonstrate policies" or "initiatives which best exhibit policies."

 Yes, sense 1 is the best fit.

 The index for sense 1 is: 1

 So the answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: policy
Target surface form: policies
Context:
The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present <t>policies</t> and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=policy%1:09:00:: | definition=a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group | examples=it was a policy of retribution; a politician keeps changing his policies
2. sense_key=policy%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government | examples=they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation
3. sense_key=policy%1:10:02:: | definition=written contract or certificate of insurance | synonyms=insurance policy, insurance | examples=you should have read the small print on your policy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "policies" (target lemma: policy) in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about a Foundation organizing conferences and studies about social exclusion, employment, industrial relations, etc.
 - The specific sentence containing "policies" is: "Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present <t>policies</t> and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community."
 - The context involves national reports, initiatives, recruitment, training, development of ageing workers, workplace, community.
 - This is clearly about governmental or organizational plans of action regarding social/employment issues.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=policy%1:09:00:: | definition=a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group | examples=it was a policy of retribution; a politician keeps changing his policies
    - This seems to fit well. The context is about national reports containing initiatives that present "policies" (plans of action) to improve recruitment, training, etc. of ageing workers. These are plans of action adopted by social groups (governments, organizations).

 2. sense_key=policy%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government | examples=they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation
    - This is more about the rationale/justification for actions rather than the actual plans themselves. While related, the context here is about concrete initiatives and practices to improve worker conditions, not just lines of argument.

 3. sense_key=policy%1:10:02:: | definition=written contract or certificate of insurance | synonyms=insurance policy, insurance | examples=you should have read the small print on your policy
    - This is clearly about insurance policies, which is not relevant to the context about employment, social exclusion, and worker development.

 So the choice is between sense 1 and sense 2.

 Sense 1 (policy%1:09:00::): "a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group"
 - The context mentions "national reports", "initiatives", "policies and practices" to improve recruitment/training.
 - These are concrete plans of action by social groups (governments, national level organizations).
 - The examples include "a politician keeps changing his policies" which aligns with governmental/organizational policies.

 Sense 2 (policy%1:10:00::): "a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government"
 - This is more abstract, focusing on the justification/rationale.
 - The context is about concrete initiatives to improve conditions, not just lines of argument.
 - The phrase "policies and practices" suggests concrete actions/plans rather than just rationalizations.

 Also, looking at the WordNet hierarchy:
 - Sense 1 is under noun.cognition (1:09) - plans of action
 - Sense 2 is under noun.communication (1:10) - lines of argument

 The context is about practical initiatives for employment and social welfare, which fits better with "plan of action" (sense 1) than "line of argument" (sense 2).

 Therefore, the best sense is sense 1.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense keys provided:
 1. policy%1:09:00::
 2. policy%1:10:00::
 3. policy%1:10:02::

 The user asks to return {"sense_index": 3} format, meaning the index number (1, 2, or 3) corresponding to the candidate senses listed.

 So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

 Let me verify once more:
 - The text discusses "national reports", "initiatives", "policies and practices" regarding "recruitment, training and development of ageing workers"
 - This is clearly about employment policies, social policies - i.e., plans of action adopted by social groups (governments, national organizations).
 - Not insurance policies (sense 3).
 - Not merely lines of argument (sense 2), but actual actionable plans.

 Yes, sense 1 is correct.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: practice
Target surface form: practices
Context:
The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and <t>practices</t> to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=practice%1:04:00:: | definition=a customary way of operation or behavior | synonyms=pattern | examples=it is their practice to give annual raises; they changed their dietary pattern
2. sense_key=practice%1:04:02:: | definition=systematic training by multiple repetitions | synonyms=exercise, drill, practice session, recitation | examples=practice makes perfect
3. sense_key=practice%1:04:04:: | definition=translating an idea into action | synonyms=praxis | examples=a hard theory to put into practice; differences between theory and praxis of communism
4. sense_key=practice%1:04:03:: | definition=the exercise of a profession | examples=the practice of the law; I took over his practice when he retired
5. sense_key=practice%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge of how something is usually done | examples=it is not the local practice to wear shorts to dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "practices" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:

The sentence containing the target word is: "Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and <t>practices</t> to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community."

Key context clues:
- "policies and practices" - this is a common collocation
- "to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers" - these are workplace/organizational activities
- "initiatives" - referring to programs or methods implemented
- The overall context is about social exclusion, employment, industrial relations, and workplace policies

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=practice%1:04:00:: | definition=a customary way of operation or behavior | synonyms=pattern | examples=it is their practice to give annual raises; they changed their dietary pattern
   - This refers to habitual ways of doing things, customary behaviors
   - "Pattern" is the synonym
   - Example shows "their practice to give annual raises" - this fits workplace contexts

2. sense_key=practice%1:04:02:: | definition=systematic training by multiple repetitions | synonyms=exercise, drill, practice session, recitation | examples=practice makes perfect
   - This is about training, rehearsing, drilling
   - Doesn't fit the context of workplace policies and initiatives

3. sense_key=practice%1:04:04:: | definition=translating an idea into action | synonyms=praxis | examples=a hard theory to put into practice; differences between theory and praxis of communism
   - This is about implementation of theory, praxis
   - While related, the context seems to be about specific methods/approaches rather than theory vs. practice distinction

4. sense_key=practice%1:04:03:: | definition=the exercise of a profession | examples=the practice of the law; I took over his practice when he retired
   - This refers to professional practice (like a doctor's practice, lawyer's practice)
   - Doesn't fit here - we're talking about workplace practices, not professional service businesses

5. sense_key=practice%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge of how something is usually done | examples=it is not the local practice to wear shorts to dinner
   - This is about convention, customary knowledge
   - Similar to sense 1 but more about knowledge than the actual way of operating

Between sense 1 and sense 5:
- Sense 1: "a customary way of operation or behavior" - focuses on the actual method/behavior
- Sense 5: "knowledge of how something is usually done" - focuses on the knowledge/convention

In the phrase "policies and practices", "practices" refers to the actual ways of operating, methods, or customary behaviors in organizations. This is a very common collocation in business/HR contexts - "policies and practices" refers to the written rules (policies) and the actual ways things are done (practices).

Sense 1 fits best because:
1. It refers to customary ways of operation (workplace operations)
2. The synonym "pattern" fits - these are patterns of behavior in organizations
3. The example "it is their practice to give annual raises" is very similar to the HR/workplace context here
4. The context is about initiatives presenting methods/approaches (ways of operation) to improve recruitment and training

Sense 5 is more about the knowledge or convention itself rather than the operational methods.

Sense 3 (praxis) is tempting because it's about actions, but it's specifically about translating theory into action, which isn't the primary meaning here.

Therefore, the best sense is sense 1 (practice%1:04:00::).

Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user lists them as:
1. sense_key=practice%1:04:00::
2. sense_key=practice%1:04:02::
3. sense_key=practice%1:04:04::
4. sense_key=practice%1:04:03::
5. sense_key=practice%1:09:00::

So sense 1 corresponds to index 1.

But let me reconsider if sense 3 (translating an idea into action) could be better. The context mentions "initiatives which best present policies and practices". These initiatives are concrete examples of how to implement improvements. However, "practices" here is paired with "policies", and in management/HR terminology, "policies and practices" is a standard term where practices = the actual ways of working/operating.

Also, looking at the examples for sense 1: "it is their practice to give annual raises" - this is very similar to workplace HR practices.

Sense 1 (customary way of operation or behavior) is definitely the best fit.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: improve
Target surface form: improve
Context:
The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to <t>improve</t> the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=improve%2:30:01:: | definition=to make better | synonyms=better, amend, ameliorate, meliorate | examples=The editor improved the manuscript with his changes
2. sense_key=improve%2:30:00:: | definition=get better | synonyms=better, ameliorate, meliorate | examples=The weather improved toward evening

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "improve" in the given context. Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses.

Target word: improve
Context: "...initiatives which best present policies and practices to <t>improve</t> the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers..."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=improve%2:30:01:: | definition=to make better | synonyms=better, amend, ameliorate, meliorate | examples=The editor improved the manuscript with his changes
2. sense_key=improve%2:30:00:: | definition=get better | synonyms=better, ameliorate, meliorate | examples=The weather improved toward evening

Analysis:
- Sense 1 (improve%2:30:01::): This is the transitive sense meaning "to make better" - where someone/something causes an improvement in something else.
- Sense 2 (improve%2:30:00::): This is the intransitive sense meaning "get better" - where the subject itself becomes better.

In the context: "initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers"

Here, "improve" is used transitively. The initiatives/policies/practices are the agents that will make the recruitment, training and development better. The structure is "to improve [something]" where that something is "the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers."

This matches Sense 1: "to make better" (transitive). The example given for Sense 1 is "The editor improved the manuscript with his changes" - here the editor (agent) makes the manuscript (object) better.

The example for Sense 2 is "The weather improved toward evening" - here the weather itself gets better (intransitive).

In our target sentence, there is a direct object: "the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers". Therefore, this is the transitive sense (Sense 1).

Sense index 1 corresponds to improve%2:30:01:: (to make better).
Sense index 2 corresponds to improve%2:30:00:: (get better).

Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists them as:
1. sense_key=improve%2:30:01::
2. sense_key=improve%2:30:00::

So sense_index 1 is "to make better" and sense_index 2 is "get better".

Given the transitive use with a direct object ("improve the recruitment..."), the correct sense is sense 1.

Let me double-check:
- "to improve the recruitment" = to make the recruitment better
- This is clearly transitive causative meaning

Yes, sense 1 is correct.

The output should be JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: training
Target surface form: training
Context:
The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, <t>training</t> and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=training%1:04:00:: | definition=activity leading to skilled behavior | synonyms=preparation, grooming
2. sense_key=training%1:07:00:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=education, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "training" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses a European conference on social exclusion, public welfare services, work humanization, industrial sectors (metal industry, banking), employment, etc.
 - The specific sentence containing the target word: "Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, <t>training</t> and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community."
 - Context: This is about workplace practices, improving skills for ageing workers, recruitment, and development.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=training%1:04:00:: | definition=activity leading to skilled behavior | synonyms=preparation, grooming
    - This refers to the process of teaching skills, vocational training, workplace training, etc.
    - "Activity leading to skilled behavior" fits workplace training for employees.

 2. sense_key=training%1:07:00:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=education, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
    - This refers to social upbringing, manners, etiquette - the result of being raised properly.
    - Example given: "a woman of breeding and refinement" - this is about social class/upbringing, not workplace skills.

 Analysis:
 The context is clearly about workplace practices ("recruitment, training and development of ageing workers"). This is about teaching job skills to workers - vocational or professional training.

 Sense 1 ("activity leading to skilled behavior") is clearly the correct choice because:
 - It refers to the activity/process of teaching skills
 - It's used in the context of workplace/employment ("recruitment", "ageing workers", "work place")
 - Synonyms "preparation" and "grooming" (in the sense of preparing someone for a role) fit here

 Sense 2 is about social upbringing and manners (like "a woman of breeding"), which doesn't fit the workplace skills context.

 Therefore, the correct answer is sense index 1.

 Wait, let me double-check the indices. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=training%1:04:00::
 2. sense_key=training%1:07:00::

 So index 1 is the first one, index 2 is the second one.

 The context is definitely about workplace training (activity leading to skilled behavior), not social upbringing.

 So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and <t>development</t> of ageing workers in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "development" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about a Foundation organizing conferences and studies related to social exclusion, employment, and social affairs.
 - The specific sentence containing the target word is: "Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and <t>development</t> of ageing workers in both the work place and the community."

 The phrase is "recruitment, training and development of ageing workers". This is a common collocation in human resources and employment contexts. "Training and development" refers to improving employees' skills, knowledge, and abilities.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
    - This sense is about improving something by expanding or refining it. The example mentions "research and development" and "development of a plan".
    - In HR contexts, "training and development" fits this sense - it's about improving workers' skills.

 2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
    - This is about evolution or gradual change to a different stage.
    - While workers do develop over time, "training and development" as a compound noun in HR usually refers to the act/process of improving skills, not the biological or evolutionary process.

 3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically... | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation...
    - This is biological development. Not applicable here since we're talking about workers' skills/careers, not biological growth.

 4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq...
    - This refers to news/events. Not applicable.

 5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive... | synonyms=exploitation
    - This is about land/real estate development or resource exploitation. Not applicable.

 6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
    - This is about real estate/physical developments. Not applicable.

 7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess)...
    - This is about the state/result of developing, particularly in chess. Not the right fit for HR context.

 8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material...
    - Photography. Not applicable.

 9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition...
    - Music. Not applicable.

 So the choice is between sense 1 and sense 2.

 Sense 1: "act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining"
 Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)"

 In the phrase "training and development", "development" refers to the act or process of improving employees' skills and knowledge. This aligns with sense 1 - the act of improving by expanding or refining (skills, knowledge, capabilities).

 Sense 2 is more about natural evolution or progression (like the development of ideas, civilization, etc.), whereas sense 1 is about intentional improvement or refinement.

 In HR terminology, "employee development" or "staff development" refers to activities that improve an employee's capabilities, which matches sense 1.

 The context mentions "policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers" - this is clearly about improving their skills and employability through training and development programs.

 Therefore, sense 1 (development%1:04:01::) is the best choice.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense indices. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=development%1:04:01::
 2. sense_key=development%1:22:02::
 3. sense_key=development%1:22:01::
 etc.

 So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

 But let me verify sense 1 vs sense 2 once more.

 Sense 1 examples: "he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development"
 - "Research and development" (R&D) is about creating/improving products/processes.
 - "Development of a plan" is about creating/refining a plan.

 Sense 2 examples: "the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization"
 - This is about the gradual unfolding or evolution of something over time.

 In "training and development", development is parallel to training. Training is teaching specific skills, development is broader improvement/growth of capabilities. This fits sense 1 (act of improving) better than sense 2 (process of passing to a different stage).

 Also, WordNet sense 1:04:01 is the first sense listed, which is often the most common sense. "Development" in the context of employee development is a very common usage.

 Actually, looking at WordNet more carefully:
 - development%1:04:01:: is "act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining"
 - development%1:22:02:: is "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage..."

 In "training and development", we're talking about the act/process of developing skills. But is it the "act of improving" (sense 1) or the "process of passing to a different stage" (sense 2)?

 I think sense 1 is correct because:
 1. It's grouped with "recruitment" and "training" which are activities/acts
 2. The definition mentions "improving" which matches the context of "improve the recruitment, training and development"
 3. "Research and development" is a similar collocation where development means improving/creating new things

 Sense 2 would be more appropriate for "the development of the child" or "career development" in the sense of progression through stages, but here it's specifically about "training and development" as HR practices to improve workers.

 Actually, "career development" could be sense 2 (progression through stages), but "staff development" or "employee development" as an activity is sense 1.

 The context says "policies and practices to improve..." - so development is something to be improved, or rather, development is part of the improvement strategy. The initiatives present policies to improve recruitment, training, and development. This suggests development is an area/activity that needs improvement, which aligns with sense 1 (the act of improving...).

 I think sense 1 is definitely the right choice.

 One final check: could it be sense 2? "Development of ageing workers" could mean their progression/growth as workers. But given the parallel structure with "recruitment" and "training" (both are HR functions/activities), and the common phrase "training and development" in HR, sense 1 is the standard interpretation.

 The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: worker
Target surface form: workers
Context:
The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing <t>workers</t> in both the work place and the community. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=worker%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who works at a specific occupation | examples=he is a good worker
2. sense_key=worker%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the working class (not necessarily employed) | synonyms=proletarian, prole | examples=workers of the world--unite!
3. sense_key=worker%1:05:01:: | definition=sterile member of a colony of social insects that forages for food and cares for the larvae
4. sense_key=worker%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who acts and gets things done | synonyms=actor, doer | examples=he's a principal actor in this affair; when you want something done get a doer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "workers" in the given context.

Target lemma: worker
Target surface form: workers
Context: The text discusses a European conference on social exclusion, social welfare services, industrial sectors (metal industry, banking), employment, and specifically mentions "ageing workers" in the context of recruitment, training, and development in the workplace.

Candidate senses:
1. worker%1:18:00:: - a person who works at a specific occupation
2. worker%1:18:01:: - a member of the working class (not necessarily employed); synonyms: proletarian, prole; examples: "workers of the world--unite!"
3. worker%1:05:01:: - sterile member of a colony of social insects that forages for food and cares for the larvae
4. worker%1:18:02:: - a person who acts and gets things done; synonyms: actor, doer

Analysis:
- The context is about human employment, industrial sectors, workplace, and social affairs.
- It mentions "ageing workers" in the context of recruitment, training, and development.
- This clearly refers to human employees, not insects (so sense 3 is out).
- The context is about labor, employment, and industry, not about social class struggle or the proletariat per se (though it could be considered related to the working class, the specific usage here is about people who work in specific occupations/sectors).
- The phrase "ageing workers" in the context of "recruitment, training and development" and "work place" suggests people who hold jobs/occupations.
- Sense 2 (proletarian) usually has a Marxist or sociological class connotation that's not strongly present here.
- Sense 4 (doer/actor) is about getting things done in a general sense, not specifically about employment.

The most appropriate sense is sense 1: "a person who works at a specific occupation". This fits the context of discussing industrial sectors, workplaces, and employment policies for ageing people who work.

Sense 2 could be tempting because of "European", "social", "industrial sectors", but the specific context about recruitment, training, and development of ageing workers in the workplace points to specific occupations rather than the class designation.

Therefore, the best choice is sense index 1.

Wait, let me double-check the context: "improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community."

This is clearly about employed people or people in specific occupations. The focus is on labor market participation and workplace development.

Sense 1: "a person who works at a specific occupation" - fits perfectly.
Sense 2: "a member of the working class" - while these people might be working class, the emphasis is on their role as employees/occupational workers, not as a social class.
Sense 3: insects - clearly wrong.
Sense 4: general doer - too broad, not specific to employment.

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: community
Target surface form: community
Context:
The Foundation organised, together with the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Social Affairs and the Galician regional government, a European conference on social exclusion: a major challenge for public welfare services. The Foundation recently published a comparative study as part of the EPOC project which assesses the extent to which direct participation can humanise work while increasing profitability. The study is based on 195 personal interviews with senior officials of the social partners as representatives of national level peak organisations in fifteen European countries. As important industrial sectors, the metal industry and the banking sector were also included. Key speakers at the social exclusion conference were (left to right) Cristina Louro, Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Directorate, European Commission Fernando Gomes, a high degree of Committee of the Regions Barbara Weiler, Member of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles, Vice-President, European Parliament and John Carroll, Economic and Social Committee. Case Studies Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the <t>community</t>. For each country, two or three initiatives have been selected for further in depth case study.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=community%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people living in a particular local area | examples=the team is drawn from all parts of the community
2. sense_key=community%1:21:00:: | definition=common ownership | examples=they shared a community of possessions
3. sense_key=community%1:14:04:: | definition=a group of nations having common interests | examples=they hoped to join the NATO community
4. sense_key=community%1:26:00:: | definition=agreement as to goals | synonyms=community of interests | examples=the preachers and the bootleggers found they had a community of interests
5. sense_key=community%1:15:00:: | definition=a district where people live; occupied primarily by private residences | synonyms=residential district, residential area
6. sense_key=community%1:14:02:: | definition=(ecology) a group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other | synonyms=biotic community

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "community" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about a European conference on social exclusion, public welfare services, industrial sectors, and initiatives to improve recruitment and development of ageing workers.
 - The specific sentence is: "Each national report contains a portfolio of between 25 and 30 initiatives which best present policies and practices to improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the <t>community</t>."

 The phrase "in both the work place and the community" suggests a contrast between the workplace (where people work) and the community (where people live or participate in society outside of work).

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=community%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people living in a particular local area | examples=the team is drawn from all parts of the community
    - This fits well. The contrast is between workplace and the local area where people live/reside.

 2. sense_key=community%1:21:00:: | definition=common ownership | examples=they shared a community of possessions
    - This doesn't fit. The context is about workers and their development, not about ownership.

 3. sense_key=community%1:14:04:: | definition=a group of nations having common interests | examples=they hoped to join the NATO community
    - This refers to international communities like NATO, EU, etc. While the text mentions European countries, the specific phrase "in both the work place and the community" refers to a local context for the workers, not international relations.

 4. sense_key=community%1:26:00:: | definition=agreement as to goals | synonyms=community of interests | examples=the preachers and the bootleggers found they had a community of interests
    - This is about shared interests/goals, not a physical or social location. Doesn't fit the "work place and..." contrast.

 5. sense_key=community%1:15:00:: | definition=a district where people live; occupied primarily by private residences | synonyms=residential district, residential area
    - This is a geographical/physical location (residential district). While related, the contrast with "work place" suggests the broader social concept of "community" as a group of people, not just the physical district. However, this could be a contender.

 6. sense_key=community%1:14:02:: | definition=(ecology) a group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other | synonyms=biotic community
    - This is ecological/biological. The context is about social welfare and workers, not ecology.

 So it's between sense 1 and sense 5.

 Sense 1: "a group of people living in a particular local area" - emphasizes the people/social aspect.
 Sense 5: "a district where people live; occupied primarily by private residences" - emphasizes the physical place/residential district.

 The phrase "in both the work place and the community" is a common collocation referring to the two main spheres of life: work and the local community/society. "Community" here refers to the social environment outside of work - the people and social structures in the local area.

 Looking at the example for sense 1: "the team is drawn from all parts of the community" - this shows community as a social group in a local area.

 Looking at sense 5: "residential district, residential area" - this is more about the physical location/housing.

 In the context of "development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community", this refers to their life and activities outside of work - engaging with the local community (people, organizations, social life). This aligns better with sense 1 (group of people) than sense 5 (physical district).

 Also, sense 1 is the first and most common sense of community - a group of people living in a particular local area.

 The contrast "work place and community" is standard in social policy discourse, referring to the two domains where people spend their time: employment and local civic/social life.

 Therefore, sense 1 (community%1:14:00::) is the best choice.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense keys and indices. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=community%1:14:00::
 2. sense_key=community%1:21:00::
 3. sense_key=community%1:14:04::
 4. sense_key=community%1:26:00::
 5. sense_key=community%1:15:00::
 6. sense_key=community%1:14:02::

 So the index numbers correspond to the order given: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

 I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

 But let me reconsider sense 5. Is "community" here referring to a residential district? The phrase "in the community" is often used in British English (this text seems to be about European/Spanish contexts) to mean "in society" or "in the local area" as opposed to "in institutions" or "in the workplace".

 Actually, looking at the context again: "improve the recruitment, training and development of ageing workers in both the work place and the community"

 This suggests initiatives that happen at the workplace and initiatives that happen in the community (outside the workplace). This could include community centers, local organizations, etc.

 Sense 1: "a group of people living in a particular local area" - this fits because it refers to the social context/group.
 Sense 5: "a district where people live" - this could also fit as a location.

 However, "community" in the phrase "work place and community" typically contrasts the occupational sphere with the civic/local social sphere. The WordNet sense 1 example "the team is drawn from all parts of the community" supports this interpretation of community as the local populace.

 Also, sense 5 is specifically about residential districts (housing areas), whereas "community" in social policy often includes broader local social structures, not just housing.

 I think sense 1 is correct.

 One more check: could it be sense 3 (group of nations)? The text mentions European countries, but the specific phrase is about individual workers and where they receive training/recruitment - in their workplace or in their local community. It's not about international relations.

 So yes, sense 1.

provider: ModelRun