[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rise
Target surface form: rise
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a <t>rise</t> of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rise%1:11:00:: | definition=a growth in strength or number or importance
2. sense_key=rise%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of changing location in an upward direction | synonyms=ascent, ascension, ascending
3. sense_key=rise%1:17:00:: | definition=an upward slope or grade (as in a road) | synonyms=ascent, acclivity, raise, climb, upgrade | examples=the car couldn't make it up the rise
4. sense_key=rise%1:11:02:: | definition=a movement upward | synonyms=rising, ascent, ascension | examples=they cheered the rise of the hot-air balloon
5. sense_key=rise%1:07:02:: | definition=the amount a salary is increased | synonyms=raise, wage hike, hike, wage increase, salary increase | examples=he got a 3% raise; he got a wage hike
6. sense_key=rise%1:07:01:: | definition=the property possessed by a slope or surface that rises | synonyms=upgrade, rising slope
7. sense_key=rise%1:11:01:: | definition=a wave that lifts the surface of the water or ground | synonyms=lift
8. sense_key=rise%1:11:03:: | definition=(theology) the origination of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost | synonyms=emanation, procession | examples=the emanation of the Holy Spirit; the rising of the Holy Ghost
9. sense_key=rise%1:07:03:: | definition=an increase in cost | synonyms=boost, hike, cost increase | examples=they asked for a 10% rise in rates
10. sense_key=rise%1:04:01:: | definition=increase in price or value | synonyms=advance | examples=the news caused a general advance on the stock market

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "rise" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

The target sentence is: "Giovanni Peri has calculated that a <t>rise</t> of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."

The context is about economics, specifically about the impact of immigration on wages. The word "rise" here refers to an increase in the migratory flow (immigration).

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=rise%1:11:00:: | definition=a growth in strength or number or importance
   - This seems relevant. "A growth in... number" could apply to migratory flow.

2. sense_key=rise%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of changing location in an upward direction | synonyms=ascent, ascension, ascending
   - This is about physical movement upward, not relevant here.

3. sense_key=rise%1:17:00:: | definition=an upward slope or grade (as in a road) | synonyms=ascent, acclivity, raise, climb, upgrade | examples=the car couldn't make it up the rise
   - Physical geography, not relevant.

4. sense_key=rise%1:11:02:: | definition=a movement upward | synonyms=rising, ascent, ascension | examples=they cheered the rise of the hot-air balloon
   - Physical upward movement, not relevant.

5. sense_key=rise%1:07:02:: | definition=the amount a salary is increased | synonyms=raise, wage hike, hike, wage increase, salary increase | examples=he got a 3% raise; he got a wage hike
   - This is about salary increases, not about the migratory flow. The sentence mentions pay increase as a result, but "rise" here refers to the migratory flow, not the pay.

6. sense_key=rise%1:07:01:: | definition=the property possessed by a slope or surface that rises | synonyms=upgrade, rising slope
   - Physical property, not relevant.

7. sense_key=rise%1:11:01:: | definition=a wave that lifts the surface of the water or ground | synonyms=lift
   - Physical/natural phenomenon, not relevant.

8. sense_key=rise%1:11:03:: | definition=(theology) the origination of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost | synonyms=emanation, procession | examples=the emanation of the Holy Spirit; the rising of the Holy Ghost
   - Theological, not relevant.

9. sense_key=rise%1:07:03:: | definition=an increase in cost | synonyms=boost, hike, cost increase | examples=they asked for a 10% rise in rates
   - This is about cost/price increases. The context is about migratory flow, not costs.

10. sense_key=rise%1:04:01:: | definition=increase in price or value | synonyms=advance | examples=the news caused a general advance on the stock market
    - Financial/price increase, not relevant to migratory flow.

Now, looking back at sense 1: "a growth in strength or number or importance"
- "a rise of 1% in the migratory flow" - this is clearly talking about an increase in the number of immigrants (migratory flow).
- The definition mentions "growth in... number", which fits perfectly.

Wait, let me check if there's any other sense that might fit better. The context is about "migratory flow" increasing. This is an abstract increase in quantity.

Sense 1: "a growth in strength or number or importance" - this covers numerical increase.
Sense 4: "a movement upward" - this is more physical/literal.
Sense 9: "an increase in cost" - specific to costs.
Sense 10: "increase in price or value" - specific to financial value.

Sense 1 seems to be the most appropriate for an increase in migratory flow (number of immigrants).

Let me double-check the WordNet sense keys to make sure I understand the numbering correctly. The format is rise%1:11:00:: where:
- 1 = noun (lexicographer file number)
- 11 = lexicographer file number for noun.group? No, actually in WordNet, the second number is the lexicographer file number. Let me think...

Actually, looking at standard WordNet sense key format: word%lex_filenum:lex_id:head_word:head_id
But here it's rise%1:11:00:: which seems to be:
- 1 = noun
- 11 = lexicographer file (perhaps noun.event or noun.act?)
- 00 = sense number within that file

But actually, for the purpose of this task, I just need to pick the right index from the list provided. The user lists them as 1-10.

Sense 1: rise%1:11:00:: - a growth in strength or number or importance
Sense 4: rise%1:11:02:: - a movement upward
Sense 5: rise%1:07:02:: - the amount a salary is increased

The context is: "a rise of 1% in the migratory flow"

This is clearly referring to an increase in the quantity/number of the migratory flow.

Sense 1 mentions "a growth in... number", which matches.
Sense 9 mentions "an increase in cost", which is about prices/costs, not general quantities.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

Wait, I should check if there's a sense specifically about increase in amount/quantity that isn't about cost or salary. Looking at the list:

- Sense 1: growth in strength or number or importance (general)
- Sense 9: increase in cost (specific)
- Sense 10: increase in price or value (specific)

Sense 1 is the only general "increase in number" sense.

The phrase "rise of 1% in the migratory flow" parallels constructions like "rise in crime", "rise in population", "rise in temperature" - these would typically map to sense 1 (growth in number/importance).

Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 1.

But wait, let me look carefully at sense 4 again: "a movement upward" - examples include "rise of the hot-air balloon". This is literal upward movement.

Sense 1 examples might include things like "the rise of nationalism" or "a rise in cases".

Given that "migratory flow" is an abstract quantity, and we're talking about it growing by 1%, sense 1 is definitely correct.

One final check: could it be sense 9 "an increase in cost"? The sentence mentions "real long-term pay" (wages), but the rise is in the migratory flow, not in the pay. The pay is what results from the rise. So no.

Could it be sense 5 "the amount a salary is increased"? No, that's specifically about salary raises.

So yes, sense 1 is correct.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flow
Target surface form: flow
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory <t>flow</t> causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flow%1:11:00:: | definition=the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) | synonyms=flowing
2. sense_key=flow%1:28:00:: | definition=the amount of fluid that flows in a given time | synonyms=flow rate, rate of flow
3. sense_key=flow%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression | synonyms=stream
4. sense_key=flow%1:22:00:: | definition=any uninterrupted stream or discharge
5. sense_key=flow%1:26:00:: | definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | synonyms=stream | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors
6. sense_key=flow%1:14:00:: | definition=dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | synonyms=stream, current | examples=two streams of development run through American history; stream of consciousness
7. sense_key=flow%1:22:01:: | definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | synonyms=menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, period | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation; a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "flow" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The sentence is: "Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory <t>flow</t> causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."
 - The context is about immigration, specifically the "migratory flow" - referring to the movement or stream of immigrants coming into a country.
 - It's talking about the rate or volume of immigration (1% rise in the flow).

 Candidate senses analysis:
 1. flow%1:11:00:: - motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases). This is the physical movement of fluids. Not applicable here as we're talking about people/migration.

 2. flow%1:28:00:: - the amount of fluid that flows in a given time. Again, physical fluid measurement. Not applicable.

 3. flow%1:04:00:: - the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression. This could potentially work, but let's check others.

 4. flow%1:22:00:: - any uninterrupted stream or discharge. This is quite general.

 5. flow%1:26:00:: - something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously. Examples include "a stream of people" and "the flow of visitors". This seems very relevant because:
    - It mentions "flow of visitors" in the examples
    - Migration is about people moving
    - "Migratory flow" is a common collocation referring to the movement of migrants as a stream

 6. flow%1:14:00:: - dominant course of successive events or ideas. Examples: "two streams of development", "stream of consciousness". This is more abstract, about events or ideas, not physical movement of people.

 7. flow%1:22:01:: - menstruation. Clearly not relevant.

 Now comparing sense 3, 4, and 5:
 - Sense 3 (flow%1:04:00::): "the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression" - this is the act itself.
 - Sense 5 (flow%1:26:00::): "something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously" - this is the thing that resembles a stream, with examples specifically mentioning "flow of visitors" and "stream of people".

 "Migratory flow" refers to the stream of migrants moving. The example "the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors" is very close to the concept of planning for migratory flow (movement of people).

 However, looking at sense 3: "the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression" - this could also fit. But sense 5 specifically mentions people ("stream of people", "flow of visitors").

 Let me check the WordNet indices more carefully. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=flow%1:11:00::
 2. sense_key=flow%1:28:00::
 3. sense_key=flow%1:04:00::
 4. sense_key=flow%1:22:00::
 5. sense_key=flow%1:26:00::
 6. sense_key=flow%1:14:00::
 7. sense_key=flow%1:22:01::

 So the indices correspond to:
 1 -> 1:11:00
 2 -> 1:28:00
 3 -> 1:04:00
 4 -> 1:22:00
 5 -> 1:26:00
 6 -> 1:14:00
 7 -> 1:22:01

 The question is whether "migratory flow" is:
 - The act of flowing (sense 3)
 - A stream of people (sense 5)
 - A dominant course of events (sense 6)

 "Migratory flow" is a standard term in demography referring to the movement of migrants. It refers to the stream of people moving. Sense 5 explicitly mentions "flow of visitors" and "stream of people". This is the best fit.

 Sense 6 is about "successive events or ideas" - more abstract.
 Sense 3 is the act of flowing.
 Sense 5 is the thing that resembles a flowing stream.

 In the context: "a rise of 1% in the migratory flow" - this refers to the volume/quantity of the stream of migrants. This aligns with sense 5 which talks about the flow of visitors (quantity of visitors moving through).

 Actually, looking at sense 2: "the amount of fluid that flows in a given time" - this is about quantity/rate. But it's specifically about fluid.

 Sense 5 seems best because:
 1. It specifically mentions people ("stream of people", "flow of visitors")
 2. Migration involves people moving
 3. "Flow" here is used metaphorically as a stream of people, not actual liquid

 Wait, let me reconsider sense 3 vs sense 5.
 Sense 3: "the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression"
 Sense 5: "something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously"

 "Migratory flow" could be interpreted as the act of migration (the flowing), or the stream of migrants (the thing flowing).

 In the phrase "rise of 1% in the migratory flow", it's referring to the volume or rate of the stream. This is closer to sense 5 which treats flow as a noun referring to the stream itself (like "flow of visitors").

 Also, the example in sense 5 "the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors" is almost exactly parallel to discussing the "migratory flow" in terms of volume/management.

 Therefore, sense 5 (index 5) is the best choice.

 Wait, I need to check if there's any other interpretation. Could it be sense 6? "dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas". No, migration is not events or ideas, it's people.

 Could it be sense 4? "any uninterrupted stream or discharge". This is very general. Sense 5 is more specific and includes the people examples.

 So the answer should be index 5.

 But let me double-check the WordNet sense keys to make sure I'm mapping correctly.
 The user lists:
 5. sense_key=flow%1:26:00:: | definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | synonyms=stream | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors

 Yes, index 5.

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet, flow%1:26:00:: is indeed the sense for "stream" as in "a stream of people".

 So the JSON should be: {"sense_index": 5}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Chutes

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: increase
Target surface form: increase
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an <t>increase</t> of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=increase%1:23:00:: | definition=a quantity that is added | synonyms=addition, gain | examples=there was an addition to property taxes this year; they recorded the cattle's gain in weight over a period of weeks
2. sense_key=increase%1:11:00:: | definition=a change resulting in an increase | examples=the increase is scheduled for next month
3. sense_key=increase%1:22:00:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increment, growth | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=increase%1:07:00:: | definition=the amount by which something increases | synonyms=increment | examples=they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare
5. sense_key=increase%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of increasing something | synonyms=step-up | examples=he gave me an increase in salary

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "increase" in the given context. I need to choose the best sense from the 5 candidate senses provided.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an <t>increase</t> of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."
 - The word "increase" here refers to the rise/growth in real long-term pay (wages).
 - It's talking about a change in pay levels - specifically a positive change of 0.6-0.9%.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=increase%1:23:00:: | definition=a quantity that is added | synonyms=addition, gain | examples=there was an addition to property taxes this year; they recorded the cattle's gain in weight over a period of weeks
 - This seems to refer to the specific amount added (the quantity itself). But in the context, "increase" is referring to the change/rise in pay, not just the quantity added. However, the example "cattle's gain in weight" suggests a process or result of gaining.

 2. sense_key=increase%1:11:00:: | definition=a change resulting in an increase | examples=the increase is scheduled for next month
 - This refers to a change event. The example suggests a scheduled change. In our context, it's talking about a calculated effect - a change in pay.

 3. sense_key=increase%1:22:00:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increment, growth | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
 - This refers to a process. The example "the increase in unemployment" matches our structure: "an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay". This looks like it could fit.

 4. sense_key=increase%1:07:00:: | definition=the amount by which something increases | synonyms=increment | examples=they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare
 - This refers to the specific amount/quantity of the increase. The example "an increase of 15 percent" matches our context almost exactly: "an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9%". This looks like a strong candidate.

 5. sense_key=increase%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of increasing something | synonyms=step-up | examples=he gave me an increase in salary
 - This refers to the act/action of increasing. The example "he gave me an increase in salary" is similar to our context, but our context is talking about a calculated effect/result, not necessarily the act of giving a raise. However, "increase in salary" is similar to "increase in real long-term pay".

 Let me look more carefully at the differences:

 Sense 4 (increase%1:07:00::): "the amount by which something increases" - This is about the magnitude/quantity. Example: "they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare" - here "increase" refers to the 15 percent itself.

 Sense 3 (increase%1:22:00::): "a process of becoming larger..." - This is about the process or phenomenon of growing. Example: "the increase in unemployment" - refers to the phenomenon of unemployment rising.

 Sense 2 (increase%1:11:00::): "a change resulting in an increase" - This is about the change event itself.

 Sense 1 (increase%1:23:00::): "a quantity that is added" - Similar to sense 4 but perhaps more focused on the additive quantity.

 In the context: "causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay"

 The phrase "an increase of X%" strongly suggests we're talking about the amount/magnitude of the increase (sense 4). The structure "increase of [percentage]" is a strong indicator for sense 4, as shown in the example "increase of 15 percent".

 However, sense 3 could also fit because "the increase in unemployment" is similar to "the increase in real long-term pay". But the specific mention of the percentage range (0.6-0.9%) suggests we're quantifying the amount of increase.

 Let me check the WordNet sense keys to understand the noun types:
 - %1:23:00:: - noun.quantity (quantity that is added)
 - %1:11:00:: - noun.event (change resulting in an increase)
 - %1:22:00:: - noun.process (process of becoming larger...)
 - %1:07:00:: - noun.attribute (amount by which something increases)
 - %1:04:00:: - noun.act (act of increasing something)

 The context is talking about a calculated statistical effect - the amount by which pay increases. The phrase "an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9%" clearly indicates the magnitude/amount.

 Sense 4 example: "they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare"
 Our context: "causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay"

 This is a very close match. The word "increase" here refers to the specific percentage amount (0.6-0.9%), not the process of increasing (sense 3) or the act (sense 5).

 Sense 1 is "a quantity that is added" - this is close but sense 4 is more specific to "the amount by which something increases" which fits better with percentage changes.

 Sense 5 example "he gave me an increase in salary" - this could be interpreted as the act or the result, but the example suggests the act (he gave...).

 Actually, looking at sense 5: "the act of increasing something" - but in "an increase in salary", it could be ambiguous. However, the example "he gave me an increase in salary" treats "increase" as something that can be given, which suggests it could be the amount or the act.

 But sense 4 is specifically about the amount: "the amount by which something increases". Given the specific percentage figure (0.6-0.9%), sense 4 seems most appropriate.

 Wait, let me reconsider sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important". The example "the increase in unemployment" - unemployment is a phenomenon that increases. In our case, "pay" increases. But the specific "of between 0,6 and 0,9%" modifies the increase, specifying the magnitude.

 In English, when we say "an increase of X%", we are typically referring to the amount of increase (sense 4). When we say "the increase in Y", we could be referring to the process (sense 3) or the amount (sense 4).

 But looking at the examples:
 - Sense 4: "they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare" - matches our structure exactly.
 - Sense 3: "the increase in unemployment" - different structure (no "of [amount]").

 Therefore, sense 4 is the best match.

 Wait, I should also consider sense 1: "a quantity that is added". The synonyms are "addition, gain". The example "they recorded the cattle's gain in weight" - "gain" here could be similar to "increase". But "addition" suggests something added to an existing amount.

 Actually, looking at the fine distinctions:
 - Sense 1 (noun.quantity): "a quantity that is added" - focuses on the additive quantity.
 - Sense 4 (noun.attribute): "the amount by which something increases" - focuses on the magnitude of change.

 In the context of percentages (0.6-0.9%), sense 4 is more appropriate because it's talking about the rate/amount of change, not just a quantity added.

 Also, sense 4 is classified under noun.attribute, which deals with amounts/values, while sense 1 is noun.quantity.

 Given the specific percentage values provided, sense 4 is the clear winner.

 But let me double-check sense 2: "a change resulting in an increase" - this is a noun.event. The example "the increase is scheduled for next month" suggests a specific event. Our context is talking about a calculated effect, not necessarily a scheduled event.

 Sense 3: "a process" - this would emphasize the ongoing nature. The text is talking about a calculated effect of migration on wages, which is more of a statistical relationship than a process description, though it could be argued.

 However, the presence of "of between 0,6 and 0,9%" strongly points to sense 4, as this is the sense that specifically deals with the amount of increase.

 Final check: The question asks for the "single best indexed sense". The index numbers correspond to the order listed: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

 So the answer should be: {"sense_index": 4}

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the <t>fact</t> that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "fact" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 "And does so without taking into account the <t>fact</t> that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth..."

 The phrase is "without taking into account the fact that..." This is a common construction where "fact" refers to a piece of information or a circumstance that exists.

 Let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
    - This seems to fit. The "fact" here is the information/circumstance that diversity contributes to creation of ideas and economic growth.

 2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
    - This emphasizes the statement/assertion aspect. While the sentence does mention a fact, it's more about the underlying reality/information rather than a stated assertion per se.

 3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
    - This focuses on events that happened or things that existed. The context here is about a current circumstance (diversity contributing to growth), not necessarily a specific past event.

 4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts
    - This is about provable concepts/truths. While the statement about diversity might be provable, this sense is more about things like scientific facts vs hypotheses.

 Now, looking closely at the usage: "without taking into account the fact that..."

 This is a very common construction where "fact" introduces a clause describing a circumstance or piece of information. Sense 1 ("a piece of information about circumstances that exist") seems most appropriate.

 However, let me reconsider sense 3. The example "your fears have no basis in fact" suggests "fact" as reality/truth contrasted with fiction. But in the phrase "the fact that", it's usually sense 1.

 Actually, looking at WordNet more carefully:
 - Sense 1 (fact%1:09:01) is usually the "piece of information" sense
 - Sense 3 (fact%1:26:01) is the "reality/truth" sense (as opposed to fiction)

 The phrase "the fact that" typically corresponds to sense 1 in WordNet - referring to a piece of information about circumstances.

 But wait, looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1 example: "first you must collect all the facts of the case" - this is about gathering information
 - Sense 3 example: "your fears have no basis in fact" - this is about reality vs. fiction

 In "without taking into account the fact that...", we're talking about not considering a particular piece of information/circumstance (that diversity contributes to growth). This aligns with sense 1.

 However, I should check if there's any distinction between "fact" as an event (sense 3) vs "fact" as information (sense 1).

 Sense 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed"
 The clause "that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth" describes a circumstance that exists, not necessarily a specific event that happened.

 Actually, looking at the hypernyms might help:
 - Sense 1: information, info (cognitive content)
 - Sense 3: realism, reality, realness (actuality)

 In the context, "the fact that..." introduces a proposition that is being treated as information/circumstances to be taken into account. This is clearly sense 1.

 But let me double-check sense 2: "a statement or assertion of verified information". The context doesn't emphasize this as a statement or assertion made by someone, but rather as an objective circumstance.

 So my choice is sense 1.

 Wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01::
 2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01::
 3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01::
 4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02::

 So the index numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4.

 I believe the answer is index 1.

 But let me reconsider if it could be index 3. "Fact" in "the fact that" can sometimes be the "reality" sense. But looking at WordNet's organization, sense 1 is specifically about pieces of information, which fits "taking into account the fact" - you're taking into account a piece of information.

 Also, sense 3's example "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction" suggests it's about the quality of being real/true, often contrasted with fiction. The context here isn't contrasting with fiction.

 Therefore, sense 1 is correct.

 Final check: The definition for sense 1 is "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred". The clause describes circumstances that exist (diversity contributing to growth), so this fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: diversity
Target surface form: diversity
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the <t>diversity</t> contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=diversity%1:07:02:: | definition=noticeable heterogeneity | synonyms=diverseness, multifariousness, variety | examples=a diversity of possibilities; the range and variety of his work is amazing
2. sense_key=diversity%1:07:01:: | definition=the condition or result of being changeable

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "diversity" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses immigrants and their economic impact
 - Specifically: "the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth"
 - The context mentions that immigrants bring different skills, backgrounds, perspectives (as evidenced by the mention of Nobel prize winners and tech company founders who are immigrants)

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=diversity%1:07:02::
    - definition=noticeable heterogeneity
    - synonyms=diverseness, multifariousness, variety
    - examples="a diversity of possibilities"; "the range and variety of his work is amazing"

 2. sense_key=diversity%1:07:01::
    - definition=the condition or result of being changeable

 In the context, "diversity" refers to the variety of backgrounds, skills, perspectives that immigrants bring. It means heterogeneity or variety in the workforce/population, not the state of being changeable.

 Sense 1 ("noticeable heterogeneity", "variety") fits perfectly because:
 - The text talks about how immigrants bring different skills and backgrounds (variety/heterogeneity)
 - This variety contributes to creation of ideas and economic growth
 - The synonyms "diverseness", "multifariousness", "variety" fit the context of immigrants bringing diverse backgrounds

 Sense 2 ("being changeable") doesn't fit because the text isn't talking about changeability or variation over time, but rather the existence of different types/kinds of people (heterogeneity).

 Therefore, the best sense is sense 1 (diversity%1:07:02::).

 The user wants the output as JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: creation
Target surface form: creation
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the <t>creation</t> of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=creation%1:04:00:: | definition=the human act of creating | synonyms=creative activity
2. sense_key=creation%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone
3. sense_key=creation%1:11:00:: | definition=the event that occurred at the beginning of something | synonyms=conception | examples=from its creation the plan was doomed to failure
4. sense_key=creation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new | synonyms=initiation, founding, foundation, institution, origination, innovation | examples=she looked forward to her initiation as an adult; the foundation of a new scientific society
5. sense_key=creation%1:04:02:: | definition=(theology) God's act of bringing the universe into existence
6. sense_key=creation%1:17:00:: | definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, world, cosmos, macrocosm | examples=they study the evolution of the universe; the biggest tree in existence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "creation" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the <t>creation</t> of ideas and to economic growth..."
 - The context discusses how immigrants contribute to generating/producing ideas and economic growth.
 - It's about the act of bringing ideas into existence or generating them.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=creation%1:04:00:: | definition=the human act of creating | synonyms=creative activity
    - This refers to the general human act of creating something. "Creation of ideas" fits here - it's the act of creating ideas.

 2. sense_key=creation%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone
    - This would be the created thing itself (the artifact), not the act. The phrase is "creation of ideas", not "the creation" as a noun referring to a specific artifact.

 3. sense_key=creation%1:11:00:: | definition=the event that occurred at the beginning of something | synonyms=conception | examples=from its creation the plan was doomed to failure
    - This refers to a specific event at the beginning. While "creation of ideas" could involve a beginning, the context seems more about the act/process of generating ideas rather than a specific event.

 4. sense_key=creation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new | synonyms=initiation, founding, foundation, institution, origination, innovation | examples=she looked forward to her initiation as an adult; the foundation of a new scientific society
    - This is about starting something for the first time, founding, initiation. While related, "creation of ideas" is more about bringing ideas into existence through creative activity rather than just starting/founding something.

 5. sense_key=creation%1:04:02:: | definition=(theology) God's act of bringing the universe into existence
    - This is specifically theological, about divine creation. The context is about immigrants creating ideas, not theological.

 6. sense_key=creation%1:17:00:: | definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, world, cosmos, macrocosm
    - This refers to the totality of existence/the universe. Not relevant here.

 Now, between sense 1 and sense 4:
 - Sense 1: "the human act of creating" - synonyms=creative activity. This fits well with "creation of ideas" - it's the creative activity of generating ideas.
 - Sense 4: "the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new" - synonyms include founding, foundation, institution, origination, innovation.

 The phrase "creation of ideas" suggests the act of bringing ideas into existence through creative processes. While sense 4 mentions "origination" and "innovation" which could apply to ideas, sense 1 specifically mentions "creative activity" which aligns better with generating ideas.

 However, looking more carefully at sense 4's examples: "she looked forward to her initiation as an adult; the foundation of a new scientific society" - these suggest establishing/starting institutions or processes.

 In the context, "creation of ideas" is parallel to "economic growth". It's about the generation/production of ideas. This aligns with sense 1: "the human act of creating" or creative activity.

 But wait, let me reconsider sense 4. The definition says "the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new". Ideas are new things being introduced. However, sense 1 seems broader and more appropriate for "creation of ideas" as a creative activity.

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure, sense 1 (creation%1:04:00::) is the general act of creating, while sense 4 (creation%1:04:01::) is more specific to founding/starting institutions or establishing something new for the first time (initiation).

 "Creation of ideas" is best categorized as the human act of creating (creative activity), not necessarily the founding/establishing of something (though there's overlap).

 Also, looking at the examples for sense 3: "from its creation the plan was doomed to failure" - this treats creation as an event at the beginning.

 But in "contributes to the creation of ideas", we're talking about the ongoing process or act of generating ideas, not a specific event at the beginning, nor a specific artifact, nor theological creation, nor the universe.

 Between sense 1 and sense 4:
 - Sense 1 focuses on the general act of creating (creative activity)
 - Sense 4 focuses on starting something for the first time, founding, initiation

 While creating ideas could involve starting something new (sense 4), it's more fundamentally about the creative process (sense 1). The phrase "creative activity" as a synonym for sense 1 strongly suggests that sense 1 is correct for "creation of ideas" - ideas are created through creative activity.

 Therefore, the best sense is sense 1.

 Wait, I should double-check the sense indices. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=creation%1:04:00::
 2. sense_key=creation%1:06:00::
 3. sense_key=creation%1:11:00::
 4. sense_key=creation%1:04:01::
 5. sense_key=creation%1:04:02::
 6. sense_key=creation%1:17:00::

 So sense 1 is creation%1:04:00:: (the human act of creating)
 Sense 4 is creation%1:04:01:: (the act of starting something for the first time...)

 In WordNet, these are different synsets. The first one (04:00) is the general act of creating. The second one (04:01) is specific to initiation/founding.

 "Creation of ideas" is definitely the act of creating (sense 1), not the initiation/founding of something (sense 4), nor an artifact (sense 2), nor an event at the beginning (sense 3), nor theological (sense 5), nor the universe (sense 6).

 So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

 But let me reconsider if sense 4 could be better. The examples for sense 4 include "the foundation of a new scientific society" - this is about establishing organizations. "Innovation" is listed as a synonym. Creating ideas is innovative. However, "creation" in "creation of ideas" is more about the generative act (sense 1) than the inaugural act (sense 4).

 Also, looking at the context: "contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth". This is about the ongoing production/generation of ideas, which aligns with creative activity (sense 1).

 Therefore, sense 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: idea
Target surface form: ideas
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of <t>ideas</t> and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "ideas" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
"And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of <t>ideas</t> and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants)."

The sentence is talking about how immigrant diversity contributes to the creation of "ideas" and economic growth. The parenthetical examples mention Nobel prize winners and tech companies founded by immigrants.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
- This is the general sense of "idea" as a thought, concept, or mental content. In the context of "creation of ideas," this fits well - creating new thoughts, concepts, innovations. The examples show general thoughts/ideas.

2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
- This is about intention or purpose. "Creation of ideas" doesn't mean creation of intentions here.

3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
- This is a personal opinion or belief. Doesn't fit "creation of ideas" in the context of economic growth and Nobel prizes.

4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
- This is about estimates/approximations. Clearly doesn't fit.

5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it
- Musical theme. Doesn't fit.

So sense 1 is clearly the best fit. "Creation of ideas" refers to the generation of new thoughts, concepts, innovations - the content of cognition. The context about Nobel prize winners and tech companies supports this being about intellectual contributions, thoughts, and concepts.

The user wants only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}. Since sense 1 is the best choice, I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The candidate senses are numbered 1-5. Sense 1 is idea%1:09:00:: which is the general "content of cognition" sense. Yes, that's the correct one.

The instructions say:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense
2. Use context, synonyms, examples
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}

So my answer should be exactly: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: proportion
Target surface form: proportion
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large <t>proportion</t> of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=proportion%1:24:00:: | definition=the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole
2. sense_key=proportion%1:07:00:: | definition=magnitude or extent | synonyms=dimension | examples=a building of vast proportions
3. sense_key=proportion%1:25:00:: | definition=balance among the parts of something | synonyms=symmetry
4. sense_key=proportion%1:24:01:: | definition=the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree | synonyms=ratio | examples=an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin
5. sense_key=proportion%1:07:01:: | definition=harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole (as in a design); - John Ruskin | synonyms=proportionality, balance | examples=in all perfectly beautiful objects there is found the opposition of one part to another and a reciprocal balance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "proportion" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
The sentence is: "And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large <t>proportion</t> of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants)."

The key phrase is "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants". This refers to a significant number or percentage of naturalised immigrants compared to the whole group of naturalised immigrants or perhaps compared to the whole group of Nobel prize winners.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=proportion%1:24:00:: | definition=the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole
   - This is the mathematical definition - a ratio or fraction. "The quotient obtained..." suggests a specific numerical calculation.

2. sense_key=proportion%1:07:00:: | definition=magnitude or extent | synonyms=dimension | examples=a building of vast proportions
   - This refers to size or scale. Example "vast proportions" means large size. Doesn't fit here because we're talking about a part-to-whole relationship, not just size.

3. sense_key=proportion%1:25:00:: | definition=balance among the parts of something | synonyms=symmetry
   - This refers to aesthetic balance or symmetry. Not relevant here.

4. sense_key=proportion%1:24:01:: | definition=the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree | synonyms=ratio | examples=an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin
   - This seems very relevant. The example "a large proportion of gin" is structurally identical to "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants". It refers to the comparative quantity or ratio of a part to a whole.

5. sense_key=proportion%1:07:01:: | definition=harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole (as in a design); - John Ruskin | synonyms=proportionality, balance | examples=in all perfectly beautiful objects there is found the opposition of one part to another and a reciprocal balance
   - This is about aesthetic harmony in design. Not relevant.

Now comparing sense 1 and sense 4:
- Sense 1 (proportion%1:24:00::) emphasizes the quotient itself - the result of division (like 0.5, 25%, etc.)
- Sense 4 (proportion%1:24:01::) emphasizes the relation or ratio between parts with respect to quantity, and includes the specific example "a large proportion of gin" which matches our construction "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants"

In the context "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants", we are talking about a significant share or percentage of the group. This aligns with sense 4, which deals with "the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity" and has the example "a dry martini has a large proportion of gin".

Sense 1 is more mathematical and specific about the calculation (quotient), while sense 4 is more about the relationship or ratio in terms of quantity, which fits better with the usage here where we're talking about a significant subset of a group.

Also, looking at the examples provided for sense 4: "an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations" - this is very similar to "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners".

Therefore, sense 4 (proportion%1:24:01::) is the best match.

Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user asks for the sense index. Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=proportion%1:24:00::
2. sense_key=proportion%1:07:00::
3. sense_key=proportion%1:25:00::
4. sense_key=proportion%1:24:01::
5. sense_key=proportion%1:07:01::

So sense 4 is the one with index 4.

Actually, looking carefully at WordNet sense keys:
- proportion%1:24:00:: is the first sense (mathematical quotient)
- proportion%1:07:00:: is the second sense (magnitude/extent)
- proportion%1:25:00:: is the third sense (balance/symmetry)
- proportion%1:24:01:: is the fourth sense (relation between things with respect to comparative quantity)
- proportion%1:07:01:: is the fifth sense (harmonious arrangement)

But the user lists them as:
1. sense_key=proportion%1:24:00::
2. sense_key=proportion%1:07:00::
3. sense_key=proportion%1:25:00::
4. sense_key=proportion%1:24:01::
5. sense_key=proportion%1:07:01::

So I should return index 4.

Let me verify once more. The phrase is "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants". This means a large share or percentage of naturalised immigrants (compared to the total). This is exactly what sense 4 describes: "the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree". The example given is "a dry martini has a large proportion of gin" - which is structurally and semantically parallel.

Sense 1 would be more like "the proportion of immigrants to locals is 1:10" or calculating the specific quotient.

Therefore, the answer is sense index 4.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among <t>American</t> Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "American" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The sentence mentions "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among <t>American</t> Nobel prize winners"
 - It lists companies like Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo as being founded by immigrants
 - The context is discussing immigrants in the United States specifically (referencing Giovanni Peri's work which is about US immigration economics, and mentioning US companies and Nobel prize winners who are American)
 - The phrase "American Nobel prize winners" strongly suggests the United States, not the Americas (both continents)

 Candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: - relating to the United States of America or its people
 2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: - relating to the continents and islands of the Americas (North and South America)

 Analysis:
 - "American Nobel prize winners" in this context refers to Nobel prize winners who are from the United States, not from the broader Americas (which would include Canadian, Brazilian, Argentine, etc. winners but the context is specifically about US immigration and US-founded companies).
 - The companies mentioned (Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay, Yahoo) are all American (US) companies founded by immigrants to the US.
 - The economist Giovanni Peri is known for his work on US immigration specifically.
 - Therefore, sense 1 (relating to the United States) is the correct choice, not sense 2 (relating to the continents of the Americas).

 The index for sense 1 appears to be 1 based on the ordering provided (american%3:01:01:: vs american%3:01:00::).

 Wait, looking at the sense keys:
 - american%3:01:00:: - this looks like index 0 or the first one listed?
 - american%3:01:01:: - this looks like index 1 or the second one listed?

 Actually, looking at the format:
 1. sense_key=american%3:01:01::
 2. sense_key=american%3:01:00::

 The user lists them as:
 1. [first sense]
 2. [second sense]

 So index 1 corresponds to the US-related meaning, and index 2 corresponds to the Americas-related meaning? Or are the indices 1-based from the list?

 The user asks for "sense_index" in the JSON. Given they are numbered 1 and 2 in the list, I should return {"sense_index": 1} for the first one (US-related) or {"sense_index": 2} for the second one (Americas-related).

 The first sense listed (american%3:01:01::) is the US-specific one.
 The second sense listed (american%3:01:00::) is the Americas (continents) one.

 Since the context clearly refers to the United States (US Nobel prize winners, US companies), the correct sense is the first one listed.

 Therefore: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: winner
Target surface form: winners
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize <t>winners</t>, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=winner%1:18:00:: | definition=the contestant who wins the contest | synonyms=victor
2. sense_key=winner%1:18:01:: | definition=a gambler who wins a bet
3. sense_key=winner%1:18:02:: | definition=a person with a record of successes | synonyms=achiever, success, succeeder | examples=his son would never be the achiever that his father was; only winners need apply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "winners" in the given context.

Target lemma: winner
Target surface form: winners
Context: "...a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize <t>winners</t>, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants."

Candidate senses:
1. winner%1:18:00:: - the contestant who wins the contest (synonyms: victor)
2. winner%1:18:01:: - a gambler who wins a bet
3. winner%1:18:02:: - a person with a record of successes (synonyms: achiever, success, succeeder; examples: "his son would never be the achiever that his father was; only winners need apply")

Analysis:
- The context mentions "Nobel prize winners"
- Nobel Prize winners are people who have achieved something significant, have a record of success in their field
- They are not necessarily "contestants" in a contest (sense 1), though winning a Nobel Prize could be seen as winning a competition, but the sense 1 specifically mentions "contestant who wins the contest"
- They are definitely not gamblers (sense 2)
- Sense 3 focuses on a person with a record of successes, an achiever

Looking at the examples for sense 3: "only winners need apply" suggests successful people, achievers.

In the context of Nobel Prize winners, these are people who have achieved significant success in their fields - they are achievers, successful people.

While Nobel Prize could be seen as a contest/competition, the more general sense of "winner" as a successful person/achiever fits better with the broader context talking about immigrants contributing to economic growth and being successful (founding companies, winning Nobel prizes).

Also, looking at the glosses:
- Sense 1: contestant who wins the contest
- Sense 3: a person with a record of successes

Nobel Prize winners are certainly people with a record of successes/achievers. The word "winner" here is being used to describe highly successful individuals (Nobel laureates), not specifically contestants in a game or competition.

Therefore, sense 3 (winner%1:18:02::) is the best fit.

The JSON output should be: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: yahoo
Target surface form: Yahoo
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and <t>Yahoo</t> were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yahoo%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is not very intelligent or interested in culture | synonyms=yokel, rube, hick, hayseed, bumpkin, chawbacon
2. sense_key=yahoo%1:18:00:: | definition=one of a race of brutes resembling men but subject to the Houyhnhnms in a novel by Jonathan Swift
3. sense_key=yahoo%1:10:00:: | definition=a widely used search engine for the web that finds information, news, images, products, finance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "Yahoo" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is discussing immigrants and their contributions to the economy
 - It mentions that Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants
 - This is clearly referring to the technology company Yahoo (the search engine/web portal)

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=yahoo%1:18:01:: - This refers to an unsophisticated person (yokel, rube, hick, etc.)
 2. sense_key=yahoo%1:18:00:: - This refers to the creatures from Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels
 3. sense_key=yahoo%1:10:00:: - This refers to the search engine/web company

 The context clearly mentions Yahoo alongside other tech companies (Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay) as being founded by immigrants. This is definitely referring to Yahoo! the company/search engine.

 Therefore, the correct sense is sense 3 (yahoo%1:10:00::).

 The user wants me to return only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}.

 I should not hedge and choose the single best indexed sense. The answer is clearly sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: contributor
Target surface form: contributors
Context:
Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net <t>contributors</t> to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=contributor%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who contributes (or promises to contribute) a sum of money | synonyms=subscriber
2. sense_key=contributor%1:18:01:: | definition=a writer whose work is published in a newspaper or magazine or as part of a book

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "contributors" in the given context.

 Target lemma: contributor
 Target surface form: contributors
 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "Migrants are also net <t>contributors</t> to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries."

 The context discusses immigrants/migrants contributing to social systems (public budgets, social security systems). It mentions they make net contributions (receipts less expenditure) to public budgets.

 Candidate senses:
 1. contributor%1:18:00:: - someone who contributes (or promises to contribute) a sum of money | synonyms=subscriber
 2. contributor%1:18:01:: - a writer whose work is published in a newspaper or magazine or as part of a book

 Analysis:
 - Sense 1 refers to someone who contributes money. In the context, migrants are described as making net contributions to social systems/public budgets. This fits the idea of contributing money (or financial value) to a system.
 - Sense 2 refers to a writer/journalist. The context is clearly about economic contributions to social systems, not writing or publishing.

 The context explicitly mentions "net contribution (receipts less expenditure)" and "public budgets", which aligns with sense 1 (contributing money/funds).

 Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1 (contributor%1:18:00::).

 The user wants the output as a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}

 Wait, I need to check the sense keys. The user provided:
 1. sense_key=contributor%1:18:00::
 2. sense_key=contributor%1:18:01::

 So sense 1 is the first one (money contributor), sense 2 is the second one (writer).

 The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: budget
Target surface form: budgets
Context:
Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total <t>budgets</t> of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=budget%1:21:02:: | definition=a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose | examples=the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year
2. sense_key=budget%1:21:03:: | definition=a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them | examples=the president submitted the annual budget to Congress

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "budgets" in the given context. I need to choose between two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=budget%1:21:02:: | definition=a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose | examples=the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year
2. sense_key=budget%1:21:03:: | definition=a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them | examples=the president submitted the annual budget to Congress

Let me analyze the context:

The sentence is: "Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total <t>budgets</t> of European countries."

Key context clues:
- "total budgets of European countries"
- Talking about migrants contributing to social systems
- Mention of "public budgets" later in the text: "net contribution... to public budgets during his lifetime"

Now let's look at the differences between the two senses:

Sense 1 (budget%1:21:02): "a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose" - This refers to a specific amount of money set aside for something. Example: "the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year"

Sense 2 (budget%1:21:03): "a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them" - This refers to the financial plan/document itself, like the annual budget submitted to Congress.

In the context "total budgets of European countries", we're talking about the overall financial plans or fiscal frameworks of countries. However, looking more carefully:

The phrase "1% of the total budgets" suggests we're talking about the total amount of money (sum allocated) rather than the document/plan itself. But wait, "budgets" here refers to the financial resources or the fiscal plans of the countries?

Let me look at the examples again:
- Sense 1 example: "the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year" - here it's the amount of money
- Sense 2 example: "the president submitted the annual budget to Congress" - here it's the document/plan

In the context "total budgets of European countries", and later "public budgets", this seems to refer to the financial plans or fiscal frameworks of governments. But actually, looking at the usage:

"averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries" - this is referring to the total amount of money that constitutes the budget (the sum allocated) rather than the document itself.

However, there's a subtle distinction. In governmental contexts, "budget" often refers to the financial plan (sense 2), but when we say "1% of the budget", we usually mean 1% of the money (sense 1).

Wait, let me reconsider. The WordNet senses:

Sense 1:21:02 - "a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose"
Sense 1:21:03 - "a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them"

In the phrase "total budgets of European countries", and given that migrants contribute to "social systems" and later mentions "public budgets", I think this is referring to the financial resources/plans of the government.

But looking at the specific usage: "1% of the total budgets" - this treats budgets as quantifiable sums of money. If it were sense 2 (the document/plan), saying "1% of the budget" would be unusual - you don't usually say "1% of the summary of intended expenditures". You say "1% of the budget" meaning 1% of the money.

Actually, looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year" - budget as the amount of money
- Sense 2: "the president submitted the annual budget to Congress" - budget as the document/plan

In "total budgets of European countries", this is ambiguous. But "contributors to social systems... 1% of the total budgets" suggests that the budgets are the financial resources being contributed to.

However, looking at the broader context about "public budgets" later: "net contribution... to public budgets during his lifetime" - this seems to refer to the public finances or fiscal accounts.

Let me think about this more carefully. In economics and public finance, when we talk about "the budget of a country", we can mean:
1. The amount of money available/spent (sense 1)
2. The financial plan/document (sense 2)

But the phrase "1% of the total budgets" strongly suggests we're treating budgets as sums of money that can be portioned (1% of them).

Also, looking at sense 1: "a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose" - this fits "budgets of European countries" as the total sums allocated for public spending.

Sense 2 emphasizes the "summary" and "proposals" aspect - the document containing the plan.

In this context, talking about migrants contributing money to social systems and referencing the "total budgets" as the baseline for measuring that contribution (1% of...), this is referring to the monetary amounts (sense 1), not the documents (sense 2).

Wait, but I should check if there's any other clue. The text mentions "public budgets" at the end. In the phrase "public budgets", this is often used to mean the financial plans or the fiscal accounts of the government.

But let's look at the exact wording again: "averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries"

If it were sense 2, we'd be saying that migrants contribute 1% of the summary document, which doesn't make sense. We must be talking about the money.

Therefore, sense 1 (budget%1:21:02) seems correct: "a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose".

But wait, I need to be careful. Let me look at the WordNet hierarchy. Both are under noun.artifact? No, let me check the lexicographer files. Actually, 1:21:02 and 1:21:03 - the numbers indicate the lexicographer file. 1:21 is "noun.possession" I believe? No, WordNet synset IDs: the second number is the lexicographer file number. 21 is "noun.possession" I think? Actually, let me recall:

WordNet lexicographer file numbers:
- 01 to 05: nouns
- 06: verbs
- 07: adjectives
- 08: adverbs

For nouns:
- 01: noun.Tops (abstract categories)
- 02: noun.act (acts/actions)
- ...
- 21: noun.possession (possession/property/wealth)

Actually, looking it up in my knowledge:
- 21 is noun.possession

So both senses are under possession.

Sense 1:21:02 - a sum of money allocated...
Sense 1:21:03 - a summary of intended expenditures...

Now, in the context: "Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries."

This is saying that migrants contribute an amount equal to 1% of the total budgets. This clearly refers to the monetary value (sum of money), not the document.

Also, the later mention: "net contribution... to public budgets" - again, contributing money to the budgets (the funds).

Therefore, sense 1 (budget%1:21:02) is the correct choice.

But let me double-check if there's any argument for sense 2. Could "budgets" here mean the financial plans? "1% of the total financial plans" - no, that doesn't make sense in the context of monetary contribution. You contribute money, not a percentage of a document.

So the answer should be sense index 1.

Wait, the user asks for the format: {"sense_index": 3} - but the senses are numbered 1 and 2 in the candidate list. So I should return {"sense_index": 1} or {"sense_index": 2}?

Looking at the instructions:
"Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=budget%1:21:02:: | definition=...
2. sense_key=budget%1:21:03:: | definition=..."

So if I choose the first one, I return {"sense_index": 1}. If I choose the second one, I return {"sense_index": 2}.

I choose sense 1.

Actually, let me reconsider one more time. Is there any way this could be sense 2?

Sense 2: "a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them"

In some contexts, "the budget" can metonymically refer to the government spending or the amount of money. But WordNet distinguishes between the document/plan (sense 2) and the money itself (sense 1).

In the phrase "total budgets of European countries", if we interpret this as the total financial plans of European countries, it could be sense 2. But then "1% of the total budgets" would mean 1% of the documents, which is nonsensical in the context of monetary contribution.

Unless... "budget" as a mass noun or collective noun for the financial resources? But WordNet sense 1 covers "a sum of money", which can be pluralized as "sums of money".

Also, looking at the example for sense 1: "the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year" - this is about the amount of money.

The example for sense 2: "the president submitted the annual budget to Congress" - this is clearly the document.

In our text, we are not submitting documents, we are contributing money to social systems and referencing the proportion of the total budget (money) that this represents.

Therefore, sense 1 is definitely correct.

One final check: "public budgets" at the end. "Contribution to public budgets" - this means contributing money to the public funds/accounts. Again, sense 1.

So the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Phala