[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's <t>growth</t> in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "growth" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

The context is about cancer biology and tumor-suppressor genes. The specific sentence is: "When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's <t>growth</t> in check."

Key points:
- It's about cells and cancer
- Tumor-suppressor genes make proteins that control/regulate cell growth
- If these genes are damaged, growth-suppressing proteins don't work, and cells turn malignant
- This is clearly about biological processes at the cellular level

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children

This is about organism growth/development (ontogeny). While biological, this seems to refer to the development of a whole organism from simple to complex, not specifically cellular proliferation.

2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture

This is more abstract/cultural evolution. Not relevant here.

3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population

This is general increase/growth. While cells do increase in number, this is too general and doesn't capture the biological specificity.

4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass

This is about plants/vegetation. Not relevant.

5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece

This is about emergence/coming forth. Not the right meaning here.

6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)

This is specifically about pathological growth, tumors. The context mentions cancer and malignant cells, but the specific phrase is "hold a cell's growth in check" - referring to normal growth regulation that, when unchecked, leads to cancer. However, this sense specifically mentions "abnormal proliferation" and "tumor".

Wait, let me reconsider. The text says tumor-suppressor genes hold a cell's growth in check. This refers to controlling the proliferation of cells. When the genes are damaged, cells turn malignant (cancerous).

But sense 6 specifically says "abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)". The text is talking about holding normal cell growth in check to prevent it from becoming abnormal/cancerous.

Actually, looking more carefully: "hold a cell's growth in check" - this is referring to the process of cell division and proliferation. In biology, when we talk about "cell growth" in the context of cancer, we usually mean cell proliferation or the increase in cell number/size.

Let me look at sense 1 again: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level"

This seems to be about developmental biology (ontogeny), not cellular proliferation.

Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important" - this could apply to cells becoming more numerous.

But wait, is there a sense about cellular growth specifically? Let me check the list again.

Actually, looking at the context: "hold a cell's growth in check" - this is about controlling how much a cell grows or divides. In cancer biology, "growth" often refers to proliferation.

But sense 6 is specifically pathological: "abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)". The text is saying the genes hold growth in check to prevent cancer, so it's talking about regulating normal growth, not the abnormal growth itself, though the context is about cancer.

However, looking at the examples and the specific wording: "hold a cell's growth in check" - this is about the biological process of an organism (the cell) growing. But cells don't undergo "ontogeny" in the sense of development from simple to complex organism.

Let me reconsider sense 1. The definition says "the process of an individual organism growing organically". A cell is an organism (in some contexts), but more importantly, this might be the closest biological process sense.

But actually, looking at WordNet structure, sense 1 (growth%1:22:00::) is the main biological sense referring to organic development.

However, in the context of cell biology and cancer, "growth" usually refers to increase in size or number.

Let me look at sense 3 again: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important". This fits "cell growth" in the sense of cells dividing and increasing in number.

But sense 1 has the domain label (biology) which is appropriate.

Wait, I need to be careful. In WordNet:
- Sense 1: biological development/ontogeny (organism development)
- Sense 3: general increase/growth

But in the specific context of "cell growth", biologists usually mean the process of cells dividing and increasing in biomass/number.

Actually, looking at the sentence: "hold a cell's growth in check" - this is clearly referring to the process by which cells grow and divide. If this process is not held in check, it leads to cancer (malignant growth).

Sense 6 is specifically about abnormal growth (tumors). But here, the text is talking about holding normal growth in check so it doesn't become cancerous.

Between sense 1 and sense 3:
- Sense 1 is specifically biological and refers to organic development
- Sense 3 is more general increase

But sense 1's definition mentions "organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level" - this sounds like embryonic development or maturation, not cell division.

Sense 3: "becoming larger or longer or more numerous" - cells becoming more numerous (proliferation) fits this.

However, I should check if there's a better fit. The context is about cells, not whole organisms (though cells are organisms in the biological sense).

Actually, looking at typical WordNet usage, sense 1 (growth%1:22:00::) is the main sense for biological growth including cellular growth.

But let me reconsider sense 6. Even though the text mentions "hold a cell's growth in check" referring to normal regulation, the overall context is about cancer and tumors. However, the specific phrase is about the growth that needs to be suppressed to prevent cancer, which would be the proliferation that becomes abnormal.

Actually, looking carefully at the definition of sense 6: "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)". The text says tumor-suppressor genes hold growth in check. This implies that without these genes, the growth would be abnormal/cancerous. But the phrase "cell's growth" suggests the inherent growth process of the cell.

I think the best fit is sense 1 or sense 3. But sense 1 is specifically marked as biology, which fits the domain.

Wait, looking at the synonyms for sense 1: growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis. These suggest developmental biology, not cell proliferation.

Sense 3 synonyms: increase, increment. This fits cell proliferation (increase in cell number).

But actually, in the context of cancer biology, when we say "cell growth", we often mean the cell cycle and division.

Let me look at the example for sense 1: "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children" - this is about child development, not cells.

Sense 3 examples: "the increase in unemployment; the growth of population" - these are about increase in number.

In the text: "hold a cell's growth in check" - cells increasing in number (proliferation) is what needs to be checked to prevent cancer.

But there's also the possibility that sense 6 is intended, because the context is pathological (cancer). However, the specific phrase "hold a cell's growth in check" refers to the mechanism that prevents the abnormal growth (sense 6), so it's referring to the general growth process that, if unchecked, becomes the pathological growth.

Actually, looking at WordNet sense 6 again: it's specifically defined as abnormal proliferation (as in a tumor). The text is talking about the growth that is normally held in check, not the tumor itself. The tumor results when the check fails.

So sense 6 is the result, not the process being checked.

Therefore, it should be either sense 1 or sense 3.

Between these, sense 1 is the biological process sense. Even though the examples mention children/organisms, the definition says "the process of an individual organism growing organically". A cell is an organism (unicellular), and the process of it growing organically would be cellular growth and division.

But sense 3 is also plausible as "becoming more numerous".

However, given that this is a biology text about cells, and sense 1 is the biology-specific sense, I should choose sense 1.

Wait, I need to be more careful. Let me look at the actual WordNet hierarchy.

In WordNet 3.0/3.1:
growth%1:22:00:: is under the noun group "organic process, biological process"
The definition is indeed about organism development.

growth%1:22:02:: is under "increase, increment, growth" - this is about the process of increasing.

In the context: "hold a cell's growth in check" - this is about controlling the rate at which cells grow and divide. This is closest to sense 3 (increase), but sense 1 could also apply if we consider cell growth as a biological process.

But actually, looking at the specific wording "cell's growth", and considering that cells grow (increase in size) and divide (increase in number), and that tumor suppressor genes control the cell cycle, I think sense 3 might actually be better because it captures the "increase" aspect.

However, I recall that in WordNet, "cell growth" is often mapped to sense 1 in biological contexts.

Let me reconsider sense 6 one more time. Is it possible that "growth" in "hold a cell's growth in check" is referring to the potential abnormal growth? The text says: "they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged... cells normally under control turn malignant."

So the "growth" here is the normal growth/proliferation of cells that must be regulated. When unregulated, it becomes malignant.

Sense 6 is specifically "abnormal proliferation". So that's not it.

Between 1 and 3, I think 1 is better because:
1. It's the biological sense
2. The context is biological (genes, proteins, cells)
3. Even though the examples mention children, the definition covers organic growth processes

But I'm uneasy because ontogeny (development from simple to complex) isn't exactly cell proliferation.

Let me check if there's any other clue. The word "growth" appears in the phrase "growth-suppressing proteins" later in the text: "their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work".

This confirms that "growth" here refers to the biological process that needs to be suppressed.

Given the options, and that this is clearly a biological context (cells, genes, proteins), sense 1 (the biology sense) is the best choice, even if it's not a perfect fit for cellular proliferation specifically.

Actually, looking at the definition of sense 1 again: "the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level"

A cell is an individual organism (in the context of biology). And cancer involves cells changing and proliferating. But "changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level" sounds like differentiation and development, not just division.

Hmm.

Alternative interpretation: Could it be sense 3? "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous" - cells becoming more numerous (cancer is uncontrolled proliferation).

But sense 3 examples are unemployment and population - not biological.

Given that the text is specifically about biology, and sense 1 is the only one marked (biology), and the others are either non-biological (2, 4, 5) or pathological (6) or physical objects (7), sense 1 must be the intended answer.

Sense 6 is (pathology), which is also biological, but it's specifically about abnormal growth (tumors), whereas here we're talking about the normal growth process that is regulated.

Therefore, my answer is sense 1.

Wait, I want to double-check. In WordNet, is there a sense specifically for "cell growth" or "tissue growth"?

Looking at the list provided:
1. Biology - organism development
2. Progression to complex forms
3. Process of becoming larger/more numerous
4. Vegetation
5. Gradual beginning
6. Pathology - abnormal proliferation
7. Something grown

Sense 6 is the only one that mentions tissue/cells explicitly ("proliferation of tissue"), but it's specifically abnormal.

In the sentence "hold a cell's growth in check", the word "growth" is modified by "cell's", indicating it's the growth belonging to the cell. This is the process of the cell growing.

In biology, cell growth refers to the increase in cell mass and size, often followed by division.

Given the choices, and that sense 1 is the general biological growth process, while sense 6 is specifically pathological, and the text contrasts normal regulation with pathological outcome, I think sense 1 is correct.

But I should consider if sense 3 could be correct. The text mentions "growth of population" as an example for sense 3, and cancer is essentially uncontrolled population growth of cells. However, the domain is clearly biological, making sense 1 more appropriate.

Final decision: sense_index: 1

Actually, one last check: the user says "Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense."

Given that:
- The context is biological (genes, proteins, cells)
- Sense 1 is the only general biological process sense
- Sense 6 is specifically pathological/abnormal, but the text refers to the growth being held in check (before it becomes abnormal)
- Sense 3 is too general and not domain-specific

I choose sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are <t>damaged</t> -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "damaged" in the given context. The target lemma is "damage" and the surface form is "damaged".

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about cancer research and genes
- Specifically: "But if the genes are <t>damaged</t> -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work..."
- The subject is "genes" (the tumor-suppressor genes)
- The genes are being acted upon by external factors (radiation, chemical, accident)

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
   - This is a transitive sense where someone/something inflicts damage on something else
   - The examples show external agents causing damage to objects
   - In the context, the genes are receiving the damage (passive voice: "are damaged")
   - The agents (radiation, chemical, accident) are causing the damage

2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily
   - This is an intransitive sense where something suffers damage or is susceptible to it
   - The example "These fine china cups damage easily" suggests an intransitive usage where the subject is the thing that gets damaged, but it's about the property of being susceptible to damage
   - However, in the context "if the genes are damaged", this is clearly a passive construction corresponding to the transitive sense (someone/something damages the genes)
   - The second sense seems to be about the inherent property of being damageable (like "fragile"), not about being acted upon

Wait, let me reconsider. The WordNet sense keys:
- damage%2:30:00:: - This is likely the transitive verb "to damage something"
- damage%2:30:01:: - This is likely the intransitive verb "to suffer damage" or "to be susceptible to damage"

In the sentence: "if the genes are damaged"
- This is passive voice
- The genes are the patient/recipient of the damaging action
- The agents mentioned are radiation, chemical, or accident
- This corresponds to sense 1 (the transitive sense used in passive voice)
- Sense 2 would be more like "these genes damage easily" meaning they are fragile or susceptible to damage

Actually, looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "The snow damaged the roof" (transitive)
- Sense 2: "These fine china cups damage easily" (intransitive - the cups undergo damage)

But in "if the genes are damaged", this is clearly a passive construction of the transitive verb. The genes are being damaged by something (radiation, etc.).

However, I need to be careful. In WordNet, sometimes passive uses are mapped to the transitive sense.

Let me think about the semantics:
- Sense 1: to inflict damage upon (agent causes damage to patient)
- Sense 2: to suffer or be susceptible to damage (patient undergoes damage)

In the context: "if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation..."
- The genes are suffering/undergoing damage
- But the construction "are damaged by..." clearly indicates the passive of the transitive verb

Actually, looking at the gloss for sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage"
Example: "These fine china cups damage easily"
This is an intransitive usage where the subject is the thing damaged, but it's about the property of being easily damaged.

In "the genes are damaged", this is a state resulting from an action. The genes have been damaged (by radiation, etc.).

But wait, the sentence structure is: "if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation..."
The dash suggests the "by radiation" etc. are the causes/agents. So this is clearly passive voice of the transitive sense.

However, I should check if WordNet distinguishes these. Usually, in WSD tasks:
- "The roof was damaged by the storm" -> sense 1 (passive of transitive)
- "These cups damage easily" -> sense 2 (intransitive)

The context here is that external agents (radiation, chemical, accident) are damaging the genes. So the genes are the recipients of the damaging action. This aligns with sense 1 (inflict damage upon) used in passive voice.

Sense 2 would be if the text said something like "these genes damage easily when exposed to radiation" - emphasizing their susceptibility rather than the act of being damaged by a specific cause.

But looking closely at the text: "if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division"
This is describing the event of damage being inflicted upon the genes by these agents.

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

Wait, I need to double-check. The instruction says "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

The candidate senses are numbered 1 and 2. So I should return either {"sense_index": 1} or {"sense_index": 2}.

Given my analysis:
- Sense 1: inflict damage upon (transitive)
- Sense 2: suffer or be susceptible to damage (intransitive)

The usage "are damaged" with agents specified (radiation, chemical, accident) is the passive voice of the transitive verb (sense 1), not the intransitive "suffer damage" sense.

Actually, looking at the gloss for sense 2 again: "suffer or be susceptible to damage"
If it were sense 2, the sentence might read "if the genes damage..." (active intransitive meaning they undergo damage). But "are damaged" is clearly passive.

Therefore, the answer is sense_index: 1.

But let me reconsider one more time. Could sense 2 apply here?
Sense 2 examples: "These fine china cups damage easily"
This means the cups are susceptible to damage or suffer damage easily.

In the text: "if the genes are damaged"
This is a passive construction. The genes are being acted upon.

In WordNet, the passive use "be damaged" is typically mapped to the transitive sense (sense 1), because it's the passive voice of "X damages Y".

Sense 2 is for when the verb is used intransitively, like "The goods damaged during shipping" (meaning the goods suffered damage).

But "are damaged" is clearly passive voice.

Therefore, sense 1 is correct.

Final check:
- Sense 1: The snow damaged the roof. (Active transitive)
- Passive: The roof was damaged by the snow. (Passive of sense 1)

- Sense 2: These fine china cups damage easily. (Intransitive - the subject undergoes the damage, but it's about the property)

The context matches the passive of sense 1.

So: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AtlasCloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: radiation
Target surface form: radiation
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by <t>radiation</t>, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=radiation%1:19:00:: | definition=energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles
2. sense_key=radiation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spreading outward from a central source
3. sense_key=radiation%1:26:00:: | definition=syndrome resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation (e.g., exposure to radioactive chemicals or to nuclear explosions); low doses cause diarrhea and nausea and vomiting and sometimes loss of hair; greater exposure can cause sterility and cataracts and some forms of cancer and other diseases; severe exposure can cause death within hours | synonyms=radiation sickness, radiation syndrome | examples=he was suffering from radiation
4. sense_key=radiation%1:22:00:: | definition=the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay | synonyms=radioactivity
5. sense_key=radiation%1:11:00:: | definition=the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats
6. sense_key=radiation%1:08:00:: | definition=a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain
7. sense_key=radiation%1:04:01:: | definition=(medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance | synonyms=radiotherapy, radiation therapy, actinotherapy, irradiation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the target word "radiation" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about cancer and genes
 - It mentions: "But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by <t>radiation</t>, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work"
 - So radiation here is something that can damage genes/DNA
 - It's listed alongside "a chemical" and "chance accident in cell division" as causes of gene damage

 Now let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=radiation%1:19:00:: - energy transmitted as rays, waves or particles
    - This is the physical energy itself (ionizing radiation, etc.)
    - Could fit: radiation as energy that damages DNA

 2. sense_key=radiation%1:04:00:: - act of spreading outward from central source
    - This is about spreading/diffusion, not likely in this biological/genetic damage context

 3. sense_key=radiation%1:26:00:: - syndrome/illness from exposure (radiation sickness)
    - This is the medical condition/sickness, not the cause
    - The context says "damaged by radiation", not "suffering from radiation"
    - Example given: "he was suffering from radiation" - doesn't match our context

 4. sense_key=radiation%1:22:00:: - spontaneous emission in nuclear decay (radioactivity)
    - Synonym: radioactivity
    - This is the physical phenomenon of radioactive decay emitting particles
    - Could also fit as a cause of DNA damage

 5. sense_key=radiation%1:11:00:: - spread of organisms into new habitats
    - Biological evolution context, not relevant here

 6. sense_key=radiation%1:08:00:: - radial arrangement of nerve fibers
    - Anatomy context, not relevant

 7. sense_key=radiation%1:04:01:: - treatment of disease by radioactive substance (radiotherapy)
    - This is medical therapy, but in the context it's listed as something that damages genes alongside chemicals
    - While radiotherapy uses radiation, the sense here is specifically about the treatment procedure
    - The context suggests radiation as a mutagen/carcinogen, not as a treatment

 Now between sense 1 and sense 4:
 - Sense 1: energy transmitted as rays/waves/particles (general electromagnetic or particle radiation)
 - Sense 4: spontaneous emission in nuclear decay (specifically radioactivity)

 In the context of gene damage, "radiation" typically refers to ionizing radiation (which can be from various sources, not just nuclear decay, though often associated with it). However, sense 1 is the more general sense covering all forms of radiated energy that can cause ionization and DNA damage.

 But let me check WordNet's specific hierarchy:
 - Sense 1 (radiation%1:19:00) is under noun.phenomenon: energy that is radiated or transmitted...
 - Sense 4 (radiation%1:22:00) is under noun.process: the spontaneous emission... (radioactivity)

 In biological/medical contexts when we say genes are damaged by radiation, we usually mean ionizing radiation (which is covered under sense 1 as energy transmitted as particles/rays).

 However, looking at the examples and usage:
 - "damaged by radiation" - what kind of radiation damages genes? Ionizing radiation (X-rays, gamma rays, alpha particles, etc.)
 - Sense 4 specifically mentions "nuclear decay" which is radioactivity
 - Sense 1 is broader: "energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles"

 Actually, looking carefully at the context: "damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident..."
 This is referring to mutagens/carcinogens. Radiation as a mutagen refers to the physical energy (ionizing radiation) that causes DNA damage.

 Between sense 1 and sense 4:
 Sense 1 is the general "energy" sense.
 Sense 4 is specifically about the emission process in nuclear decay.

 When we say "damaged by radiation" in a genetics context, we refer to the radiation energy itself (rays/particles), not specifically the process of nuclear decay (though that's one source).

 But wait, sense 7 is about radiotherapy. Could it be that? "damaged by radiation [therapy]"? No, that doesn't fit well because:
 1. Radiation therapy is a treatment, not typically described as damaging genes in this causative way in a general discussion of cancer causes
 2. The list is: radiation, a chemical, or chance accident - these are all potential causes of mutation, not therapies

 So it's between 1 and 4.

 Actually, looking at WordNet's structure:
 Sense 1: radiation (energy)
 Sense 4: radiation (radioactivity - the process)

 In many contexts, "radiation" causing mutations refers to "ionizing radiation" which is a type of energy (sense 1). The emission process (sense 4) is "radioactivity".

 But let me reconsider sense 3: radiation sickness. The gloss mentions: "low doses cause diarrhea... greater exposure can cause sterility and cataracts and some forms of cancer..."

 Wait, sense 3 mentions that radiation (exposure) can cause cancer. But the example is "he was suffering from radiation" - clearly meaning the sickness.

 In our text: "damaged by radiation" - this is radiation as an agent causing damage, not the sickness caused by radiation.

 Sense 1 seems the best fit: the energy form that damages DNA.

 However, I should check if there's any other clue. The text mentions "radiation" alongside "chemical" (chemical mutagen) and "chance accident". This is classic mutagen classification: physical mutagens (radiation), chemical mutagens, and spontaneous mutations.

 So radiation here = ionizing radiation = sense 1 (energy).

 But let me double-check sense 4. Is "radiation" in the sense of radioactivity used as a cause of gene damage? Yes, technically radioactive decay produces radiation. But the word "radiation" itself in "damaged by radiation" refers to the emitted energy, not the decay process.

 Sense 1: "energy that is radiated or transmitted..." - this is what damages the genes.
 Sense 4: "the spontaneous emission..." - this is the process of emitting.

 I think sense 1 is the correct choice.

 Wait, I should reconsider sense 7 (radiotherapy). Could "radiation" here refer to radiation therapy? "damaged by radiation [therapy]"? In the context of cancer genes being damaged... actually, radiation therapy damages DNA to kill cancer cells, but here it's talking about the initial triggering of cancer where genes that suppress tumors get damaged. Radiation exposure (not therapy) is a known carcinogen that damages DNA and can cause cancer. So it's not therapy.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the best answer.

 Actually, looking at the other senses again:
 Sense 3 has an interesting note: "greater exposure can cause sterility and cataracts and some forms of cancer". This suggests radiation (exposure/sickness) causes cancer. But our target is "radiation" as the agent causing gene damage, not the sickness.

 So, final decision: sense_index: 1

 Wait, I need to be careful. The user wants the "single best indexed sense". Let me make absolutely sure.

 The context: "if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation..."

 This is clearly referring to ionizing radiation as a mutagen. In WordNet:
 - Sense 1: energy... (this includes ionizing radiation)
 - Sense 4: spontaneous emission... (radioactivity)

 While radiation from radioactive decay is one source, radiation also comes from X-ray machines, cosmic rays, etc. The general concept of radiation as energy that damages DNA is sense 1.

 Also, looking at typical WSD datasets like SemCor, when "radiation" refers to ionizing radiation causing biological damage, it's usually tagged with sense 1 (the general energy sense) or sometimes sense 4? Let me think...

 Actually, looking at the synonyms for sense 4: "radioactivity" - this is distinct from "radiation". While related, radiation is the emission, radioactivity is the property or the phenomenon of emission.

 In "damaged by radiation", it's the energy that does the damage.

 I should also check if sense 3 could be interpreted differently. No, sense 3 is clearly the pathological condition (radiation sickness).

 Therefore, the answer is sense 1.

 One final check: The text says "radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident". This parallel structure suggests radiation and chemical are both physical agents that can damage genes. "Chemical" is a substance. "Radiation" as energy fits this pattern.

 So: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer <t>work</t>, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "work" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer <t>work</t>, and cells normally under control turn malignant."

 The context is about tumor-suppressor genes (anti-cancer genes). When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if damaged, their proteins no longer "work", and cells turn malignant.

 So "work" here means to function properly, to operate as expected, to have the intended effect.

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: - exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity
    - This is about labor/effort. Not applicable here.

 2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: - be employed
    - About having a job. Not applicable.

 3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: - have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected
    - Synonyms: act
    - Examples: "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought"
    - This is close. It suggests functioning to produce an effect.

 4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: - perform as expected when applied
    - Synonyms: function, operate, go, run
    - Examples: "The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?"
    - This seems very close. The proteins no longer function/operate.

 5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: - shape, form, or improve a material
    - Not applicable.

 6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: - give a workout to
    - Not applicable.

 7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: - proceed along a path
    - Not applicable.

 8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: - operate in a certain place, area, or specialty
    - Not applicable.

 9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: - proceed towards a goal...
    - Not applicable.

 10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: - move in an agitated manner
    - Not applicable.

 11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: - cause to happen...
    - Not applicable.

 12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: - cause to work
    - Not applicable.

 13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: - prepare for crops
    - Not applicable.

 14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: - behave in a certain way when handled
    - This is about materials/dough. Not applicable to proteins functioning.

 15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: - have and exert influence or effect
    - Synonyms: influence, act upon
    - This is about influencing something/someone. The proteins don't work (function), not necessarily that they don't influence (though related).

 16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: - operate in or through
    - "Work the phones" - not applicable.

 17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: - cause to operate or function
    - "This pilot works the controls" - transitive. Here "work" is intransitive.

 18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: - provoke or excite
    - Not applicable.

 19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: - gratify and charm...
    - Not applicable.

 20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: - make something...
    - Not applicable.

 21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: - move into or onto
    - Not applicable.

 22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: - make uniform (knead)
    - Not applicable.

 23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: - use or manipulate to one's advantage
    - Not applicable.

 24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: - find the solution...
    - Not applicable.

 25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: - cause to undergo fermentation
    - Not applicable.

 26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: - go sour or spoil
    - Not applicable.

 27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: - arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion
    - Not applicable.

 So the main contenders are:
 - Sense 3: have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected (act)
 - Sense 4: perform as expected when applied (function, operate, go, run)
 - Sense 15: have and exert influence or effect (influence, act upon)

 Let's look closely at the context: "their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work"

 This means the proteins no longer function properly. They don't perform their expected biological function of suppressing growth.

 Sense 4: "perform as expected when applied" with synonyms "function, operate, go, run" and examples about machines (washing machine, car). This fits well with biological machinery (proteins) functioning.

 Sense 3: "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected" with example "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought". This is also plausible - the proteins don't have the desired effect.

 However, in biological contexts, when we say a protein "works", we typically mean it functions/operates as intended. The contrast is between "functioning normally" and "no longer work".

 The phrase "functioning normally" appears earlier in the text: "When functioning normally, they make proteins..." and then "their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work". This parallelism suggests "work" = "function".

 Sense 4 is "perform as expected when applied" which is essentially "function".

 Sense 3 is more about having an effect/outcome. While related, sense 4 is more specific to mechanical/operational functioning.

 Also, looking at the examples for sense 4: "The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?" - these are about machines operating. Proteins are often described as molecular machines.

 Sense 3 examples: "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?" - these are about processes or ideas having effects.

 Given that proteins are biological entities that perform functions, and the context contrasts "functioning normally" with "no longer work", sense 4 seems the best fit.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense keys and indices.

 The user lists:
 1. sense_key=work%2:41:02::
 2. sense_key=work%2:41:00::
 3. sense_key=work%2:41:03::
 4. sense_key=work%2:35:02::
 5. sense_key=work%2:36:00::
 ...

 So sense 4 is work%2:35:02:: with definition "perform as expected when applied".

 Sense 3 is work%2:41:03:: with definition "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected".

 In WordNet, work%2:35:02 is indeed the "function, operate" sense (as in "The car won't work").

 Work%2:41:03 is the "act, work" sense (as in "How does this medicine work?").

 Both are close, but "perform as expected when applied" is more precise for a protein that has a specific function to perform (growth suppression). The text says they "make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check" - this is their function. When damaged, they no longer "work" (perform that function).

 Also, the synonym list for sense 4 includes "function, operate, go, run" which are perfect fits. The synonym for sense 3 is just "act".

 Therefore, sense 4 (index 4) is the best choice.

 Wait, I need to check if there's any other sense that might fit better.

 Sense 15: "have and exert influence or effect" - this is transitive or requires "on". "She worked on her friends". The proteins don't work on something in this context, they just don't work (intransitive).

 Sense 17: "cause to operate" - transitive.

 So sense 4 is definitely the best.

 The index is 4.

 I need to return: {"sense_index": 4}

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and <t>cells</t> normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "cells" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about cancer research and biology
 - It mentions genes, proteins, cell division, tumor-suppressors
 - The specific sentence containing "cells": "But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and <t>cells</t> normally under control turn malignant."

 Key clues:
 - "cell division" is mentioned right before
 - "turn malignant" - this is a biological/medical term referring to cancer
 - The whole passage is about biological cells, cancer, genes, proteins
 - "cells normally under control turn malignant" clearly refers to biological cells becoming cancerous

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. cell%1:06:03:: - any small compartment (like honeycomb cells) - This is a structural/geometric sense, not biological.

 2. cell%1:03:00:: - (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms... - This is the biological definition. It mentions organisms, units of life, colonies, tissues. This fits perfectly with the context about cancer, cell division, and malignant transformation.

 3. cell%1:06:00:: - electric cell - This is about batteries/electricity. Not relevant here.

 4. cell%1:14:00:: - political cell/cadre - Political movement sense. Not relevant.

 5. cell%1:06:04:: - cell phone - Mobile telephone. Not relevant.

 6. cell%1:06:02:: - monk's/nun's room - Religious living space. Not relevant.

 7. cell%1:06:01:: - prison cell - Jail room. Not relevant.

 The context is clearly biological/medical. The word "cells" refers to biological cells that are "normally under control" but can "turn malignant" (become cancerous). This is definitely sense 2: the basic structural and functional unit of organisms.

 The mention of "cell division" earlier in the same sentence also confirms this is the biological sense.

 Therefore, the correct sense index is 2.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense_key format. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03::
 2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00::
 3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00::
 etc.

 So the index numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

 Sense 2 is cell%1:03:00:: which is the biology definition.

 Yes, that's correct.

 The answer should be: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control <t>turn</t> malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "turn" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is: "cells normally under control <t>turn</t> malignant"
- This is about cells that were under control becoming malignant (cancerous)
- The structure is: subject (cells) + turn + adjective (malignant)

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: - change orientation or direction - doesn't fit, not about physical direction
2. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: - undergo a transformation or change of position or action - possible, but let's check others
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: - undergo a change or development; synonyms=become; examples: "The water turned into ice" - this looks promising. "turn malignant" = become malignant
4. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: - cause to move around or rotate - no, not about rotation
5. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: - change to the contrary; reverse - not exactly, not a reversal
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: - pass to the other side of - no
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: - pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property; synonyms=grow; examples: "The weather turned nasty" - this is also very promising. "turn malignant" = become malignant gradually
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: - let fall or spill - no
9. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: - move around an axis - no
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: - cause to move around a center - no
11. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: - send or let go - no
12. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: - plow - no
13. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: - shape on lathe - no
14. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: - change color - no (though "turn" can mean change color, here it's changing to malignant, not specifically color)
15. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: - twist/sprain - no
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: - cause to change into something different - this is transitive (cause), but our sentence is intransitive: "cells turn malignant" - the cells themselves change, not causing something else to change
17. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: - accomplish by rotating - no
18. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: - get by buying/selling - no
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: - cause to move along axis - no
20. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: - channel attention - no
21. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: - bend/deform - no
22. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: - alter functioning - no
23. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: - direct at someone - no
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: - have recourse to - no
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: - go sour/spoil - specific to food, not cells becoming malignant
26. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: - become older - no

Now between sense 3 and sense 7:

Sense 3: turn%2:42:00:: - undergo a change or development; become; examples: "The water turned into ice"
Sense 7: turn%2:30:03:: - pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property; become; grow; examples: "The weather turned nasty"

Both seem close. But let's look at the specific context: "cells normally under control turn malignant"

Sense 3 examples: "The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy"
Sense 7 examples: "The weather turned nasty; She grew angry"

"Turn malignant" is similar to "turn nasty" - it's about entering a state or condition. Sense 7 specifically mentions "pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute" which fits "turn malignant" perfectly.

Sense 3 is more about changing into something else (transformation), often with "into": "turned into ice".

Sense 7 is about taking on a property: "turned nasty", "grew angry".

Also, looking at the definition of sense 3: "undergo a change or development" - this is very general.
Sense 7: "pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute" - this is more specific about entering a state, which matches "turn malignant" (entering the state of being malignant).

Also, sense 7 has synonym "grow" which fits with gradual change, and cancer development is a gradual process (accumulation of mutations).

Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys to make sure I have the right indices.

The user lists:
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry

Actually, looking at standard WordNet, turn%2:30:03 usually corresponds to the sense "grow, turn" meaning to change color or state gradually.

But let me think about the phrase "turn malignant". This is a common collocation meaning "become malignant".

In WordNet, the sense "become" (turn%2:42:00) is often used for "turn into" constructions.
The sense "grow, turn" (turn%2:30:03) is for "turn + adjective" like "turn red", "turn nasty".

Given "turn malignant" where malignant is an adjective describing the state of the cells, sense 7 seems more appropriate because:
1. It specifically mentions taking on a property or attribute (malignant is a property)
2. It mentions gradually passing into a condition (cancer is a gradual process)
3. The synonym "grow" fits (cells grow malignant? well, they become malignant gradually)
4. The example "The weather turned nasty" parallels "cells turn malignant" structurally and semantically

Sense 3 with "turn into ice" suggests a more complete transformation into a different substance, often with "into". Here we just have "turn malignant" (adjective directly after turn, no "into").

Therefore, sense 7 (index 7) seems best.

Wait, I need to check if there's any other sense that might fit.

Sense 2: "undergo a transformation or a change of position or action" - examples involve changing from one thing to another (Socialism to Capitalism). Not exactly right.

Sense 16: "cause to change or turn into something different" - this is transitive (cause), but here it's intransitive.

So it's between 3 and 7.

Let me look at the exact wording again: "cells normally under control turn malignant"

In biological contexts, "turn" meaning "become" when followed by an adjective describing a state is typically sense 7 (turn%2:30:03 in WordNet 3.0/3.1).

Actually, looking at WordNet documentation:
turn%2:30:03 is "grow, turn" - pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become
turn%2:42:00 is "become, turn" - undergo a change or development

The key difference is that turn%2:30:03 specifically involves graduality ("pass into a condition gradually") which fits the context of cancer development (accumulation of genetic changes over time).

Also, the example "The weather turned nasty" is structurally identical to "cells turned malignant".

Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 7.

Wait, I should verify the indexing. The user lists them as:
1. sense_key=...
2. sense_key=...
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00::
...
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03::

Yes, so index 7 is the one with "pass into a condition gradually..."

Let me double-check if "turn malignant" could be sense 3. Sense 3 examples: "The water turned into ice". This requires "into". Our example doesn't have "into", it has the adjective directly. So sense 7 is better.

Final check: Is there any chance it's sense 14 (change color)? No, malignant isn't a color.
Sense 25 (go sour)? No, that's for food.
Sense 2? No, that's about changing position or action, or changing from one system to another.

So yes, sense 7 is the best choice.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identify
Target surface form: identified
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly <t>identified</t> genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identify%2:31:00:: | definition=recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something | synonyms=place | examples=She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster
2. sense_key=identify%2:32:00:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=name | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. sense_key=identify%2:31:04:: | definition=consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else | examples=He identified with the refugees
4. sense_key=identify%2:31:03:: | definition=conceive of as united or associated | examples=Sex activity is closely identified with the hypothalamus
5. sense_key=identify%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name
6. sense_key=identify%2:31:02:: | definition=consider to be equal or the same | examples=He identified his brother as one of the fugitives

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "identified" in the given context. The target lemma is "identify" and the surface form is "identified".

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about cancer research and genes
- "The newly <t>identified</t> genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
- The sentence is comparing newly identified genes with oncogenes discovered earlier
- The meaning here is about discovering or recognizing the existence/nature of these genes

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=identify%2:31:00:: | definition=recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something | synonyms=place | examples=She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster
   - This seems to be about recognizing/establishing identity of specific individuals or things. The example is about identifying a specific man.

2. sense_key=identify%2:32:00:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=name | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
   - This is about naming or giving identifying characteristics. The example mentions senators being named and almanac identifying months.

3. sense_key=identify%2:31:04:: | definition=consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else | examples=He identified with the refugees
   - This is about psychological identification, empathy. Not relevant here.

4. sense_key=identify%2:31:03:: | definition=conceive of as united or associated | examples=Sex activity is closely identified with the hypothalamus
   - This is about associating things together. The example shows "identified with" meaning associated with.

5. sense_key=identify%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name
   - This is specifically about biological/scientific classification. The synonyms include "discover", "distinguish", "describe". This seems very relevant since the context is about genes in biology.

6. sense_key=identify%2:31:02:: | definition=consider to be equal or the same | examples=He identified his brother as one of the fugitives
   - This is about equating one thing with another.

Looking at the context: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."

The word "identified" here is used in a scientific/biological context. The genes are being discovered, distinguished, described in scientific terms.

Sense 5 specifically mentions "identify as in botany or biology, for example" and has synonyms like "discover", "key", "distinguish", "describe". This fits perfectly with the scientific discovery of genes.

Sense 1 is more about recognizing specific individuals (like identifying a person in a lineup).
Sense 2 is about naming or referring to by characteristic.
Sense 5 is specifically about scientific identification/classification.

The context mentions "discovered" in the same sentence ("genes discovered in the early 1980s"), and sense 5 has "discover" as a synonym. The text is clearly about scientific discovery and classification of biological entities (genes).

Therefore, sense 5 (index 5) is the best choice.

Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user lists:
1. sense_key=identify%2:31:00::
2. sense_key=identify%2:32:00::
3. sense_key=identify%2:31:04::
4. sense_key=identify%2:31:03::
5. sense_key=identify%2:31:01::
6. sense_key=identify%2:31:02::

So sense 5 is the one with definition "identify as in botany or biology, for example".

Yes, that matches. The context is about identifying genes in a biological/scientific context, distinguishing them from other genes (oncogenes).

Actually, looking more carefully at sense 1: "recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something" - this could also work, but sense 5 is more specific to the biological context.

And sense 2: "give the name or identifying characteristics of" - this could also work, as the genes are being named/described.

But sense 5 is the most precise because:
1. It specifically mentions biology
2. The synonyms include "discover" which parallels the use of "discovered" in the context for the comparison group (oncogenes)
3. The context is about scientific classification and distinguishing types of genes

The phrase "newly identified genes" in scientific literature typically means newly discovered or newly characterized genes, which aligns with sense 5.

Let me reconsider sense 1 vs sense 5. Sense 1 is the general "recognize/establish identity" sense. Sense 5 is the specific biological taxonomy sense. In the context of scientific writing about genes, sense 5 is more appropriate because it's about classifying/describing biological specimens.

Also, looking at the example for sense 2: "The almanac identifies the auspicious months" - this is about listing/naming things. But the context here is about scientific discovery, not just naming.

The key is that these genes were previously unknown (like the black box metaphor at the beginning), and now they are identified (discovered/described). This fits sense 5 best.

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 5}.

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: differ
Target surface form: differ
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes <t>differ</t> from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=differ%2:42:00:: | definition=be different | examples=These two tests differ in only one respect
2. sense_key=differ%2:32:00:: | definition=be of different opinions | synonyms=disagree, dissent, take issue | examples=I beg to differ!; She disagrees with her husband on many questions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "differ" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text discusses tumor-suppressor genes (anti-cancer genes) and compares them to oncogenes.
 - The sentence is: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
 - This is comparing two types of genes and stating how they are different from each other.

 Candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=differ%2:42:00:: | definition=be different | examples=These two tests differ in only one respect
 2. sense_key=differ%2:32:00:: | definition=be of different opinions | synonyms=disagree, dissent, take issue | examples=I beg to differ!; She disagrees with her husband on many questions

 Analysis:
 - Sense 1 (be different): This fits the context. The sentence is saying the newly identified genes are different from oncogenes. It's a comparison of characteristics/attributes between two types of genes.
 - Sense 2 (be of different opinions/disagree): This is about disagreement between people or entities holding opinions. Genes don't have opinions or disagree with each other. This doesn't fit.

 The context clearly indicates a comparison of characteristics between two biological entities (types of genes), not a disagreement or dispute.

 Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1 (index 1).

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: family
Target surface form: family
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a <t>family</t> of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=family%1:14:02:: | definition=a social unit living together | synonyms=household, house, home, menage | examples=he moved his family to Virginia; It was a good Christian household
2. sense_key=family%1:14:00:: | definition=primary social group; parents and children | synonyms=family unit | examples=he wanted to have a good job before starting a family
3. sense_key=family%1:14:04:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category | examples=there are two classes of detergents
4. sense_key=family%1:14:01:: | definition=people descended from a common ancestor | synonyms=family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry | examples=his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower
5. sense_key=family%1:18:00:: | definition=a person having kinship with another or others | synonyms=kin, kinsperson | examples=he's kin; he's family
6. sense_key=family%1:14:03:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera | examples=sharks belong to the fish family
7. sense_key=family%1:14:06:: | definition=a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities | synonyms=syndicate, crime syndicate, mob
8. sense_key=family%1:14:05:: | definition=an association of people who share common beliefs or activities | synonyms=fellowship | examples=the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family; the church welcomed new members into its fellowship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "family" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The text is about cancer genetics. Specifically, it mentions "a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes." The word "family" here refers to a group or class of genes that share common characteristics.

 Looking at the candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=family%1:14:02:: - social unit living together (household) - Not relevant to genes.
 2. sense_key=family%1:14:00:: - primary social group; parents and children - Not relevant to genes.
 3. sense_key=family%1:14:04:: - a collection of things sharing a common attribute; synonyms=class, category - This seems very relevant. The text is talking about a group/class/category of genes (oncogenes).
 4. sense_key=family%1:14:01:: - people descended from a common ancestor - Not relevant to genes in this biological classification sense (this is about human lineage).
 5. sense_key=family%1:18:00:: - a person having kinship - Not relevant.
 6. sense_key=family%1:14:03:: - (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera - This is a specific biological taxonomy rank (like Family in Kingdom/Phylum/Class/Order/Family/Genus/Species). While this is biological, the context is using "family" in the sense of a group sharing attributes, not necessarily the strict taxonomic rank. However, I need to check if sense 3 or sense 6 is better. The phrase "family of genes" could be interpreted as a taxonomic grouping in biology, but "family" in biology refers to a specific rank above genus. Genes aren't typically classified into "families" in the strict taxonomic sense (species are). However, genes can be grouped into "families" based on sequence similarity and shared ancestry. Actually, in molecular biology, "gene family" is a common term referring to a set of genes that share a common ancestral gene. But let's look at the definitions again.

 Sense 3: "a collection of things sharing a common attribute" - synonyms: class, category. Examples: "there are two classes of detergents"

 Sense 6: "(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera" - examples: "sharks belong to the fish family"

 In the context: "a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes" - this is referring to oncogenes as a group/class/category of genes. It's not using the strict taxonomic rank (Family) because genes aren't classified into genera and families in the Linnaean taxonomy. Instead, it's using "family" metaphorically or generally to mean a group sharing common characteristics.

 However, looking closely at sense 6: It specifically mentions biology and taxonomic groups. But "oncogenes" are a class of genes, not a taxonomic family in the biological classification sense.

 Actually, looking at WordNet's actual structure:
 - sense 3 (family%1:14:04) is usually the sense for "a group of objects/entities sharing common features" - like "a family of languages", "family of curves", etc.
 - sense 6 (family%1:14:03) is the biological taxonomy rank.

 In scientific contexts like this, when referring to "a family of genes" or "family of proteins", it typically maps to sense 3 (collection of things sharing a common attribute) or sometimes sense 6 if being extremely technical about biological classification. But "oncogenes" constitute a functional class/category of genes, not a taxonomic family.

 Let me reconsider. The text says "a family of genes... called oncogenes". This is describing oncogenes as belonging to a particular category or class of genes. This aligns with sense 3: "a collection of things sharing a common attribute" with synonyms "class, category".

 Sense 4 is about people descended from ancestors - not applicable.
 Sense 1 and 2 are about social units - not applicable.
 Sense 5 is about kinship relations - not applicable.
 Sense 7 is about gangsters - not applicable.
 Sense 8 is about associations of people with common beliefs - not applicable.

 So it's between sense 3 and sense 6.

 Sense 6 example: "sharks belong to the fish family" - this is about biological taxonomy.
 Sense 3 example: "there are two classes of detergents" - this is about categories/classes.

 The phrase "family of genes" in molecular biology often refers to a group of genes with similar sequences and functions, descended from a common ancestral gene. This could arguably be sense 6 (if treated as biological taxonomy) or sense 3 (if treated as a collection sharing attributes).

 However, looking at WordNet's fine-grained distinctions:
 - sense 3 (family%1:14:04) maps to words like {class, category, family} - a collection of things sharing a common attribute.
 - sense 6 (family%1:14:03) maps to biological taxonomy: "a taxonomic group containing one or more genera"

 In the context of the sentence: "a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes" - this is contrasting with "tumor-suppressors". These are functional categories of genes. The text uses "newly identified genes differ from a family of genes..." - here it's using "family" to mean a group or class.

 Also, the WordNet example for sense 3 is about "classes of detergents" - showing it's used for categorizing things in general.

 Therefore, sense 3 (family%1:14:04::) appears to be the correct choice.

 Wait, I should double-check the sense indices. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=family%1:14:02::
 2. sense_key=family%1:14:00::
 3. sense_key=family%1:14:04::
 4. sense_key=family%1:14:01::
 5. sense_key=family%1:18:00::
 6. sense_key=family%1:14:03::
 7. sense_key=family%1:14:06::
 8. sense_key=family%1:14:05::

 So the indices are 1-8 corresponding to these senses.

 Sense 3 is: sense_key=family%1:14:04:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category | examples=there are two classes of detergents

 This matches perfectly: "a family of genes" = a collection/class of genes sharing the attribute of being oncogenes.

 Sense 6 is biological taxonomy, which would apply if we were talking about "the family Canidae" or similar, but "a family of genes" in this context is not using the strict taxonomic rank but rather the general sense of a group sharing common characteristics.

 Therefore, the answer is sense_index: 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discover
Target surface form: discovered
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes <t>discovered</t> in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discover%2:39:03:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, find, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
2. sense_key=discover%2:31:01:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
3. sense_key=discover%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=find | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
4. sense_key=discover%2:31:00:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=find | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
5. sense_key=discover%2:40:00:: | definition=find unexpectedly | synonyms=fall upon, strike, come upon, light upon, chance upon, come across | examples=the archeologists chanced upon an old tomb; she struck a goldmine
6. sense_key=discover%2:32:04:: | definition=make known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret | synonyms=unwrap, disclose, let on, bring out, reveal, expose | examples=The auction house would not disclose the price at which the van Gogh had sold; The actress won't reveal how old she is
7. sense_key=discover%2:39:00:: | definition=see for the first time; make a discovery | examples=Who discovered the North Pole?
8. sense_key=discover%2:31:03:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "discovered" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about scientific discovery of genes (oncogenes)
 - "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes <t>discovered</t> in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
 - This refers to the scientific discovery/finding of oncogenes in the early 1980s
 - This is about making a scientific discovery, finding something new (oncogenes)

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=discover%2:39:03:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, find, notice
    - This is about detecting or observing existence. While related, this seems more about noticing something that's there, not necessarily the "discovery" in a scientific breakthrough sense.

 2. sense_key=discover%2:31:01:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out
    - This is about learning information, not making a scientific discovery.

 3. sense_key=discover%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=find | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
    - This looks very promising. The example "Roentgen discovered X-rays" is exactly the type of scientific discovery being discussed. The context is about discovering oncogenes (a family of genes) in the early 1980s - this is a scientific discovery/new finding.

 4. sense_key=discover%2:31:00:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=find | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
    - This seems more about finding out facts or information, not scientific discovery. The examples suggest discovering facts/truths rather than scientific entities.

 5. sense_key=discover%2:40:00:: | definition=find unexpectedly | synonyms=fall upon, strike, come upon, light upon, chance upon, come across
    - This is about chance encounters, not systematic scientific discovery.

 6. sense_key=discover%2:32:04:: | definition=make known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret | synonyms=unwrap, disclose, let on, bring out, reveal, expose
    - This is about revealing secrets, not scientific discovery.

 7. sense_key=discover%2:39:00:: | definition=see for the first time; make a discovery | examples=Who discovered the North Pole?
    - This is also about discovery, but seems more about physical discovery (like discovering land/poles). The example "Who discovered the North Pole?" suggests geographical/exploration discovery. However, it could apply to scientific discovery too.

 8. sense_key=discover%2:31:03:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name
    - This is about identification/classification, like identifying a species.

 Comparing sense 3 and sense 7:
 - Sense 3: "make a discovery, make a new finding" - examples include Roentgen discovering X-rays (scientific discovery)
 - Sense 7: "see for the first time; make a discovery" - examples include discovering the North Pole (exploration)

 The context is about discovering oncogenes (a family of genes) in the early 1980s. This is clearly a scientific research discovery, not just "seeing for the first time" (like discovering a continent) or "detecting existence" (like detecting lead in water).

 Sense 3 with the example "Roentgen discovered X-rays" is the best match because:
 1. It's about scientific discovery of a new entity (X-rays/genes)
 2. It's about making a new finding in science
 3. The synonym "find" in this context means to discover scientifically

 Sense 1 is about detecting existence/presence (like finding lead in water), which is different from discovering a new class of genes.

 Sense 7 is close but seems more oriented toward exploration/geographical discovery given the North Pole example, whereas Sense 3 is explicitly about scientific discovery with the X-rays example.

 Therefore, the best sense is sense 3 (index 3).

 Wait, let me double-check the sense keys to make sure I'm indexing correctly:
 - The list shows:
   1. sense_key=discover%2:39:03::
   2. sense_key=discover%2:31:01::
   3. sense_key=discover%2:36:00::
   4. sense_key=discover%2:31:00::
   5. sense_key=discover%2:40:00::
   6. sense_key=discover%2:32:04::
   7. sense_key=discover%2:39:00::
   8. sense_key=discover%2:31:03::

 So index 3 corresponds to sense_key=discover%2:36:00::.

 Actually, looking at WordNet frames:
 - discover%2:36:00:: is likely the sense for scientific discovery (make a discovery)
 - discover%2:39:00:: is likely the sense for finding something for the first time (see for the first time)

 But looking at the examples:
 - Sense 3: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" - This is exactly the type of discovery in the text (discovering oncogenes).
 - Sense 7: "Who discovered the North Pole?" - This is also discovery, but the examples in Sense 3 fit better with scientific discovery of biological entities.

 Also, Sense 3 has synonyms: find
 Sense 7 has no synonyms listed in the prompt.

 The context: "a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes" - this is clearly a scientific discovery of a new finding (oncogenes were discovered as a new class of genes).

 Therefore, sense index 3 is correct.

 Wait, I should also consider sense 1: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - could this fit? The genes existed, and scientists determined their existence. But the example "She detected high levels of lead" suggests this is about detection/measurement, not the initial discovery of a new scientific concept. The discovery of oncogenes was the identification of a new class of genes, not just detecting their presence in a sample.

 Sense 3 is definitely the best fit.

 Final check: The user wants a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}.

 So my answer is {"sense_index": 3}.