[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: basis
Target surface form: basis
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual <t>basis</t> of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=basis%1:24:00:: | definition=a relation that provides the foundation for something | synonyms=footing, ground | examples=they were on a friendly footing; he worked on an interim basis
2. sense_key=basis%1:09:00:: | definition=the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained | synonyms=base, foundation, fundament, groundwork, cornerstone | examples=the whole argument rested on a basis of conjecture
3. sense_key=basis%1:24:01:: | definition=the most important or necessary part of something | synonyms=base | examples=the basis of this drink is orange juice

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "basis" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:

 The sentence containing "basis" is: "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual <t>basis</t> of mathematical theory -- should read the article..."

 The context is discussing "New Math" and how American students are learning the "conceptual basis of mathematical theory" while not being able to perform basic arithmetic (add or subtract).

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=basis%1:24:00:: | definition=a relation that provides the foundation for something | synonyms=footing, ground | examples=they were on a friendly footing; he worked on an interim basis
    - This seems to be about a relation or status (like "on a friendly basis", "on an interim basis")
    - The example "worked on an interim basis" suggests a manner or relation
    - Doesn't seem to fit "conceptual basis of mathematical theory"

 2. sense_key=basis%1:09:00:: | definition=the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained | synonyms=base, foundation, fundament, groundwork, cornerstone | examples=the whole argument rested on a basis of conjecture
    - This is about fundamental assumptions, foundations, theoretical underpinnings
    - "conceptual basis of mathematical theory" fits well here - it refers to the fundamental concepts/assumptions underlying math theory
    - Synonyms like foundation, groundwork, cornerstone suggest the underlying principles

 3. sense_key=basis%1:24:01:: | definition=the most important or necessary part of something | synonyms=base | examples=the basis of this drink is orange juice
    - This is about the main ingredient or component (like the basis of a drink being orange juice)
    - While "basis" here means the main component, in the context of "mathematical theory," we're talking about foundational concepts/assumptions, not the main ingredient
    - The example shows this is more about composition (what something is made of) rather than theoretical foundation

 The phrase "conceptual basis of mathematical theory" clearly refers to the fundamental theoretical assumptions or foundations of mathematical theory - the underlying concepts upon which the theory is built. This aligns with sense 2.

 Sense 1 is more about relations or conditions (working on a basis, standing on a basis).
 Sense 3 is about the main constituent or ingredient.

 Sense 2 is about the fundamental assumptions or theoretical foundations.

 Therefore, the best sense is sense 2 (basis%1:09:00::).

 Wait, let me double-check the lexicographer files. The sense keys tell me:
 - 1:24:00 - This is likely the "relation" sense (frame of reference?)
 - 1:09:00 - This is likely the "cognition/abstract thought" sense (fundamental assumptions)
 - 1:24:01 - This is likely the "part/constituent" sense

 Actually, looking at WordNet:
 - basis%1:09:00:: - the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained; "the whole argument rested on a basis of conjecture"
 - basis%1:24:00:: - a relation that provides the foundation for something; "they were on a friendly footing"; "he worked on an interim basis"
 - basis%1:24:01:: - the most important or necessary part of something; "the basis of this drink is orange juice"

 Yes, sense 2 (1:09:00) is correct. The phrase "conceptual basis" here means the fundamental conceptual assumptions underlying mathematical theory.

 The context criticizes "New Math" for teaching abstract concepts (the conceptual basis/foundation) before students can even do basic arithmetic. So it's referring to the theoretical foundation/underlying principles.

 Answer should be: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: DigitalOcean


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mathematical
Target surface form: mathematical
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of <t>mathematical</t> theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mathematical%3:01:00:: | definition=of or pertaining to or of the nature of mathematics | examples=a mathematical textbook; slide rules and other mathematical instruments
2. sense_key=mathematical%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or having ability to think in or work with numbers | synonyms=numerical | examples=tests for rating numerical aptitude; a mathematical whiz
3. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:unquestionable:00 | definition=beyond question | examples=a mathematical certainty
4. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:possible:00 | definition=statistically possible though highly improbable | examples=have a mathematical chance of making the playoffs
5. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:exact:00 | definition=characterized by the exactness or precision of mathematics | examples=mathematical precision

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "mathematical" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses American students doing poorly in math tests compared to other countries
 - It mentions the "New Math" influence on textbooks and teaching methods
 - The specific phrase is: "students who cannot add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of <t>mathematical</t> theory"
 - So the phrase is "mathematical theory"

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=mathematical%3:01:00:: | definition=of or pertaining to or of the nature of mathematics | examples=a mathematical textbook; slide rules and other mathematical instruments
    - This is the general relational adjective sense - pertaining to mathematics
    - "mathematical theory" would fit here - theory pertaining to mathematics

 2. sense_key=mathematical%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or having ability to think in or work with numbers | synonyms=numerical | examples=tests for rating numerical aptitude; a mathematical whiz
    - This seems to be about numerical ability/aptitude
    - "mathematical whiz" = someone good at numbers
    - Doesn't fit "mathematical theory" well

 3. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:unquestionable:00 | definition=beyond question | examples=a mathematical certainty
    - This is a specific usage meaning "absolutely certain"
    - "mathematical certainty" is an idiom
    - Doesn't fit "mathematical theory"

 4. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:possible:00 | definition=statistically possible though highly improbable | examples=have a mathematical chance of making the playoffs
    - Specific usage about statistical possibility
    - Doesn't fit "mathematical theory"

 5. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:exact:00 | definition=characterized by the exactness or precision of mathematics | examples=mathematical precision
    - This is about precision/exactness
    - Could potentially fit, but "mathematical theory" is more about the subject matter than the precision

 The phrase in context is "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory". This refers to theory that belongs to the field of mathematics - i.e., pertaining to mathematics.

 Sense 1 is the general relational adjective: "of or pertaining to or of the nature of mathematics"
 - Examples: "a mathematical textbook" (textbook about mathematics), "slide rules and other mathematical instruments" (instruments used in mathematics)
 - "mathematical theory" = theory of mathematics, theory pertaining to mathematics

 This clearly fits Sense 1.

 Sense 2 is about numerical ability (like being good at math).
 Sense 3 is about certainty.
 Sense 4 is about statistical possibility.
 Sense 5 is about precision.

 The context is about students learning the conceptual basis of mathematical theory - meaning the theoretical foundations of mathematics itself. This is clearly Sense 1.

 Therefore, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: ModelRun

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: read
Target surface form: read
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should <t>read</t> the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=read%2:31:00:: | definition=interpret something that is written or printed | examples=read the advertisement; Have you read Salman Rushdie?
2. sense_key=read%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=say | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
3. sense_key=read%2:31:01:: | definition=look at, interpret, and say out loud something that is written or printed | examples=The King will read the proclamation at noon
4. sense_key=read%2:31:06:: | definition=obtain data from magnetic tapes | synonyms=scan | examples=This dictionary can be read by the computer
5. sense_key=read%2:31:02:: | definition=interpret the significance of, as of palms, tea leaves, intestines, the sky; also of human behavior | examples=She read the sky and predicted rain; I can't read his strange behavior
6. sense_key=read%2:31:09:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=take | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=read%2:31:05:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, take | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
8. sense_key=read%2:32:02:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=register, show, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
9. sense_key=read%2:36:05:: | definition=audition for a stage role by reading parts of a role | examples=He is auditioning for `Julius Caesar' at Stratford this year
10. sense_key=read%2:31:08:: | definition=to hear and understand | examples=I read you loud and clear!
11. sense_key=read%2:31:04:: | definition=make sense of a language | synonyms=understand, interpret, translate | examples=She understands French; Can you read Greek?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "read" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should <t>read</t> the article by Caleb Nelson..."
 - The context is about reading an article (written text) by Caleb Nelson in the November American Spectator.

 Now let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=read%2:31:00:: | definition=interpret something that is written or printed | examples=read the advertisement; Have you read Salman Rushdie?
    - This fits well. Reading an article is interpreting something written/printed.

 2. sense_key=read%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=say | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
    - This is about how text is worded, not the act of reading by a person. Doesn't fit.

 3. sense_key=read%2:31:01:: | definition=look at, interpret, and say out loud something that is written or printed | examples=The King will read the proclamation at noon
    - This involves saying out loud (reading aloud). The context suggests reading an article to oneself to appreciate the situation, not necessarily reading aloud.

 4. sense_key=read%2:31:06:: | definition=obtain data from magnetic tapes | synonyms=scan | examples=This dictionary can be read by the computer
    - Technical/computational reading. Not applicable here.

 5. sense_key=read%2:31:02:: | definition=interpret the significance of, as of palms, tea leaves, intestines, the sky; also of human behavior | examples=She read the sky and predicted rain; I can't read his strange behavior
    - This is about interpreting signs/signals, not reading text.

 6. sense_key=read%2:31:09:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=take | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
    - This is about interpretation in a figurative sense ("I read this as..."), not the physical/mental act of reading text.

 7. sense_key=read%2:31:05:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, take | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
    - This is about studying a subject, not reading a specific article.

 8. sense_key=read%2:32:02:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=register, show, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
    - This is about instruments displaying values.

 9. sense_key=read%2:36:05:: | definition=audition for a stage role by reading parts of a role | examples=He is auditioning for `Julius Caesar' at Stratford this year
    - Theater context. Not applicable.

 10. sense_key=read%2:31:08:: | definition=to hear and understand | examples=I read you loud and clear!
     - Radio/communication jargon. Not applicable.

 11. sense_key=read%2:31:04:: | definition=make sense of a language | synonyms=understand, interpret, translate | examples=She understands French; Can you read Greek?
     - This is about the ability to understand a language (literacy), not about reading a specific text.

 The best fit is sense 1: "interpret something that is written or printed" - this matches reading an article in a magazine.

 Sense 3 is also close but specifies "say out loud" which isn't necessarily implied here. The context suggests reading to oneself to gain understanding/appreciation of the situation.

 Sense 1 examples include "read the advertisement" and "Have you read Salman Rushdie?" which are very similar to reading an article by Caleb Nelson.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: article
Target surface form: article
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the <t>article</t> by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=article%1:10:00:: | definition=nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication
2. sense_key=article%1:03:00:: | definition=one of a class of artifacts | examples=an article of clothing
3. sense_key=article%1:10:02:: | definition=a separate section of a legal document (as a statute or contract or will) | synonyms=clause
4. sense_key=article%1:10:01:: | definition=(grammar) a determiner that may indicate the specificity of reference of a noun phrase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "article" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is discussing education, textbooks, teaching methods, and math education.
- The specific sentence: "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who cannot add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the <t>article</t> by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator."
- "American Spectator" is a magazine/publication.
- Caleb Nelson wrote an "article" in this publication.
- This refers to a piece of nonfictional prose in a publication.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=article%1:10:00:: | definition=nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication
2. sense_key=article%1:03:00:: | definition=one of a class of artifacts | examples=an article of clothing
3. sense_key=article%1:10:02:: | definition=a separate section of a legal document (as a statute or contract or will) | synonyms=clause
4. sense_key=article%1:10:01:: | definition=(grammar) a determiner that may indicate the specificity of reference of a noun phrase

Sense 1 fits perfectly: it's a written piece (nonfictional prose) published in a magazine (American Spectator).
Sense 2 is about physical objects/articles of merchandise - doesn't fit.
Sense 3 is about legal documents - doesn't fit.
Sense 4 is about grammar (a, an, the) - doesn't fit.

The answer should be sense index 1.

Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user lists:
1. sense_key=article%1:10:00::
2. sense_key=article%1:03:00::
3. sense_key=article%1:10:02::
4. sense_key=article%1:10:01::

So the index is 1.

I need to return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So for me it would be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: recent
Target surface form: recent
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a <t>recent</t> math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "recent" in the given context.

Context analysis:
- The text is discussing education, textbooks, and math education.
- The specific sentence: "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who cannot add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator."
- Caleb Nelson is described as a "recent math major at Harvard".
- This means he is a new/recent graduate or someone who recently completed his studies as a math major.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

Comparing the two:
- Sense 1: "new" - examples include "recent graduates". This fits perfectly with "recent math major" meaning someone who recently graduated or recently completed their major, i.e., a new graduate.
- Sense 2: "of the immediate past" - synonyms include "late". The examples "a late development; their late quarrel" suggest something that happened in the immediate past but with a slightly different connotation. "Late" can mean recent but also deceased (though that's not this sense). However, "recent math major" aligns much better with the example "recent graduates" in sense 1.

Wait, let me look more carefully. In WordNet, "recent" has these senses:
- Sense 1: new (recent graduates)
- Sense 2: late (of the immediate past)

In the phrase "recent math major", does it mean:
- He is a new math major (i.e., newly graduated)? Or
- He is of the immediate past?

Actually, looking at the example for sense 1: "recent graduates" - this is exactly parallel to "recent math major". A "recent math major" would be someone who recently was a math major, i.e., recently graduated. This matches sense 1.

Sense 2 with synonym "late" usually applies to things like "his late illness" or "the late 20th century" or "a late development" meaning happening near the end of a period or just before now. But "recent graduate" is explicitly listed under sense 1.

Actually, let me reconsider. The word "recent" modifying "math major" - Caleb Nelson was himself a recent math major at Harvard. This means he recently was a math major there (i.e., he recently graduated). The example "recent graduates" is almost identical in structure and meaning.

Sense 2's example "a late development" uses "late" in the sense of recent, but "late" as a synonym for "recent" often has a slightly different feel - like "the late news" or "of late". But "recent graduates" is the canonical example for the "new" sense.

Wait, I should check if "recent graduates" is under sense 1 (new) or sense 2 (late). The user provided:
1. definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

So "recent graduates" is explicitly under sense 1. "Recent math major" is semantically equivalent to "recent graduate" (someone who recently completed their degree/major). Therefore sense 1 is the best fit.

But wait - could "recent math major" mean he is currently a new math major (i.e., recently declared)? The context says he wrote an article for the November American Spectator. The text seems to imply he has graduated or completed his studies. "Recent math major" most naturally means someone who was a math major until recently, i.e., recently graduated. This aligns with "recent graduates".

Sense 2 would be more like "the recent past" or "a recent event" where it emphasizes the time aspect rather than the "newness" of the person/thing. But when describing people who have recently completed a status (student, graduate, major), sense 1 is more appropriate because it classifies them as "new" in that completed status.

Actually, looking at WordNet more carefully:
- recent%5:00:00:new:00 - "new" - "recent graduates" means graduates who are new (having recently graduated)
- recent%5:00:00:past:00 - "late" - "of the immediate past"

In standard WordNet, "recent" sense 1 is "approximately the last 10,000 years" (Holocene) - wait, that's for nouns? No, that's "Recent" as a noun maybe. Let me think.

Actually, WordNet 3.1 for adjective "recent":
- S: (adj) recent (new) "recent graduates"; "a recent addition to the house"
- S: (adj) late, recent (of the immediate past or just previous to the present time) "a late development"; "their late quarrel"

Yes, that's correct. So sense 1 is the "new" sense and sense 2 is the "late/immediate past" sense.

For "recent math major":
- If we interpret as "newly having been a math major" = sense 1
- If we interpret as "having been a math major in the immediate past" = sense 2

But the example "recent graduates" under sense 1 is almost exactly the same construction. A "recent graduate" is someone who is new to the status of being a graduate. Similarly, a "recent math major" is someone who is new to the status of being a former math major (i.e., recently completed).

However, there's a subtlety. "Recent math major" could mean he is currently a math major who started recently. But given he's writing an article about education and is cited as an authority, and the text says "himself a recent math major at Harvard", it most likely means he recently graduated from Harvard as a math major.

Given the explicit example "recent graduates" under sense 1, and the parallel structure, sense 1 is clearly the best choice.

Wait, I want to double-check. Could "recent" in "recent math major" be emphasizing the time aspect (he was a math major until recently) rather than the "newness"? In WSD, we have to look at which sense is activated.

The gloss for sense 1 is simply "new". The examples are "recent graduates" and "a recent addition to the house". These both emphasize that the entity has newly entered a state or category.

The gloss for sense 2 is "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time" with synonym "late". Examples: "a late development", "their late quarrel".

"Recent math major" = someone who was a math major in the immediate past. This actually sounds like it could be sense 2. But "recent graduates" is explicitly sense 1.

Let me think about the difference between "recent graduates" (sense 1) and "their late quarrel" (sense 2). In "recent graduates", the people are new graduates. In "their late quarrel", "late" means recent/recently occurring.

But "recent" in "recent math major" - is the person "new" (a new former math major) or is the time period "immediate past"?

Actually, in WordNet, these two senses are very close. But the distinction is:
- Sense 1: new (having recently come into existence or joined a category)
- Sense 2: immediate past (happening a short time ago)

For people who have recently completed a role, we often use sense 1: "recent graduate", "recent widower" (maybe?), etc. The person is new to the category of "former math majors" or "graduates".

But "recent math major" could also be viewed as "a math major in the recent past".

However, the example "recent graduates" is the key. If WordNet puts "recent graduates" under sense 1, then "recent math major" (meaning someone who recently graduated as a math major) should also be sense 1, because the semantic relationship is identical: [recent + person who completed a role/studies].

Also, sense 2 uses the synonym "late", which in this context might sound like "the late Mr. Smith" (deceased), though that's a different sense of "late". But "late development" means happening recently.

I think sense 1 is the correct answer because:
1. The example "recent graduates" is a direct parallel
2. The phrase describes a person who is new to a status (having recently completed being a math major)
3. The context suggests Caleb Nelson is being cited as a young/recently graduated authority

Therefore: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: major
Target surface form: major
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math <t>major</t> at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=major%1:18:00:: | definition=a commissioned military officer in the United States Army or Air Force or Marines; below lieutenant colonel and above captain
2. sense_key=major%1:18:02:: | definition=British statesman who was prime minister from 1990 until 1997 (born in 1943) | synonyms=John Major, John R. Major, John Roy Major
3. sense_key=major%1:18:01:: | definition=a university student who is studying a particular field as the principal subject | examples=she is a linguistics major
4. sense_key=major%1:09:00:: | definition=the principal field of study of a student at a university | examples=her major is linguistics

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "major" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The sentence is: "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math <t>major</t> at Harvard) in the November American Spectator."
 - The word "major" here refers to Caleb Nelson being a recent math major at Harvard.
 - This is clearly referring to a university student studying a particular field (mathematics) as their principal subject.

 Candidate senses analysis:
 1. sense_key=major%1:18:00:: - This is a military rank (commissioned officer). Not applicable here.
 2. sense_key=major%1:18:02:: - This refers to John Major, the British statesman. Not applicable here.
 3. sense_key=major%1:18:01:: - "a university student who is studying a particular field as the principal subject" with example "she is a linguistics major". This fits perfectly - Caleb Nelson is a math major (student).
 4. sense_key=major%1:09:00:: - "the principal field of study of a student at a university" with example "her major is linguistics". This refers to the field of study itself, not the person.

 Distinction between sense 3 and 4:
 - Sense 3 (major%1:18:01::) refers to the person (the student).
 - Sense 4 (major%1:09:00::) refers to the field of study (the subject).

 In the context: "himself a recent math major at Harvard" - "major" here refers to Caleb Nelson himself, who is a student/person. The phrase "math major" describes what kind of student he is. So this is sense 3, not sense 4.

 If it were "his major is math" or "he studied math as his major", that would be sense 4. But "he is a math major" uses "major" as a noun referring to the person.

 Therefore, the correct sense is index 3.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys format. The user provided:
 1. sense_key=major%1:18:00::
 2. sense_key=major%1:18:02::
 3. sense_key=major%1:18:01::
 4. sense_key=major%1:09:00::

 So the indices are 1, 2, 3, 4. I need to return {"sense_index": 3}.

 Let me verify the glosses once more:
 - Sense 3: "a university student who is studying a particular field as the principal subject" - examples: "she is a linguistics major"
 - Context: "himself a recent math major at Harvard" - this matches "she is a linguistics major" pattern. Caleb Nelson is the math major (the student).

 Yes, sense 3 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: most
Target surface form: Most
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- <t>Most</t> important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the superlative | synonyms=to the highest degree | examples=the king cobra is the most dangerous snake
2. sense_key=most%4:02:01:: | definition=very | examples=a most welcome relief
3. sense_key=most%4:02:02:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=about, almost, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "most" in the given context.

Context analysis:
The sentence is: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."

Here, "Most" is modifying "important" to form a superlative degree - "most important". This is indicating the highest degree of importance among various factors being discussed (the author is listing reasons or factors, and this is the most important one).

Candidate sense analysis:
1. sense_key=most%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the superlative | synonyms=to the highest degree | examples=the king cobra is the most dangerous snake
   - This matches "most important" - it's forming the superlative degree of the adjective "important".

2. sense_key=most%4:02:01:: | definition=very | examples=a most welcome relief
   - This would be used in contexts like "a most interesting book" where it means "very" rather than forming a superlative comparison. In the given context, "Most important of all" is clearly comparative/superlative in nature (suggesting this is the most important point among several), not just "very important".

3. sense_key=most%4:02:02:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=about, almost, nearly, near, nigh, virtually
   - This doesn't fit at all. "Most important" doesn't mean "almost important".

The phrase "Most important of all" is clearly using "most" as a superlative modifier, comparing this point to other points mentioned previously (about textbooks, teaching methods, etc.) and stating this is the most important one.

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: important
Target surface form: important
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most <t>important</t> of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day
2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution
3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner
5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "important" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The passage discusses using older textbooks vs newer ones
- It mentions that "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority..."
- The phrase "Most important of all" suggests this is the most significant/crucial point being made
- The context is about educational policy and what matters most for school quality

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day
   - This is the general sense of being significant or valuable

2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution
   - This emphasizes impact or meaning, often used for changes, events

3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
   - This is stronger - extreme importance, vital, crucial

4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner
   - This is about having authority/influence (describing people with power)

5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office
   - This is about acting self-important, pompous

The target phrase is "Most important of all" - this is being used as a sentence adverb or discourse marker emphasizing that the following point is the most significant one in the list of recommendations.

Given the context:
- It's listing recommendations for improving schools
- "Most important of all" introduces the key recommendation about principals having authority
- This suggests extreme importance - the most vital point

Comparing sense 1 vs sense 3:
- Sense 1 is the general "of great significance"
- Sense 3 is "of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis" with synonyms like "crucial"

The phrase "Most important of all" suggests this is being singled out as the most vital/crucial point among several points. The context discusses educational policy where having principals with authority is presented as the key factor (backed by studies from Brookings Institution).

However, looking at the examples:
- Sense 1 examples: "important people; the important questions of the day"
- Sense 3 examples: "a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election"

The usage here is "Most important of all" - this is a superlative form emphasizing that this point has greater significance than the previous points (about textbooks).

Actually, looking carefully at WordNet structure:
- Sense 1 (important%3:00:00::) is usually the most general sense
- Sense 3 (important%3:00:02::) is specifically "of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis" - this maps to "crucial"

In the phrase "Most important of all", the word is being used to mean "most significant" or "above all else". This is closest to sense 1 (of great significance or value) but with the superlative emphasizing it's the most significant.

However, sense 3 might be too strong - it mentions "vital to the resolution of a crisis" which implies an urgent, critical situation. The context here is about educational policy recommendations, not necessarily a crisis situation, though it is presented as the most vital recommendation.

Let me reconsider. The structure is:
- Point 1: Use older textbooks
- Point 2: Most important of all, schools should have principals...

This is a standard rhetorical structure for listing points in order of significance. "Important" here means "significant" or "of consequence."

Sense 2: "important in effect or meaning" - this seems to apply more to things like "a significant change" - emphasizing the impact.

Actually, looking at typical WordNet sense distinctions for "important":
- Sense 1: General importance (of great significance or value)
- Sense 2: Significant (important in effect or meaning) - often distinguished by collocates like "significant change"
- Sense 3: Crucial (of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis)

In the phrase "Most important of all", this is typically the general sense (sense 1) used in a superlative construction. The word "important" here doesn't necessarily mean "crucial/vital to a crisis" (sense 3) specifically, nor does it mean "influential" (sense 4) or "immodest" (sense 5).

Sense 2 "important in effect or meaning" is often used for statistical significance or meaningfulness in a technical sense, but here it's used in a general evaluative sense.

The examples for sense 1 include "the important questions of the day" which fits well with "Most important of all [questions/recommendations]..."

Also, the superlative "most important" is very commonly used with sense 1.

Therefore, the best choice is sense 1: important%3:00:00:: (of great significance or value).

Wait, I need to be careful. Let me check if there's any reason to prefer sense 3. The text says "Most important of all" and then talks about studies showing this is what makes the best schools. It is presented as the key factor. But "crucial" (sense 3) usually implies a decisive, critical turning point or something essential for success in a pressing situation. While this is emphasized as the most significant point, it's not necessarily framed as a "crisis" resolution.

Sense 1 is the correct general sense for "of great significance."

Actually, looking at WordNet 3.0 or 3.1 data:
- important, of import (adj) - of great significance or value
- significant (adj) - important in effect or meaning
- crucial (adj) - of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis

The phrase "Most important of all" is an idiom used to introduce the primary or most significant point. This aligns with sense 1.

But let me double-check sense 2. Could this be "significant" in the sense of "meaningful" or "having impact"? The context suggests that having principals with authority is what makes schools effective. So it is "important in effect" - it has a significant effect on school quality.

However, the phrase "Most important of all" is a set phrase that typically uses the general sense of importance (significance/value), not specifically the "effect/meaning" sense.

Also, looking at the synonyms:
- Sense 1: of import
- Sense 2: significant
- Sense 3: crucial

In "Most important of all", we could substitute "Most crucial of all" (sense 3) or "Most significant of all" (sense 2), but the most natural reading is the general sense of importance (sense 1).

Actually, looking at the examples again:
- Sense 1: "important people; the important questions of the day"
- Sense 2: "a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution"
- Sense 3: "a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election"

The usage here is similar to "the important questions of the day" - it's about significance and value in a general sense.

Therefore, I select sense 1.

Wait, I should verify the sense numbering. The user provided:
1. sense_key=important%3:00:00::
2. sense_key=important%3:00:04::
3. sense_key=important%3:00:02::
4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00
5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02

So sense_index 1 corresponds to %3:00:00::, sense_index 2 to %3:00:04::, etc.

My answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

But let me reconsider sense 3 one more time. The text emphasizes this as the key finding from "Study after study" and mentions "the best schools." It is presented as the vital factor. "Crucial" means decisive or critical. Is this point being presented as critical/vital? Yes, "Most important of all" suggests it is the most vital point.

However, in WordNet, sense 3 (crucial) is distinct from sense 1 (generally important). The examples for sense 3 involve moments, elections, decisions - things that are decisive turning points. The factor of principals having authority is presented as a consistent characteristic of good schools, not necessarily a crisis decision.

Also, "important" in "Most important of all" is functioning as a sentence adverb (or the head of a reduced clause), which typically takes the general sense.

I think sense 1 is correct.

One final check: could it be sense 4 (influential/authoritative)? No, because it's not describing a person as having authority in this usage (though the content mentions principals having authority, the word "important" is describing the recommendation itself, not the principals).

Could it be sense 5 (immodest)? No, clearly not.

So it's between 1, 2, and 3.

Sense 2 (significant) often implies "noteworthy" or "having a meaning" or "statistically significant." While this recommendation is noteworthy, "Most important" is about value/significance ranking, not about meaning or effect per se.

I stick with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, <t>schools</t> should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "schools" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses educational institutions, textbooks, teaching methods, principals, faculty, curriculum, and student discipline.
 - The specific sentence is: "Most important of all, <t>schools</t> should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."
 - It mentions "the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
    - This refers to the institution itself. The context talks about schools having principals, faculty, curriculum, etc. This seems like a strong candidate.

 2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
    - This refers to the physical building. The context is talking about principals having authority over faculty and curriculum, which suggests the institution/organization, not just the building. So this is unlikely.

 3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
    - This refers to the process of education (schooling). The context says "schools should have principals" - you don't say "schooling should have principals". So this is wrong.

 4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
    - This is about artistic/intellectual movements (like "the Impressionist school"). The context is clearly about educational institutions, not artistic movements.

 5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
    - This refers to the time period. "Schools should have principals" - time periods don't have principals. Wrong.

 6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
    - This refers to the people (faculty and students) collectively. The context says schools should have principals with authority over faculty. If "schools" here meant just the faculty and students, it would be odd to say they should have principals (since the faculty are part of the school in this sense). Also, the example "the whole school turned out for the game" suggests the people collectively. But the context emphasizes the institution having a principal with authority over faculty, curriculum, etc., which suggests the organizational entity.

 7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by
    - This is fish. Clearly wrong in this educational context.

 Now, between sense 1 and sense 6:
 - Sense 1: "an educational institution" - the organization/entity
 - Sense 6: "an educational institution's faculty and students" - the people

 The context: "schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty..."
 - If "schools" = faculty and students (sense 6), then it would mean "the faculty and students should have principals..." which is a bit circular since the principal is part of the faculty/administration.
 - If "schools" = educational institution (sense 1), then it means "educational institutions should have principals..." which makes perfect sense.

 Also, the phrase "the best schools are those that are free of outside interference" - this refers to the institutions being well-governed.

 The examples for sense 1: "the school was founded in 1900" - this treats school as an institution.
 The examples for sense 6: "the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game" - these treat school as the people (faculty and students collectively).

 In the target sentence, "schools" are entities that "have principals" and are "governed by a powerful head". This aligns with sense 1 (educational institution) rather than sense 6 (the faculty and students).

 Therefore, the best sense is sense 1.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys to make sure I understand the indexing correctly. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=school%1:14:00::
 2. sense_key=school%1:06:00::
 3. sense_key=school%1:09:00::
 4. sense_key=school%1:14:02::
 5. sense_key=school%1:28:00::
 6. sense_key=school%1:14:03::
 7. sense_key=school%1:14:01::

 So the index numbers 1-7 correspond to the order given. I need to return {"sense_index": 1}.

 Actually, looking carefully at the context again: "Most important of all, schools should have principals..."
 This is clearly referring to educational institutions as organizational entities.

 Also, the broader context discusses "American students", "textbooks", "teaching methods", "New Math", etc., all pointing to educational institutions.

 So yes, sense 1 is correct.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: principal
Target surface form: principals
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have <t>principals</t> with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=principal%1:21:01:: | definition=the original amount of a debt on which interest is calculated
2. sense_key=principal%1:18:00:: | definition=the educator who has executive authority for a school | synonyms=school principal, head teacher, head | examples=she sent unruly pupils to see the principal
3. sense_key=principal%1:18:01:: | definition=an actor who plays a principal role | synonyms=star, lead
4. sense_key=principal%1:21:02:: | definition=capital as contrasted with the income derived from it | synonyms=corpus, principal sum
5. sense_key=principal%1:18:03:: | definition=(criminal law) any person involved in a criminal offense, regardless of whether the person profits from such involvement
6. sense_key=principal%1:18:02:: | definition=the major party to a financial transaction at a stock exchange; buys and sells for his own account | synonyms=dealer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "principals" (surface form) with lemma "principal" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:

 The text is discussing education, specifically about schools and how they should be run. The key sentence is:
 "Most important of all, schools should have <t>principals</t> with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."

 The context mentions:
 - Schools
 - Authority over faculty
 - Curriculum
 - Student discipline
 - References to "head" in the next sentence: "governed by a powerful head"

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. principal%1:21:01:: - original amount of a debt (financial meaning)
 2. principal%1:18:00:: - the educator who has executive authority for a school; synonyms: school principal, head teacher, head; example: "she sent unruly pupils to see the principal"
 3. principal%1:18:01:: - an actor who plays a principal role (theatrical meaning)
 4. principal%1:21:02:: - capital as contrasted with income (financial meaning)
 5. principal%1:18:03:: - (criminal law) any person involved in a criminal offense
 6. principal%1:18:02:: - the major party to a financial transaction at a stock exchange

 The context clearly talks about schools having principals with authority over faculty, curriculum, and student discipline. This matches sense 2 perfectly:
 - Definition: "the educator who has executive authority for a school"
 - Synonyms: "school principal, head teacher, head"
 - Example: "she sent unruly pupils to see the principal"

 The surrounding context also supports this with phrases like "governed by a powerful head" (where "head" is a synonym for principal in this sense).

 Therefore, the correct sense is sense_key=principal%1:18:00::, which corresponds to sense_index 2 in the list provided.

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=principal%1:21:01::
 2. sense_key=principal%1:18:00::
 3. sense_key=principal%1:18:01::
 4. sense_key=principal%1:21:02::
 5. sense_key=principal%1:18:03::
 6. sense_key=principal%1:18:02::

 So sense 2 is the one about the educator/school principal.

 The answer should be: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: measure
Target surface form: measure
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large <t>measure</t> of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=measure%1:04:01:: | definition=any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal | synonyms=step | examples=the situation called for strong measures; the police took steps to reduce crime
2. sense_key=measure%1:03:00:: | definition=how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify | synonyms=quantity, amount
3. sense_key=measure%1:10:02:: | definition=a statute in draft before it becomes law | synonyms=bill | examples=they held a public hearing on the bill
4. sense_key=measure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule | synonyms=measurement, measuring, mensuration | examples=the measurements were carefully done; his mental measurings proved remarkably accurate
5. sense_key=measure%1:10:03:: | definition=a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated | synonyms=standard, criterion, touchstone | examples=the schools comply with federal standards; they set the measure for all subsequent work
6. sense_key=measure%1:10:01:: | definition=(prosody) the accent in a metrical foot of verse | synonyms=meter, metre, beat, cadence
7. sense_key=measure%1:10:00:: | definition=musical notation for a repeating pattern of musical beats | synonyms=bar | examples=the orchestra omitted the last twelve bars of the song
8. sense_key=measure%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument having a sequence of marks at regular intervals; used as a reference in making measurements | synonyms=measuring stick, measuring rod
9. sense_key=measure%1:06:01:: | definition=a container of some standard capacity that is used to obtain fixed amounts of a substance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "measure" in the given context.

Context analysis:
The sentence is: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large <t>measure</t> of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."

The phrase is "a large measure of authority". This is an idiomatic expression meaning a considerable amount or degree of authority.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=measure%1:04:01:: | definition=any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal | synonyms=step | examples=the situation called for strong measures; the police took steps to reduce crime
- This refers to actions or steps taken. Not fitting here.

2. sense_key=measure%1:03:00:: | definition=how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify | synonyms=quantity, amount
- This seems promising. "A large measure of authority" = a large amount/quantity of authority.

3. sense_key=measure%1:10:02:: | definition=a statute in draft before it becomes law | synonyms=bill
- This is a legislative bill. Not relevant.

4. sense_key=measure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule | synonyms=measurement, measuring, mensuration
- This is the act of measuring. Not relevant.

5. sense_key=measure%1:10:03:: | definition=a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated | synonyms=standard, criterion, touchstone
- This refers to a standard or criterion. While "measure" can mean standard, "a large measure of" is not typically used to mean "a large standard of".

6. sense_key=measure%1:10:01:: | definition=(prosody) the accent in a metrical foot of verse | synonyms=meter, metre, beat, cadence
- Poetic meter. Not relevant.

7. sense_key=measure%1:10:00:: | definition=musical notation for a repeating pattern of musical beats | synonyms=bar
- Musical measure/bar. Not relevant.

8. sense_key=measure%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument having a sequence of marks at regular intervals; used as a reference in making measurements | synonyms=measuring stick, measuring rod
- Physical measuring tool. Not relevant.

9. sense_key=measure%1:06:01:: | definition=a container of some standard capacity that is used to obtain fixed amounts of a substance
- Container for measuring (like a cup measure). Not relevant.

The phrase "a large measure of" is an idiom meaning "a large amount/degree of". This corresponds to sense 2: "how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify" with synonyms "quantity, amount".

In WordNet, sense 2 (measure%1:03:00::) is the "quantity, amount" sense. The phrase "measure of" often indicates this sense, as in "a measure of respect", "a measure of freedom", etc., meaning a certain amount or degree.

So the best sense is sense 2 (index 2).

Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user lists them as:
1. sense_key=measure%1:04:01::
2. sense_key=measure%1:03:00::
3. sense_key=measure%1:10:02::
4. sense_key=measure%1:04:00::
5. sense_key=measure%1:10:03::
6. sense_key=measure%1:10:01::
7. sense_key=measure%1:10:00::
8. sense_key=measure%1:06:00::
9. sense_key=measure%1:06:01::

So sense 2 corresponds to index 2.

Definition: "how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify"
Synonyms: quantity, amount

Yes, "a large measure of authority" = a large amount/quantity of authority.

Therefore, the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: authority
Target surface form: authority
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of <t>authority</t> over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=authority%1:07:00:: | definition=the power or right to give orders or make decisions | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, potency, dominance, say-so | examples=he has the authority to issue warrants; deputies are given authorization to make arrests
2. sense_key=authority%1:18:01:: | definition=(usually plural) persons who exercise (administrative) control over others | examples=the authorities have issued a curfew
3. sense_key=authority%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert whose views are taken as definitive | examples=he is an authority on corporate law
4. sense_key=authority%1:09:00:: | definition=freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities | synonyms=assurance, self-assurance, confidence, self-confidence, sureness | examples=his assurance in his superiority did not make him popular; after that failure he lost his confidence
5. sense_key=authority%1:14:00:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, office | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
6. sense_key=authority%1:07:02:: | definition=official permission or approval | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, sanction | examples=authority for the program was renewed several times
7. sense_key=authority%1:10:00:: | definition=an authoritative written work | examples=this book is the final authority on the life of Milton

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "authority" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text discusses education, textbooks, schools, and principals.
- The specific sentence is: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of <t>authority</authority> over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."
- The context suggests that principals should have power/control over faculty, curriculum, and student discipline.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=authority%1:07:00:: | definition=the power or right to give orders or make decisions | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, potency, dominance, say-so | examples=he has the authority to issue warrants; deputies are given authorization to make arrests

This seems to fit well. The sentence talks about principals having "a large measure of authority" over faculty, curriculum, and discipline. This is about the power or right to give orders or make decisions.

2. sense_key=authority%1:18:01:: | definition=(usually plural) persons who exercise (administrative) control over others | examples=the authorities have issued a curfew

This refers to people (usually plural), but in the context, "authority" is used as a singular mass noun concept (a large measure of authority), not referring to people.

3. sense_key=authority%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert whose views are taken as definitive | examples=he is an authority on corporate law

This refers to an expert person. The context is not saying principals should be experts, but that they should have power/control.

4. sense_key=authority%1:09:00:: | definition=freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities | synonyms=assurance, self-assurance, confidence, self-confidence, sureness | examples=his assurance in his superiority did not make him popular; after that failure he lost his confidence

This is about self-confidence, not the context here.

5. sense_key=authority%1:14:00:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, office | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau

This refers to organizations/institutions. The context is talking about a quality/principal possesses, not an organization.

6. sense_key=authority%1:07:02:: | definition=official permission or approval | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, sanction | examples=authority for the program was renewed several times

This is about permission/approval, often used in contexts like "have authority to do something" meaning permission. But sense 1 seems broader and fits better - it's about the power/right to give orders, which encompasses control over faculty, curriculum, and discipline.

7. sense_key=authority%1:10:00:: | definition=an authoritative written work | examples=this book is the final authority on the life of Milton

This refers to a book or written work. Not relevant here.

Comparing sense 1 and sense 6:
- Sense 1: "the power or right to give orders or make decisions" - this fits having control over faculty, curriculum, and discipline.
- Sense 6: "official permission or approval" - this is more specific to having permission to do something, often from a higher power.

The phrase "authority over" strongly suggests sense 1 - power or right to control/give orders. The examples for sense 1 include "he has the authority to issue warrants" which is similar to having authority over faculty.

Also, the mention of "a large measure of" suggests a quantity of power/right, which fits sense 1 (power/right) better than sense 6 (permission/approval).

The context is about governance and administrative control - principals having the power to make decisions regarding faculty, curriculum, and discipline.

Therefore, sense 1 (authority%1:07:00::) is the best fit.

Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys to make sure I'm mapping correctly:
- 1:07:00 - the power or right to give orders or make decisions
- 1:18:01 - persons who exercise control (authorities)
- 1:18:00 - an expert
- 1:09:00 - freedom from doubt (confidence)
- 1:14:00 - administrative unit
- 1:07:02 - official permission or approval
- 1:10:00 - authoritative written work

Yes, sense 1 (index 1 in the list) is the correct choice.

The JSON output should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: faculty
Target surface form: faculty
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the <t>faculty</t>, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=faculty%1:09:00:: | definition=one of the inherent cognitive or perceptual powers of the mind | synonyms=mental faculty, module
2. sense_key=faculty%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of teachers and administrators at a school | synonyms=staff | examples=the dean addressed the letter to the entire staff of the university

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "faculty" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 The sentence is: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the <t>faculty</t>, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."

 Key clues:
 1. The context is about schools, principals, curriculum, and student discipline.
 2. Principals have authority over the "faculty"
 3. It's grouped with "curriculum" and "student discipline" as things principals should have authority over.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=faculty%1:09:00:: | definition=one of the inherent cognitive or perceptual powers of the mind | synonyms=mental faculty, module
    - This refers to mental abilities/powers (like memory, perception, etc.)
    - Doesn't fit the context about schools and principals having authority over people.

 2. sense_key=faculty%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of teachers and administrators at a school | synonyms=staff | examples=the dean addressed the letter to the entire staff of the university
    - This refers to the teaching staff at a school/university.
    - Fits perfectly: principals have authority over teachers (faculty), curriculum, and discipline.
    - Synonym "staff" fits well.
    - The example mentions "dean" and "university" which is educational context.

 The context clearly indicates sense 2: the body of teachers and administrators at a school. The principal has authority over the teaching staff (faculty), along with curriculum and discipline.

 So the answer should be sense_index 2.

 Wait, looking at the instructions:
 "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

 But the senses are numbered 1 and 2 in the candidate list. So I should return {"sense_index": 2}.

 Let me double-check:
 - Sense 1: mental faculty (cognitive powers)
 - Sense 2: teaching staff

 Context: "principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty"
 - Principals are school administrators
 - They have authority over teachers
 - This matches sense 2 perfectly.

 Yes, sense 2 is correct.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: matter
Target surface form: matters
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all <t>matters</t> of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=matter%1:09:01:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=affair, thing | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
2. sense_key=matter%1:09:00:: | definition=some situation or event that is thought about | synonyms=topic, subject, issue | examples=he kept drifting off the topic; he had been thinking about the subject for several years
3. sense_key=matter%1:03:00:: | definition=that which has mass and occupies space | examples=physicists study both the nature of matter and the forces which govern it
4. sense_key=matter%1:09:02:: | definition=a problem | examples=is anything the matter?
5. sense_key=matter%1:07:00:: | definition=(used with negation) having consequence | examples=they were friends and it was no matter who won the games
6. sense_key=matter%1:10:00:: | definition=written works (especially in books or magazines) | examples=he always took some reading matter with him on the plane

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "matters" in the given context.

 Target lemma: matter
 Target surface form: matters
 Context: "...schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all <t>matters</t> of student discipline."

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence discusses principals having authority over faculty, curriculum, and "matters" of student discipline.
 - "Matters of student discipline" refers to issues, concerns, or affairs related to student discipline.
 - The phrase "all matters of student discipline" suggests various concerns or affairs regarding student discipline.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=matter%1:09:01:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=affair, thing | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
    - This fits well. "Matters of student discipline" means affairs/concerns of student discipline. The synonym "affair" fits perfectly (affairs of student discipline).
    - Example: "several matters to attend to" - similar usage.

 2. sense_key=matter%1:09:00:: | definition=some situation or event that is thought about | synonyms=topic, subject, issue | examples=he kept drifting off the topic; he had been thinking about the subject for several years
    - This refers to topics or subjects being discussed or thought about.
    - While "matters of discipline" could be topics, sense 1 with "affair/concern" seems more appropriate for administrative contexts involving authority over affairs.

 3. sense_key=matter%1:03:00:: | definition=that which has mass and occupies space | examples=physicists study both the nature of matter and the forces which govern it
    - Physical substance. Clearly not relevant here.

 4. sense_key=matter%1:09:02:: | definition=a problem | examples=is anything the matter?
    - This is usually used in specific phrases like "what's the matter?" or "something is the matter."
    - "Matters of discipline" doesn't mean "problems of discipline" in this context, though it could be ambiguous. But "problem" is too specific - it's about affairs/concerns in general, not necessarily problems.

 5. sense_key=matter%1:07:00:: | definition=(used with negation) having consequence | examples=they were friends and it was no matter who won the games
    - This is usually in phrases like "no matter" or "what does it matter?"
    - Not relevant here.

 6. sense_key=matter%1:10:00:: | definition=written works (especially in books or magazines) | examples=he always took some reading matter with him on the plane
    - Reading material. Not relevant.

 So it's between sense 1 and sense 2.

 Sense 1: "a vaguely specified concern" - synonyms: affair, thing
 Sense 2: "some situation or event that is thought about" - synonyms: topic, subject, issue

 The phrase is "all matters of student discipline."
 - "Matters of..." is a common collocation with sense 1 (affairs/concerns of...)
 - "Matters of state", "matters of importance", "legal matters", "financial matters"
 - These refer to affairs, things, or concerns that need to be dealt with.

 In the context of a principal having authority over "matters of student discipline," this refers to affairs or concerns regarding student discipline - the administrative issues, decisions, and situations related to discipline.

 Sense 2 (topic/subject) would be more appropriate if it were about discussing or thinking about something, like "the matter of student discipline was discussed." But here it's about authority over these affairs/concerns.

 Also, the plural form "matters" strongly suggests sense 1 ("several matters to attend to").

 Therefore, sense 1 (matter%1:09:01::) is the best choice.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense indices. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=matter%1:09:01::
 2. sense_key=matter%1:09:00::
 3. sense_key=matter%1:03:00::
 4. sense_key=matter%1:09:02::
 5. sense_key=matter%1:07:00::
 6. sense_key=matter%1:10:00::

 So I need to return the index number. If sense 1 in the list is the correct one, I return {"sense_index": 1}.

 Let me verify:
 - sense 1: a vaguely specified concern (affair, thing) - "matters to attend to", "none of your affair"
 - sense 2: topic, subject, issue - "drifting off the topic", "thinking about the subject"

 In the sentence: "authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."

 This is parallel structure:
 - faculty (people)
 - curriculum (content/plan)
 - matters of student discipline (affairs/concerns regarding discipline)

 "Matters of student discipline" = affairs of student discipline = things/concerns related to student discipline.

 This aligns with sense 1.

 Also, looking at typical usage:
 - "matters of state" (affairs)
 - "legal matters" (legal affairs/concerns)
 - "financial matters"

 These all align with sense 1.

 Sense 2 would be more like: "the matter of student discipline is complex" (the topic/subject).

 So yes, sense 1 is correct.

 Wait, I should check if "matters" in "matters of student discipline" could be sense 4 (a problem). No, that doesn't fit. "All problems of student discipline" would change the meaning - it's not saying all problems, but all affairs/concerns/areas of discipline.

 Therefore, the answer is sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: student
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of <t>student</t> discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "student" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 The text is discussing education, schools, textbooks, and teaching methods. The specific sentence containing the target word is: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."

 Here, "student discipline" refers to the discipline of students in a school setting - i.e., managing the behavior of pupils/learners in an educational institution.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
    - This refers to someone who is learning at a school, college, etc.
    - "Student discipline" would mean discipline of these learners/pupils.

 2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman
    - This refers to a scholar or learned person, not necessarily someone currently enrolled in school.
    - This is more like "a student of life" or an expert/scholar.

 In the context of "student discipline" in a school setting (mentioned alongside "faculty" and "curriculum"), this clearly refers to pupils/learners enrolled in the school, not to learned scholars.

 The context discusses:
 - American students doing poorly in math tests
 - Students who cannot add or subtract
 - Schools having principals with authority over student discipline

 This is clearly referring to sense 1: learners enrolled in educational institutions (pupils).

 Sense 2 would be used in contexts like "He is a student of philosophy" meaning he is a scholar/expert in philosophy, or "a student of human nature" - someone who studies something deeply. But here we're talking about school discipline, math tests, etc. - clearly referring to pupils.

 Therefore, the correct sense is index 1.

 Wait, I need to check the format. The user wants:
 {"sense_index": 3}

 But the senses are numbered 1 and 2 in the candidate list. So I should return:
 {"sense_index": 1}

 Let me double-check:
 - Sense 1: learner enrolled in educational institution (pupil, educatee)
 - Sense 2: learned person, scholar

 Context: "matters of student discipline" in a school with principals, faculty, curriculum. This is definitely sense 1.

 The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.