[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: compare
Target surface form: compared
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists <t>compared</t> the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=compare%2:31:00:: | definition=examine and note the similarities or differences of | examples=John compared his haircut to his friend's; We compared notes after we had both seen the movie
2. sense_key=compare%2:42:00:: | definition=be comparable | examples=This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes
3. sense_key=compare%2:31:01:: | definition=consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous | synonyms=liken, equate | examples=We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans; You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed
4. sense_key=compare%2:32:00:: | definition=to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "compared" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists <t>compared</t> the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical..."
 - The scientists are examining two genes: the one they found in human cancer cells and Mr. Levine's p53 gene.
 - They are looking at similarities/differences between these two genes.
 - The result is that they "found the two were identical."

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=compare%2:31:00:: | definition=examine and note the similarities or differences of | examples=John compared his haircut to his friend's; We compared notes after we had both seen the movie
    - This involves examining two things to see how they are similar or different.
    - The context fits: scientists examined the two genes to see if they were the same or different.

 2. sense_key=compare%2:42:00:: | definition=be comparable | examples=This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes
    - This is intransitive usage meaning "to be worthy of comparison" or "to be on a par with."
    - The target word "compared" in the context is transitive (compared X with Y), so this doesn't fit.

 3. sense_key=compare%2:31:01:: | definition=consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous | synonyms=liken, equate | examples=We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans; You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed
    - This sense is about likening one thing to another, treating them as similar or analogous.
    - While there is similarity involved, the context emphasizes the act of examining/testing to see if they match, not just asserting they are similar.
    - The key difference: sense 1 is about the act of examination to find similarities/differences, while sense 3 is about asserting or considering similarity (likening).
    - The example "We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans" suggests drawing an analogy.
    - In the context, they are actually checking if they are identical, not just drawing an analogy.

 4. sense_key=compare%2:32:00:: | definition=to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb
    - This is a grammatical operation, clearly not relevant here.

 Between sense 1 and sense 3:
 - Sense 1: "examine and note the similarities or differences of" - This fits the scientific context where they are analyzing the two genes to see if they match.
 - Sense 3: "consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous" - This would imply they are asserting the similarity, but the text says they compared them and THEN found they were identical. The comparison is the method of examination.

 The structure "compared X with Y" and the subsequent discovery that "the two were identical" strongly suggests sense 1 - the act of examining to note similarities or differences.

 Also, looking at the examples for sense 1: "John compared his haircut to his friend's" - this is exactly the structure used in the text (compared A with B).

 Therefore, the best sense is sense 1 (index 1).

 Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=compare%2:31:00::
 2. sense_key=compare%2:42:00::
 3. sense_key=compare%2:31:01::
 4. sense_key=compare%2:32:00::

 So sense_index should be 1.

 Actually, looking carefully at sense 3: "consider or describe as similar..." - this is more about metaphorical comparison or equating. The context here is literal scientific comparison of DNA sequences to check for identity.

 The phrase "compared the gene they had found... with... p53 gene" is about examining both to note similarities/differences, which is exactly sense 1.

 Final answer: {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had <t>found</t> in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "found" (lemma: find) in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about scientific discovery, specifically about finding a gene (p53) in human cancer cells.
 - The specific sentence is: "when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had <t>found</t> in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical"
 - So "found" here means they discovered/located the gene in the human cancer cells through their research.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: - come upon by accident/chance (happen, chance, bump, encounter)
    - This doesn't fit because the scientists were actively searching for the gene, not stumbling upon it by accident.

 2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: - discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (detect, observe, discover, notice)
    - This could work. They detected/discovered the gene in the cells.

 3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: - come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost (regain)
    - This implies searching for something that was lost or missed. While they were searching, this sense is more about locating something physical that was lost (like glasses or gloves). The gene wasn't "lost" in that sense, it was being discovered/experimentally identified.

 4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: - establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (determine, find out, ascertain)
    - This fits well. The scientists conducted experiments/investigations to establish the presence of the gene. The examples include "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" which is very similar to finding a gene in scientific research.

 5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: - come to believe on the basis of emotion/intuitions (feel)
    - Not applicable. This is scientific discovery, not emotional belief.

 6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: - perceive or be contemporaneous with (witness, see)
    - Not quite right. They didn't just witness it, they discovered it through research.

 7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: - get something or somebody for a specific purpose (line up, get hold, come up)
    - This is about obtaining something for a purpose, not discovering something in research.

 8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: - make a discovery, make a new finding (discover)
    - This is also a strong candidate. "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" - this is very similar to finding a gene.

 9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: - make a discovery (discover)
    - "She found that he had lied to her" - this is about discovering a fact, not a physical entity. The gene is a physical entity (or biological entity).

 10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: - obtain through effort or management
     - This is about obtaining resources like time or money, not discovering scientific entities.

 11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: - decide on and make a declaration about (rule)
     - Legal context, not applicable.

 12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: - receive a specified treatment (abstract)
     - Not applicable.

 13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: - perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place
     - Not applicable.

 14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: - get or find back; recover the use of (recover, retrieve, regain)
     - Not applicable, they didn't lose the gene and recover it.

 15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: - succeed in reaching; arrive at
     - "The arrow found its mark" - not applicable.

 16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: - accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation (find oneself)
     - Not applicable.

 Now I need to decide between sense 2, 4, and 8 (and maybe 9).

 Sense 2 (find%2:39:02::): "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - synonyms: detect, observe, discover, notice. Examples: "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint"

 Sense 4 (find%2:32:00::): "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain. Examples: "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize"

 Sense 8 (find%2:36:00::): "make a discovery, make a new finding" - synonyms: discover. Examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"

 The context is about scientists finding a gene in human cancer cells. This is a scientific discovery context.

 Sense 4 emphasizes the process of establishing something through investigation/experiment. The example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" is very close to finding a gene.

 Sense 8 emphasizes "make a discovery, make a new finding" - the examples are about discovering X-rays and new elementary particles.

 Sense 2 is more about detecting existence or presence, like finding traces of lead.

 In the context: "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells" - this refers to the result of their experimental work. They were conducting experiments (as mentioned earlier: "Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice...").

 Looking at the broader context, earlier it says "When they found it last winter" referring to finding the gene. And "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."

 The specific instance in question is: "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells"

 This is a scientific discovery. Both sense 4 and 8 seem relevant.

 However, sense 4 (find%2:32:00::) specifically mentions "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" which matches the scientific methodology described. The example about the physicist finding the elusive particle is almost exactly parallel to finding a gene.

 Sense 8 (find%2:36:00::) is "make a discovery, make a new finding" - this is also good, but sense 4 is more specific about the scientific process of establishing through investigation.

 Sense 2 (find%2:39:02::) is about discovering existence/presence, but the examples suggest more passive detection (detecting lead levels, finding traces) rather than the active experimental discovery of a new gene.

 Actually, looking carefully at the WordNet sense keys:
 - find%2:32:00:: is under verb.cognition (I think) - "establish after a calculation..."
 - find%2:36:00:: is under verb.creation - "make a discovery, make a new finding"
 - find%2:39:02:: is under verb.perception - "discover or determine the existence..."

 The context is about scientific research and discovery. The gene was discovered through experiments.

 But wait, looking at the specific sentence again: "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells" - this is about locating/identifying the gene within the cells through their research.

 Sense 4 seems best because:
 1. It involves investigation/experiment/study (which matches the scientific context)
 2. The example "The physicist who found the elusive particle" is directly analogous to finding a gene
 3. It implies establishing the location/identity through scientific means

 Sense 8 is also strong, but "make a new finding" might imply discovering something entirely new to science, whereas here they were looking for a specific gene and found it (though it turned out to be identical to p53). Actually, they were comparing the gene they found with p53, so they had identified/extracted/located it through their study.

 Let me reconsider sense 3: "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" - this is about physical objects like glasses. The gene isn't a physical object that was lost.

 Actually, looking at the examples for sense 8: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" - this is exactly the type of scientific discovery being described.

 But sense 4's example: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" is also exactly this type.

 The difference between sense 4 and 8 might be subtle. Sense 4 is "establish after a calculation, investigation..." while sense 8 is "make a discovery, make a new finding".

 In WordNet, sense 4 (find%2:32:00::) is typically used for finding results, answers, etc. through study. Sense 8 (find%2:36:00::) is for discovering new things.

 Given that they were looking for a gene that suppresses growth and found it in human cancer cells, and this is described as a discovery ("The discovery suddenly puts..."), sense 8 might be appropriate.

 However, looking at the specific usage: "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells" - this is more about identifying/locating it through their experimental study rather than "making a new finding" in the sense of a breakthrough discovery (though it was a discovery).

 Actually, looking at the text flow:
 - "When they found it last winter" - first mention
 - "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found" - second mention
 - "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells" - third mention (the target)

 All three refer to the same act of discovery through scientific investigation.

 Between sense 2, 4, and 8:
 - Sense 2 is too passive/perceptual (detecting presence)
 - Sense 4 emphasizes the process of establishing through study
 - Sense 8 emphasizes the act of discovery itself

 The synonyms for sense 4 are: determine, find out, ascertain
 The synonyms for sense 8 are: discover

 In the context: "when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found..." - the "found" here is synonymous with "identified through their research" or "determined to exist through their experiments".

 I think sense 4 (find%2:32:00::) is the best fit because it captures the scientific process of establishing something through investigation and study. The example about the physicist finding the particle is the closest parallel.

 Wait, I should check if there's a sense about "discovering something by searching". Sense 3 is about that but for lost objects. Sense 1 is accidental.

 Actually, looking at the Princeton WordNet documentation or typical usage:
 - find.01 (sense 1 in some ordering) - locate (find the money)
 - find.02 - discovery (find that X-rays exist)
 - find.03 - perceive (find that he is nice)

 But in this WordNet indexing:
 find%2:40:00:: is "come upon after searching" (locating lost items)
 find%2:32:00:: is "establish after calculation..." (scientific finding)
 find%2:36:00:: is "make a discovery" (scientific breakthrough)

 The key difference between 4 and 8 might be that 4 is about finding facts/answers/results through investigation, while 8 is about discovering new entities/phenomena.

 Here, they found a gene (an entity) in cells. But they were comparing it with another gene, so they had isolated/identified it.

 I think sense 4 is slightly better because the context emphasizes the experimental investigation: "Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice", "the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene", "the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found".

 The process of finding involved experiments and comparison - establishing the identity through investigation.

 However, sense 8 is also very strong. Let me look at the examples again:

 Sense 4 examples: "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize"
 Sense 8 examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"

 Both seem applicable. But sense 4's first example is mathematical (product of two numbers), which is calculation. The second is physics discovery.

 Sense 8's examples are both about discovering new physical phenomena/entities.

 Since a gene is a physical entity (biological), and this is a discovery of that entity, sense 8 might be better.

 But wait, the definition of sense 8 is "make a discovery, make a new finding". The definition of sense 4 is "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study".

 The scientists established the presence/identity of the gene through their investigation. This fits sense 4 perfectly.

 Also, looking at the target sentence: "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells" - this parallels "found the elusive particle" (sense 4) more than "discovered X-rays" (sense 8), because X-rays were a completely new phenomenon, whereas this gene was being sought after (they were "looking for a gene that suppressed growth").

 Actually, they didn't know it was p53 at first. They found a gene, then compared it and found it was identical to p53. So they discovered the identity/established what it was.

 I think sense 4 is the best choice.

 Let me double-check sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". This is also possible. But the examples are about detecting lead levels and traces - more about detection/perception. The scientists didn't just detect the gene, they established its identity through experimental study.

 Sense 4 it is.

 Index 4 corresponds to sense_key=find%2:32:00::.

 Wait, I need to make sure about the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=find%2:40:02::
 2. sense_key=find%2:39:02::
 3. sense_key=find%2:40:00::
 4. sense_key=find%2:32:00::
 5. sense_key=find%2:31:10::
 6. sense_key=find%2:39:01::
 7. sense_key=find%2:40:01::
 8. sense_key=find%2:36:00::
 9. sense_key=find%2:31:09::
 10. sense_key=find%2:40:03::
 11. sense_key=find%2:32:01::
 12. sense_key=find%2:30:00::
 13. sense_key=find%2:39:05::
 14. sense_key=find%2:40:15::
 15. sense_key=find%2:38:10::
 16. sense_key=find%2:30:13::

 So sense 4 is find%2:32:00::.

 Actually, looking at the context one more time, I see: "when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical"

 The second "found" in this sentence ("they found the two were identical") might be sense 4 or sense 9 (make a discovery - that they were identical). But the target is the first one: "the gene they had <t>found</t> in the human cancer cells".

 This is clearly about discovering/locating the gene through their research.

 I think sense 4 (index 4) is correct.

 But let me reconsider sense 8. The definition is "make a discovery, make a new finding". The gene was indeed a new finding (though it turned out to be p53, they didn't know that initially). The examples include finding a new elementary particle, which is exactly analogous to finding a gene.

 However, sense 4 includes "establish after... experiment" which is exactly what they did.

 I think both are defensible, but sense 4 is slightly better because it emphasizes the methodological aspect (calculation, investigation, experiment) which is prominent in the context, whereas sense 8 emphasizes the novelty of the finding ("make a new finding").

 Also, looking at WordNet's actual usage, find%2:32:00:: is often used for "find" in the sense of determining something through study, while find%2:36:00:: is for the act of discovery itself.

 Given the instruction to choose the single best sense and not hedge, I'll go with index 4.

 Wait, I should check if "found" in this context could be sense 3 (come upon after searching). The examples for sense 3 are "Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!" This is clearly about locating lost personal items. The gene was not lost; it was being sought through scientific investigation. So no.

 Sense 1 is accidental ("bump, encounter") - no.

 So it's between 2, 4, and 8.

 Sense 2: detect/observe existence - too passive
 Sense 8: make a discovery - possible
 Sense 4: establish through investigation - best fit

 Final answer: {"sense_index": 4}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Novita

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: human
Target surface form: human
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the <t>human</t> cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=human%3:01:00:: | definition=characteristic of humanity | examples=human nature
2. sense_key=human%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to a person | examples=the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects
3. sense_key=human%3:00:00:: | definition=having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings | examples=human beings; the human body

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "human" in the given context.

Target: human
Context: "...when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the <t>human</t> cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene..."

Candidate senses:
1. human%3:01:00:: - characteristic of humanity | examples: human nature
2. human%3:01:01:: - relating to a person | examples: the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects
3. human%3:00:00:: - having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings | examples: human beings; the human body

Let me analyze the context. The phrase is "human cancer cells". This means cancer cells from humans (as opposed to mice, which were mentioned earlier in the context: "experiments with mice").

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "human nature" - this is about the abstract quality/characteristic of humanity.
- Sense 2: "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects" - this relates to persons/subjects. The example shows "human subjects" meaning subjects that are persons/humans as opposed to monkeys.
- Sense 3: "human beings; the human body" - having human form or attributes as opposed to animals or divine beings.

Wait, let me look more carefully at the WordNet senses. The sense keys are:
1. human%3:01:00:: - adj. all: characteristic of humanity
2. human%3:01:01:: - adj. pert: relating to a person
3. human%3:00:00:: - adj. all: having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings

Actually, looking at WordNet, the typical senses for "human" as an adjective are:
- human%3:01:00:: (pertaining to or characteristic of humanity) - "human nature"
- human%3:01:01:: (relating to or involving people) - "human subjects"
- human%3:00:00:: (having human form or attributes) - "human body"

In the phrase "human cancer cells", we are talking about cancer cells derived from humans, as opposed to the mouse cells mentioned earlier in the text ("experiments with mice").

Sense 2's example is "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects" - this directly contrasts human vs. animal (monkeys). Similarly, our context contrasts human cancer cells vs. mouse cancer cells.

Sense 3's examples are "human beings; the human body" - this is about the physical form/attributes.

Sense 1 is about abstract characteristics ("human nature").

The context is about comparing genes found in human cancer cells versus p53 gene from mice experiments. So "human" here means "from/of humans" as opposed to mice/animals.

Sense 2 "relating to a person" seems closest, but let me reconsider the exact WordNet definitions.

Actually, looking at standard WordNet 3.0:
- human (a) (3:00:00::): having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings. "human beings"; "the human body"; "human kindness"; "human frailty"
- human (a) (3:01:00::): characteristic of humanity. "human nature"
- human (a) (3:01:01::): relating to a person. "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects"

Wait, is sense 2 really "relating to a person"? Let me think. In WordNet, the pertainym for "human" might be defined as "relating to or involving people". The example "human subjects" clearly contrasts with monkeys.

In "human cancer cells", the word is classifying the type of cancer cells - they are from humans. This is similar to "human subjects" - subjects that are human beings.

But sense 3 "having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings" also seems relevant because it distinguishes human vs. animal. The examples include "human body" and "human beings".

Let me think about the difference between sense 2 and sense 3.

Sense 3 (3:00:00::) seems to be the general adjective meaning "of or pertaining to human beings", often used in biological/physical contexts: human body, human beings. It emphasizes the form/attributes.

Sense 2 (3:01:01::) is specifically "relating to a person" with the example contrasting monkeys and human subjects. This seems to be the sense used when distinguishing species in experimental contexts.

Actually, looking at the WordNet hierarchy:
- 3:00:00:: is usually the "of or relating to" basic adjective sense
- 3:01:00:: and 3:01:01:: are more specific

But wait, the definition for 3:00:00:: is "having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings". This is explicitly contrastive with animals. The context explicitly contrasts with mice (animals).

The definition for 3:01:01:: is "relating to a person". The example is "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects". This is also contrastive with animals.

However, "human cancer cells" is more like "human body" (biological, species-specific) than "human subjects" (experimental participants). But both could fit.

Let me reconsider the exact WordNet sense distinctions. In many WSD datasets, "human" in "human cells" or "human body" maps to sense 3:00:00:: because it's the general adjectival sense meaning "of humans (as a species)".

Sense 3:01:01:: with example "human subjects" might be more about "involving people" in a social/experimental context.

But the phrase "human cancer cells" is biological - cells from the species Homo sapiens. This is analogous to "human body" (sense 3 example).

Wait, I need to be careful. The user says "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense."

Context: The passage contrasts mice experiments with human cancer cells. The scientists compared the gene from human cancer cells with the mouse p53 gene.

"human cancer cells" = cancer cells from human beings.

Sense 3: "having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings" - examples: human beings; the human body. This sense is about the species/biological nature, distinguishing from animals. This fits perfectly because the text explicitly contrasts with mice.

Sense 2: "relating to a person" - examples: the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects. This is also about distinguishing from monkeys in an experiment. But "subjects" implies persons/individuals, whereas "cells" are just biological material.

Actually, looking at standard WordNet:
- Sense 1 (3:01:00): characteristic of humanity - human nature
- Sense 2 (3:01:01): relating to a person - human subjects
- Sense 3 (3:00:00): having human form or attributes... - human beings, human body

In "human cancer cells", we are describing cells that come from humans. This is most similar to "the human body" (sense 3). The contrast is explicitly with mice (animals), which aligns with sense 3's definition mentioning "as opposed to those of animals".

Sense 2's example contrasts monkeys and human subjects, but the definition "relating to a person" seems slightly off for "cells" since cells aren't persons.

Therefore, sense 3 seems best.

But let me double-check. Is there any reason to prefer sense 2? The example for sense 2 explicitly mentions an experiment with monkeys and human subjects, and our context is also an experiment comparing mice and human cells. However, "subjects" are whole persons, while "cells" are biological components.

Actually, looking at the Princeton WordNet:
human%3:00:00:: (adjective) - having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings
human%3:01:00:: (adjective) - characteristic of humanity
human%3:01:01:: (adjective) - relating to a person

In standard WSD for "human X" where X is a body part or biological entity, it usually goes to 3:00:00::. For example, "human DNA", "human genome", "human tissue" would all be 3:00:00::.

The key is "as opposed to those of animals" - the context explicitly sets up this opposition between mice and humans.

So I will choose sense 3.

Wait, I should verify the indexing. The user lists:
1. sense_key=human%3:01:00::
2. sense_key=human%3:01:01::
3. sense_key=human%3:00:00::

So sense_index 3 corresponds to human%3:00:00::.

Let me make sure. The user asks to return {"sense_index": 3}.

Actually, looking again at the context: "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells". Earlier: "experiments with mice". The contrast is definitely human vs. animal.

Sense 3: "having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings" - this explicitly mentions animals.

Sense 2: "relating to a person" - this doesn't explicitly mention animals, though the example contrasts with monkeys.

Given the explicit contrast with mice (animals) in the text, and the biological nature of "cancer cells" paralleling "human body", sense 3 is the best fit.

Final answer: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they <t>found</t> the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "found" (lemma: find) in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context carefully:

 The sentence containing the target word is: "Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they <t>found</t> the two were identical..."

 Here, "found" means they discovered or determined that the two genes were identical after comparing them. It's about establishing a fact or determining something through investigation/comparison.

 Let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. find%2:40:02:: - come upon, as if by accident; meet with (happen, chance, bump, encounter)
    - This implies accidental discovery, not the case here. They were deliberately comparing.

 2. find%2:39:02:: - discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (detect, observe, discover, notice)
    - This is about detecting existence/presence/fact. The example "We found traces of lead in the paint" fits detecting existence. But here they are determining that two things are identical - establishing a fact through comparison.

 3. find%2:40:00:: - come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost (regain)
    - This is about locating lost items. Not applicable.

 4. find%2:32:00:: - establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (determine, find out, ascertain)
    - Examples: "find the product of two numbers", "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize"
    - This seems very close. They compared the genes (investigation) and established/ascertained that they were identical.

 5. find%2:31:10:: - come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds (feel)
    - Not applicable. This is based on scientific comparison, not emotion.

 6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: - perceive or be contemporaneous with (witness, see)
    - Not quite. They didn't just witness it; they determined it through comparison.

 7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: - get something or somebody for a specific purpose (line up, get hold, come up)
    - Not applicable.

 8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: - make a discovery, make a new finding (discover)
    - Examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays", "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"
    - This is about discovering something new. Here they are finding that two known things are identical, not discovering a new particle/gene.

 9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: - make a discovery (discover)
    - Examples: "She found that he had lied to her", "The story is false, so far as I can discover"
    - This is about discovering a fact. "She found that he had lied" - this is similar to "they found the two were identical". This is about learning/ascertaining a fact.

 10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: - obtain through effort or management
     - Not applicable.

 11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: - decide on and make a declaration about (rule)
     - Legal context, not applicable.

 12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: - receive a specified treatment (abstract)
     - Not applicable.

 13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: - perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place
     - Not applicable.

 14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: - get or find back; recover the use of
     - Not applicable.

 15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: - succeed in reaching; arrive at
     - Not applicable.

 16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: - accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation
     - Not applicable.

 Now I'm torn between sense 4 (find%2:32:00:: - establish after calculation/investigation) and sense 9 (find%2:31:09:: - make a discovery/learn a fact).

 Let me look more carefully at sense 9: "make a discovery" with example "She found that he had lied to her". This is about learning a fact, often through some process of discovery.

 Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" with examples about finding products of numbers or finding particles.

 In the context: "when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical"

 This is a result of comparison/investigation. They established through scientific comparison that the two were identical.

 However, sense 9 also fits: "She found that he had lied to her" - this is learning/discovering a fact.

 But looking at the WordNet hierarchy:
 - Sense 4 (find%2:32:00::) is under verb.cognition (I think) - it's about establishing/ascertaining through study.
 - Sense 9 (find%2:31:09::) is also about making a discovery.

 Actually, looking at the examples:
 - Sense 4: "find the product of two numbers" (calculation), "The physicist who found the elusive particle" (discovery through research)
 - Sense 9: "She found that he had lied to her" (discovering a fact), "The story is false, so far as I can discover"

 The key difference is that sense 4 emphasizes the process of investigation/calculation/study to establish something, while sense 9 is more about the realization or discovery of a fact.

 In the context, they "compared" the genes and then "found" they were identical. This is establishing a fact through investigation/comparison.

 But wait, there's also sense 2: find%2:39:02:: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" with examples about detecting lead, discovering existence.

 Actually, looking at the specific context again: "they found the two were identical" - this is determining a fact (that they are identical).

 Let me check the WordNet sense keys more carefully. The numbers after the lemma indicate:
 - 2: verb
 - 40, 39, 32, 31, etc.: lexicographer file numbers (e.g., 40 = verb.contact, 39 = verb.perception, 32 = verb.cognition, 31 = verb.cognition, etc.)

 Actually:
 - 40 = verb.contact
 - 39 = verb.perception
 - 32 = verb.cognition
 - 31 = verb.cognition
 - 36 = verb.creation
 - 30 = verb.change
 - 38 = verb.motion

 Sense 4 (find%2:32:00::): establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study
 Sense 9 (find%2:31:09::): make a discovery

 Both are cognitive acts.

 But sense 4 seems more specific to scientific/empirical establishment of facts through investigation. The example "The physicist who found the elusive particle" is very similar to scientists finding that two genes are identical.

 However, sense 9 with "She found that he had lied to her" is also very similar syntactically: "they found that the two were identical" vs "she found that he had lied".

 But in the scientific context, sense 4 might be more appropriate because it involves active investigation/comparison to establish a fact.

 Wait, looking at the gloss for sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - this also fits well. They determined the fact that the two were identical.

 But sense 2 examples focus on detecting physical things (lead, traces), not abstract facts like identity.

 Let me reconsider sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" - this is about discovering new things (X-rays, new particles). Here they are not discovering a new gene, but establishing that two known genes are the same.

 So it's between sense 4 and sense 9.

 Sense 4: establish after investigation/calculation
 Sense 9: make a discovery (learn a fact)

 In scientific contexts, when researchers compare things and determine they are identical, they are "establishing" this fact through their investigation.

 However, looking at the example for sense 9: "She found that he had lied to her" - this is exactly the syntactic structure: "found that [clause]".

 The example for sense 4 doesn't have the "found that" structure. It has "find the product" (direct object) and "found the elusive particle" (direct object).

 In the target sentence: "they found the two were identical" - this is "found [that] the two were identical" (clause) or "found the two to be identical" (infinitive). Actually looking closely: "they found the two were identical" - this is likely "found (that) the two were identical".

 This clausal complement structure is very typical of sense 9 (find%2:31:09::) as shown in the example "She found that he had lied to her".

 Sense 4 typically takes direct objects like "the particle", "the product", not clausal complements about facts.

 Therefore, sense 9 seems to be the best fit.

 But wait, let me check if there's any other sense that fits better.

 Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - could this take a clausal complement? The examples don't show it, but "determine the fact of" could work with a clause.

 However, sense 9 is specifically "make a discovery" with the example showing the clausal complement.

 Actually, looking at WordNet documentation:
 - find%2:31:09:: is usually "discover, find" - to learn or discover something for the first time, often followed by a clause.
 - find%2:32:00:: is "determine, find, find out, ascertain" - to establish something after investigation.

 In the context, they are determining/ascertaining through comparison that the genes are identical. This is an act of establishing a fact through investigation.

 But the syntactic pattern "found that..." strongly points to sense 9.

 Let me verify by looking at the other instances of "found" in the text to see if they help:
 - "When they found it last winter" - this is finding a physical thing (the gene), probably sense 3 or 8 or 1?
 - "had found in experiments with mice" - discovering through experiments
 - "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found" - locating/discoveing a physical thing
 - "the gene they had found" - discovering/locating
 - "they found the two were identical" - determining/learning a fact

 Given that this is a scientific context where they are establishing a fact through comparison/investigation, and considering the clausal complement, sense 9 (find%2:31:09::) or sense 4 (find%2:32:00::) are the top candidates.

 But sense 9 is defined as "make a discovery" and the example is "She found that he had lied to her". This is about learning a fact.

 Sense 4 is "establish after a calculation, investigation..." - this is also about learning/establishing a fact through investigation.

 I think sense 4 is slightly better because:
 1. It emphasizes the investigative process (they compared the genes)
 2. It's a scientific context
 3. While the syntax matches sense 9, the semantics of active investigation to establish a fact matches sense 4 better.

 However, looking at the WordNet examples again:
 - Sense 4: "find the product of two numbers", "found the elusive particle"
 - Sense 9: "found that he had lied", "discover"

 The target is "found the two were identical" which is essentially "found that the two were identical". This is a factive/complement clause.

 In WordNet, sense 9 (find%2:31:09::) is the one that typically takes clausal complements like "find that...".

 Sense 4 is more about finding specific entities or results of calculations.

 Therefore, despite the scientific context, sense 9 is the better match for the syntactic structure and the meaning of discovering/learning a fact.

 Actually, looking more carefully at the definition of sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". The "fact of" part might allow clausal complements, but the examples don't show it.

 Let me reconsider sense 4 vs 9 one more time.

 The key distinction in WordNet:
 - Sense 4 (find%2:32:00::): establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study
 - Sense 9 (find%2:31:09::): make a discovery

 In the sentence, they made a discovery (that the two were identical) through their comparison. Both fit.

 But looking at the mapping to the index numbers provided:
 1. sense_key=find%2:40:02::
 2. sense_key=find%2:39:02::
 3. sense_key=find%2:40:00::
 4. sense_key=find%2:32:00::
 5. sense_key=find%2:31:10::
 6. sense_key=find%2:39:01::
 7. sense_key=find%2:40:01::
 8. sense_key=find%2:36:00::
 9. sense_key=find%2:31:09::
 10. sense_key=find%2:40:03::
 11. sense_key=find%2:32:01::
 12. sense_key=find%2:30:00::
 13. sense_key=find%2:39:05::
 14. sense_key=find%2:40:15::
 15. sense_key=find%2:38:10::
 16. sense_key=find%2:30:13::

 If I choose sense 9, the index is 9.
 If I choose sense 4, the index is 4.

 Let me think about the glosses again. The user says "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense."

 For sense 4:
 - Synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain
 - Examples: find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize

 For sense 9:
 - Synonyms: discover
 - Examples: She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover

 The target sentence: "they found the two were identical"

 This is very similar to "She found that he had lied to her". Both involve discovering/learning a fact about something.

 However, "ascertain" (sense 4) also fits: "they ascertained that the two were identical".

 But "determine" (sense 4) also fits: "they determined that the two were identical".

 The difference is subtle. Sense 4 is about the method (calculation, investigation, study) while sense 9 is about the result (making a discovery).

 Given that the context emphasizes the comparison (the method), sense 4 might be better. But the clausal complement suggests sense 9.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet entry for find (verb), sense 9 is:
 "9. (16) discover, find -- (make a discovery; "She found that he had lied to her"; "The story is false, so far as I can discover")"

 And sense 4 is:
 "4. (12) determine, find, find out, ascertain -- (establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study; "find the product of two numbers"; "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize")"

 In the context, they are establishing something after investigation (comparison). So sense 4 seems correct.

 But wait, the example "The physicist who found the elusive particle" - finding a particle is discovering its existence. Here, they are finding that two things are identical. This is not finding a new entity, but establishing a relationship/identity.

 This is more like "finding that..." which is sense 9.

 However, I should look at whether sense 4 can take "that" clauses. In WordNet, the examples don't show it, but that doesn't mean it can't.

 Actually, looking at the definition of sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". This could work with "the fact that they were identical".

 But sense 9 is explicitly about making a discovery of a fact (as shown in the example).

 I think I'm overthinking this. The most natural sense for "found that the two were identical" in a scientific context is sense 9, because it's about discovering a fact. But sense 4 is also plausible.

 Let me look for disambiguation clues in the broader context. The passage is about scientific discovery. They were searching for a gene, found it, compared it, and found it was identical to another.

 The act of "finding that they were identical" is a discovery (sense 9) or an ascertainment (sense 4).

 Given the synonym "ascertain" in sense 4 and the scientific investigation context, and the fact that they actively compared the genes to establish this, I lean toward sense 4.

 But the clausal complement is the strongest indicator, and that points to sense 9.

 Let me check if there's a pattern in WordNet where sense 4 is used for entities and sense 9 for facts. Looking at the examples:
 - Sense 4: product (entity), particle (entity)
 - Sense 9: that he had lied (fact), story is false (fact)

 This suggests sense 9 is for propositional content (facts, that-clauses) while sense 4 is for entities or specific values.

 Therefore, sense 9 is the correct choice.

 Wait, I should also consider sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". The word "fact" is in the definition. But the examples are about physical detection (lead, traces).

 Given that sense 9 has the exact syntactic pattern in its example ("found that he had lied"), and sense 2 does not, sense 9 is better.

 So my final answer is index 9.

 But let me double-check by considering if any other sense could work.

 Sense 6: perceive or be contemporaneous with - "We found Republicans winning" - this is witnessing an event. Not applicable.

 Sense 8: make a discovery, make a new finding - "discovered X-rays", "found a new elementary particle". This is about discovering new things, not establishing identity between known things.

 So it's between 4 and 9, and 9 wins on the clausal complement match.

 Actually, one more check: could it be sense 2? "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of"
 - "determine the fact of the two being identical" - awkward.
 - "discover the fact that the two were identical" - possible.

 But sense 9 is "make a discovery" with the example of discovering a fact (that he lied).

 I think 9 is correct.

 Wait, I notice that sense 8 and 9 both have "discover" as a synonym.
 - Sense 8: make a discovery, make a new finding (discover)
 - Sense 9: make a discovery (discover)

 The difference is subtle. Sense 8 seems to be about discovering new things (X-rays, particles), while sense 9 is about discovering facts (that he lied).

 The target is discovering a fact (that the genes are identical), not discovering a new entity. So sense 9.

 Final decision: index 9.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identical
Target surface form: identical
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were <t>identical</t>; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identical%5:00:00:same:00 | definition=exactly alike; incapable of being perceived as different | synonyms=indistinguishable | examples=rows of identical houses; cars identical except for their license plates
2. sense_key=identical%5:00:00:same:02 | definition=being the exact same one; not any other: | synonyms=selfsame, very | examples=this is the identical room we stayed in before; the themes of his stories are one and the same
3. sense_key=identical%3:00:00:: | definition=(of twins) derived from a single egg or ovum | synonyms=monovular | examples=identical twins are monovular
4. sense_key=identical%5:00:00:isotropic:00 | definition=having properties with uniform values along all axes
5. sense_key=identical%5:00:00:congruent:00 | definition=coinciding exactly when superimposed | synonyms=superposable | examples=identical triangles

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "identical" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they found in human cancer cells with Mr. Levine's p53 gene
- They found the two were "identical"
- It turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53
- So the genes are the same gene, not just alike

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. identical%5:00:00:same:00 - "exactly alike; incapable of being perceived as different" - synonyms: indistinguishable. Examples: rows of identical houses; cars identical except for their license plates. This suggests things that look the same but are distinct entities.

2. identical%5:00:00:same:02 - "being the exact same one; not any other" - synonyms: selfsame, very. Examples: "this is the identical room we stayed in before". This suggests numerical identity - the very same entity, not just a copy.

3. identical%3:00:00:: - "(of twins) derived from a single egg or ovum" - clearly not applicable here.

4. identical%5:00:00:isotropic:00 - "having properties with uniform values along all axes" - physics/math term, not applicable.

5. identical%5:00:00:congruent:00 - "coinciding exactly when superimposed" - geometry term, not applicable.

Now, between sense 1 and sense 2:
In the context, they compared the gene they found in human cancer cells with Mr. Levine's p53 gene. The text says "the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53".

Wait, this is tricky. Are they saying the genes are the same type/kind (sense 1 - exactly alike), or literally the exact same gene (sense 2)?

Actually, looking carefully: they compared the gene they had found in human cancer cells with Mr. Levine's p53 gene. These are two different instances/samples of genes from different sources (human cancer cells vs mice p53 gene). But they are the same gene in the sense of being the same gene type/sequence.

However, the text says "it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53". This suggests that the gene Vogelstein found was the same gene (p53) that Levine had been studying. They are the same gene - not just similar genes, but the very same gene (p53).

But wait - sense 2 says "being the exact same one; not any other" with examples like "this is the identical room we stayed in before". This implies identity of a specific individual entity. But here we have two different physical instances of genes in different organisms (human vs mouse). They can't be numerically the same physical entity.

However, in biology/genetics, when we say two genes are "identical", we usually mean they have the same sequence/function - they are the same type of gene. This would be sense 1: "exactly alike; incapable of being perceived as different". The examples include "cars identical except for their license plates" - different cars that are alike. Similarly, two gene samples from different sources that are alike.

But let me reconsider. The text says "they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53". The "two" refers to "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells" and "Mr. Levine's p53 gene".

Actually, looking at the broader context: Levine had found p53 in mice. Vogelstein found a deletion in the same spot as p53 in humans. When they compared them, they were identical. This means the human gene and the mouse gene (p53) are the same gene (homologous/orthologous). But are they "the exact same one" or "exactly alike"?

In genetics, when comparing sequences, "identical" usually means the sequences are the same - sense 1. But the text reveals that Levine had been observing a damaged form of p53 - the very same gene that Vogelstein was looking for. This suggests it's about the identity of the gene type - it's p53.

Wait, I need to look at the WordNet senses more carefully.

Sense 1: identical%5:00:00:same:00 - "exactly alike; incapable of being perceived as different" - this is about qualitative identity (two things that are alike).
Sense 2: identical%5:00:00:same:02 - "being the exact same one; not any other" - this is about numerical identity (one thing).

Example for sense 2: "this is the identical room we stayed in before" - same room, not a copy.
Example for sense 1: "rows of identical houses" - different houses that look the same.

In the context: "they compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical"

These are two different genes from two different sources (human cancer cells vs mice). They are not the exact same physical gene. They are two instances that are alike. So sense 1 seems more appropriate.

But wait - in biology, when we discover that what we found is the same gene as someone else found, we might use "identical" to mean "one and the same" in terms of gene identity. However, physically they are different molecules from different organisms.

Let me look at the examples again:
Sense 1: "rows of identical houses; cars identical except for their license plates"
Sense 2: "this is the identical room we stayed in before; the themes of his stories are one and the same"

The context: "the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53"

The revelation is that the gene Vogelstein found IS p53 (the same gene Levine studied), not just a similar gene. But physically they are different samples.

However, in the context of gene discovery, saying two genes are identical usually means they are the same gene type. But WordNet sense 2 is very strict about "being the exact same one; not any other".

Actually, looking at the phrase "the two were identical" - this explicitly refers to two things being compared. If they were the exact same one thing, you wouldn't say "the two were identical" in the sense of numerical identity. You'd say they are one and the same. But "the two were identical" strongly suggests two things that are alike - sense 1.

Also, the text mentions comparing the gene from human cancer cells with Levine's p53 gene. These are two distinct genes being compared and found to be exactly alike (same sequence). This fits sense 1 perfectly: "exactly alike; incapable of being perceived as different".

Sense 2 would fit if they said something like "the gene they found was the identical p53 gene that Levine had studied" - emphasizing it's the very same gene. But the text says "the two were identical", comparing two separate entities.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best choice.

Wait, let me double-check. Is there any reason to think it's sense 2? The text says "it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53". This suggests the gene Vogelstein found and the gene Levine studied are the same gene (p53). But again, in biology, when we say a human gene and a mouse gene are the same gene, we mean they are orthologs - the same gene type. The physical molecules are different.

Also, WordNet sense 2 examples: "this is the identical room we stayed in before" - you can't have two rooms and say "the two are identical" using sense 2. You'd use sense 1 for that. Since the text explicitly says "the two were identical", this is sense 1.

So the answer should be sense_index: 1.

Let me make sure I'm not missing anything. The target is "identical" in "they found the two were identical". Yes, comparing two genes and finding them to be exactly alike. Sense 1.

Actually, I want to reconsider one more time. Could this be sense 2 because it's about the "selfsame" gene - i.e., they discovered it was the same gene, not two different genes? The text structure:
- Levine found p53 in mice
- Vogelstein found something in humans in the same spot
- They compared them and found they were identical
- It turned out Levine had been observing a damaged form of p53

The point is that Vogelstein's gene and Levine's gene are the same gene (p53). But "identical" here describes the relationship between the two gene sequences. Since they are from different species (human and mouse), they are homologous genes. Saying they are identical means their sequences are the same or highly conserved. But the text says "identical" not "homologous".

Actually, p53 is known to be highly conserved across species. The human and mouse p53 genes are very similar but not 100% identical in sequence. However, in the context of this text (which seems to be from a popular science article), "identical" likely means they are the same gene in terms of being the same gene type/sequence.

Given the explicit "the two were identical", this is clearly sense 1. Two distinct things being exactly alike.

Final answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn_out
Target surface form: turned out
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it <t>turned out</t> that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=prove, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
2. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:01:: | definition=prove to be in the result or end | examples=It turns out that he was right
3. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:01:: | definition=produce quickly or regularly, usually with machinery | examples=This factory turns out saws
4. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:02:: | definition=result or end | synonyms=come out | examples=How will the game turn out?
5. sense_key=turn_out%2:30:00:: | definition=come, usually in answer to an invitation or summons | examples=How many people turned out that evening?
6. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=bear | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
7. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:00:: | definition=put out or expel from a place | synonyms=eject, chuck out, exclude, turf out, boot out | examples=The unruly student was excluded from the game
8. sense_key=turn_out%2:41:03:: | definition=come and gather for a public event | examples=Hundreds of thousands turned out for the anti-war rally in New York
9. sense_key=turn_out%2:40:03:: | definition=outfit or equip, as with accessories | examples=The actors were turned out lavishly
10. sense_key=turn_out%2:38:00:: | definition=turn outward | synonyms=splay, spread out, rotate | examples=These birds can splay out their toes; ballet dancers can rotate their legs out by 90 degrees
11. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to stop operating by disengaging a switch | synonyms=switch off, cut, turn off | examples=Turn off the stereo, please; cut the engine
12. sense_key=turn_out%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, arise, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "turn_out" with the surface form "turned out" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene."
 - The context is about scientific discovery where something was revealed to be the case.
 - Specifically, it turned out (was discovered/revealed) that Levine had been observing a damaged form of p53.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=prove, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
    - This seems close. "Be shown or be found to be" fits.

 2. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:01:: | definition=prove to be in the result or end | examples=It turns out that he was right
    - This also seems very close. The example "It turns out that he was right" matches the structure "it turned out that..." in the target sentence.

 3. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:01:: | definition=produce quickly or regularly, usually with machinery | examples=This factory turns out saws
    - Not relevant. No production context.

 4. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:02:: | definition=result or end | synonyms=come out | examples=How will the game turn out?
    - This is about how something ends or results, not about discovering a fact.

 5. sense_key=turn_out%2:30:00:: | definition=come, usually in answer to an invitation or summons | examples=How many people turned out that evening?
    - Not relevant. Not about attendance.

 6. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=bear | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
    - Not relevant. Not about producing fruit/offspring.

 7. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:00:: | definition=put out or expel from a place | synonyms=eject, chuck out, exclude, turf out, boot out | examples=The unruly student was excluded from the game
    - Not relevant.

 8. sense_key=turn_out%2:41:03:: | definition=come and gather for a public event | examples=Hundreds of thousands turned out for the anti-war rally in New York
    - Not relevant. Not about gathering.

 9. sense_key=turn_out%2:40:03:: | definition=outfit or equip, as with accessories | examples=The actors were turned out lavishly
    - Not relevant.

 10. sense_key=turn_out%2:38:00:: | definition=turn outward | synonyms=splay, spread out, rotate | examples=These birds can splay out their toes; ballet dancers can rotate their legs out by 90 degrees
    - Not relevant.

 11. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to stop operating by disengaging a switch | synonyms=switch off, cut, turn off | examples=Turn off the stereo, please; cut the engine
    - Not relevant.

 12. sense_key=turn_out%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, arise, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early
    - Not relevant.

 So it's between sense 1 and sense 2.

 Sense 1: "be shown or be found to be" - synonyms: prove, turn up
 Sense 2: "prove to be in the result or end" - example: "It turns out that he was right"

 The target sentence structure is: "it turned out that..."
 This matches exactly with sense 2's example: "It turns out that he was right"

 However, sense 1 also has examples like "She proved to be right" and "The medicine turned out to save her life".

 Let me look more carefully at the subtle differences.

 Sense 1 (turn_out%2:42:00::): "be shown or be found to be" - This seems to focus on the revelation or discovery aspect, where something is shown to be the case.

 Sense 2 (turn_out%2:42:01::): "prove to be in the result or end" - This seems to focus on the outcome or result of a situation.

 In the context: "it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53"

 This is about a revelation of fact - discovering that what Levine thought was one thing was actually another. It's about the truth being revealed.

 Both could work, but sense 2 specifically mentions the "It turns out that..." construction, which is exactly what we have here. Also, sense 2 is specifically about proving to be the case in the end/result.

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure, sense 2 is often the "it turns out that" sense, while sense 1 is more about "turn out to be" (adjective complement).

 Wait, let me check the examples again:
 Sense 1: "She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life"
 Sense 2: "It turns out that he was right"

 The target has "it turned out that..." which matches sense 2's example structure perfectly.

 Also, semantically, sense 2 is about the revelation of a fact or truth that was previously unknown or uncertain, which fits the context perfectly - the scientists discovered/revealed that Levine had been observing a damaged form.

 Sense 1 seems more about the quality or nature of something being revealed (proving to be X), while sense 2 is about a fact being revealed (it turns out that...).

 Actually, looking at the definitions again:
 1. "be shown or be found to be"
 2. "prove to be in the result or end"

 The context is about a discovery/revelation of a fact. The phrase "it turned out that" is a fixed construction meaning "it was discovered/revealed that" or "the fact emerged that".

 In WordNet, sense 2 (turn_out%2:42:01::) is specifically for the "it turns out that" construction.

 Let me verify by looking at the semantic similarity:
 - The context involves a revelation of information that was previously unknown (Levine didn't know he was observing a damaged form).
 - The structure "it turned out that..." is the key indicator.

 Therefore, sense 2 is the best choice.

 Wait, I should double-check if there's any distinction I'm missing. Sometimes these senses are very close.

 Sense 1: turn_out%2:42:00:: - This is the "prove to be" sense, often used as "turn out to be [adjective/noun]"
 Sense 2: turn_out%2:42:01:: - This is the "happen/end up" sense with "it" as the subject, specifically "it turns out that..."

 Yes, sense 2 is correct.

 The answer should be: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's <t>cancer</t> studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "cancer" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about genetics, DNA, genes, cells, tumors, and medical research.
- It mentions "human cancer cells", "cancer-gene research", "cancer formation", and "cancer-suppressing gene".
- The specific target instance is in: "in Mr. Levine's <t>cancer</t> studies"
- This refers to studies about the disease cancer - malignant growth caused by abnormal cell division.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: - any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division... (the disease)
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: - (astrology) a person born while sun is in Cancer
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: - a small zodiacal constellation
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: - the fourth sign of the zodiac
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: - type genus of the family Cancridae (crabs)

The context is clearly about the disease cancer. The phrase "cancer studies" means studies of the disease cancer. This corresponds to sense 1.

The instructions say:
- Choose single best indexed sense
- Do not answer with a WordNet sense key
- Return only JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}

So I should return {"sense_index": 1}

Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The candidate senses are numbered 1-5. Sense 1 is the disease sense. Yes.

Context clues:
- "human cancer cells" - cells of the disease
- "cancer-gene research" - research into genes causing the disease
- "cancer formation" - formation of the disease
- "cancer-suppressing gene" - gene that suppresses the disease
- "cancer studies" - studies of the disease

Definitely sense 1.