[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell <t>growth</t>, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "growth" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about retinoblastoma, a rare tumor
 - It mentions "the gene that controls retinal cell growth"
 - This is referring to the biological process of cells growing/multiplying
 - The context is about cancer, tumors, and cell proliferation
 - Specifically: "the gene that controls retinal cell growth" - this is about how cells grow and multiply

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: - (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level
    - This seems to be about organism development (ontogeny), not cell proliferation
    - Synonyms: growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis
    - Example: "osseous development in children"
    - This is about the development of an individual organism, not cell growth

 2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: - a progression from simpler to more complex forms
    - Example: "the growth of culture"
    - This is more abstract/cultural evolution

 3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: - a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important
    - Synonyms: increase, increment
    - Examples: "the increase in unemployment; the growth of population"
    - This is about increase in size/number, could apply to cells but seems more general

 4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: - vegetation that has grown
    - Example: "a growth of trees"
    - Plants, not relevant here

 5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: - the gradual beginning or coming forth
    - Synonyms: emergence, outgrowth
    - Example: "figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece"
    - Not relevant

 6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: - (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
    - This is specifically about pathological growth, tumors
    - But wait, the context says "the gene that controls retinal cell growth" - this is about normal cell growth regulation, not necessarily the abnormal growth itself
    - However, the context is about cancer and tumors (retinoblastoma)
    - Let me reconsider: "the gene that controls retinal cell growth" - in the context of cancer research, this refers to the process that when uncontrolled leads to tumors
    - But sense 6 specifically mentions "abnormal proliferation" and "tumor"
    - The text mentions "retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene" - this gene suppresses tumors, meaning it controls cell growth to prevent abnormal proliferation
    - So the "growth" here refers to cell proliferation that can become cancerous if not controlled

 7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: - something grown or growing
    - Example: "a growth of hair"
    - Physical mass, not the process

 Now, looking carefully at the specific phrase: "the gene that controls retinal cell growth"

 In biology/medicine, when we talk about "cell growth" in the context of cancer, we are usually talking about cell proliferation - the process of cells dividing and increasing in number.

 Sense 1 is about organism development (ontogeny), not cellular level.
 Sense 3 is a general increase.
 Sense 6 is specifically pathological (abnormal).

 But "retinal cell growth" in the context of controlling it to prevent cancer - is this referring to normal growth or abnormal growth?

 The text says: "the gene that controls retinal cell growth" - this is the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene. When this gene is damaged, uncontrolled growth leads to tumors. So the gene controls the normal growth/proliferation of retinal cells.

 However, looking at the WordNet senses:
 - Sense 1: "the process of an individual organism growing organically" - this is organism-level development, not cellular proliferation
 - Sense 6: "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)" - this is specifically the pathological sense

 But wait, the phrase is "retinal cell growth" - this could mean:
 1. The growth of retinal cells (cellular proliferation)
 2. The development of the retina (organ/system development)

 Given the context of cancer and tumors, and that this is about a "tumor-suppressor gene", the relevant sense should be related to proliferation.

 However, looking at the exact wording in WordNet:
 Sense 1 is about organism development (ontogeny).
 Sense 6 is specifically pathological.

 But "cell growth" in biology often refers to the increase in cell number or size. In the context of cancer, it's about uncontrolled proliferation.

 Let me reconsider sense 1: "the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level"

 This is definitely about the whole organism (ontogeny), not cells.

 Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important" - this is very general.

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet usage for "growth" in biological contexts involving cells:
 - If it's about cancer/tumors, sense 6 (pathology) is often used
 - But here, the phrase is "controls retinal cell growth" - this is about the normal process that the gene regulates

 However, looking at the examples and the context more carefully:
 The text mentions "the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth" - this discovery opened up cancer study. The gene is the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene. When it works, it controls cell division/growth. When it doesn't, you get tumors.

 In WordNet, sense 6 is specifically "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)". But the text is talking about the control of normal growth to prevent abnormal growth.

 Wait, I need to look at whether there's a sense for normal cell proliferation. It seems WordNet might not have a specific sense for normal cell proliferation separate from organism development (sense 1) or general increase (sense 3).

 But sense 1 is specifically about organism development (ontogeny), not cellular processes.

 Let me check if "growth" in "cell growth" maps to sense 1 or sense 3 or sense 6.

 Actually, looking at the context: "the gene that controls retinal cell growth" - and this is linked to cancer. The "growth" here refers to the proliferation that leads to tumors when uncontrolled.

 But sense 6 is defined as "abnormal proliferation" - specifically pathological. The text is talking about the gene that controls the growth (to keep it from becoming abnormal).

 However, in many WSD tasks for biomedical text, "cell growth" in the context of cancer biology is often mapped to sense 1 (biological growth) or sense 6 depending on whether it's normal or abnormal.

 But looking at the specific sentence: "the gene that controls retinal cell growth" - this is describing the function of the tumor suppressor gene. It controls the normal growth and division of retinal cells.

 Sense 1: "the process of an individual organism growing organically" - this is about the whole organism developing from simple to complex (embryonic development, etc.). While retinal development is part of this, "cell growth" is more specific.

 Actually, looking at the synonyms for sense 1: "growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis" - these are all about the organism level.

 For sense 6: it's specifically pathology.

 Is there a sense I'm missing? Let me look again.

 The candidates are:
 1. biology/organism development
 2. progression to complex forms
 3. process of becoming larger/more numerous
 4. vegetation
 5. emergence
 6. pathology/abnormal proliferation
 7. something grown

 Given that the context is about cancer and tumors, and specifically about a gene that when damaged causes tumors, the "growth" being referred to is the cellular proliferation that becomes cancerous when uncontrolled.

 However, the phrase "controls retinal cell growth" suggests the normal process being regulated.

 But in WordNet, sense 6 is the only one that deals with tissue proliferation in a medical context. Even though the text says "controls" (implying normal regulation), the context is overwhelmingly about pathology (cancer, tumors).

 Moreover, the definition of sense 6 is "an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)". But the text is not saying the gene controls abnormal growth - it's saying it controls growth (and when it fails, you get abnormal growth).

 Wait, I should look at whether "growth" in this context could mean the tumor itself? No, "retinal cell growth" clearly refers to the process of cells growing.

 Let me reconsider sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important". This is very general but could apply to cell population growth.

 But sense 1 is specifically biological: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically..."

 In many WordNet annotations, "cell growth" is annotated as sense 1 when referring to the biological process of development, even at the cellular level, because cells are part of the organism's growth.

 However, there's a distinction between:
 - organism growth (development from embryo to adult) = sense 1
 - cell proliferation (cells dividing) = could be sense 1 or sense 3 or sense 6

 Given the context of "retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene" and cancer, and that the discovery opened up cancer study, the relevant sense is likely sense 6 (pathology), because the text is focusing on the aspect of growth that relates to cancer - i.e., uncontrolled proliferation.

 But the text says the gene "controls" the growth, and the baby who didn't inherit the damaged gene "faced no more risk". So the gene controls the normal growth to prevent it from becoming cancerous.

 Actually, looking at similar examples in WordNet literature:
 - "tumor growth" is usually sense 6
 - "cell growth" in a general biology context might be sense 1
 - But here, "retinal cell growth" in the context of a tumor suppressor gene...

 Let me look at the exact wording again: "the gene that controls retinal cell growth"

 In biomedical English, "cell growth" can refer to:
 1. The increase in cell size (hypertrophy)
 2. The increase in cell number (hyperplasia/proliferation)

 In the context of cancer, it's almost always about proliferation.

 Now, between sense 1 and sense 6:
 - Sense 1 is about the normal development of an organism
 - Sense 6 is about abnormal/pathological proliferation

 The text is talking about the control of growth to prevent cancer. The growth itself is the normal biological process, but it's being discussed in a pathological context.

 However, looking at the examples for sense 1: "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children" - this is about development, not cell division.

 Looking at sense 6: no examples given, but the definition is clear: abnormal proliferation.

 I think the best fit is actually sense 1, because:
 1. It's the biological sense
 2. Cell growth is part of organism growth (ontogeny)
 3. Even though the context is about cancer, the specific phrase "retinal cell growth" refers to the biological process of cells growing/dividing during development and maintenance of the retina

 But wait, the text mentions "the initial discovery... has opened a field of cancer study". The discovery is about the gene that controls growth. This implies the growth being controlled is the proliferation that can lead to cancer.

 Actually, I think I need to look at this differently. The word "growth" appears in the phrase "retinal cell growth". This is a compound noun phrase. The head is "growth", modified by "retinal cell".

 In WordNet, sense 1 is the primary biological sense for the process of growing.

 However, there's a specific sense for pathology (sense 6). Given that the entire context is about cancer, tumors, and the risk of developing cancer, and that the gene is called a "tumor-suppressor gene", the "growth" here is likely referring to the cellular proliferation that is relevant to cancer - i.e., sense 6.

 But sense 6 specifically says "abnormal". The gene controls normal growth to prevent it from becoming abnormal.

 Let me check if there's any other clue. The text says "studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer". The "growth" is what the gene controls. In cancer biology, tumor suppressor genes control the cell cycle and prevent uncontrolled growth.

 I think the intended sense is sense 1 (biological growth process), because:
 - It's the general biological term for the process of growing
 - While the context is pathological, the word "growth" itself in "cell growth" refers to the biological process
 - Sense 6 is specifically for the pathological case (the tumor itself or the abnormal growth)

 But I'm uncertain. Let me consider sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous". This is very general and could fit "cell growth" (becoming more numerous).

 However, sense 1 is specifically marked as (biology), which makes it more appropriate for a biological context.

 Between sense 1 and sense 6:
 - If the text said "tumor growth", it would clearly be sense 6.
 - If the text said "child's growth", it would clearly be sense 1.
 - "Cell growth" is ambiguous, but in the context of developmental biology, it's sense 1.

 But this is cancer biology. The retinoblastoma gene (Rb) is a tumor suppressor that controls cell cycle progression. When we say it controls "cell growth", we mean it controls cell proliferation.

 In WordNet 3.0/3.1, the sense inventory for "growth" is:
 - Sense 1: organism development
 - Sense 2: evolution to complex forms
 - Sense 3: increase in size/number
 - Sense 4: vegetation
 - Sense 5: emergence
 - Sense 6: pathology (tumor)
 - Sense 7: something grown

 For "cell growth" in a biomedical paper about cancer, the typical annotation would be sense 1 (if emphasizing the biological process) or sense 6 (if emphasizing the pathological aspect).

 Given the phrase "controls retinal cell growth", and that this is about the normal function of the gene (to control growth so it doesn't become cancerous), I lean toward sense 1 as the biological process.

 However, looking at the definition of sense 1 again: "the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level"

 This really emphasizes the organism-level development (ontogeny), not the cellular level. "An individual organism" - singular. Cells are not organisms (in this context).

 Therefore, sense 1 might not be appropriate for cell-level growth.

 Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous" - this fits cell proliferation (becoming more numerous).

 Sense 6: "abnormal proliferation of tissue" - this is specifically abnormal.

 Since the text is talking about the gene that controls the growth (implying the normal process that needs regulation), and sense 6 is specifically abnormal, sense 6 is probably not correct.

 Between sense 1 and sense 3:
 - Sense 1 is biological but organism-level
 - Sense 3 is general but fits the "increase in number" aspect

 Actually, looking at WordNet examples and usage, "growth" in biological contexts at the cellular level is often mapped to sense 1 if it's about development, or sense 3 if it's about increase.

 But there's another consideration: in the context of cancer, "growth" often refers to the tumor (sense 6) or the process of tumor formation. But here it's "cell growth", not "tumor growth".

 Let me look at the sentence structure: "the gene that controls retinal cell growth"

 If I substitute the definitions:
 - "the gene that controls retinal cell [organism development]" - doesn't make sense, cells don't undergo ontogeny
 - "the gene that controls retinal cell [increase in number/size]" - makes sense
 - "the gene that controls retinal cell [abnormal proliferation]" - contradictory, you don't control abnormal proliferation, you prevent it or treat it

 Therefore, sense 6 is unlikely because you don't "control" abnormal growth in the sense of regulating it normally; you suppress it or it happens pathologically.

 So it's between sense 1 and sense 3.

 Sense 1 is specifically biological: "(biology) the process..."
 Even though it mentions "individual organism", in biological contexts, cellular processes are often considered part of this, or the sense is extended.

 But strictly speaking, sense 1 is about the organism (ontogeny).

 Sense 3 is general: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous"

 However, looking at the synonyms for sense 3: "increase, increment" - these are very general.

 For biological cell growth, sense 1 is usually the intended sense in WordNet, despite the "organism" wording, because it's the only biological process sense that isn't pathological.

 Wait, I should reconsider sense 6. Is it possible that "growth" here refers to the tumor growth that the gene suppresses? The text says "the gene that controls retinal cell growth". The retinoblastoma gene is a tumor suppressor. It controls the cell cycle. When it's damaged, you get uncontrolled growth (tumors).

 But the phrase is "controls... growth", not "suppresses... growth". And it's "retinal cell growth", not "tumor growth".

 I think the best answer is sense 1, interpreting "growth" as the biological process of cell proliferation/development, even though the definition mentions "organism", because it's the only appropriate biological sense for the normal process.

 However, I'm concerned about the "organism" part of sense 1.

 Let me reconsider if sense 3 could be correct. "A process of becoming... more numerous" - yes, cells becoming more numerous. This is accurate.

 But sense 1 has the domain label (biology), which is important.

 In WordNet disambiguation tasks, domain labels are strong indicators. The context is clearly biology/medicine. So sense 1 or 6.

 Between 1 and 6, sense 1 is for normal biological processes, sense 6 for pathological.

 The text discusses both: the normal control of growth, and the abnormal growth when the gene is damaged. But the specific phrase "controls retinal cell growth" refers to the normal biological process.

 Therefore, sense 1.

 But I want to double-check: is there any chance "growth" here means the tumor itself (sense 6 as a mass)? "the gene that controls retinal cell growth" - no, that would be ungrammatical or nonsensical. You don't control a tumor growth in this way.

 So my final answer is sense 1.

 Wait, I just noticed something. The text says: "the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor... has opened a field of cancer study"

 The discovery is about the gene that controls growth. This is the Rb gene. The "growth" here is the process that leads to cancer when uncontrolled. In the context of cancer biology papers, this is often referred to as "cell growth" meaning cellular proliferation, and in WordNet, this might be sense 1.

 But let me reconsider sense 6 one more time. The definition is "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)". Could "retinal cell growth" be interpreted as the abnormal growth that forms the tumor? The text mentions "retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene" - this gene suppresses the growth of retinoblastoma. So the growth being suppressed is the tumor growth.

 But the text says "controls retinal cell growth", not "suppresses retinoblastoma growth". It controls the growth of retinal cells to prevent them from becoming cancerous.

 I think sense 1 is the safest choice for the biological process.

 However, looking at the examples for sense 1: "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children" - this is about bone development in children, a developmental process.

 For sense 3: "the growth of population" - this is about increase in number.

 Cell growth is literally an increase in cell number (proliferation). So sense 3 fits semantically.

 But sense 1 is the biological sense.

 In WordNet, sense 1 is the first sense, usually the most common. For "growth" in a biological text about cells, sense 1 is likely the correct annotation.

 I will go with sense 1.

 Actually, looking at the context one more time: "the gene that controls retinal cell growth"

 In the very next sentence: "studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer"

 The "growth" is linked to cancer. The gene controls growth, and when it fails, you get cancer (uncontrolled growth).

 But the word "growth" itself, without qualification, in "cell growth", in the context of a tumor suppressor gene, is ambiguous between normal and abnormal.

 However, looking at the WordNet sense 6 definition again: "an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)". This is very specific. The text is not saying the gene controls abnormal proliferation; it's saying it controls growth (preventing it from becoming abnormal).

 Therefore, sense 1.

 Final check: could it be sense 3? "A process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous". This is true for cells. But sense 1 is more specific to biology.

 I choose sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: made
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, <t>made</t> by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "made" (lemma: make) in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 "Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, <t>made</t> by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study..."

 The structure here is: "the initial discovery ... made by a Boston doctor"

 This is a passive construction. The doctor "made" the discovery. In this context, "made" means to perform, carry out, or execute (the discovery).

 Let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. engage in - examples: make love, make an effort. Not quite right.
 2. give certain properties to something - examples: get someone mad. Not right.
 3. make or cause to be or to become - examples: make a mess, create a furor. This is about creating/causing.
 4. cause to do; cause to act - examples: induce me to buy. Not right.
 5. give rise to; cause to happen - examples: cause a commotion. This is about causing events.
 6. create or manufacture a man-made product - examples: produce cars, make toys. This is physical manufacturing.
 7. make, formulate, or derive in the mind - examples: draw a conclusion. This is mental formation.
 8. compel or make somebody act - examples: People cannot be made to integrate. Not right.
 9. create by artistic means - examples: create a poem. Artistic creation.
 10. earn - examples: make money. Not right.
 11. create or design, often in a certain way - examples: Do my room in blue. Not right.
 12. to compose or represent - examples: form a roof. Not right.
 13. reach a goal - examples: make the first team. Not right.
 14. be or be capable of being changed - examples: He makes a great host. Not right.
 15. make by shaping or bringing together constituents - examples: make a dress. Physical making.
 16. perform or carry out - examples: make a decision, make a move. This fits well with "make a discovery".
 17. make by combining materials and parts - examples: build a house. Physical construction.
 18. change from one form into another - examples: make water into wine. Not right.
 19. act in a certain way so as to acquire - examples: make friends. Not right.
 20. charge with a function - examples: make president. Not right.
 21. achieve a point or goal - examples: had a 70 (score). Not right.
 22. reach a destination - examples: hit Detroit. Not right.
 23. institute, enact, or establish - examples: make laws. This could work for discoveries?
 24. carry out or commit - examples: make a mistake. This is close to "perform".
 25. form by assembling individuals - examples: Make a quorum. Not right.
 26. organize or be responsible for - examples: hold a reception. Not right.
 27. put in order or neaten - examples: make the bed. Not right.
 28. head into a specified direction - examples: made for the mountains. Not right.
 29. have a bowel movement - vulgar. Not right.
 30. undergo fabrication - examples: makes into a nice sweater. Not right.
 31. be suitable for - examples: Wood makes good furniture. Not right.
 32. add up to - examples: four and four make eight. Not right.
 33. amount to - examples: makes no difference. Not right.
 34. constitute the essence of - examples: Clothes make the man. Not right.
 35. appear to begin an activity - examples: made to speak. Not right.
 36. proceed along a path - examples: make one's way. Not right.
 37. reach in time - examples: made the plane. Not right.
 38. gather and light materials - examples: make a fire. Not right.
 39. prepare for eating - examples: make an omelette. Not right.
 40. induce to have sex - examples: seduce. Not right.
 41. assure the success of - examples: make your play. Not right.
 42. represent fictitiously - examples: make like. Not right.
 43. consider as being - examples: made it (a problem). Not right.
 44. calculate as being - examples: make the height. Not right.
 45. cause to be enjoyable - examples: make my day. Not right.
 46. favor the development of - examples: Practice makes. Not right.
 47. develop into - examples: make a splendid father. Not right.
 48. behave in a certain way - examples: make merry. Not right.
 49. eliminate urine - vulgar. Not right.

 Now, looking closely at sense 16: "perform or carry out" with examples "make a decision; make a move".

 And sense 24: "carry out or commit" with examples "make a mistake; commit a faux-pas".

 And sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" with examples "make a mess; create a furor".

 And sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen" with examples "cause a commotion; make a stir".

 And sense 23: "institute, enact, or establish" with examples "make laws".

 The phrase "make a discovery" is an idiom where "make" means to perform or carry out the action of discovering, or to achieve/accomplish the discovery.

 In WordNet, "make a decision" is typically sense 16: perform or carry out.
 "make a discovery" is similar to "make a decision" - it's performing the act.

 However, let me check if there's a specific sense for scientific discoveries.

 Actually, looking at the examples:
 Sense 16: "make a decision; make a move"
 Sense 24: "make a mistake; commit a faux-pas"

 "Make a discovery" seems closest to sense 16 (perform or carry out) or possibly sense 3 (create - but discovery isn't creation, it's finding something that exists).

 Wait, in scientific context, "make a discovery" is often categorized under sense 16 or similar to "make a finding".

 But let me reconsider sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" - this is very broad. The examples include "make a mess" and "create a furor". A discovery is not really "causing something to become" in the same way.

 Actually, looking at WordNet's actual structure, "make" sense 16 is often used for actions like "make a decision", "make a move", "make a gesture", "make a discovery".

 Sense 24 is for errors: "make a mistake", "make an error".

 So sense 16 seems best: "perform or carry out".

 But wait, there's also the possibility of sense 36:04 "organize or be responsible for" - but that's for parties/events.

 Let me look at the exact wording again: "the initial discovery ... made by a Boston doctor"

 This is equivalent to "a Boston doctor made the discovery".

 In many lexical databases, "make a discovery" maps to sense 16.

 However, I should also consider if it could be sense 3: "create" (in the sense of bringing about). But discoveries are not created ex nihilo, they are found/performed.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet sense 3 definition again: "make or cause to be or to become". This is the general "create" sense.

 But sense 16 is specifically "perform or carry out".

 Let me check if there's any other sense that fits better.

 Sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" - examples: draw a conclusion. This is mental creation. A discovery could be seen as formulating in the mind, but "make a discovery" is more of a performative act.

 Actually, in many WSD datasets, "make a discovery" is annotated with sense 16.

 Let me verify by looking at the synonyms and examples provided:

 Sense 16: definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
 Sense 24: definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas

 "Make a discovery" is like "make a decision" - it's a performative action, not necessarily an error (sense 24).

 Therefore, sense 16 seems correct.

 But wait, I should check if "made" here could be sense 3: "create". The discovery was "created" by the doctor? In scientific parlance, we say someone "made a discovery" meaning they discovered it.

 Actually, looking at the Princeton WordNet 3.0 or 3.1:
 Sense 16 (make.v.16) is indeed "perform or carry out" with examples including "make a decision".

 But I recall that in some versions, "make a discovery" might map to sense 3.

 Let me think about the semantic distinction:
 - Sense 3: create, cause to exist (make a mess, create a furor)
 - Sense 16: perform an action (make a decision, make a move)

 A discovery is not a physical object being created (sense 3/6/15/17), nor is it exactly a decision, but it is an accomplishment.

 Actually, looking at the list again, I see sense 36:00 "make or cause to be or to become" which is sense 3 in the list (index 3).

 And sense 36:12 is "perform or carry out" which is index 16.

 In the sentence: "the initial discovery ... made by a Boston doctor"

 If we paraphrase: "the initial discovery ... performed by a Boston doctor" - this works.
 If we paraphrase: "the initial discovery ... created by a Boston doctor" - this is less accurate, as the gene existed, but the discovery is the act of finding.

 However, in the context of WordNet, "make a discovery" is typically sense 16.

 Let me double-check by considering the passive construction. "Made by" suggests the agent of the action.

 Another possibility: sense 36:00 (index 3) "make or cause to be or to become" - could "discovery" be the object of "make" in this sense? "Make a mess" is creating a mess. "Make a discovery" is bringing a discovery into existence (as a concept or event).

 But sense 16 is more specific to performative actions.

 Actually, looking at WordNet online or standard mappings:
 - "make a decision" -> sense 16
 - "make a discovery" -> often sense 16 or sense 3 depending on the specific WordNet version.

 But given the examples provided in the prompt:
 Sense 16: "make a decision; make a move"
 Sense 3: "make a mess in one's office; create a furor"

 "Make a discovery" is more like "make a decision" than "make a mess". It's a deliberate action.

 Therefore, I will go with sense 16.

 Wait, I need to be careful. The index in the JSON should correspond to the numbering in the candidate list (1-49), not the WordNet sense key.

 The user says: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

 So if I choose sense 16, I should return {"sense_index": 16}.

 Let me reconsider if any other sense could be better.

 Sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" - examples: draw a conclusion. A discovery is similar to a conclusion, but "make a discovery" is a very common collocation for sense 16.

 Sense 23: "institute, enact, or establish" - examples: make laws. Not quite.

 Sense 36:00 (index 3): "create". While a discovery is a creation of knowledge, the verb "make" in "make a discovery" is more about the act of discovering (performing) than creating the knowledge itself (which is abstract).

 Actually, looking at the British National Corpus or similar, "make a discovery" is frequently tagged with WordNet sense 16.

 Therefore, my final answer is sense 16.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: ModelRun

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: doctor
Target surface form: doctor
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston <t>doctor</t> named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=doctor%1:18:00:: | definition=a licensed medical practitioner | synonyms=doc, physician, MD, Dr., medico | examples=I felt so bad I went to see my doctor
2. sense_key=doctor%1:18:02:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) a title conferred on 33 saints who distinguished themselves through the orthodoxy of their theological teaching | synonyms=Doctor of the Church | examples=the Doctors of the Church greatly influenced Christian thought down to the late Middle Ages
3. sense_key=doctor%1:04:00:: | definition=children take the roles of physician or patient or nurse and pretend they are at the physician's office | examples=the children explored each other's bodies by playing the game of doctor
4. sense_key=doctor%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who holds Ph.D. degree (or the equivalent) from an academic institution | synonyms=Dr. | examples=she is a doctor of philosophy in physics

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "doctor" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about Mr. Quinlan, a baby with a rare tumor (retinoblastoma)
 - It mentions the discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth
 - This discovery was made by "a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja"
 - Thaddeus Dryja is described as making a medical/scientific discovery related to cancer and genetics
 - The text mentions the National Cancer Institute

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=doctor%1:18:00:: | definition=a licensed medical practitioner | synonyms=doc, physician, MD, Dr., medico | examples=I felt so bad I went to see my doctor
    - This refers to a medical doctor, physician.

 2. sense_key=doctor%1:18:02:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) a title conferred on 33 saints... | synonyms=Doctor of the Church
    - This is a religious title, clearly not relevant here.

 3. sense_key=doctor%1:04:00:: | definition=children take the roles of physician or patient... | examples=playing the game of doctor
    - This refers to a children's game. Not relevant.

 4. sense_key=doctor%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who holds Ph.D. degree (or the equivalent) from an academic institution | synonyms=Dr. | examples=she is a doctor of philosophy in physics
    - This refers to an academic doctorate (PhD), not necessarily a medical doctor.

 Now, which sense fits best?
 - Thaddeus Dryja is described as making a discovery about the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene.
 - He is called a "Boston doctor".
 - In the context of medical research and cancer study, "doctor" usually refers to a medical doctor (physician) or possibly a researcher with a PhD.
 - However, given the context of medical research, cancer study, and working in Boston (likely at a medical institution), this is most likely referring to a medical doctor (physician) who is also a researcher.
 - The sense 1 (licensed medical practitioner) fits best because:
   - The text is about medical research/cancer
   - "Doctor" in this context typically means physician/medical doctor in news reporting about medical breakthroughs
   - While he could have a PhD (sense 4), the more common usage in this medical context is sense 1
   - The examples for sense 1 include "I felt so bad I went to see my doctor" which establishes the medical practitioner meaning
   - The synonyms include physician, MD, Dr., medico - all consistent with a medical researcher

 Wait, let me reconsider. Is Thaddeus Dryja a medical doctor or a PhD researcher? The text says he made "the initial discovery of the gene". In scientific contexts, researchers often have PhDs. However, the word "doctor" in journalistic contexts describing medical research often defaults to the medical practitioner sense unless specified otherwise (like "doctor of philosophy").

 But actually, looking at the context carefully:
 - He discovered a gene related to retinoblastoma (a medical condition)
 - He is associated with Boston (likely Harvard Medical School or similar)
 - The text mentions "National Cancer Institute"

 In WordNet sense distinctions:
 - Sense 1: licensed medical practitioner (MD)
 - Sense 4: PhD holder

 In many contexts, medical researchers are MDs or MD/PhDs. Without specific information that he holds a PhD in a non-medical field or that he's strictly an academic researcher without medical practice, sense 1 is safer.

 However, looking at the name "Thaddeus Dryja" and the fact that he made a fundamental discovery about a gene - this sounds like basic research. But medical doctors also do research.

 Actually, looking at real world knowledge (which I should be careful about using, but can use to verify): Thaddeus Dryja is indeed an ophthalmologist (medical doctor) who discovered the retinoblastoma gene.

 But even without external knowledge, the context suggests:
 - He works in medical field (cancer study)
 - The text uses "doctor" in the sense of medical professional

 Sense 1 seems clearly the best fit. The other senses are:
 - Sense 2: Religious title - clearly wrong
 - Sense 3: Children's game - clearly wrong
 - Sense 4: Academic doctorate - possible, but less likely than medical doctor in this context, and WordNet distinguishes between the two. In journalistic writing about medical breakthroughs, "doctor" almost always means physician unless specified as "PhD" or similar.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense index 1.

 Wait, I need to check the formatting. The user wants: {"sense_index": 1}

 The sense indices in the prompt are:
 1. sense_key=doctor%1:18:00::
 2. sense_key=doctor%1:18:02::
 3. sense_key=doctor%1:04:00::
 4. sense_key=doctor%1:18:01::

 So index 1 is the medical practitioner.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet keys:
 - doctor%1:18:00:: is the medical practitioner (first sense)
 - doctor%1:18:01:: is the PhD holder (fourth sense in list)
 - doctor%1:18:02:: is the religious title (second sense in list)

 So yes, index 1 corresponds to the medical practitioner.

 Final check: The context is about a medical discovery (gene for retinoblastoma), cancer research, and a person working in Boston in a medical/research capacity. The term "doctor" here refers to a medical professional who made a scientific discovery. This aligns with sense 1.

 The answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: name
Target surface form: named
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor <t>named</t> Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=name%2:32:03:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=call | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=name%2:32:02:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=identify | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. sense_key=name%2:41:01:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=nominate, make | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
4. sense_key=name%2:41:00:: | definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, nominate, constitute | examples=nominate a committee
5. sense_key=name%2:32:07:: | definition=mention and identify by name | examples=name your accomplices!
6. sense_key=name%2:32:04:: | definition=make reference to | synonyms=mention, advert, bring up, cite, refer | examples=His name was mentioned in connection with the invention
7. sense_key=name%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe
8. sense_key=name%2:32:09:: | definition=give or make a list of; name individually; give the names of | synonyms=list | examples=List the states west of the Mississippi
9. sense_key=name%2:31:00:: | definition=determine or distinguish the nature of a problem or an illness through a diagnostic analysis | synonyms=diagnose

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "named" in the given context. The target lemma is "name" and the surface form is "named".

Let me analyze the context:
"the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor <t>named</t> Thaddeus Dryja"

The sentence is saying that a Boston doctor (who is called Thaddeus Dryja) made the discovery. So "named" here is being used to indicate that the doctor has the proper name Thaddeus Dryja.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=name%2:32:03:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=call | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
   - This seems to fit. The doctor is called Thaddeus Dryja. It's about assigning/applying a proper name to someone.

2. sense_key=name%2:32:02:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=identify | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
   - This seems to be about identifying or mentioning someone in connection with something, like naming names in a scandal. Not quite right for "a doctor named X".

3. sense_key=name%2:41:01:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=nominate, make | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
   - This is about appointing someone to a position. Not applicable here.

4. sense_key=name%2:41:00:: | definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, nominate, constitute | examples=nominate a committee
   - Also about appointing/nominating. Not applicable.

5. sense_key=name%2:32:07:: | definition=mention and identify by name | examples=name your accomplices!
   - This is about mentioning someone's name, like listing names. Not quite the same as "a doctor named X".

6. sense_key=name%2:32:04:: | definition=make reference to | synonyms=mention, advert, bring up, cite, refer | examples=His name was mentioned in connection with the invention
   - This is about referring to someone. Not the same as having a name.

7. sense_key=name%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe
   - This is about identifying/classifying species. Not applicable.

8. sense_key=name%2:32:09:: | definition=give or make a list of; name individually; give the names of | synonyms=list | examples=List the states west of the Mississippi
   - This is about listing names. Not applicable.

9. sense_key=name%2:31:00:: | definition=determine or distinguish the nature of a problem or an illness through a diagnostic analysis | synonyms=diagnose
   - This is about diagnosing. Not applicable.

So the best fit is sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" with synonyms "call".

The example "They named their son David" is very similar to "a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja". In both cases, it's about giving/assigning a proper name to a person.

Sense 2 might be tempting because it involves giving a name, but the examples suggest it's more about identifying or referring to someone by name in a specific context (like identifying suspects), rather than stating what someone is called.

Therefore, the answer should be sense_index 1.

Wait, let me double-check the sense keys. The user lists them as:
1. sense_key=name%2:32:03::
2. sense_key=name%2:32:02::
...

So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

Let me verify once more. The phrase "a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja" means a Boston doctor who is called Thaddeus Dryja. This is the passive form of "They named the doctor Thaddeus Dryja" or "They named him Thaddeus Dryja". This matches sense 1 perfectly: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to".

Sense 2 is "give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name" - this would be like "Can you name the doctor who discovered this?" meaning "Can you identify/tell me who the doctor is?" But in our sentence, it's not asking to identify the doctor; it's stating the doctor's name.

So yes, sense 1 is correct.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: open
Target surface form: opened
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has <t>opened</t> a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=open%2:35:00:: | definition=cause to open or to become open | synonyms=open up | examples=Mary opened the car door
2. sense_key=open%2:41:00:: | definition=start to operate or function or cause to start operating or functioning | synonyms=open up | examples=open a business
3. sense_key=open%2:35:06:: | definition=become open | synonyms=open up | examples=The door opened
4. sense_key=open%2:41:01:: | definition=begin or set in action, of meetings, speeches, recitals, etc. | examples=He opened the meeting with a long speech
5. sense_key=open%2:35:08:: | definition=spread out or open from a closed or folded state | synonyms=unfold, spread, spread out | examples=open the map; spread your arms
6. sense_key=open%2:30:00:: | definition=make available | synonyms=open up | examples=This opens up new possibilities
7. sense_key=open%2:30:01:: | definition=become available | synonyms=open up | examples=an opportunity opened up
8. sense_key=open%2:42:00:: | definition=have an opening or passage or outlet | examples=The bedrooms open into the hall
9. sense_key=open%2:33:00:: | definition=make the opening move | examples=Kasparov opened with a standard opening
10. sense_key=open%2:40:04:: | definition=afford access to | synonyms=afford, give | examples=the door opens to the patio; The French doors give onto a terrace
11. sense_key=open%2:39:10:: | definition=display the contents of a file or start an application as on a computer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "opened" in the given context. The target lemma is "open" and the surface form is "opened".

 Let me analyze the context:

 "Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has <t>opened</t> a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded."

 The sentence is saying that the discovery has "opened" a field of cancer study. This means it has made available or created new opportunities/possibilities in that field.

 Let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=open%2:35:00:: | definition=cause to open or to become open | synonyms=open up | examples=Mary opened the car door
    - This is about physically opening something like a door. Not applicable here.

 2. sense_key=open%2:41:00:: | definition=start to operate or function or cause to start operating or functioning | synonyms=open up | examples=open a business
    - This is about starting a business or operation. While "opening a field" could metaphorically relate, it's not quite right.

 3. sense_key=open%2:35:06:: | definition=become open | synonyms=open up | examples=The door opened
    - This is intransitive - something becoming open. The subject here is the discovery, and it's opening a field (transitive). So not this one.

 4. sense_key=open%2:41:01:: | definition=begin or set in action, of meetings, speeches, recitals, etc. | examples=He opened the meeting with a long speech
    - This is about beginning meetings or speeches. Not quite right for opening a field of study.

 5. sense_key=open%2:35:08:: | definition=spread out or open from a closed or folded state | synonyms=unfold, spread, spread out | examples=open the map; spread your arms
    - Physical unfolding. Not applicable.

 6. sense_key=open%2:30:00:: | definition=make available | synonyms=open up | examples=This opens up new possibilities
    - This looks promising. "Make available" - the discovery made available a field of cancer study, or opened up new possibilities for study.

 7. sense_key=open%2:30:01:: | definition=become available | synonyms=open up | examples=an opportunity opened up
    - This is intransitive. The subject here (discovery) is causing the opening, not becoming available itself.

 8. sense_key=open%2:42:00:: | definition=have an opening or passage or outlet | examples=The bedrooms open into the hall
    - Spatial relation. Not applicable.

 9. sense_key=open%2:33:00:: | definition=make the opening move | examples=Kasparov opened with a standard opening
    - Games/chess. Not applicable.

 10. sense_key=open%2:40:04:: | definition=afford access to | synonyms=afford, give | examples=the door opens to the patio; The French doors give onto a terrace
     - This is about physical access. Not quite right.

 11. sense_key=open%2:39:10:: | definition=display the contents of a file or start an application as on a computer
     - Computer specific. Not applicable.

 So the best fit seems to be sense 6: "make available" with the example "This opens up new possibilities".

 The context says the discovery "has opened a field of cancer study". This means it has made that field available for research, or created new opportunities/possibilities in that field. The phrase "opened a field" is metaphorical - it's about making something accessible or available that wasn't before.

 Sense 6: open%2:30:00:: - make available
 Sense 2: open%2:41:00:: - start to operate or function (like opening a business)

 Between sense 2 and sense 6:
 - Sense 2 is about starting operations, like opening a store or business.
 - Sense 6 is about making available, like opening up possibilities or opportunities.

 "Opening a field of study" is more about making it available for exploration or creating new possibilities in research, rather than starting operations of a business. The example for sense 6 "This opens up new possibilities" aligns very well with the idea of opening a field of study.

 Also, looking at the WordNet sense keys:
 - open%2:30:00:: is "make available"
 - open%2:41:00:: is "start to operate or function or cause to start operating or functioning"

 The context suggests that the discovery created a new area of research or made it possible to study cancer in a new way. This is about making available new research opportunities.

 Therefore, sense 6 (index 6) is the best choice.

 Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=...
 2. sense_key=...
 3. sense_key=...
 etc.

 So sense_key=open%2:30:00:: is number 6 in the list.

 Let me verify the WordNet definitions to make sure I'm interpreting correctly.

 In WordNet:
 - open%2:30:00:: - "make available" - "This opens up new possibilities"
 - open%2:30:01:: - "become available" - "an opportunity opened up"

 Yes, sense 6 is transitive (make available) and sense 7 is intransitive (become available).

 In the sentence: "the initial discovery... has opened a field of cancer study"
 Subject: discovery
 Object: a field of cancer study
 Verb: opened

 This is transitive. The discovery is making the field available. So sense 6.

 The phrase "opened a field" is a common collocation meaning to create or make available a new area of study or research.

 Therefore, the answer should be {"sense_index": 6}.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of <t>cancer</t> study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "cancer" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:

 1. The text discusses Mr. Quinlan who had a damaged gene and lost an eye to a rare tumor (retinoblastoma).
 2. It mentions "genetic probes" and "damaged retinoblastoma suppressor gene"
 3. It talks about the risk of developing "the rare cancer"
 4. It mentions "the National Cancer Institute"
 5. The specific sentence with the target is: "...has opened a field of <t>cancer</t> study, which in recent months has exploded."
 6. And: "...fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer..."

 The context is clearly about medical/scientific research on the disease cancer (malignant neoplastic disease), specifically retinoblastoma and tumor suppressor genes.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
    - This is the medical disease sense.

 2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
    - Astrological sense (person)

 3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
    - Astronomical sense (constellation)

 4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
    - Astrological sense (sign)

 5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer
    - Biological taxonomy sense (crabs)

 The context is clearly about the disease. The phrase "field of cancer study" refers to the study of the disease cancer. The mention of "National Cancer Institute" confirms this is about the disease.

 Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1: cancer%1:26:00:: (the malignant disease sense).

 Wait, I need to check the index. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00::
 2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00::
 3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00::
 4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00::
 5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00::

 So sense_index should be 1.

 Let me double-check the WordNet sense keys to make sure I understand the indices correctly. The user has provided numbered candidate senses 1 through 5. I should return the index of the best one.

 Sense 1 is the disease sense.
 Sense 2 is astrology person.
 Sense 3 is constellation.
 Sense 4 is zodiac sign.
 Sense 5 is genus of crabs.

 The context is definitely about the disease (malignant neoplastic disease).

 Therefore: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: recent
Target surface form: recent
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in <t>recent</t> months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "recent" in the given context. I need to choose between two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

Let me analyze the context:

The sentence is: "Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in <t>recent</t> months has exploded."

The phrase is "recent months". This refers to months that have just passed or are in the immediate past relative to the present time of the narrative.

Looking at the two senses:
- Sense 1 (new): "recent graduates", "recent addition" - these refer to things that are newly created or added
- Sense 2 (past/late): "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time" with synonym "late" and examples "a late development", "their late quarrel"

"Recent months" clearly refers to the immediate past months - months that have just gone by. It's not saying the months are "new" in the sense of being newly created, but rather that they are the months closest to the present time.

The phrase "in recent months" is a common temporal expression referring to the period just before now.

Sense 2 matches this usage perfectly: "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time".

The synonym "late" also fits here (though "late months" would be awkward, "late" in the sense of "recent" or "latest" works - as in "the late news" or "of late").

So the correct sense is sense 2 (index 2).

Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists:
1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00...
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00...

So index 1 is the "new" sense, index 2 is the "past" sense.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent <t>months</t> has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "months" in the given context.

Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context: "...which in recent <t>months</t> has exploded."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Let me analyze the context:
"which in recent months has exploded"

This refers to a field of cancer study that has exploded in recent months.

Sense 1: "one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year" - This refers to named months like January, February, etc. Example: "last month" (meaning the previous calendar month).

Sense 2: "a time unit of approximately 30 days" - This refers to a duration of about 30 days. Example: "given a month to pay" (duration).

In the phrase "in recent months", this is referring to the recent calendar months (like the past few months of the year), not just a duration of approximately 30 days. However, "recent months" can be ambiguous.

Let me think more carefully. "In recent months" typically refers to the recent past measured in calendar months. But both senses could potentially apply.

Wait, looking at WordNet's distinction:
- Sense 1 (month%1:28:01::): one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year; calendar month. Example: "he paid the bill last month"
- Sense 2 (month%1:28:00::): a time unit of approximately 30 days. Example: "he was given a month to pay the bill"

The phrase "in recent months" is similar to "last month" - it refers to specific divisions of the calendar year (the recent ones). It's not referring to a duration of approximately 30 days.

If I say "in recent months", I mean "during the recent calendar months" (e.g., September, October, November...), not "during a time period consisting of approximately 30 days."

Actually, let me reconsider. "Recent months" could be interpreted as "the past few months" which aligns with calendar divisions. The phrase "last month" in the example for sense 1 clearly refers to a named/numbered calendar month. "Recent months" similarly refers to multiple named/numbered calendar months.

Sense 2 is more about duration: "a month from now", "for a month", etc.

Therefore, sense 1 seems more appropriate for "in recent months" because it's referring to the calendar divisions (the recent months of the year), not a 30-day time unit as a measure of duration.

Wait, I should double-check WordNet's actual treatment. In WordNet:
- month%1:28:01:: is usually the "calendar month" sense (January, February, etc.)
- month%1:28:00:: is the "lunar month" or approximately 30 days sense

But in common usage, "in recent months" could fit either. However, looking at the examples:
- Sense 1 example: "he paid the bill last month" - this is a specific calendar month reference
- Sense 2 example: "he was given a month to pay the bill" - this is a duration

"Recent months" refers to specific calendar months in the recent past. So sense 1.

Actually, I recall that in WordNet, "months" in phrases like "in recent months" is often tagged as sense 1 (calendar month) because it refers to the divisions of the year.

Let me verify my reasoning:
- "in recent months" = during the recent calendar months (e.g., March, April, May)
- This is different from "for two months" which would be duration (sense 2)

Yes, "recent months" points to specific calendar divisions. So the answer should be sense 1.

Wait, looking at the sense keys:
1. month%1:28:01::
2. month%1:28:00::

The user wants: {"sense_index": 1} or {"sense_index": 2}

I need to return exactly like {"sense_index": 3} but with the correct index.

So if I choose sense 1: {"sense_index": 1}
If I choose sense 2: {"sense_index": 2}

I'm fairly confident it's sense 1. The phrase "in recent months" refers to calendar months (divisions of the year), not a 30-day time unit.

One more check: Could "recent months" mean "approximately 30-day periods"? If someone said "in recent months" without reference to calendar names, are they using sense 2?

Actually, looking at standard WSD datasets (like SemCor or Senseval), "months" in temporal phrases referring to the calendar system (like "last month", "recent months", "in January") typically map to the calendar month sense. The "30 days" sense is used when it's a measured duration without calendar reference (e.g., "a month's supply", "wait a month").

Therefore: sense_index 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: explode
Target surface form: exploded
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has <t>exploded</t>. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=explode%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to burst with a violent release of energy | synonyms=detonate, blow up, set off | examples=We exploded the nuclear bomb
2. sense_key=explode%2:30:00:: | definition=burst outward, usually with noise | synonyms=burst | examples=The champagne bottle exploded
3. sense_key=explode%2:31:00:: | definition=show a violent emotional reaction | examples=The boss exploded when he heard of the resignation of the secretary
4. sense_key=explode%2:30:03:: | definition=be unleashed; emerge with violence or noise | synonyms=burst forth, break loose | examples=His anger exploded
5. sense_key=explode%2:35:00:: | definition=destroy by exploding | examples=The enemy exploded the bridge
6. sense_key=explode%2:32:02:: | definition=cause to burst as a result of air pressure; of stop consonants like /p/, /t/, and /k/
7. sense_key=explode%2:32:00:: | definition=drive from the stage by noisy disapproval
8. sense_key=explode%2:31:01:: | definition=show (a theory or claim) to be baseless, or refute and make obsolete
9. sense_key=explode%2:30:04:: | definition=burst and release energy as through a violent chemical or physical reaction | synonyms=detonate, blow up | examples=the bomb detonated at noon; The Molotov cocktail exploded
10. sense_key=explode%2:30:02:: | definition=increase rapidly and in an uncontrolled manner | synonyms=irrupt | examples=The population of India is exploding; The island's rodent population irrupted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "exploded" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about cancer research and the discovery of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene
 - The sentence containing "exploded" is: "Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has <t>exploded</t>."
 - The context suggests that the field of cancer study has grown rapidly or expanded dramatically

 Now let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. explode%2:30:01:: - cause to burst with a violent release of energy (e.g., nuclear bomb) - transitive, physical explosion
 2. explode%2:30:00:: - burst outward, usually with noise (e.g., champagne bottle) - intransitive, physical explosion
 3. explode%2:31:00:: - show a violent emotional reaction (e.g., boss exploded when hearing resignation)
 4. explode%2:30:03:: - be unleashed; emerge with violence or noise (e.g., anger exploded)
 5. explode%2:35:00:: - destroy by exploding (e.g., enemy exploded the bridge)
 6. explode%2:32:02:: - cause to burst as a result of air pressure (phonetics)
 7. explode%2:32:00:: - drive from the stage by noisy disapproval
 8. explode%2:31:01:: - show (a theory or claim) to be baseless
 9. explode%2:30:04:: - burst and release energy as through a violent chemical or physical reaction (e.g., bomb detonated)
 10. explode%2:30:02:: - increase rapidly and in an uncontrolled manner (e.g., population of India is exploding)

 The context clearly indicates that the field of cancer study has grown or expanded rapidly. This matches sense 10: "increase rapidly and in an uncontrolled manner" with synonyms including "irrupt" and examples like "The population of India is exploding."

 The other senses refer to:
 - Physical explosions/bursting (senses 1, 2, 5, 9)
 - Emotional reactions (sense 3)
 - Being unleashed (sense 4)
 - Phonetics (sense 6)
 - Driving from stage (sense 7)
 - Refuting theories (sense 8)

 None of these fit the context of a field of study growing rapidly. Sense 10 is the only one that fits the metaphorical use of "exploded" meaning rapid growth/expansion.

 Therefore, the correct sense is index 10 (explode%2:30:02::).

 Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=explode%2:30:01::
 2. sense_key=explode%2:30:00::
 3. sense_key=explode%2:31:00::
 4. sense_key=explode%2:30:03::
 5. sense_key=explode%2:35:00::
 6. sense_key=explode%2:32:02::
 7. sense_key=explode%2:32:00::
 8. sense_key=explode%2:31:01::
 9. sense_key=explode%2:30:04::
 10. sense_key=explode%2:30:02::

 So sense 10 corresponds to explode%2:30:02:: which is "increase rapidly and in an uncontrolled manner".

 Yes, that's the correct one. The field of cancer study has "exploded" meaning it has grown rapidly.

 The answer should be: {"sense_index": 10}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn_out
Target surface form: turns out
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It <t>turns out</t> that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=prove, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
2. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:01:: | definition=prove to be in the result or end | examples=It turns out that he was right
3. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:01:: | definition=produce quickly or regularly, usually with machinery | examples=This factory turns out saws
4. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:02:: | definition=result or end | synonyms=come out | examples=How will the game turn out?
5. sense_key=turn_out%2:30:00:: | definition=come, usually in answer to an invitation or summons | examples=How many people turned out that evening?
6. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=bear | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
7. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:00:: | definition=put out or expel from a place | synonyms=eject, chuck out, exclude, turf out, boot out | examples=The unruly student was excluded from the game
8. sense_key=turn_out%2:41:03:: | definition=come and gather for a public event | examples=Hundreds of thousands turned out for the anti-war rally in New York
9. sense_key=turn_out%2:40:03:: | definition=outfit or equip, as with accessories | examples=The actors were turned out lavishly
10. sense_key=turn_out%2:38:00:: | definition=turn outward | synonyms=splay, spread out, rotate | examples=These birds can splay out their toes; ballet dancers can rotate their legs out by 90 degrees
11. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to stop operating by disengaging a switch | synonyms=switch off, cut, turn off | examples=Turn off the stereo, please; cut the engine
12. sense_key=turn_out%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, arise, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "turn_out" (surface form "turns out") in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 The sentence is: "It <t>turns out</t> that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer,"

 This is an impersonal construction "It turns out that..." which is used to indicate that something is revealed to be the case, or something becomes known or apparent.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=prove, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
    - This sense seems to fit. "It turns out" = "it is shown to be" or "it proves to be"

 2. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:01:: | definition=prove to be in the result or end | examples=It turns out that he was right
    - This looks very specific to the construction "It turns out that..."
    - The example matches exactly the structure in the context.

 3. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:01:: | definition=produce quickly or regularly, usually with machinery | examples=This factory turns out saws
    - This is about manufacturing. Not relevant.

 4. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:02:: | definition=result or end | synonyms=come out | examples=How will the game turn out?
    - This is about the outcome of events. While related, the specific construction "It turns out that..." is better captured by sense 2.

 5. sense_key=turn_out%2:30:00:: | definition=come, usually in answer to an invitation or summons | examples=How many people turned out that evening?
    - About attendance. Not relevant.

 6. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=bear | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year...
    - About producing/giving birth. Not relevant.

 7. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:00:: | definition=put out or expel from a place | synonyms=eject...
    - Not relevant.

 8. sense_key=turn_out%2:41:03:: | definition=come and gather for a public event | examples=Hundreds of thousands turned out for the anti-war rally...
    - About attendance/gathering. Not relevant.

 9. sense_key=turn_out%2:40:03:: | definition=outfit or equip, as with accessories | examples=The actors were turned out lavishly
    - About dressing/equipping. Not relevant.

 10. sense_key=turn_out%2:38:00:: | definition=turn outward | synonyms=splay...
     - Physical movement. Not relevant.

 11. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to stop operating by disengaging a switch | synonyms=switch off...
     - Turning off lights/devices. Not relevant.

 12. sense_key=turn_out%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up...
     - Waking up. Not relevant.

 Now comparing sense 1 and sense 2:

 Sense 1: turn_out%2:42:00:: - be shown or be found to be
 - Examples: "She proved to be right"; "The medicine turned out to save her life"
 - These use "turn out" with a following infinitive or adjective phrase.

 Sense 2: turn_out%2:42:01:: - prove to be in the result or end
 - Example: "It turns out that he was right"
 - This is specifically the impersonal "it" construction with "that" clause.

 The context uses exactly the construction "It turns out that..." so sense 2 seems to be the most precise match.

 However, I need to check if these are distinct senses or if sense 1 covers the "it turns out" construction. Looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1: "She proved to be right" - subject is a person/thing, followed by "to be"
 - Sense 1: "The medicine turned out to save her life" - subject is a thing, followed by infinitive
 - Sense 2: "It turns out that he was right" - impersonal "it", followed by "that" clause

 The context: "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights..."

 This matches exactly the pattern of sense 2: "It turns out that [clause]"

 Therefore, sense 2 (index 2) is the best choice.

 Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:00::
 2. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:01::
 3. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:01::
 ...

 So sense 2 is the one with definition "prove to be in the result or end" and example "It turns out that he was right".

 Yes, this is the correct choice.

 Actually, looking more carefully at WordNet:
 - turn_out%2:42:00:: usually corresponds to "prove to be" (e.g., "The hypothesis turned out to be true")
 - turn_out%2:42:01:: might be the specific "it turns out that" construction

 But in many WordNet versions, these might be variations. However, given the specific example provided for sense 2 ("It turns out that he was right"), and the exact match with the context ("It turns out that studying..."), I should choose sense 2.

 Let me verify the glosses once more:
 - Sense 1: "be shown or be found to be" - synonyms: prove, turn up
 - Sense 2: "prove to be in the result or end" - example: "It turns out that he was right"

 The context is about a revelation or discovery that became apparent as a result of research. The phrase "It turns out that..." introduces a fact that has been discovered or revealed.

 Between sense 1 and sense 2, sense 2 is more specific to the syntactic construction used in the sentence.

 Therefore, the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

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