[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: first
Target surface form: first
Context:
The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the <t>first</t> to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=first%3:00:00:: | definition=preceding all others in time or space or degree | examples=the first house on the right; the first day of spring
2. sense_key=first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=indicating the beginning unit in a series | synonyms=1st
3. sense_key=first%5:00:02:opening:00 | definition=serving to set in motion | synonyms=inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden | examples=the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations
4. sense_key=first%5:00:01:opening:00 | definition=serving to begin | synonyms=beginning | examples=the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse
5. sense_key=first%5:00:00:best:00 | definition=ranking above all others | synonyms=foremost, world-class | examples=was first in her class; the foremost figure among marine artists
6. sense_key=first%3:00:03:: | definition=highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections | examples=first soprano; the first violin section

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "first" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "This test was the <t>first</t> to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer."

 Key points:
 - The test is described as being the "first" to do something (predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer)
 - This implies it's the initial one, the pioneering one, the one that came before all others in this specific domain
 - It's setting a precedent, opening a new possibility

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=first%3:00:00:: | definition=preceding all others in time or space or degree | examples=the first house on the right; the first day of spring
    - This is the most general sense of "first" meaning preceding all others in time.
    - The example shows temporal ordering (first day of spring).
    - This could fit: the test preceded all others in time.

 2. sense_key=first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=indicating the beginning unit in a series | synonyms=1st
    - This is the ordinal number sense (1st).
    - The context doesn't seem to be using "first" as an ordinal number in a series (like "the first chapter"), but rather as an adjective describing the test's pioneering nature.

 3. sense_key=first%5:00:02:opening:00 | definition=serving to set in motion | synonyms=inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden | examples=the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations
    - "Serving to set in motion" - this fits well because the test is pioneering, it's the initial one of its kind, it opens up a new field (as mentioned later in the text: "has opened a field of cancer study").
    - Synonyms like "inaugural", "maiden" fit well with "the first test to predict..."

 4. sense_key=first%5:00:01:opening:00 | definition=serving to begin | synonyms=beginning | examples=the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse
    - Similar to sense 3 but perhaps more about position in a sequence rather than setting something in motion.
    - "Serving to begin" - could fit, but "serving to set in motion" (sense 3) captures the pioneering aspect better.

 5. sense_key=first%5:00:00:best:00 | definition=ranking above all others | synonyms=foremost, world-class | examples=was first in her class; the foremost figure among marine artists
    - This is about being the best or foremost in quality/rank, not necessarily about temporal order.
    - The context emphasizes it being the first to do something (temporal/initiatory), not necessarily the best quality.

 6. sense_key=first%3:00:03:: | definition=highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections | examples=first soprano; the first violin section
    - Musical sense, clearly not applicable here.

 Comparing sense 1 and sense 3:
 Sense 1: "preceding all others in time or space or degree" - very general temporal sense.
 Sense 3: "serving to set in motion" - more specific, implies inaugurating, initiating.

 The context emphasizes that this test was pioneering - "the first to predict reliably" - implying it started something new, set things in motion for this type of genetic testing. The text later mentions it "opened a field of cancer study."

 However, looking carefully at the gloss for sense 1: "preceding all others in time or space or degree" - this is the basic sense of "first" as in "coming before all others."

 But sense 3 specifically mentions "serving to set in motion" with synonyms "inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden." The example "the magazine's inaugural issue" is similar to "the first test to predict..."

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
 - Sense 1 (first%3:00:00::) is the adjective sense: preceding all others...
 - Sense 3 (first%5:00:02:opening:00) is also an adjective but specifically related to "opening" (as indicated by the lexname/adj class).
 - Sense 4 (first%5:00:01:opening:00) is similar.

 Wait, let me look at the sense keys more carefully:
 - first%3:00:00:: - This is the main adjective sense (3 = adjective, 00 = lexical file number for adj.all)
 - first%5:00:02:opening:00 - This is an adjective satellite (5 = adjective satellite), with opening as the head synset?
 - first%5:00:01:opening:00 - Another satellite
 - first%5:00:00:best:00 - Satellite with best as head?
 - first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 - Satellite with ordinal as head?

 Actually, looking at WordNet sense key format:
 - %3:... refers to adjectives (all)
 - %5:... refers to adjective satellites

 The distinction:
 Sense 1: "preceding all others in time or space or degree" - the core meaning.
 Sense 3: "serving to set in motion" - specifically about being inaugural/initiatory.

 In the context: "This test was the first to predict reliably..."
 This could be interpreted as:
 a) The test came before all other tests in time (temporal precedence) - Sense 1
 b) The test was inaugural/initiatory - Sense 3

 Which is better?
 The phrase "the first to predict" strongly suggests it's the initial one, the one that came first in time. However, the nuance of "serving to set in motion" (sense 3) captures the idea that this test initiated a new era/field.

 But looking at the examples for sense 1: "the first house on the right; the first day of spring" - these are about position in time or space.

 For sense 3: "the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations" - these are about starting something.

 The context mentions: "This test was the first to predict reliably... Equally important, the initial discovery... has opened a field of cancer study..."

 The word "initial" is used for the discovery, and "first" is used for the test. Both suggest the beginning of something.

 However, the most natural reading of "the first to predict" is simply that no test before it could do this - it precedes all others in time. This is the basic temporal sense.

 But wait, looking at the synonyms for sense 3: "inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden"
 If we substitute: "This test was the inaugural to predict..." - doesn't quite work grammatically.
 "This test was the maiden to predict..." - no.
 "This test was the initiative to predict..." - no.

 But "This test was the first to predict..." works with sense 1.

 However, "serving to set in motion" is a semantic category that applies to events/actions that start things.

 Let me reconsider. In WSD, "first" when modifying a noun that denotes an event/action and meaning "never done before" often maps to sense 3 or 4.

 But looking at the examples:
 - "the first day of spring" (sense 1) - temporal
 - "the magazine's inaugural issue" (sense 3) - inaugural = first issue

 Actually, "the first issue of the magazine" would use sense 1 (temporal), while "the inaugural issue" uses sense 3.

 But in our sentence: "the first to predict" - the word "first" is a noun adjunct or predicate adjective? Actually, it's "the first [test] to predict..." - "first" is functioning as a noun meaning "the first one" or as an adjective modifying an elided "one/test".

 If it's "the first [test]", and we mean "the test that came before all others", that's sense 1.
 If it's "the inaugural [test]", that's sense 3.

 Which sense does WordNet assign to "first" in phrases like "the first man to walk on the moon"?
 Typically, that's sense 1 (preceding all others in time).

 However, sense 3 specifically mentions "serving to set in motion" which seems very apt for a pioneering medical test that "opened a field".

 Let me check the actual WordNet entries mentally:
 Sense 1: first (a) - preceding all others in time or space or degree
 Sense 3: first (s) - serving to set in motion (inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden)

 In many WSD datasets, "the first to..." constructions are often labeled with the temporal sense (sense 1), not the inaugural sense.

 But let's look at the context again carefully. The text emphasizes that this test made history, set a precedent, opened a field. This strongly suggests the "serving to set in motion" sense.

 However, I need to be careful. The gloss for sense 1 includes "preceding all others in time... or degree". The test precedes all others in time.

 The gloss for sense 3 is more specific about the function: "serving to set in motion".

 If I look at the example for sense 3: "the initiative phase in the negotiations" - this is about a phase that initiates.
 For sense 4: "the beginning canto of the poem" - this is about position in a sequence.

 The test is described as predicting cancer reliably. This is an achievement. Being the "first" to do this is primarily about temporal precedence (no one did it before).

 But the phrase "serving to set in motion" fits well with the subsequent text about opening a field of study.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet hierarchy, sense 3 and 4 are satellites of "opening" (probably), while sense 1 is the core adjective.

 In standard WSD for "first" meaning "earliest in time", sense 1 is usually the correct choice.

 However, let me consider if there's any reason to prefer sense 3. The synonyms "inaugural" and "maiden" suggest a formal beginning. A "maiden voyage" is the first voyage, but emphasizes it as an initiation.

 But "first" in "the first test" is more general than "inaugural test" or "maiden test".

 I think sense 1 is the safest and most likely correct answer. The test precedes all others in time.

 Wait, I should reconsider the sense indices. The user lists them as 1-6.

 Sense 1: first%3:00:00:: (adjective, basic)
 Sense 2: first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 (adjective satellite, ordinal)
 Sense 3: first%5:00:02:opening:00 (adjective satellite, opening, serving to set in motion)
 Sense 4: first%5:00:01:opening:00 (adjective satellite, opening, serving to begin)
 Sense 5: first%5:00:00:best:00 (adjective satellite, best)
 Sense 6: first%3:00:03:: (adjective, musical)

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet 3.0 or 3.1:
 - first%3:00:00:: is the main sense (preceding all others...)
 - first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 is the ordinal sense (1st)
 - first%5:00:00:opening:00 might be "serving to begin"
 - first%5:00:02:opening:00 might be "serving to set in motion"

 Wait, the user's sense keys:
 3. sense_key=first%5:00:02:opening:00 | definition=serving to set in motion
 4. sense_key=first%5:00:01:opening:00 | definition=serving to begin

 These are distinct.

 "Serving to set in motion" (sense 3) vs "serving to begin" (sense 4).

 "Serving to set in motion" implies causality - it starts something moving.
 "Serving to begin" is more about position in a sequence.

 The test "sets in motion" a new field of study (as mentioned in the text). This is a strong argument for sense 3.

 However, the phrase "the first to predict" is ambiguous. It could mean:
 1. The earliest test that predicted... (temporal precedence - sense 1)
 2. The test that inaugurated the ability to predict... (sense 3)

 In WordNet, "inaugural" is a separate word with its own entry, but as a synonym for sense 3 of "first".

 If I look at actual WordNet annotations for similar sentences, "first" in "the first to do X" where X is a pioneering action is often sense 1.

 But let's look at the examples provided:
 Sense 3 examples: "the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations"
 These are about things that start processes.

 Sense 1 examples: "the first house on the right; the first day of spring"
 These are about position/sequence.

 The test is not just in a sequence; it's pioneering. But is it "serving to set in motion" or simply "preceding all others in time"?

 I think the key is that "first" here means "before all others in time", which is sense 1. The fact that it also sets something in motion is an implicature, not the core meaning of "first" in this context.

 However, the existence of sense 3 specifically for "serving to set in motion" with examples like "inaugural issue" suggests that WordNet distinguishes between mere temporal precedence (sense 1) and initiatory function (sense 3).

 If the test is described as "the first to predict", and this is a historical first, it is serving to set in motion the era of predictive cancer testing.

 But I think for "the first [N] to [Verb]", sense 1 is standard.

 Let me reconsider the other senses just in case.
 Sense 2 (ordinal): "indicating the beginning unit in a series" - This is for "the first chapter", "first base". The test is not part of a numbered series.
 Sense 5 (best): "ranking above all others" - No, it's not about being the best, but about being the earliest.
 Sense 6 (musical): No.

 So it's between 1, 3, and 4.

 Sense 4: "serving to begin" - examples: "the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse"
 This is very similar to sense 1 but perhaps more specific to texts/poems? No, "serving to begin" is general.
 The examples suggest it's for parts of a whole (canto, verse).

 Sense 3: "serving to set in motion" - examples: "inaugural issue", "initiative phase"

 The test is not a part of a series like a canto (sense 4), nor is it necessarily setting something in motion in the sense of "initiative" (sense 3), though it is pioneering.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet glosses again:
 Sense 4: "serving to begin" - synonyms: beginning
 Sense 3: "serving to set in motion" - synonyms: inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden

 The distinction between "begin" and "set in motion" is subtle. "Set in motion" implies dynamics, starting a process. "Begin" is more static, about position.

 The test starts a new era, so sense 3 seems semantically closest.

 But I need to check: is "first" in "the first test" more like "the inaugural test" or "the earliest test"?

 In common parlance, it's "the earliest". In WordNet, "earliest" might map to sense 1.

 However, looking at the provided examples for sense 1: "the first house on the right; the first day of spring"
 These are about spatial or temporal position in a sequence.

 For sense 3: "the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase"
 These are about the start of a process/publication.

 The test is the start of a capability/era.

 I think I should choose sense 1, because "preceding all others in time" captures "the first to predict" accurately. The test came before all other tests that predict cancer.

 But I'm drawn to sense 3 because of the "opened a field" context.

 Let me think about how WordNet distinguishes these. Usually, for "first" + noun, if it's a temporal first, it's sense 1. If it's "inaugural", it's sense 3.

 Can we say "This test was the inaugural to predict..."? No, we can't. We say "the inaugural test".
 Can we say "This test was the first to predict..."? Yes.

 This suggests that "first" here is not functioning as a synonym for "inaugural" (which requires a noun to modify), but as a nominalized adjective meaning "the one that came first [in time]".

 Therefore, sense 1 is correct.

 Wait, "first" can be a noun meaning "the first instance of something". "This test was the first [instance]."

 Sense 1 covers this as an adjective: "preceding all others..." used substantively.

 I will go with sense 1.

 But I want to double-check. Is there any chance it's sense 3?
 If the sentence were "This was a first step...", maybe sense 3 or 4.
 But "the first to predict" strongly emphasizes temporal precedence.

 Final check: The definition of sense 1 includes "preceding all others in ... degree". This covers "first" as in "first in importance", but the examples are temporal/spatial. The "degree" part might cover "first prize" (best), but that's sense 5.

 Actually, looking carefully: sense 1 definition: "preceding all others in time or space or degree"
 Examples: "the first house on the right" (space), "the first day of spring" (time).
 The "degree" part is ambiguous. It could mean "to the highest degree" or "first level".

 But sense 5 is specifically "ranking above all others" (best).

 So sense 1 is the general temporal/spatial precedence sense.

 I choose sense 1.

 Wait, I just noticed something. The sense keys have specific formats.
 first%3:00:00:: - this is the main adjective sense.
 first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 - this is satellite, ordinal.
 first%5:00:02:opening:00 - satellite, opening, specific type 02.
 first%5:00:01:opening:00 - satellite, opening, specific type 01.

 In WordNet, "first" as "inaugural" is indeed a separate sense from the general "preceding in time".

 But in the sentence "This test was the first to predict...", if we mean "this test was the inaugural one to predict", that would be sense 3.
 If we mean "this test preceded all others in predicting", that's sense 1.

 I think the distinction is too subtle and sense 1 is the default for "first" meaning earliest.

 However, looking at the provided synonyms for sense 3: "inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden"
 And for sense 4: "beginning"

 The test is clearly inaugural. But is "first" in this context synonymous with "inaugural"?

 "This test was the inaugural to predict..." is ungrammatical. "This test was the inaugural test to predict..." is grammatical.
 "This test was the first to predict..." is grammatical.

 This grammatical difference suggests "first" is functioning differently here - as a pronoun/noun substitute for "the first test", where "first" is the temporal adjective.

 Therefore, sense 1.

 I will provide {"sense_index": 1}.

 But I want to reconsider one more time. The user says "Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense."

 If I look at the context about "opened a field of cancer study", this strongly supports the "serving to set in motion" meaning (sense 3).

 Also, the phrase "This test was the first..." where "first" stands alone (not "the first test") might lean toward sense 3 if we consider it as a noun meaning "the inaugural instance".

 But in WordNet, "first" as a noun is:
 - the first or highest in an ordering or series (e.g., "He came in first")
 - the first element in a series (e.g., "the first of the month")
 - the time at which something is supposed to begin

 None of these noun senses are listed in the candidates! The candidates are all adjectives (3 or 5).

 So "first" here must be analyzed as an adjective. "This test was the first [test]..."

 As an adjective, is it sense 1 or 3?

 Given that sense 3 has the specific meaning "serving to set in motion" and the context emphasizes the test's role in opening a new field, and sense 3's synonyms include "inaugural" which fits the pioneering nature, I think sense 3 might actually be the intended answer for this fine-grained distinction.

 But I'm worried that standard WSD systems would tag this as sense 1.

 Let me think about the examples again.
 Sense 3: "the magazine's inaugural issue" - this is the first issue.
 "the initiative phase" - the first phase.

 These are exactly parallel to "the first test".

 But why are they separate senses in WordNet? Because "inaugural" implies a formal beginning or a beginning that sets something in motion, whereas "first" (sense 1) is just the one before the second.

 In this context, the test is clearly inaugural. It set the field in motion.

 I think for fine-grained WSD, sense 3 is the better choice.

 However, looking at the definition of sense 1 again: "preceding all others in time or space or degree"
 This is very broad. It covers "the first test".

 Looking at sense 3: "serving to set in motion"
 This is more specific.

 If the sentence was "He was the first man on the moon", that's sense 1 (temporal precedence).
 If the sentence is "This was the first step toward peace", that could be sense 3 (initiatory).

 "This test was the first to predict..." is more like the first man on the moon - it's a historical first, a temporal first.

 But the text emphasizes it opened a field...

 I think I'll stick with sense 1. It's the most general and accurate. The test precedes all others in time.

 Final decision: sense_index: 1

 Wait, I should check if "first" could be sense 4: "serving to begin" with example "the first verse".
 This is also possible. "The first verse" = "the verse that serves to begin the poem".
 "The first test" = "the test that serves to begin the era of prediction".

 But sense 3 "serving to set in motion" with "inaugural" is stronger for a pioneering scientific test.

 Actually, looking at WordNet 3.1 online or similar:
 Sense 1: preceding all others in time or space or degree (the first day of spring)
 Sense 2: indicating the beginning unit in a series (the first day of the month) - this is the ordinal sense.
 Sense 3: serving to set in motion (the magazine's inaugural issue)
 Sense 4: serving to begin (the beginning canto)

 The user's sense 2 is "indicating the beginning unit in a series" which matches the ordinal sense (1st).
 The user's sense 3 is "serving to set in motion".
 The user's sense 4 is "serving to begin".

 So the user's sense 1 is the general temporal sense.

 I think the answer is 1.

 But to be thorough, let's consider if it could be sense 5 (best). "This test was the best to predict..." No, the text doesn't say it's the best, just that it was the first that could do it reliably.

 So it's between 1, 3, and 4.

 I think 1 is correct.

 One final check: The instruction says "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense."

 So I should look at the examples and synonyms carefully.

 Sense 1 examples: "the first house on the right; the first day of spring" - These are about position in a sequence (spatial or temporal).
 Sense 3 examples: "the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations" - These are about starting something.
 Sense 4 examples: "the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse" - These are about parts of a whole that come at the start.

 The test is not part of a larger whole like a poem (so not 4).
 It is not just in a sequence like a house on a street (sense 1 is possible).
 It is inaugural like a magazine's first issue (sense 3 is possible).

 Given the context about "opened a field", sense 3 is strongly supported.

 I will go with sense 3.

 No, wait. "The first house on the right" is not necessarily part of a numbered series (like 1st, 2nd), it's just the one you encounter first. Similarly, "the first day of spring" is the initial day.

 "The first test to predict cancer" is the initial test.

 But "inaugural" implies a ceremony or formal beginning. While the test is pioneering, "inaugural" might be too strong.

 However, "initiative" and "initiatory" fit well.

 I think for fine-grained WSD, the distinction between sense 1 (general temporal precedence) and sense 3 (specifically initiatory) is important, and the context clearly supports the initiatory aspect.

 So I'll choose 3.

 Actually, looking at the user-provided indices:
 1. sense_key=first%3:00:00:: ...
 2. sense_key=first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 ...
 3. sense_key=first%5:00:02:opening:00 ...
 4. sense_key=first%5:00:01:opening:00 ...

 If I choose 3, I'm saying it's "serving to set in motion".
 If I choose 1, I'm saying it's "preceding all others in time".

 I think the safe choice is 1. But the precise choice, given the examples and context, might be 3.

 Let me reconsider the "opening" senses. The head word is "opening".
 An "opening" event is one that begins something.
 Sense 3 is "serving to set in motion".
 Sense 4 is "serving to begin".

 These are very similar. But sense 3 has "inaugural", sense 4 has "beginning".

 "Inaugural" is more formal and appropriate for a scientific breakthrough.

 But I'm overthinking. In most WSD tasks, this would be sense 1.

 I'll provide sense 1.

 Final answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: StreamLake


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: individual
Target surface form: individual
Context:
The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an <t>individual</t> could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=individual%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=individual%1:18:00:: | definition=a single organism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "individual" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is about genetic testing for retinoblastoma (an eye cancer)
 - The specific sentence is: "This test was the first to predict reliably whether an <t>individual</t> could expect to develop cancer."
 - Here, "individual" refers to a person/human being who might develop cancer
 - The test predicts whether a person (human being) could develop cancer

 Candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=individual%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
 2. sense_key=individual%1:18:00:: | definition=a single organism

 Analysis:
 - Sense 1 refers to a human being (person)
 - Sense 2 refers to a single organism (which could be any living organism, not necessarily human)

 In the context, we're talking about whether a person (human) could develop cancer. The text mentions "the Quinlan baby", "Mr. Quinlan", "children" - all human references. The test predicts cancer risk in humans.

 While sense 2 (single organism) is technically true (a human is an organism), sense 1 is more specific and appropriate here. The context is clearly about human medical testing, not general biology about any organism.

 The synonyms for sense 1 (person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul) fit perfectly in the sentence: "whether a person could expect to develop cancer" or "whether someone could expect to develop cancer."

 Sense 2 would be more appropriate in a biological context discussing any living organism (bacteria, plants, animals, etc.), but here the focus is specifically on humans and medical prediction for people.

 Therefore, sense 1 (individual%1:03:00::) is the correct choice.

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Chutes

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expect
Target surface form: expect
Context:
The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could <t>expect</t> to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expect%2:31:00:: | definition=regard something as probable or likely | synonyms=anticipate | examples=The meteorologists are expecting rain for tomorrow
2. sense_key=expect%2:32:00:: | definition=consider obligatory; request and expect | synonyms=ask, require | examples=We require our secretary to be on time; Aren't we asking too much of these children?
3. sense_key=expect%2:31:01:: | definition=look forward to the probable occurrence of | synonyms=look, await, wait | examples=We were expecting a visit from our relatives; She is looking to a promotion
4. sense_key=expect%2:31:05:: | definition=consider reasonable or due | examples=I'm expecting a full explanation as to why these files were destroyed
5. sense_key=expect%2:29:02:: | definition=look forward to the birth of a child | examples=She is expecting in March
6. sense_key=expect%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, bear, carry, gestate | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "expect" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about a genetic test that predicts whether an individual could expect to develop cancer.
- The specific sentence: "This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer."
- Meaning: The test predicts whether an individual is likely/probable to develop cancer in the future.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=expect%2:31:00:: | definition=regard something as probable or likely | synonyms=anticipate | examples=The meteorologists are expecting rain for tomorrow
   - This sense is about regarding something as probable or likely. In the context, the test predicts whether someone could regard developing cancer as probable/likely. This fits well.

2. sense_key=expect%2:32:00:: | definition=consider obligatory; request and expect | synonyms=ask, require
   - This is about obligation/requirement. Doesn't fit here. No one is requiring the individual to develop cancer.

3. sense_key=expect%2:31:01:: | definition=look forward to the probable occurrence of | synonyms=look, await, wait
   - This implies looking forward to something, usually with anticipation. While "await" is neutral, "look forward to" suggests a positive or neutral anticipation. Developing cancer is not something one looks forward to. The context is about probability/risk, not anticipation.

4. sense_key=expect%2:31:05:: | definition=consider reasonable or due
   - This is about considering something reasonable or due, like expecting an explanation. Doesn't fit with developing cancer.

5. sense_key=expect%2:29:02:: | definition=look forward to the birth of a child
   - Specific to pregnancy/birth. Not relevant.

6. sense_key=expect%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with
   - Also pregnancy related. Not relevant.

So it's between sense 1 and sense 3.

Sense 1: "regard something as probable or likely" - The test predicts whether an individual could regard developing cancer as probable. This is about the statistical likelihood.

Sense 3: "look forward to the probable occurrence of" - While "await" is a synonym, the definition says "look forward to". In the context of cancer, one does not look forward to it. Also, the example "We were expecting a visit from our relatives" suggests anticipation of a specific event.

In the context: "predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer" - this means whether it is probable/likely that they will develop cancer. It's about probability assessment, not anticipation.

Sense 1 seems best. The example "The meteorologists are expecting rain for tomorrow" parallels the predictive/probabilistic nature of the context.

Wait, let me reconsider. In WSD for "expect", sense 1 and 3 are often close. Let me think about the subtle differences.

Sense 1 (expect%2:31:00): regard something as probable or likely. This is the epistemic sense - believing something is likely to happen.
Sense 3 (expect%2:31:01): look forward to the probable occurrence of. This is a bit more about waiting for something expected to happen.

In "whether an individual could expect to develop cancer", the meaning is "whether an individual is likely to develop cancer" or "whether it is probable that an individual will develop cancer". This aligns with sense 1.

Also, note that sense 1's synonym is "anticipate" in the sense of predicting/foreseeing, not in the sense of looking forward to.

Actually, looking at WordNet more carefully:
- expect%2:31:00:: is usually the general "anticipate, expect" - regard something as probable or likely.
- expect%2:31:01:: is "expect, look, await, wait" - look forward to the probable occurrence of.

The context is about a medical test predicting probability. It's not about waiting for cancer to happen, but about whether the probability exists. So sense 1 is better.

The answer should be JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to <t>develop</t> cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "develop" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to <t>develop</t> cancer."
 - The context is about medical/genetic testing predicting whether someone will get cancer.
 - Specifically, it's about whether little Will Quinlan would develop retinoblastoma (an eye cancer).
 - The key phrase is "develop cancer" - meaning to contract, acquire, or come down with a disease.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation
    - This is about creating something new (like a product). Not applicable here.

 2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate
    - This is about working out a theory or plan. Not applicable.

 3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve
    - Examples: "acquire a strong aversion", "develop a sense of right and wrong". This is about gaining skills/traits through experience, not diseases.

 4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire
    - Examples: "He grew a beard", "The patient developed abdominal pains"
    - This looks very promising! "The patient developed abdominal pains" is exactly the same construction as "develop cancer" - meaning to acquire/contract a medical condition.

 5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape
    - This is about things originating or arising. While cancer comes into existence, this sense is more about abstract things or movements originating.

 6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable
    - About land development. Not applicable.

 7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses
    - About elaborating on ideas. Not applicable.

 8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching
    - About training people. Not applicable.

 9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest
    - About plots unfolding. Not quite right for disease.

 10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment
    - Examples: "A flower developed on the branch", "The country developed into a mighty superpower"
    - This is about growing or evolving. While cancer grows, "develop cancer" usually means to contract/acquire the disease.

 11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced
    - About countries modernizing. Not applicable.

 12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development
    - About cultivating plants/crops. Not applicable.

 13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually
    - About generating customers/markets. Not applicable.

 14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature
    - About personal growth. Not applicable.

 15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions
    - About developing film. Not applicable.

 16-21: Various other technical meanings (geometry, chess, music, happen, math). Not applicable.

 The best match is sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" with the example "The patient developed abdominal pains".

 This sense captures the meaning of acquiring a disease or medical condition. The context specifically mentions:
 - "risk of developing the rare cancer"
 - "expect to develop cancer"

 This is about contracting/acquiring a disease, which matches sense 4 perfectly.

 Let me double-check sense 3: "gain through experience" - this is more about skills, habits, or characteristics acquired through experience (like developing a sense of humor, or developing good habits). Diseases are not typically "gained through experience" in this sense, though one could argue. But sense 4 explicitly mentions "The patient developed abdominal pains" which is a medical context, making it the stronger candidate.

 Sense 20: "happen" - "Report the news as it develops" - this is about events unfolding, not diseases.

 Sense 5: "come into existence" - while cancer comes into existence in the body, the phrase "develop cancer" is more about the person acquiring the condition.

 So the answer is sense index 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop <t>cancer</t>. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "cancer" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about retinoblastoma, which is described as "an eye cancer"
 - It mentions "tumor-suppressor gene"
 - It talks about "developing the rare cancer"
 - It mentions "predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer"
 - It mentions "opened a field of cancer study"

 This is clearly referring to the medical condition - malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal cell division.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: - definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
    - This matches the medical context perfectly.

 2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: - definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
    - This is about astrology/zodiac signs referring to a person. Not relevant here.

 3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: - definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
    - This is the constellation. Not relevant.

 4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: - definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
    - This is the zodiac sign. Not relevant.

 5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: - definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer
    - This is the biological genus (crabs). Not relevant.

 The context is clearly medical, discussing retinoblastoma (eye cancer), genetic testing for cancer risk, and cancer study/research. Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

 The target word appears in the phrase: "developing the rare cancer" and "develop <t>cancer</t>" and "field of cancer study".

 Sense index 1 corresponds to the medical definition.

 I need to return: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: equally
Target surface form: Equally
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. <t>Equally</t> important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=equally%4:02:01:: | definition=to the same degree (often followed by `as') | synonyms=as, every bit | examples=they were equally beautiful; birds were singing and the child sang as sweetly
2. sense_key=equally%4:02:02:: | definition=in equal amounts or shares; in a balanced or impartial way | synonyms=evenly | examples=a class evenly divided between girls and boys; they split their winnings equally

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "equally" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text discusses a genetic test for retinoblastoma.
 - The sentence with "Equally" is: "Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study..."
 - Here, "equally" is modifying "important" and seems to mean "to the same degree" or "comparably" - suggesting that the discovery is just as important as the test mentioned in the previous sentence.

 Candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=equally%4:02:01:: | definition=to the same degree (often followed by `as') | synonyms=as, every bit | examples=they were equally beautiful; birds were singing and the child sang as sweetly
 2. sense_key=equally%4:02:02:: | definition=in equal amounts or shares; in a balanced or impartial way | synonyms=evenly | examples=a class evenly divided between girls and boys; they split their winnings equally

 Analysis:
 - Sense 1: "to the same degree" - This fits the context. The discovery is equally (to the same degree) important as the test mentioned previously. This is a comparative usage indicating equal degree or extent.
 - Sense 2: "in equal amounts or shares" - This implies distribution or division into equal parts. This doesn't fit here because we're not talking about dividing something into equal shares or amounts. We're talking about the degree of importance.

 The phrase "Equally important" is a common collocation meaning "of comparable importance" or "to the same degree of importance." This aligns with sense 1.

 The gloss for sense 1 mentions "to the same degree (often followed by `as')" - while there's no explicit "as" in this exact phrase, the comparison is implied with the previous statement about the test being the first to predict reliably. The structure "Equally important" stands as an elliptical form of "Equally important [as the test/fact mentioned previously]".

 Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

 Wait, I need to check the sense indices. The user provided:
 1. sense_key=equally%4:02:01::
 2. sense_key=equally%4:02:02::

 So the indices are 1 and 2.

 I should choose index 1.

 Let me double-check by looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1 examples: "they were equally beautiful" - comparing degree of beauty
 - Sense 2 examples: "they split their winnings equally" - dividing into equal shares

 In the context: "Equally important" - comparing the degree of importance between the test and the discovery. This is clearly sense 1.

 The JSON output should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: important
Target surface form: important
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally <t>important</t>, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day
2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution
3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner
5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "important" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses a genetic test for retinoblastoma
 - It mentions that this test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer
 - Then it says "Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene... has opened a field of cancer study..."
 - The sense seems to be that the discovery is significant, meaningful, or of great value/significance in the field of cancer research

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day
    - This seems like a general sense of being significant or valuable
    - Examples include "important people" and "important questions"

 2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution
    - This emphasizes importance in terms of effect or meaning/consequences
    - Examples focus on changes with significant effects

 3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
    - This is stronger - "extreme importance", "vital", "crucial"
    - The context doesn't suggest a crisis or that it's vital to resolving a crisis, though it is significant

 4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner
    - This refers to people having authority or influence
    - The target refers to a discovery/event, not a person with authority

 5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office
    - This refers to acting self-important or pompous
    - Clearly not the right sense here

 Now between senses 1 and 2:
 - Sense 1: "of great significance or value" - general importance
 - Sense 2: "important in effect or meaning" - focuses on the impact/effect

 The context: "Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth... has opened a field of cancer study..."

 The discovery is important because:
 1. It has opened a new field of study
 2. It has led to fundamental insights about cancer
 3. It is equally important to the test mentioned earlier

 The word "Equally" suggests it's being compared to the previous point (the test being the first to predict cancer). Both are significant developments.

 Sense 2 (important%3:00:04::) specifically mentions "important in effect or meaning" with the synonym "significant". The examples are "a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution" - these are about things that have important effects or consequences.

 However, looking at the structure:
 - The discovery opened a field of study
 - It led to fundamental insights
 - It made possible some fundamental insights

 This seems to fit "important in effect or meaning" (sense 2) because it emphasizes the consequences and effects of the discovery.

 But sense 1 is "of great significance or value" - this is more general.

 Let me check WordNet hierarchies. Usually %3:00:00:: is the first sense, often the most general or frequent.

 Actually, looking closely at the definitions:
 - Sense 1: "of great significance or value" - this is the general sense
 - Sense 2: "important in effect or meaning" - this is more specific to having significant effects or implications

 The phrase "Equally important" is setting up a comparison between the test (which was the first to predict cancer) and the discovery (which opened a field of study). Both are significant in their effects on cancer research.

 However, sense 2's examples are "a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution" - these are about changes that have wide-ranging effects.

 The discovery here clearly has wide-ranging effects (opened a field of study, led to fundamental insights).

 But wait, sense 1's examples are "important people; the important questions of the day" - these are about significance in general.

 In WSD tasks, sense 2 (important%3:00:04::) is often used for "significant" in the sense of having meaning or effect, while sense 1 is the general "of import".

 However, looking at the context again, the discovery is described as having opened a field of study and led to fundamental insights. This emphasizes its significance and value to science.

 Actually, looking at typical WordNet sense distinctions:
 - Sense 1: important, of import - the general sense
 - Sense 2: significant - important in effect or meaning
 - Sense 3: crucial - of extreme importance

 The phrase "Equally important" is often used to introduce another point of similar significance. In this case, the discovery is significant because of its effects (opened a field, led to insights).

 But I need to be careful. The gloss for sense 2 is "important in effect or meaning". The discovery is certainly important in its effects (opened a field of study).

 However, sense 1 "of great significance or value" might be more appropriate for a scientific discovery described as opening a field.

 Let me reconsider the examples:
 - Sense 2 examples: "a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution"
 - These are about changes with important consequences

 The text says the discovery "has opened a field of cancer study" and "made possible some fundamental insights". These are effects/consequences.

 Therefore, sense 2 seems appropriate.

 But let me double-check: is there any reason to prefer sense 1? Sense 1 is the most general sense. In many WSD systems, when in doubt, sense 1 is chosen for frequent words. But the context here strongly suggests "significant" (sense 2) rather than just "of import" (sense 1).

 Also, note that sense 2's synonym is "significant", and the context describes consequences and effects (opened a field, made possible insights), which aligns with "important in effect or meaning".

 Therefore, I choose sense 2.

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=important%3:00:00::
 2. sense_key=important%3:00:04::
 3. sense_key=important%3:00:02::
 4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00
 5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02

 So:
 - Index 1: %3:00:00:: (of great significance or value)
 - Index 2: %3:00:04:: (important in effect or meaning)
 - Index 3: %3:00:02:: (of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis)

 So if I choose sense 2 (the one with synonym "significant"), the index is 2.

 Let me verify once more. The sentence is: "Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study..."

 The discovery is important because it opened a field of study. This is about its effect or significance in the field. It is "important in effect or meaning" - it has significant implications for cancer research.

 Sense 3 (crucial) is too strong - there's no crisis mentioned.
 Sense 4 is about people with authority.
 Sense 5 is about being self-important.

 So it's between 1 and 2. Sense 2 specifically captures the nuance of "significant" in terms of impact and meaning, which fits the context of a scientific discovery leading to new fields of study.

 Therefore: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discovery
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial <t>discovery</t> of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "discovery" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene
- It mentions "the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth"
- This discovery was made by Dr. Thaddeus Dryja
- It has opened a field of cancer study
- It provided fundamental insights about cancer

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
   - This refers to the act/process of discovering

2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
   - This refers to the thing that was discovered (the result)

3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
   - This refers to a breakthrough or insight

4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure...
   - This is a legal term, clearly not applicable here

Now, looking at the specific usage: "the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth"

The phrase "discovery of the gene" could potentially fit sense 1 (the act of discovering) or sense 2 (the thing discovered - the gene itself being the discovery). However, looking at the context:
- "the initial discovery... has opened a field of cancer study"
- "made by a Boston doctor"
- "studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights"

The text emphasizes that this was a breakthrough/insight that opened up new understanding. The synonyms for sense 3 include "breakthrough, find" which fits well with the context of scientific advancement and opening a new field of study.

However, looking more carefully at the phrase "the initial discovery of the gene":
- If it were sense 2 (something that is discovered), the discovery would be the gene itself
- If it were sense 1 (the act), it would be the act of finding the gene
- If it were sense 3 (productive insight), it would be the breakthrough realization

The text says the discovery "has opened a field of cancer study" and provided "fundamental insights". This suggests sense 3 - a productive insight/breakthrough.

But wait, let me reconsider. In scientific contexts, "discovery" often refers to the act (sense 1) or the thing discovered (sense 2). However, sense 3 specifically mentions "productive insight" and "breakthrough", which seems to fit the context of opening a new field of study and providing fundamental insights.

Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
- Sense 1:04:00 is likely the act/process (noun.event or noun.act)
- Sense 1:10:00 is likely the artifact/result (noun.artifact or noun.cognition)
- Sense 1:09:00 is likely the cognition/insight (noun.cognition)

The context emphasizes that this discovery was a breakthrough that provided insights and opened a field. The phrase "productive insight" in sense 3 matches well with "opened a field of cancer study" and "fundamental insights".

Also, looking at the examples and synonyms:
- Sense 3 synonyms: breakthrough, find
- The text describes this as a breakthrough in understanding cancer

However, I should also consider if it could be sense 1 (the act). The phrase "initial discovery" could refer to the initial act of discovering. But the text says the discovery "has opened a field" - it's the result/insight that has opened the field, not the act itself.

Sense 2 (something discovered) would mean the gene is the discovery. While the gene was discovered, the text emphasizes the implications and insights gained, which aligns more with sense 3.

Actually, looking carefully at the sentence: "the initial discovery of the gene... has opened a field of cancer study"

In scientific writing, when we say a discovery opened a field, we usually mean the finding/insight (the breakthrough), not just the physical act of finding it.

Sense 3: "a productive insight" - this fits because discovering this gene provided insights into how cancer works.

Let me verify by checking if there's any indication in the text:
- "made possible some fundamental insights" - this parallels "productive insight"
- "opened a field of cancer study" - this is what breakthroughs do

Therefore, sense 3 seems most appropriate.

Wait, I should double-check the WordNet sense indices. The user provided:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00::
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00::
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00::
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01::

In WordNet:
- 1:04 is usually noun.act (act/process)
- 1:09 is usually noun.cognition (cognitive phenomena)
- 1:10 is usually noun.communication or noun.artifact?

Actually, looking at standard WordNet mappings:
- %1:04:00:: is likely the act of discovering (noun.act)
- %1:09:00:: is likely the insight (noun.cognition)
- %1:10:00:: is likely the thing discovered (noun.artifact or noun.object?)

But regardless of the lexicographer file numbers, the definitions are:
1. the act of discovering something
2. something that is discovered
3. a productive insight
4. legal term

Given "the initial discovery... has opened a field of cancer study", this is referring to the breakthrough/insight aspect, not merely the act or the physical object.

Also, the text mentions "fundamental insights" in the next sentence, which creates a semantic parallel with sense 3's "productive insight".

Therefore, the best choice is sense 3.

One final check: Could it be sense 1? If it were the act, we'd expect focus on the process of finding. But the focus is on the result and its implications for science.

Could it be sense 2? If the discovery were the gene itself (the thing discovered), then saying it "opened a field" makes sense, but the specific mention of "insights" and the synonym "breakthrough" for sense 3 makes it a stronger candidate.

I choose sense 3.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: control
Target surface form: controls
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that <t>controls</t> retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=control%2:41:00:: | definition=exercise authoritative control or power over | synonyms=command | examples=control the budget; Command the military forces
2. sense_key=control%2:41:01:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
3. sense_key=control%2:35:00:: | definition=handle and cause to function | synonyms=operate | examples=do not operate machinery after imbibing alcohol; control the lever
4. sense_key=control%2:37:06:: | definition=control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully, usually to one's advantage | synonyms=manipulate, keep in line | examples=She manipulates her boss; She is a very controlling mother and doesn't let her children grow up
5. sense_key=control%2:41:02:: | definition=check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard | synonyms=verify | examples=Are you controlling for the temperature?
6. sense_key=control%2:31:11:: | definition=verify by using a duplicate register for comparison | examples=control an account
7. sense_key=control%2:31:01:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=see, check, insure, see to it, ensure, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
8. sense_key=control%2:31:00:: | definition=have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of | synonyms=master | examples=Do you control these data?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "controls" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The sentence is: "Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that <t>controls</t> retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study..."
 - The subject is "the gene" and the object is "retinal cell growth"
 - The meaning is about a gene regulating or governing the growth of retinal cells
 - This is a biological context where a gene is responsible for regulating a biological process (cell growth)

 Candidate senses analysis:
 1. control%2:41:00:: - exercise authoritative control or power over (command)
    - This is about commanding or having power over something/someone
    - Examples: control the budget, Command the military forces
    - Not quite right for a gene regulating cell growth

 2. control%2:41:01:: - lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits
    - Synonyms: hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate
    - Examples: moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
    - This is about restraining or limiting something
    - While genes can suppress tumors (which is mentioned elsewhere in the text), here it's about controlling growth, not necessarily restraining it in the sense of limiting/suppressing

 3. control%2:35:00:: - handle and cause to function
    - Synonyms: operate
    - Examples: do not operate machinery after imbibing alcohol; control the lever
    - This is about operating machinery/devices
    - Not appropriate for biological processes

 4. control%2:37:06:: - control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully, usually to one's advantage
    - Synonyms: manipulate, keep in line
    - Examples: She manipulates her boss; She is a very controlling mother
    - This is about manipulation or influence over people
    - Not appropriate for genes

 5. control%2:41:02:: - check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard
    - Synonyms: verify
    - Examples: Are you controlling for the temperature?
    - This is about control groups in experiments
    - Not appropriate here

 6. control%2:31:11:: - verify by using a duplicate register for comparison
    - Examples: control an account
    - This is about accounting/verification
    - Not appropriate

 7. control%2:31:01:: - be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something
    - Synonyms: see, check, insure, see to it, ensure, ascertain
    - Examples: He verified that the valves were closed
    - Not appropriate

 8. control%2:31:00:: - have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of
    - Synonyms: master
    - Examples: Do you control these data?
    - Not appropriate

 Wait, I need to look more carefully. The WordNet senses for "control" as a verb:

 Looking at the sense keys:
 - control%2:41:00:: is "exercise authoritative control or power over"
 - control%2:41:01:: is "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint"
 - control%2:35:00:: is "handle and cause to function"
 - control%2:37:06:: is "control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully..."
 - control%2:41:02:: is "check or regulate (a scientific experiment)..."
 - control%2:31:11:: is "verify by using a duplicate register..."
 - control%2:31:01:: is "be careful or certain to do something..."
 - control%2:31:00:: is "have a firm understanding or knowledge of..."

 Actually, looking at the context "the gene that controls retinal cell growth", this is about regulation or governing of a biological process.

 In biological contexts, when we say a gene "controls" something, we usually mean it regulates it, determines it, or governs it.

 Looking at sense 1: "exercise authoritative control or power over" - this could work metaphorically for genes "governing" cell growth.

 But let me reconsider sense 2: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits" - this is about restraining. While tumor suppressor genes do restrain growth, the text says "controls retinal cell growth" which could mean regulates (both promotes and restrains), but in the context of a tumor suppressor gene, it's about preventing uncontrolled growth.

 However, looking at the specific sentence: "the gene that controls retinal cell growth" - this is describing the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene. Tumor suppressor genes normally regulate cell growth and division. When they say it "controls" retinal cell growth, they mean it regulates or governs it.

 But wait, looking at the WordNet senses again, none of them explicitly say "regulate" in the biological sense except possibly sense 1 (exercise authoritative control) or sense 2 (hold in restraint).

 Actually, looking at sense 2: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits" - synonyms include check, curb, moderate. This fits with a tumor suppressor gene that keeps cell growth in check.

 But sense 1 "exercise authoritative control or power over" with synonyms "command" also could fit.

 Let me look at the examples again:
 Sense 1: "control the budget; Command the military forces"
 Sense 2: "moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue"

 In biology, when we say a gene controls a process, we typically mean it regulates it. But between sense 1 and sense 2, which is better?

 Sense 1 is about exercising power/command over something.
 Sense 2 is about restraining/limiting something.

 Given that this is a tumor-suppressor gene (as mentioned earlier in the text: "retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene"), and it controls cell growth, the meaning is likely about regulating or restraining the growth to prevent tumors. So sense 2 might be appropriate.

 However, "control" in the phrase "controls retinal cell growth" could also mean simply "regulates" in a neutral sense (not necessarily restraining, but governing).

 But looking at the WordNet options, sense 1 seems to be the most general "exercise control over" while sense 2 is specifically about restraining.

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet mappings for biological contexts:
 - Genes that "control" processes usually map to sense 1 (exercise authoritative control or power over) or sometimes sense 2 if it's specifically about inhibition.

 But let me check if there's a sense about "regulate" that I missed. The user provided 8 senses.

 Sense 5 is about controlling experiments (control groups).
 Sense 2 includes "check or regulate" in the definition but the examples suggest it's about tempering/restraining.

 Wait, looking carefully at sense 2: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits" - this is definitely about restriction.

 But in the sentence, "controls retinal cell growth" - if it's a tumor suppressor gene, it suppresses growth, so it keeps it within limits. That would fit sense 2.

 However, the word "control" in biological English often means "to regulate" which is closer to sense 1 (exercise authoritative control).

 Let me reconsider the context. The text mentions:
 - "retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene"
 - "controls retinal cell growth"

 A tumor suppressor gene normally inhibits cell proliferation. So it controls growth by restraining it. This would fit sense 2.

 But I should verify if there's a better fit. Sense 1 is very general. Sense 2 is specific to restraint.

 Actually, looking at WordNet sense 2:41:00 vs 2:41:01:
 - 2:41:00: control, command - exercise authoritative control or power over
 - 2:41:01: control, hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate - lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits

 In many WSD datasets, when a gene "controls" a biological process, it's often mapped to sense 1 (the general control sense), not specifically the restraint sense.

 But given that this is specifically a tumor suppressor gene that prevents cancer by controlling (restraining) cell growth, sense 2 seems semantically appropriate.

 However, looking at the examples for sense 2: "moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue" - these are about reducing or restraining one's own behavior.

 For sense 1: "control the budget; Command the military forces" - these are about managing/operating something.

 In biology, gene control is usually considered sense 1.

 But I need to be careful. Let me think about the specific phrase "controls retinal cell growth". This means the gene is responsible for regulating how retinal cells grow. It's the authoritative mechanism that determines whether they grow or not.

 Actually, looking at the broader context, the text says "the gene that controls retinal cell growth" - this is describing the function of the gene in normal development, not just its tumor suppression. But since it's a tumor suppressor gene, its control involves preventing excessive growth.

 I think sense 1 is the safest choice because it's the general sense of "exercise control over", while sense 2 is specifically about restraint/reduction.

 Wait, I should check if "regulate" appears in any definition. Sense 5 mentions "check or regulate" but that's for experiments.

 Let me reconsider sense 2. The definition says "hold or keep within limits". Tumor suppressor genes keep cell growth within limits (preventing uncontrolled growth). This fits well.

 But sense 1 is "exercise authoritative control or power over". A gene exercises control over a biological process.

 Between these two, sense 2 seems more specific to the biological mechanism described (keeping growth in check to prevent tumors), while sense 1 is more general.

 However, in standard lexical semantics, biological control (gene controls X) is usually sense 1.

 Let me verify by looking at similar examples. If I say "the gene controls eye color", that's sense 1 (determines/governs). If I say "the gene controls cell division", it could be sense 1 or sense 2 depending on whether it's about promoting or restraining.

 Given that retinoblastoma is caused by loss of this gene leading to uncontrolled growth, the gene normally controls (restrains) growth. So sense 2.

 But I'm concerned that sense 2 might be too specific to the "restrain" aspect when "control" here might just mean "regulate" in a general sense.

 Let me look at the synonyms again:
 Sense 1: command
 Sense 2: hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate

 "Check" and "curb" fit with tumor suppression. "Command" is more general.

 Given the context specifically mentions this is a tumor-suppressor gene, and the discovery is about how it prevents cancer (by controlling growth), sense 2 seems most appropriate.

 However, I recall that in WordNet, the biological sense of control usually maps to sense 1. Let me reconsider.

 Actually, looking at the definition of sense 2: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits" - this implies reducing something that is already happening or keeping it from going too far. This fits tumor suppression.

 Sense 1: "exercise authoritative control or power over" - this implies being in charge, which also fits.

 But sense 2 has "check" and "curb" which are biological terms used for tumor suppressors (they check cell growth).

 I think I'll go with sense 1 because it's the broader sense that encompasses regulation/governance, while sense 2 is specifically about restraint. Even though tumor suppressors restrain growth, the word "control" in this context is being used in the general sense of "govern" or "regulate" (sense 1), not specifically "restrain" (sense 2).

 Wait, looking at the text again: "the gene that controls retinal cell growth". This is parallel to saying "the gene regulates retinal cell growth". In WordNet, "regulate" is not exactly synonymous with sense 1 or 2, but sense 1 is closer to "govern" while sense 2 is closer to "restrain".

 Given that this gene, when damaged, leads to uncontrolled growth (tumors), the normal function is to control (restrain) growth. But the text presents it as the gene that "controls" growth, implying the regulatory mechanism.

 I think the answer is sense 1.

 But let me double-check by considering if any other sense could fit.
 Sense 3 (operate machinery)? No.
 Sense 4 (manipulate people)? No.
 Sense 5 (control experiment)? No.
 Sense 6 (verify account)? No.
 Sense 7 (ensure)? No.
 Sense 8 (master knowledge)? No.

 So it's between 1 and 2.

 Given that WordNet sense 1 is the most frequent sense and the general "govern" sense, and sense 2 is the "restrain" sense, and biological texts often use control in the general regulatory sense (sense 1), I will choose sense 1.

 However, I'm still uneasy because "tumor suppressor" specifically suggests "holding in restraint" (sense 2).

 Let me look for clues in the text. The text says "controls retinal cell growth" and earlier mentions "tumor-suppressor gene". The function of a tumor suppressor is to suppress tumors by controlling cell proliferation. This is definitely about keeping within limits (sense 2).

 But the phrase "controls retinal cell growth" could be interpreted as "is responsible for retinal cell growth" (i.e., determines whether it happens or not), which is sense 1.

 I think I need to look at this from the perspective of how WordNet distinguishes these senses. Sense 2:41:01 (sense 2) is specifically about controlling oneself or one's emotions/behavior (hold your tongue, moderate alcohol). It's about self-restraint or reducing intensity.

 Sense 2:41:00 (sense 1) is about controlling something external (budget, military forces).

 A gene controlling cell growth is controlling an external process (not itself), so sense 1 is more appropriate.

 Therefore, my answer is sense 1.

 Wait, looking at the examples for sense 2 again: "moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue". These are about controlling one's own actions. But genes controlling cell growth is the gene controlling something else (the cells).

 So sense 1 is better: "exercise authoritative control or power over".

 Final decision: sense_index: 1

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal <t>cell</t> growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "cell" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is about retinoblastoma, a rare tumor
 - It mentions "the gene that controls retinal cell growth"
 - "Retinal" refers to the retina of the eye
 - This is clearly a biological/medical context
 - The "cell" here refers to biological cells in the retina

 Looking at the candidate senses:
 1. cell%1:06:03:: - any small compartment (like honeycomb cells) - not biological
 2. cell%1:03:00:: - (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms - this fits perfectly
 3. cell%1:06:00:: - electric cell/battery - not relevant
 4. cell%1:14:00:: - political cell/cadre - not relevant
 5. cell%1:06:04:: - mobile phone - not relevant
 6. cell%1:06:01:: - monk's/nun's room - not relevant
 7. cell%1:06:02:: - prison cell - not relevant

 The context specifically mentions "retinal cell growth" which clearly refers to biological cells in the retina of the eye. This is sense 2 (cell%1:03:00::).

 The definition for sense 2 is: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals"

 This matches perfectly with "retinal cell" - cells of the retina.

 So the answer should be sense_index 2.

 Wait, let me check the numbering. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03::
 2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00::
 3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00::
 4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00::
 5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04::
 6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02::
 7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01::

 So sense 2 is the biological one.

 Actually, looking carefully:
 - Index 1: cell%1:06:03:: (honeycomb)
 - Index 2: cell%1:03:00:: (biology)
 - Index 3: cell%1:06:00:: (electric)
 - Index 4: cell%1:14:00:: (political)
 - Index 5: cell%1:06:04:: (phone)
 - Index 6: cell%1:06:02:: (monk's room)
 - Index 7: cell%1:06:01:: (prison)

 Yes, index 2 is the correct one.

 The context: "the gene that controls retinal cell growth" - definitely biological cells.

 Final answer: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: ModelRun