[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: doubt
Target surface form: doubts
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His <t>doubts</t> stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=doubt%1:09:00:: | definition=the state of being unsure of something | synonyms=uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness
2. sense_key=doubt%1:07:00:: | definition=uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something | synonyms=dubiousness, doubtfulness, question | examples=the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "doubts" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - Dr. Vogelstein was "dubious" that the search was over
 - His "doubts" stemmed from specific facts about previous research by Arnold Levine
 - The doubts are about whether the search was actually over (i.e., uncertainty about the truth/factuality of the conclusion)
 - It's about uncertainty regarding the identity/completeness of the finding

 Candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=doubt%1:09:00:: - "the state of being unsure of something" - this is a general state of uncertainty
 2. sense_key=doubt%1:07:00:: - "uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something" - this is more specific to questioning the truth or existence of something

 Looking at the examples for sense 2: "the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise"

 In the context:
 - Dr. Vogelstein had doubts about whether they had actually found the right gene/nailed the identity
 - His doubts stemmed from conflicting prior evidence (p53 gene findings)
 - This is uncertainty about the truth/factuality of the conclusion that the search was over

 Sense 1 (doubt%1:09:00::) seems to be the more general "state of being unsure" - this is categorized under noun.artifact? No, let me check WordNet structure.
 Actually, looking at the sense keys:
 - doubt%1:09:00:: - 1:09 refers to noun.cognition (09 is cognition)
 - doubt%1:07:00:: - 1:07 refers to noun.attribute (07 is attribute)

 Wait, sense 1:09:00 is "the state of being unsure of something" - this is the general cognitive state.
 Sense 1:07:00 is "uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something" - this seems to be the attribute/quality of being doubtful about something specific.

 Actually, looking carefully:
 - Sense 1: "the state of being unsure of something" - this treats doubt as a mental state
 - Sense 2: "uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something" - this treats doubt as uncertainty regarding specific propositions

 In the context, Dr. Vogelstein's doubts are specifically about the truth/factuality of the conclusion that they had found the gene (that the search was over). He was uncertain whether the search was actually over, given the prior evidence about p53.

 The examples for sense 2 include "the dubiousness of his claim" and "there is no question about the validity" - these relate to questioning claims or validity, which matches the context where Dr. Vogelstein is questioning the validity of the finding/conclusion.

 However, looking at the glosses again:
 Sense 1: "the state of being unsure of something"
 Sense 2: "uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something"

 Both could fit, but sense 2 seems more specific to "uncertainty about truth/factuality" whereas sense 1 is the general "state of being unsure."

 In WordNet, these are distinct:
 - doubt%1:09:00:: is the cognitive state (the feeling/mindset)
 - doubt%1:07:00:: is the attribute/quality of uncertainty regarding truth

 But looking at actual WordNet entries:
 - doubt%1:09:00:: usually maps to "the state of being unsure of something"
 - doubt%1:07:00:: usually maps to "uncertainty about the truth or factuality of something"

 In the sentence: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that..." - this suggests the doubts are reservations/skepticism about the conclusion.

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet 3.0 or 3.1:
 - doubt%1:09:00:: - the state of being unsure of something (cognitive state)
 - doubt%1:07:00:: - uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something (attribute)

 The context indicates he was dubious that the search was over - this is uncertainty about the truth of the proposition "the search is over" or "we have found the gene."

 But sense 1 is actually more common for "have doubts" in the sense of "have reservations/uncertainties."

 Wait, let me reconsider the indices. The user provides:
 1. sense_key=doubt%1:09:00::
 2. sense_key=doubt%1:07:00::

 In WordNet:
 - 1:09 is noun.cognition
 - 1:07 is noun.attribute

 The gloss for 1:09:00 is "the state of being unsure of something"
 The gloss for 1:07:00 is "uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something"

 The key difference:
 - 1:09:00 emphasizes the subjective state of the person (being unsure)
 - 1:07:00 emphasizes the objective uncertainty about truth/factuality

 In the context: "His doubts stemmed from..." - this refers to his mental state of uncertainty. However, the content of the doubt is about the truth of the finding.

 But looking at the examples provided for sense 2: "the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise" - these suggest sense 2 is about the quality of being doubtful/questionable regarding claims or validity.

 In the text, Dr. Vogelstein's doubts are about whether the search was actually over - i.e., uncertainty about the truth of the conclusion.

 However, "doubt" as "the state of being unsure" (sense 1) is the superordinate concept, while sense 2 is more specific to truth/factuality.

 Actually, looking at the actual WordNet hierarchy:
 - Sense 1 (1:09:00): the state of being unsure of something (cognitive state)
 - Sense 2 (1:07:00): uncertainty about the truth or factuality... (attribute)

 But in many WSD datasets, for "have doubts about X," sense 1 is typically chosen when it's about general uncertainty, and sense 2 when it's specifically about questioning the truth/existence of something.

 Here, the specific context is: "dubious that the search was over" - this is uncertainty about the truth of the proposition "the search is over."

 Also, the synonym "question" appears in sense 2, and "no question about the validity" - this aligns with "doubts" meaning "questions about validity."

 The text says his doubts stemmed from conflicting evidence - this means he questioned the validity of the conclusion that they had found the gene.

 Therefore, sense 2 (doubt%1:07:00::) seems more appropriate because it involves uncertainty about truth/factuality.

 But I need to be careful. Let me check if there's any other distinction.

 Actually, looking at the provided definitions again:
 1. the state of being unsure of something
 2. uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something

 In the sentence, "His doubts" refers to his state of uncertainty (sense 1), but the content is about truth/factuality (sense 2).

 However, WordNet sense 1:09:00 is the more general sense and typically covers "have doubts" in the sense of feeling uncertain.

 But the specific mention of "truth or factuality" in sense 2 makes it tempting, especially since the context involves scientific validity (whether they actually found the gene vs. it being p53).

 Let me look at the examples again for sense 2: "the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise"

 The context involves Dr. Vogelstein being dubious about the search being over. This parallels "dubiousness of his claim."

 Also, note that sense 2 includes "dubiousness" as a synonym, and the text uses "dubious" in the previous sentence: "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."

 This strongly suggests sense 2 is the correct choice, as it aligns with "dubiousness" and concerns about validity/truth.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 2.

 Wait, I need to make sure about the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=doubt%1:09:00::
 2. sense_key=doubt%1:07:00::

 So sense_index should be 2.

 Let me double-check if there's any trick here.

 The text: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that..."
 - This is a mental state (cognition) - sense 1?
 - Or is it uncertainty about truth (attribute) - sense 2?

 In WordNet, "doubt" as a cognitive state (what you feel) vs. "doubt" as an attribute (the quality of being uncertain).

 But "his doubts" refers to his specific uncertainties about the matter, which are cognitive.

 However, the gloss for sense 2 explicitly mentions "uncertainty about the truth..." which fits perfectly: he was uncertain about the truth of the conclusion (that the search was over).

 Also, the connection to "dubious" in the text links to sense 2's synonym "dubiousness."

 Therefore, I choose sense 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stem
Target surface form: stemmed
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts <t>stemmed</t> from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stem%2:42:00:: | definition=grow out of, have roots in, originate in | examples=The increase in the national debt stems from the last war
2. sense_key=stem%2:42:03:: | definition=cause to point inward | examples=stem your skis
3. sense_key=stem%2:30:00:: | definition=stop the flow of a liquid | synonyms=stanch, staunch, halt | examples=staunch the blood flow; stem the tide
4. sense_key=stem%2:30:01:: | definition=remove the stem from | examples=for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "stemmed" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about Dr. Vogelstein's research on cancer genes
- "His doubts <t>stemmed</t> from the fact that several years earlier..."
- This means his doubts originated from or were caused by something that happened earlier

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=stem%2:42:00:: | definition=grow out of, have roots in, originate in | examples=The increase in the national debt stems from the last war
   - This fits perfectly. "His doubts stemmed from..." means his doubts originated from/grew out of the fact that...

2. sense_key=stem%2:42:03:: | definition=cause to point inward | examples=stem your skis
   - This doesn't fit. It's about skiing or pointing things inward.

3. sense_key=stem%2:30:00:: | definition=stop the flow of a liquid | synonyms=stanch, staunch, halt | examples=staunch the blood flow; stem the tide
   - This is about stopping something (like bleeding or a tide). Doesn't fit here.

4. sense_key=stem%2:30:01:: | definition=remove the stem from | examples=for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed
   - This is about removing stems (like from flowers or in NLP). Doesn't fit.

The context clearly shows a causal/origin relationship: the doubts originated from/came from the fact mentioned. This matches sense 1: "grow out of, have roots in, originate in".

The example given for sense 1 is "The increase in the national debt stems from the last war" which is structurally identical to "His doubts stemmed from the fact that..."

Therefore, the correct answer is sense index 1.

Wait, I need to check the format. The user wants a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}. So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

Let me double-check the sense keys and indices:
- Sense 1: stem%2:42:00:: (grow out of, have roots in, originate in)
- Sense 2: stem%2:42:03:: (cause to point inward)
- Sense 3: stem%2:30:00:: (stop the flow of a liquid)
- Sense 4: stem%2:30:01:: (remove the stem from)

Yes, index 1 is correct.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Moonshot AI

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the <t>fact</t> that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "fact" in the given context. I need to choose the best sense from the four candidate senses provided.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - Dr. Vogelstein had doubts about whether the search was over
 - His doubts stemmed from "the fact that" several years earlier a researcher had found that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones
 - The deletion found was in exactly the same spot as p53

 So the "fact" here refers to a piece of information about something that happened (the earlier discovery by Arnold Levine). It's referring to an existing circumstance or event that has occurred.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
    - This seems to fit. The "fact" is a piece of information about an event that occurred (Levine's discovery).

 2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
    - This emphasizes "statement or assertion". While the information was asserted, sense 1 seems more focused on the information itself rather than the act of stating it.

 3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
    - This refers to the event itself or the existence of something, not the information about it. The example "basis in fact" suggests this is about reality vs. fiction. But here, "the fact that..." introduces a clause explaining the information/content, not the event itself as an ontological entity.

 4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts
    - This is about provable concepts/truths. While the discovery is true, this sense seems more philosophical/epistemological about what constitutes a fact vs. hypothesis.

 Looking at the phrase "the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher... had found...":
 - This is introducing a clause that provides information about a past event
 - It's used to explain the reason for the doubts
 - This is a very common construction: "the fact that..." introducing a circumstance or piece of information

 Sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred"
 - This matches perfectly. The "fact" is the information that Levine had found this gene function.

 Sense 2 focuses on "statement or assertion" - while the information was asserted in a paper presumably, the emphasis here is on the information content itself as a reason for doubt, not on the assertion.

 Sense 3 focuses on the event itself ("an event known to have happened"), but "the fact that..." constructions typically refer to the propositional content, not the event as an entity. Also, the example "basis in fact" shows this sense is about the reality of something vs. imagination.

 Sense 4 is about provable concepts, which is too specific.

 The key distinction between 1 and 3:
 - Sense 1: information about events/circumstances (cognitive/informational)
 - Sense 3: the event itself (ontological)

 In "stemmed from the fact that...", we are referring to the information/knowledge about the previous discovery, not the event itself as an abstract entity. The doubts stem from knowing this information.

 Also, looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1 example: "first you must collect all the facts of the case" - facts as pieces of information to be gathered
 - Sense 3 example: "your fears have no basis in fact" - fact as reality/truth

 The context is about collecting information and making deductions based on previous findings. This aligns with sense 1.

 Wait, let me reconsider sense 3. "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed" - could this be it? The fact is the event of Levine's discovery? But the structure "the fact that..." usually takes a proposition, not just a noun. "The fact that he found..." - this is a factive complement.

 In WordNet, sense 1 (fact%1:09:01) is under noun.cognition (1:09), while sense 3 (fact%1:26:01) is under noun.state (1:26) or similar? Let me check the lexicographer file numbers... 1:09 is cognition, 1:26 is state.

 Actually, looking at the sense keys:
 - fact%1:09:01 - cognition
 - fact%1:10:01 - communication
 - fact%1:26:01 - state
 - fact%1:09:02 - cognition

 Sense 3 (1:26:01) is about the state of being real or actual ("your fears have no basis in fact").

 In the sentence, "the fact that..." introduces a reason/cause. This is clearly referring to a piece of information (cognitive content), not a state of being.

 Between sense 1 and sense 2 (both could be argued):
 - Sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred"
 - Sense 2: "a statement or assertion of verified information"

 Sense 2 emphasizes the communicative act (statement/assertion). But here, the doubts stem from the information itself, not from the statement of it. The information is what causes the doubt, regardless of whether it was asserted or just known.

 Also, "the fact that..." constructions are extremely common with sense 1. The example for sense 1 "collect all the facts" suggests discrete pieces of information.

 I think sense 1 is the best fit.

 Wait, I should look at the actual WordNet definitions more carefully to see if there's a distinction I'm missing.

 Sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred"
 Sense 2: "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened"

 The difference is subtle. Sense 2 seems to be about the linguistic expression (statement/assertion), while sense 1 is about the content (piece of information).

 In the context: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that..."
 This is referring to the content/reason, not a specific statement made by someone. It's the information/knowledge that causes the doubt.

 Therefore, sense 1 is correct.

 But let me double-check sense 3. Could "the fact that..." be referring to the event itself? "His doubts stemmed from the event that Levine had found..." - this doesn't parse well. We don't say "stemmed from the event that". We say "stemmed from the fact that" meaning "stemmed from the circumstance/information that".

 Also, looking at the example for sense 3: "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction" - this is about the truth value of narrative elements, not about specific pieces of information causing doubts.

 So I'm confident it's sense 1.

 Actually, looking at standard WSD for "fact", "the fact that" constructions usually map to sense 1 (cognitive/informational) rather than sense 3 (ontological/state).

 Final check: The context is scientific research. They are dealing with information, data, findings. The "fact" is a piece of information about a previous finding. This aligns with sense 1.

 The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: several
Target surface form: several
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that <t>several</t> years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00 | definition=(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many | examples=several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident
2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00 | definition=considered individually | synonyms=respective, various | examples=the respective club members; specialists in their several fields
3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=distinct and individual | examples=three several times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "several" in the given context.

Context analysis:
- The sentence is: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher..."
- Here, "several" is modifying "years"
- It's being used to indicate an indefinite number of years (more than 2 or 3 but not many)
- It's not being used to mean "considered individually" (respective, various) - that would be like "their several fields" meaning "their respective fields"
- It's not being used to mean "distinct and individual" in the sense of different/separate

Candidate sense analysis:
1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00 | definition=(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many | examples=several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident
   - This fits perfectly. "Several years earlier" means an indefinite number of years (more than 2-3 but not many) before the current time.

2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00 | definition=considered individually | synonyms=respective, various | examples=the respective club members; specialists in their several fields
   - This would require a context where "several" means "respective" or is emphasizing individual/distinct items in a distributive sense. The context "several years" doesn't fit this - we're not talking about "respective years" or years considered individually.

3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=distinct and individual | examples=three several times
   - This is an archaic usage meaning "separate" or "different" (like "they went their several ways"). "Several years" in this context doesn't mean "distinct/different years" in that sense.

The correct sense is clearly sense 1, which corresponds to index 1.

The target word "several" is quantifying "years" to mean an unspecified but relatively small number of years.

JSON output should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several <t>years</t> earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "years" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several <t>years</t> earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
 - This is talking about a period of time in the past - "several years earlier" means a period of time containing 365 days each, multiple of them.
 - It's referring to a temporal duration: several years ago.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
    - This seems to fit. "Several years earlier" refers to a period of time containing 365 days. The example "she is 4 years old" shows age/duration, similar to "several years earlier" which indicates a time duration in the past.

 2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
    - This refers to specific types of years like academic year, fiscal year, etc. The context doesn't mention any specific activity-based year. It's just "several years earlier" - general time passage.

 3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
    - This is the astronomical definition. While technically correct for Earth too, the context is about historical time ("several years earlier"), not about planetary revolutions.

 4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High
    - This is clearly wrong. It's about academic cohorts, not time periods.

 So sense 1 is the best fit. "Several years earlier" means a duration of multiple 365-day periods prior to the current time being discussed.

 The index for sense 1 is 1 (year%1:28:01::).

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=year%1:28:01::
 2. sense_key=year%1:28:02::
 3. sense_key=year%1:28:00::
 4. sense_key=year%1:14:00::

 So the index I should return is 1.

 Let me double-check:
 - "several years earlier" - this is clearly referring to calendar years, periods of 365 days.
 - It's not a school year (sense 2)
 - It's not an astronomical/orbital year in the specific technical sense (sense 3), though sense 1 is derived from it, sense 1 is the general "period of 365 days" usage
 - It's not a class of students (sense 4)

 Yes, sense 1 is correct.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: earlier
Target surface form: earlier
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years <t>earlier</t> a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=earlier%4:02:00:: | definition=earlier in time; previously | synonyms=before | examples=I had known her before; as I said before
2. sense_key=earlier%4:02:02:: | definition=comparatives of `soon' or `early' | synonyms=sooner | examples=Come a little sooner, if you can; came earlier than I expected
3. sense_key=earlier%4:02:04:: | definition=before now | synonyms=in the first place, in the beginning, to begin with, originally | examples=why didn't you tell me in the first place?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "earlier" in the given context. I need to choose between three candidate senses and return a JSON object with the sense index.

Let me analyze the context:

"But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years <t>earlier</t> a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."

The target word "earlier" appears in the phrase "several years earlier". The meaning is referring to a time before the current events being discussed (which seem to be "last winter" or the present time of the narrative).

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=earlier%4:02:00:: | definition=earlier in time; previously | synonyms=before | examples=I had known her before; as I said before
2. sense_key=earlier%4:02:02:: | definition=comparatives of `soon' or `early' | synonyms=sooner | examples=Come a little sooner, if you can; came earlier than I expected
3. sense_key=earlier%4:02:04:: | definition=before now | synonyms=in the first place, in the beginning, to begin with, originally | examples=why didn't you tell me in the first place?

Let me analyze the differences:

Sense 1: "earlier in time; previously" - This is a general temporal comparative referring to a time before a reference point. The examples "I had known her before" and "as I said before" suggest this is about previous time relative to some reference.

Sense 2: "comparatives of `soon' or `early'" - This seems to be about comparative earliness (arriving sooner than expected, etc.). The examples suggest physical arrival times or comparative timing relative to an expectation.

Sense 3: "before now" - This is specifically about the beginning of a process or the first instance. The examples "why didn't you tell me in the first place?" and "originally" suggest this is about the initial stage or from the beginning.

In the context: "several years earlier a Princeton University researcher... had found..."

This is referring to a time several years before the current narrative time (which is when Dr. Vogelstein found the deletion last winter).

"Several years earlier" is indicating a time prior to the reference time (last winter/when they found it). This fits sense 1 "earlier in time; previously" best.

Sense 2 would imply "several years sooner" which doesn't make sense here - there's no comparison of earliness relative to an expected time.

Sense 3 "before now" or "in the first place" doesn't fit well either. The phrase isn't asking why something wasn't done from the beginning, but rather stating that a discovery was made at a prior time point.

The phrase "several years earlier" is functioning as a temporal adverbial modifying the clause about Arnold Levine's discovery, indicating it happened at a previous time relative to the main narrative timeline.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit: "earlier in time; previously".

Wait, let me double-check the distinctions. The glosses are schematic, so I need to look carefully.

Sense 1: "earlier in time; previously" - synonyms: before
Sense 2: "comparatives of `soon' or `early'" - synonyms: sooner
Sense 3: "before now" - synonyms: in the first place, in the beginning, to begin with, originally

The key difference between 1 and 3:
- Sense 1 focuses on "previously" - at a former time
- Sense 3 focuses on "originally" or "in the first place" - at the beginning

In "several years earlier", we're talking about a discovery that happened several years before the current reference point (the finding of the deletion by Vogelstein). This is clearly "previously" (sense 1), not "originally" or "in the first place" (sense 3).

Sense 2 is about comparative earliness (earlier than expected), which doesn't apply here.

So the answer should be sense_index: 1.

But wait, I should check if there's any subtlety I'm missing. The phrase is "several years earlier" - could this be sense 2? Sense 2 examples: "Come a little sooner, if you can; came earlier than I expected". This implies a comparison to an expected or scheduled time. In our context, there's no expectation being compared - it's just a statement that Levine found this several years before Vogelstein's finding.

Sense 3: "why didn't you tell me in the first place?" - this is about the beginning of a sequence or process. The Levine discovery wasn't necessarily "in the first place" in the history of cancer research, just "earlier" relative to Vogelstein's work.

Therefore, sense 1 is correct.

One more check: The word "earlier" can function as an adverb. In WordNet, the sense keys indicate:
- earlier%4:02:00::
- earlier%4:02:02::
- earlier%4:02:04::

The %4 indicates adverb. The :02 indicates the lexicographer file (likely adv.time or similar).

Actually, looking at standard WordNet mappings:
- earlier%4:02:00:: is typically the sense "earlier in time; previously"
- earlier%4:02:02:: is "comparative of soon or early" (meaning sooner)
- earlier%4:02:04:: is "before now" or "originally"

The context "several years earlier" where it's modifying the past perfect "had found" and referring to a time prior to the past narrative moment fits "earlier in time; previously" (sense 1).

Final decision: sense_index 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had <t>found</t> in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "found" (lemma "find") in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:

 "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had <t>found</t> in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

 The key elements:
 - Arnold Levine (researcher)
 - in experiments with mice
 - that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells...
 - This is a scientific discovery context

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. find%2:40:02:: - come upon, as if by accident; meet with (happen, chance, bump, encounter)
    - This implies accidental discovery, but the context suggests experimental/scientific discovery.

 2. find%2:39:02:: - discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (detect, observe, discover, notice)
    - This is about detecting existence/presence. While close, the context is more about making a discovery through research.

 3. find%2:40:00:: - come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost (regain)
    - This is about finding lost items, not scientific discovery.

 4. find%2:32:00:: - establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (determine, find out, ascertain)
    - This mentions "experiment" explicitly in the definition. The example: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize"
    - This fits well with "in experiments with mice" and the scientific context.

 5. find%2:31:10:: - come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds (feel)
    - Not scientific enough.

 6. find%2:39:01:: - perceive or be contemporaneous with (witness, see)
    - Not quite right for experimental results.

 7. find%2:40:01:: - get something or somebody for a specific purpose (line up, get hold, come up)
    - Not about obtaining objects.

 8. find%2:36:00:: - make a discovery, make a new finding (discover)
    - Examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"
    - This also fits well. The definition emphasizes "make a new finding".

 9. find%2:31:09:: - make a discovery (discover)
    - Examples: "She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover"
    - This seems more about discovering facts/information rather than scientific discovery of physical phenomena.

 10. find%2:40:03:: - obtain through effort or management
     - Not quite right.

 11. find%2:32:01:: - decide on and make a declaration about (rule)
     - Legal context, not right.

 12. find%2:30:00:: - receive a specified treatment (abstract)
     - Not right.

 13. find%2:39:05:: - perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place
     - Reflexive usage, not right.

 14. find%2:40:15:: - get or find back; recover the use of
     - Not right.

 15. find%2:38:10:: - succeed in reaching; arrive at
     - Not right.

 16. find%2:30:13:: - accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation
     - Not right.

 Now between sense 4 and sense 8:

 Sense 4: find%2:32:00:: - establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study
 - Focuses on the process of establishing through systematic study
 - Keywords: calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, study
 - Example mentions physicist finding a particle

 Sense 8: find%2:36:00:: - make a discovery, make a new finding
 - Focuses on the act of discovery itself
 - Examples: Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle

 The context: "had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform..."

 This is describing a scientific discovery made through experiments. Both 4 and 8 seem plausible.

 However, looking closely at sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"
 - The context mentions "in experiments with mice" which matches "experiment" in the definition.
 - The structure is about establishing a fact through experimental means.

 Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding"
 - This is more general about discovery.
 - The examples given are about discovering X-rays and elementary particles - major scientific breakthroughs.

 But wait, looking at the specific usage: "had found in experiments with mice that..."
 This is about determining/establishing a scientific fact through experimentation.

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
 - Sense 2:40:02 is "come upon, as if by accident"
 - Sense 2:39:02 is "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of"
 - Sense 2:32:00 is "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"
 - Sense 2:36:00 is "make a discovery, make a new finding"

 The key distinction:
 - Sense 2:32:00 emphasizes the methodological process (calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, study)
 - Sense 2:36:00 emphasizes the result (make a new finding)

 In the context, the phrase "in experiments with mice" strongly points to sense 2:32:00 because it explicitly mentions the experimental method. The researcher established a fact through experiments.

 However, sense 2:36:00 is also very strong because it's specifically about scientific discovery (Roentgen, physicists).

 Let me check the examples for sense 2:36:00 again: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"
 And sense 2:32:00: "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize"

 Both mention physicists finding particles. But sense 2:32:00 explicitly lists "experiment" as one of the methods.

 The context emphasizes the experimental method: "in experiments with mice". This aligns perfectly with sense 2:32:00's definition including "experiment".

 Also, sense 2:36:00 is "make a discovery, make a new finding" - this might be more about the moment of discovery itself, while sense 2:32:00 is about establishing something through systematic study.

 Actually, looking at the verb frames and typical usage:
 - "Find that..." constructions often go with sense 2:31:09 (make a discovery - mental) or sense 2:32:00 (establish through study).

 But here we have "found in experiments with mice that..." - the "in experiments" prepositional phrase strongly modifies how the finding was made.

 Sense 2:32:00: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"
 This seems to be the best fit because:
 1. It explicitly mentions "experiment" in the definition
 2. The context mentions "experiments with mice"
 3. It's about establishing a scientific fact (that p53 could transform cells)

 Sense 8 (2:36:00) is "make a discovery, make a new finding" - while close, it doesn't emphasize the experimental methodology as much.

 Wait, I should check if there's a distinction between "find" as in "discover for the first time" vs "find" as in "determine through study".

 In scientific contexts, when someone "finds" something in an experiment, they are determining/establishing a fact through that experiment.

 Let me reconsider sense 2:39:02: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of"
 Examples: "She detected high levels of lead...; We found traces of lead..."
 This is more about detection of physical presence.

 The context here is about discovering a functional relationship (that p53 could transform cells), not just detecting existence.

 So between 4 (2:32:00) and 8 (2:36:00):

 Sense 4 index is: find%2:32:00::
 Sense 8 index is: find%2:36:00::

 Looking at the examples:
 - Sense 4: "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize"
 - Sense 8: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"

 Both seem to fit scientific discovery. But sense 4's definition explicitly includes "experiment" which matches the context "in experiments with mice".

 Also, the structure "found that..." where the finding is a conclusion from an experiment aligns with "establish after... experiment..."

 I think sense 4 (index 4) is the best choice.

 Wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=find%2:40:02::
 2. sense_key=find%2:39:02::
 3. sense_key=find%2:40:00::
 4. sense_key=find%2:32:00::
 5. sense_key=find%2:31:10::
 6. sense_key=find%2:39:01::
 7. sense_key=find%2:40:01::
 8. sense_key=find%2:36:00::
 9. sense_key=find%2:31:09::
 10. sense_key=find%2:40:03::
 ...

 So sense 4 in the list is find%2:32:00::
 And sense 8 in the list is find%2:36:00::

 I need to choose between index 4 and index 8.

 Let me look at the gloss for sense 8 again: "make a discovery, make a new finding"
 And sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"

 The context: "had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones"

 This is reporting the result of experimental research. The phrase "in experiments with mice" is crucial.

 If I look at sense 4, it explicitly mentions "experiment" in the gloss.
 If I look at sense 8, it's about making a discovery.

 However, sense 8's examples are about major discoveries (X-rays, elementary particles). The discovery of p53's role in cancer is indeed a major discovery.

 But sense 4 also has the example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" - also a major discovery.

 The distinction might be:
 - Sense 4: emphasizes the process of establishing/ascertaining through study
 - Sense 8: emphasizes the act of discovering something new

 In this context, the focus is on what was established through the experiments. The sentence is explaining why Dr. Vogelstein was dubious - because years earlier, Levine had established through experiments that p53 could transform cells.

 Actually, looking at the broader context, this is about the discovery of the function of p53. It's a scientific discovery.

 But the specific phrasing "found in experiments" strongly points to sense 4 because of the explicit mention of "experiment" in the definition of sense 4.

 Also, sense 4's synonyms are "determine, find out, ascertain" - these fit well with experimental results.

 Sense 8's synonym is just "discover".

 Given that the context explicitly mentions the experimental method, and sense 4 explicitly includes "experiment" in its definition, I should choose sense 4.

 But let me double-check sense 9 (find%2:31:09::): "make a discovery" - examples: "She found that he had lied to her..."
 This is more about finding out a fact, not necessarily a scientific discovery.

 So I'm going with index 4.

 Wait, I should also consider if this could be sense 1 (accidental finding). The text says "found in experiments" - experiments are intentional, not accidental, so not sense 1.

 Sense 2 (detect existence) - not quite, it's about a functional relationship.

 So yes, sense 4 seems best.

 Final check: The definition for sense 4 is "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"
 The context involves an experiment with mice.
 The result is establishing that p53 could transform cells.

 This is a perfect match.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experiment
Target surface form: experiments
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in <t>experiments</t> with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experiment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation | synonyms=experimentation
2. sense_key=experiment%1:09:00:: | definition=the testing of an idea | synonyms=experimentation | examples=it was an experiment in living; not all experimentation is done in laboratories
3. sense_key=experiment%1:04:01:: | definition=a venture at something new or different | examples=as an experiment he decided to grow a beard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "experiments" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about Dr. Vogelstein and genetic research on colon cancer
 - It mentions "Arnold Levine, had found in <t>experiments</t> with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones"
 - This refers to scientific testing done on mice to test/verify the function of the p53 gene

 Now let's look at the candidates:

 1. sense_key=experiment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation | synonyms=experimentation
    - This seems to refer to the actual conduct of scientific testing, the act of doing experiments
    - "experiments with mice" fits this well - it refers to the controlled tests conducted on mice

 2. sense_key=experiment%1:09:00:: | definition=the testing of an idea | synonyms=experimentation | examples=it was an experiment in living; not all experimentation is done in laboratories
    - This seems more abstract - the testing of an idea or concept
    - The example "it was an experiment in living" suggests a more metaphorical or broad usage
    - While scientific experiments do test ideas, this sense seems more focused on the conceptual testing rather than the physical act

 3. sense_key=experiment%1:04:01:: | definition=a venture at something new or different | examples=as an experiment he decided to grow a beard
    - This is clearly about trying something new personally (like growing a beard)
    - Doesn't fit the scientific context with mice

 Between sense 1 and sense 2:
 - Sense 1 (experiment%1:04:00::) is "the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation"
 - Sense 2 (experiment%1:09:00::) is "the testing of an idea"

 The context mentions "experiments with mice" - this refers to actual scientific procedures conducted on mice in a laboratory setting. This is clearly referring to controlled scientific tests/investigations.

 Sense 1 seems to be the act of conducting controlled tests (the noun referring to the activity/process).
 Sense 2 seems to be about testing ideas in a more abstract sense.

 Looking at WordNet:
 - experiment%1:04:00:: is the first sense under noun.experiment (act)
 - experiment%1:09:00:: is under noun.cognition (testing of an idea)
 - experiment%1:04:01:: is under noun.act (a venture)

 Actually, looking at the sense keys:
 - 1:04:00 - this is under noun.act (act/activity)
 - 1:09:00 - this is under noun.cognition
 - 1:04:01 - this is also under noun.act but different lexid

 The phrase "found in experiments with mice" clearly refers to scientific testing procedures conducted on mice. This is the primary sense of scientific experiments.

 Sense 1: "the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation" - this fits perfectly. The researcher conducted experiments (controlled tests) with mice.

 Sense 2: "the testing of an idea" - while technically true that the experiments were testing ideas, the context emphasizes the actual laboratory work done with mice (controlled test), not just the abstract testing of a concept.

 The phrase "in experiments with mice" refers to the setting/context of the controlled tests conducted.

 Also, looking at synonyms:
 - Sense 1: experimentation
 - Sense 2: experimentation

 Both have the same synonym, but the definitions differ slightly.

 The example in sense 2: "it was an experiment in living; not all experimentation is done in laboratories" - this suggests sense 2 can include non-laboratory contexts, while sense 1 is specifically about controlled tests/investigations.

 Since the context is clearly about laboratory research on mice (controlled test/investigation), sense 1 is the best fit.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet structure. Usually:
 - experiment%1:04:00:: is the scientific procedure sense
 - experiment%1:04:01:: is the "venture at something new" sense (like growing a beard)
 - experiment%1:09:00:: might be the cognitive act of testing an idea

 Actually, in WordNet:
 - 1. experiment, experimentation -- (the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation)
 - 2. experiment, experimentation -- (the testing of an idea; "it was an experiment in living"; "not all experimentation is done in laboratories")
 - 3. experiment -- (a venture at something new or different; "as an experiment he decided to grow a beard")

 So senses 1 and 2 are very close. But sense 1 is the primary scientific sense (controlled test), while sense 2 is broader and includes things like "experiment in living" which is more metaphorical or about trying out a way of life.

 The context here is clearly scientific: mice, genes, cells, cancer, Princeton University researcher. This is a controlled scientific investigation.

 Therefore, sense 1 is correct.

 Index 1 corresponds to sense_key=experiment%1:04:00::

 So the answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mouse
Target surface form: mice
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with <t>mice</t> that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mouse%1:05:00:: | definition=any of numerous small rodents typically resembling diminutive rats having pointed snouts and small ears on elongated bodies with slender usually hairless tails
2. sense_key=mouse%1:26:00:: | definition=a swollen bruise caused by a blow to the eye | synonyms=shiner, black eye
3. sense_key=mouse%1:18:00:: | definition=person who is quiet or timid
4. sense_key=mouse%1:06:00:: | definition=a hand-operated electronic device that controls the coordinates of a cursor on your computer screen as you move it around on a pad; on the bottom of the device is a ball that rolls on the surface of the pad | synonyms=computer mouse | examples=a mouse takes much more room than a trackball

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "mice" (plural of "mouse") in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about Dr. Vogelstein researching colon cancer and genes
- It mentions "experiments with mice"
- Specifically, "Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones"

This is clearly referring to laboratory animals used in scientific experiments. The word "mice" here refers to the small rodents commonly used in biological and medical research.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mouse%1:05:00:: | definition=any of numerous small rodents typically resembling diminutive rats having pointed snouts and small ears on elongated bodies with slender usually hairless tails
   - This is the biological/animal sense. It fits perfectly with "experiments with mice" in a scientific research context about cancer.

2. sense_key=mouse%1:26:00:: | definition=a swollen bruise caused by a blow to the eye | synonyms=shiner, black eye
   - This is a slang term for a bruise around the eye. Doesn't fit the context of genetic experiments.

3. sense_key=mouse%1:18:00:: | definition=person who is quiet or timid
   - This is a metaphorical sense referring to a shy person. Doesn't fit the context of laboratory experiments with genes and cells.

4. sense_key=mouse%1:06:00:: | definition=a hand-operated electronic device... (computer mouse)
   - This refers to computer peripherals. The context is from 1989 (based on the reference to Dr. Vogelstein and p53 research timeline) or similar vintage, discussing biological experiments, not computers.

The correct sense is clearly sense 1 - the small rodents used in laboratory experiments. The context explicitly mentions "experiments with mice" in a biological research setting involving genes, cells, and cancer.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene <t>called</t> p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "called" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The sentence is: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene <t>called</t> p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
 - The target word is "called" (lemma: call).
 - The context is about a gene being named "p53".
 - The structure is "a gene called p53" - this means the gene has been assigned the name "p53".

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
 - This fits perfectly. The gene is being assigned the name "p53". This is about naming/assigning a proper name.

 2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give the name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
 - This is about calling someone something (like an insult or description), not assigning a proper name to an object/gene.

 3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone
 - Not relevant.

 4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry
 - Not relevant.

 5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come
 - Not relevant.

 6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit
 - Not relevant.

 7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet
 - Not relevant.

 8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees
 - Not relevant.

 9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.
 - Not relevant.

 10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry
 - Not relevant.

 11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions
 - Not relevant.

 12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
 - This is close but different. This is about how you address someone (greeting), not assigning a name to something. The example "Call me Mister" is about how to address the speaker, not naming an object.

 13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour
 - Not relevant.

 14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan)
 - Not relevant.

 15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands
 - Not relevant.

 16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance
 - Not relevant.

 17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to
 - Not relevant.

 18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance
 - Not relevant.

 19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation
 - Not relevant.

 20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement
 - Not relevant.

 21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee
 - Not relevant.

 22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal
 - Not relevant.

 23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for
 - Not relevant.

 24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role
 - Not relevant.

 25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce
 - Not relevant.

 26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of
 - Not relevant.

 27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
 - This is about categorizing or describing, not naming. "I would not call her beautiful" means "I would not describe her as beautiful" or "I would not consider her beautiful". This is different from assigning a proper name.

 28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call
 - Not relevant.

 The best fit is clearly sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to". The gene is being assigned the proper name "p53".

 The index for this sense in the list provided is 1.

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=call%2:32:02::
 2. sense_key=call%2:32:00::
 ...

 So the index is 1.

 But let me double-check if there's any ambiguity with sense 12 or 27.

 Sense 12: "greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name" - examples: "He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister". This is about forms of address. When you say "Call me Mister", you're telling someone how to address you. But when you say "a gene called p53", you're stating the name of the gene, not how to greet it.

 Sense 27: "consider or regard as being" - example: "I would not call her beautiful". This is descriptive.

 Sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" - examples: "They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader". This is exactly what is happening with the gene - it has been assigned the name p53.

 Therefore, the answer is index 1.

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: transform
Target surface form: transform
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could <t>transform</t> normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=transform%2:30:02:: | definition=subject to a mathematical transformation
2. sense_key=transform%2:30:00:: | definition=change or alter in form, appearance, or nature | synonyms=transmute, transubstantiate | examples=This experience transformed her completely; She transformed the clay into a beautiful sculpture
3. sense_key=transform%2:30:03:: | definition=change in outward structure or looks | synonyms=transmute, metamorphose | examples=He transformed into a monster; The salesman metamorphosed into an ugly beetle
4. sense_key=transform%2:30:01:: | definition=change from one form or medium into another | synonyms=translate | examples=Braque translated collage into oil
5. sense_key=transform%2:30:06:: | definition=convert (one form of energy) to another | examples=transform energy to light
6. sense_key=transform%2:30:05:: | definition=change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA from another cell of the same or closely related species
7. sense_key=transform%2:30:04:: | definition=increase or decrease (an alternating current or voltage)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "transform" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about Dr. Vogelstein researching colon cancer and genes
 - Specifically mentions that a gene called p53 could "transform" normal cells into cancerous ones
 - This is a biological/medical context involving cells changing from normal to cancerous

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. transform%2:30:02:: - subject to a mathematical transformation
    - This is about math, not biology. Not relevant.

 2. transform%2:30:00:: - change or alter in form, appearance, or nature | synonyms=transmute, transubstantiate
    - Examples: "This experience transformed her completely; She transformed the clay into a beautiful sculpture"
    - This is a general sense of changing form/nature. Could potentially fit, but let's check others.

 3. transform%2:30:03:: - change in outward structure or looks | synonyms=transmute, metamorphose
    - Examples: "He transformed into a monster; The salesman metamorphosed into an ugly beetle"
    - This seems more about physical appearance changes, like metamorphosis. Not quite right for cells becoming cancerous.

 4. transform%2:30:01:: - change from one form or medium into another | synonyms=translate
    - Examples: "Braque translated collage into oil"
    - This is about converting between media/forms in an artistic or linguistic sense. Not right.

 5. transform%2:30:06:: - convert (one form of energy) to another
    - Examples: "transform energy to light"
    - Physics context. Not relevant.

 6. transform%2:30:05:: - change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA from another cell of the same or closely related species
    - This is specifically about bacterial transformation in genetics. The context mentions "normal cells into cancerous ones" which involves genetic changes, but this specific definition mentions bacterial cells and introduction of DNA from another cell. However, the context is about a gene (p53) causing normal cells to become cancerous, which is a genetic transformation.

 7. transform%2:30:04:: - increase or decrease (an alternating current or voltage)
    - Electrical engineering. Not relevant.

 Now, sense 6 is specifically about bacterial cells and genetic transformation. But the context is about mammalian cells (mice, human colon cells) becoming cancerous due to a gene (p53).

 However, looking at sense 2: "change or alter in form, appearance, or nature" - this is the general sense. The example "She transformed the clay into a beautiful sculpture" shows a change from one state to another.

 But wait, in biology, specifically oncology, when we say a gene "transforms" normal cells into cancerous cells, this is a specific technical usage. Let me reconsider sense 6.

 Sense 6: "change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA from another cell of the same or closely related species"

 This is the specific definition of "transformation" in bacterial genetics. However, the context here is about eukaryotic cells (mammalian cells) becoming cancerous. The word "transform" in cancer biology means to convert normal cells into malignant cells.

 But looking at the WordNet senses provided, sense 6 specifically mentions bacterial cells. The context here is about mouse cells and human colon cells.

 Let me look at sense 2 again: "change or alter in form, appearance, or nature" with synonyms "transmute, transubstantiate". This is the broader sense.

 Actually, looking carefully at the context: "a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

 In molecular biology, "transform" has a specific meaning when referring to oncogenes transforming cells. But is this captured in the WordNet senses?

 Sense 6 is about bacterial transformation (introducing DNA). But oncogenic transformation is different - it's about a cell acquiring malignant properties, often due to genetic mutations.

 However, looking at the available options, sense 2 seems to be the best fit because:
 1. It captures the general meaning of changing from one state (normal) to another (cancerous)
 2. Sense 6 is too specific to bacterial conjugation/transformation
 3. The other senses are clearly wrong (math, energy, electricity, appearance, medium conversion)

 Wait, let me reconsider sense 6. The definition says "change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA from another cell..."

 In the context, p53 is a tumor suppressor gene (though the text says it could "transform normal cells into cancerous ones" - actually p53 is usually a tumor suppressor, but when mutated or in certain contexts... anyway). The mechanism described is about genetic material (the gene) causing a change in the cell.

 But the key is that sense 6 specifically mentions "bacterial cell" and "introduction of DNA from another cell". The context is about mammalian cells and a gene causing cancer, not about introducing DNA from another cell in the way bacterial transformation works.

 Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice: "change or alter in form, appearance, or nature".

 The example "This experience transformed her completely" shows a fundamental change in nature, which parallels the change from normal cell to cancerous cell.

 Actually, looking at WordNet more carefully, I should check if there's a specific sense for biological transformation. Sense 6 is the only biological one, but it's specific to bacteria.

 In many WSD tasks for biological texts, if there's no specific oncological sense, the general "change in nature" sense (sense 2) is used.

 Let me double-check the indexing. The senses are:
 1. mathematical
 2. change/alter in form, appearance, or nature (index 2 in the list, but sense_key ends in 00)
 3. change in outward structure (index 3, sense_key 03)
 4. change from one form/medium to another (index 4, sense_key 01)
 5. convert energy (index 5, sense_key 06)
 6. bacterial cell change (index 6, sense_key 05)
 7. electrical current (index 7, sense_key 04)

 Wait, the sense_key numbers don't match the index numbers. The user wants the "sense_index" which corresponds to the numbering in the list (1-7).

 So:
 1. sense_key=transform%2:30:02:: (math)
 2. sense_key=transform%2:30:00:: (general change)
 3. sense_key=transform%2:30:03:: (outward structure)
 4. sense_key=transform%2:30:01:: (medium)
 5. sense_key=transform%2:30:06:: (energy)
 6. sense_key=transform%2:30:05:: (bacterial)
 7. sense_key=transform%2:30:04:: (electricity)

 The context is about a gene causing normal cells to become cancerous. This is a fundamental change in the nature of the cells.

 Between sense 2 (general change in form/nature) and sense 6 (bacterial genetic change):

 Sense 6 is too specific to bacteria and the mechanism of introducing DNA from another cell. While oncogenes can "transform" cells, this is not the bacterial transformation process described in sense 6.

 Sense 2 fits better: "change or alter in form, appearance, or nature" - normal cells are altered in their nature to become cancerous cells.

 The synonyms "transmute, transubstantiate" suggest a fundamental change in substance/nature, which fits the biological context of cellular transformation (oncogenic transformation).

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index 2.

 Wait, I need to be careful. In some versions of WordNet, there might be a specific sense for biological transformation. But based on the provided candidate senses, sense 6 is explicitly about bacterial cells.

 Let me verify the context once more: "a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

 This is definitely about oncogenic transformation. In standard WordNet 3.0 or 3.1, the verb "transform" does not have a specific sense for oncogenic transformation. The closest is either:
 - Sense 2: general transformation
 - Sense 6: bacterial transformation

 Given that sense 6 specifies "bacterial cell", and the context involves mammalian cells (mice, humans), sense 6 is incorrect.

 Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice.

 Final check: The example for sense 2 is "This experience transformed her completely; She transformed the clay into a beautiful sculpture". The pattern "transform X into Y" matches the context "transform normal cells into cancerous ones".

 Yes, sense 2 is the best fit.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform <t>normal</t> cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "normal" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is about cancer research, specifically about the p53 gene.
 - The key sentence is: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform <t>normal</t> cells into cancerous ones."
 - The contrast here is between "normal cells" and "cancerous ones" (cancerous cells).
 - "Normal" here means healthy, non-cancerous, functioning as expected/standard for cells.

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
    - This seems to be the general sense of "conforming to a standard/norm" or "not abnormal"
    - In biological context, "normal cells" means cells that conform to the standard/healthy state (not cancerous)

 2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
    - This seems more about phenomena following scientific laws, not really about biological cells being healthy

 3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
    - This is about human intelligence/development, not biological cells

 4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle
    - This is a geometric/mathematical sense, clearly not applicable here

 The context is about cells - "normal cells" vs "cancerous ones". In biology/medicine, "normal" when applied to cells means healthy, not diseased, functioning according to the biological norm/standard.

 Sense 1 (normal%3:00:01::) covers "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard... not abnormal". This fits best because:
 - Normal cells are those that conform to the biological standard (healthy, non-cancerous)
 - The contrast with "cancerous" (abnormal, malignant) supports this
 - "Not abnormal" is explicitly in the definition

 Sense 3 is about human intelligence/development specifically, so it's too narrow and not applicable to cells.

 Therefore, the best sense is index 1.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense numbering. The user provided:
 1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01::
 2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02::
 3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03::
 4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00

 So I should return {"sense_index": 1}

 Actually, looking carefully at the context again: "transform normal cells into cancerous ones" - this is a standard biological/medical usage where "normal" means "healthy" or "not diseased" which falls under the general sense of conforming to the standard/norm (sense 1).

 Sense 3 is specifically about "intelligence and development" according to the definition provided, so it's clearly wrong for cells.

 Yes, sense 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal <t>cells</t> into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "cells" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about genetics, biology, cancer research
- Dr. Vogelstein is looking for a gene that damages colon cells
- They are looking at chromosome 17 and tumor cells
- They mention normal cells being transformed into cancerous ones
- This is clearly biological/medical context

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. cell%1:06:03:: - any small compartment (like honeycomb cells) - This is a structural/geometric sense, not biological.

2. cell%1:03:00:: - (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms... - This is the biological definition. Context mentions "colon cell", "tumor cells", "normal cells", "cancerous ones" - all referring to biological cells.

3. cell%1:06:00:: - electric cell (battery) - Not relevant here.

4. cell%1:14:00:: - political cell/cadre - Not relevant.

5. cell%1:06:04:: - mobile phone/cellular phone - Not relevant.

6. cell%1:06:02:: - monk/nun living quarters - Not relevant.

7. cell%1:06:01:: - prison cell - Not relevant.

The context clearly talks about biological cells: colon cells, tumor cells, normal cells being transformed into cancerous ones. This is genetics and cell biology.

Therefore, sense 2 (cell%1:03:00::) is the correct one.

The user wants the output as JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user lists them as:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03::
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00::
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00::
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00::
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04::
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02::
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01::

So sense 2 is the biological one.

Yes, the context is about biology, genes, chromosomes, tumors, cancer - so biological cells.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 2}