[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: combination
Target surface form: combination
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in <t>combination</t>, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=combination%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities
2. sense_key=combination%1:14:04:: | definition=a coordinated sequence of chess moves
3. sense_key=combination%1:14:02:: | definition=a sequence of numbers or letters that opens a combination lock | examples=he forgot the combination to the safe
4. sense_key=combination%1:14:01:: | definition=a group of people (often temporary) having a common purpose | examples=they were a winning combination
5. sense_key=combination%1:14:03:: | definition=an alliance of people or corporations or countries for a special purpose (formerly to achieve some antisocial end but now for general political or economic purposes)
6. sense_key=combination%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of arranging elements into specified groups without regard to order
7. sense_key=combination%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of combining things to form a new whole | synonyms=combining, compounding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "combination" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
"Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in <t>combination</t>, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer..."

The phrase is "alone or in combination" - this means the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes can happen by itself or together with other inactivations. It's about combining things (genes being inactivated together) to form a new whole (the cancer development).

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. combination%1:14:00:: - a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities
2. combination%1:14:04:: - a coordinated sequence of chess moves
3. combination%1:14:02:: - a sequence of numbers or letters that opens a combination lock
4. combination%1:14:01:: - a group of people (often temporary) having a common purpose
5. combination%1:14:05:: - an alliance of people or corporations or countries... (wait, the key says 1:14:03 in the prompt)
6. combination%1:04:01:: - the act of arranging elements into specified groups without regard to order (mathematical)
7. combination%1:04:00:: - the act of combining things to form a new whole | synonyms=combining, compounding

Wait, let me re-read the candidate senses carefully:

1. sense_key=combination%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities
2. sense_key=combination%1:14:04:: | definition=a coordinated sequence of chess moves
3. sense_key=combination%1:14:02:: | definition=a sequence of numbers or letters that opens a combination lock
4. sense_key=combination%1:14:01:: | definition=a group of people (often temporary) having a common purpose
5. sense_key=combination%1:14:03:: | definition=an alliance of people or corporations or countries...
6. sense_key=combination%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of arranging elements into specified groups without regard to order
7. sense_key=combination%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of combining things to form a new whole | synonyms=combining, compounding

The context: "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination"

This is talking about whether the inactivation happens singly or together with other inactivations. "In combination" here refers to the act or state of being combined.

Is it sense 1 (a collection of things) or sense 7 (the act of combining things)?

"alone or in combination" - this is a common phrase. Let me think about whether it's referring to the act or the resulting collection.

In phrases like "alone or in combination with other factors", it often refers to the state/condition of being combined. But WordNet sense 1 is "a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities" - this is a noun referring to the group.

Sense 7 is "the act of combining things to form a new whole" - this is the act.

In the phrase "alone or in combination", "combination" is usually referring to the state or process of being combined. But actually, looking at similar usages:

"used alone or in combination" - here it means "in a combined manner" or "as a combination."

Wait, let me look at the exact sentence: "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial"

This means: the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, whether alone (single gene) or in combination (multiple genes together), appears crucial.

So "in combination" = together, in a combined manner.

Sense 1: "a collection of things that have been combined" - this would be like "a combination of genes"
Sense 7: "the act of combining things to form a new whole"

Actually, in biomedical contexts, "alone or in combination" is extremely common. Let me think about which WordNet sense this maps to.

Looking at WordNet for "combination":
- Sense 1 (noun.artifact? noun.group? noun.state?): Actually %1:14:00 is under noun.group? Wait, %1:14:00 - the second number 14 is the lexicographer file. 14 = noun.group? No, let me recall WordNet lexicographer file numbers:
  - 03 = noun.animal
  - 06 = noun.artifact
  - 14 = noun.group? Actually:
    - 00 = adj.all
    - 01 = adj.pert
    - 02 = adv.all
    - 03 = noun.Tops (abstract/concrete)
    - 04 = noun.act
    - 05 = noun.animal
    - 06 = noun.artifact
    - 07 = noun.attribute
    - 08 = noun.body
    - 09 = noun.cognition
    - 10 = noun.communication
    - 11 = noun.event
    - 12 = noun.feeling
    - 13 = noun.food
    - 14 = noun.group
    - 15 = noun.location
    - 16 = noun.motive
    - 17 = noun.object
    - 18 = noun.person
    - 19 = noun.phenomenon
    - 20 = noun.plant
    - 21 = noun.possession
    - 22 = noun.process
    - 23 = noun.quantity
    - 24 = noun.relation
    - 25 = noun.shape
    - 26 = noun.state
    - 27 = noun.substance
    - 28 = noun.time
    - 29 = verb.body
    - ... etc.

Wait, %1:14:00 - 1 means noun, 14 means noun.group. So senses 1-5 are all noun.group senses.

Sense 6: %1:04:01 - 04 is noun.act
Sense 7: %1:04:00 - 04 is noun.act

So senses 1-5 are groups/collections, senses 6-7 are acts.

In "alone or in combination", is it a group or an act?

If I say "A and B, alone or in combination, cause C", I think "in combination" refers to the state or act of being combined. But WordNet sense 1 is "a collection of things that have been combined" - e.g., "a combination of talents".

Actually, looking at typical WSD for "combination":
- "in combination with" often maps to sense 1 (the collection/assemblage) or sense 7 (the act).

But wait, the phrase is "alone or in combination" where there's no explicit "with" following immediately (though the context implies with each other).

Let me reconsider the exact wording: "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination"

Here, "combination" refers to the genes being inactivated together. Is this the act of combining or the resulting state/collection?

In medical literature, "alone or in combination" almost always means "by itself or together with other things." The word "combination" here functions as a mass noun or abstract noun describing the state of being combined.

But looking at the available senses:
Sense 1: "a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities"
Sense 7: "the act of combining things to form a new whole"

Hmm. "In combination" in this context might actually be closer to sense 1 if we interpret it as "in a collection of combined things" but that seems awkward.

Wait, I should look at actual WordNet data. In WordNet 3.0 or similar:
- combination (n) sense 1: a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities
- combination (n) sense 2: a group of people (often temporary) having a common purpose
- combination (n) sense 3: a sequence of numbers or letters that opens a combination lock
- combination (n) sense 4: a coordinated sequence of chess moves
- combination (n) sense 5: an alliance of people or corporations or countries...
- combination (n) sense 6: the act of arranging elements into specified groups without regard to order (math)
- combination (n) sense 7: the act of combining things to form a new whole

Actually, I think the lexicographer file numbers might be different than what I recalled. Let me not rely on that.

The question is: is "in combination" in this context referring to:
- a collection/assemblage (sense 1)
- an act/process (sense 7)

Consider: "The drugs are used alone or in combination."
This is a very standard phrase. In WordNet, I believe this maps to sense 1 or sense 7.

But looking at the gloss for sense 1: "a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities"
Example might be: "a combination of British and American accents" or "a combination of factors"

The gloss for sense 7: "the act of combining things to form a new whole"
Synonyms: combining, compounding
Example might be: "the combination of hydrogen and oxygen to form water"

In "alone or in combination", we're talking about the inactivation of genes. The inactivation can happen to one gene alone, or to multiple genes in combination. "In combination" here means "together" - it's describing how the inactivation occurs.

Actually, I think sense 7 might be the best fit because it's about the act/process of combining. But wait - "in combination" is often classified under sense 1 in WordNet-style disambiguation.

Let me think about the phrase "in combination" more carefully. If I say "these ingredients work well in combination", am I talking about the act of combining them or the state/collection?

I think "in combination" is tricky. But looking at the context: "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination"

The subject is "inactivation" (an act/process). The inactivation can occur alone or in combination. "In combination" parallels "alone" - so it's describing the manner in which the inactivation happens. This suggests it's more like an act or state.

However, WordNet sense 1 is the most general sense of combination as a collection. Let me see if there are examples in WordNet for sense 1 that include "in combination."

Actually, I recall that in many WSD datasets, "in combination" often maps to the "collection" sense (sense 1) when referring to things acting together.

But let me look at the synonyms and examples again:
Sense 7 has synonyms: combining, compounding. This is clearly the act.
Sense 1: no synonyms given, but "a collection of things..."

In the sentence: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial..."

If we substitute sense 1: "inactivation, alone or in a collection of things, appears crucial" - doesn't fit well.
If we substitute sense 7: "inactivation, alone or in the act of combining, appears crucial" - also a bit awkward.

Wait, maybe I need to read it as: "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, [whether occurring] alone or in combination [with other inactivations], appears crucial"

So "in combination" = "in a combined manner" or "together".

In WordNet, sense 1 is "a collection of things that have been combined". If multiple genes are inactivated, they form a combination (a collection of inactivated genes).

But the phrase is "alone or in combination" - this is an adverbial use, but WordNet doesn't have an adverb sense. So we have to choose the noun sense that best fits.

Let me reconsider sense 1 vs sense 7. In many standard WSD test sets, "combination" when used in "in combination with" is often sense 1. But here it's "alone or in combination" without "with."

Actually, looking at the definition of sense 1 again: "a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities"

And sense 7: "the act of combining things to form a new whole"

The context is about multiple tumor-suppressor genes being inactivated. If they are inactivated "in combination", it means multiple genes are inactivated together, and this collection of inactivated genes leads to cancer.

But wait - the text says "the inactivation... alone or in combination". The inactivation itself is what happens. If one gene is inactivated, that's alone. If multiple are inactivated together, that's in combination. So "combination" refers to the joint occurrence.

I think sense 1 is actually the best fit because it's referring to a collection of inactivated genes acting together. But I'm not entirely sure.

Let me think about similar examples. "Alone or in combination" is extremely common in medicine. For example: "These drugs may be used alone or in combination." In this case, "in combination" means "in a combined regimen" or "together".

If I look at WordNet examples for sense 1, I don't have them, but the gloss says "a collection of things that have been combined." A combination of drugs would be sense 1.

Sense 7 is more about the process: "the act of combining things to form a new whole." Like "the combination of flour and water."

In "used alone or in combination", I think it's sense 1: used by themselves or as part of a collection of combined things.

But in our target sentence, the structure is slightly different: "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination". Here, "alone" and "in combination" modify "inactivation". The inactivation can be solitary or combined.

Hmm, but actually, looking at the WordNet entry, I think sense 7 might be: "the act of combining things to form a new whole; the process of combining." And "in combination" could mean "in the act of combining."

However, I think the most likely intended answer is sense 1, because:
1. It's the first sense, most general
2. "In combination" as a phrase often maps to the "collection/assemblage" sense
3. The context is about multiple genes (things) being combined

Wait, I want to double-check. Let me look at the exact wording again: "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial"

Actually, I think this might be sense 7. Why? Because it's about the act of combining inactivations. But no, "inactivation" is the act. "In combination" describes whether the inactivation is singular or combined.

Let me try a different approach. Which sense would fit the phrase "genes acting in combination"? That would be sense 1 (a collection of genes acting together) or sense 7 (the act of genes combining).

I think "acting in combination" is similar to "working in combination" which is like "working together." The word "combination" here is closer to "conjunction" or "tandem."

But looking at the available choices, sense 1 is "a collection of things..." and sense 7 is "the act of combining..."

In the SemCor or similar corpora, I believe "in combination" is often tagged as sense 1. Let me try to recall... Actually, I think "combination" in contexts like "a combination of factors" is sense 1. And "in combination" when used adverbially might also be sense 1.

But there's another possibility. Could it be sense 6? "the act of arranging elements into specified groups without regard to order" - that's the mathematical sense. No, clearly not.

Could it be sense 5? Alliance of people/corporations? No.

Sense 4? Group of people? No.

Sense 3? Combination lock? No.

Sense 2? Chess? No.

So it's between 1 and 7.

Let me look at the phrase "alone or in combination" in legal/medical contexts. It means "singly or together with others." The word "combination" refers to the state of being combined.

In WordNet, sense 1 is the result (collection), sense 7 is the process (act).

If I say "used alone or in combination", I am saying "used by itself or as part of a combination." A combination here is a collection of things used together. So sense 1.

Similarly, "inactivation alone or in combination" = inactivation by itself or as part of a combination of inactivations.

Therefore, sense 1 seems correct.

But wait, I want to be careful. The user says "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense."

For sense 7, the synonyms are "combining, compounding". The context is about genes being inactivated. Is "compounding" relevant? No. "Combining"? Maybe.

For sense 1, there are no synonyms listed, but the definition mentions "an assemblage of separate parts or qualities."

The context says "alone or in combination" - this parallels "alone" (single) vs "combination" (multiple together). This strongly suggests sense 1: an assemblage of separate parts. Because "alone" = one part, "combination" = assemblage of parts.

Yes! That makes sense. "Alone" means a single gene's inactivation. "In combination" means an assemblage of separate genes' inactivation. So sense 1 is the contrast to "alone."

If it were sense 7 (the act), then "alone" would be contrasting with "the act of combining", which doesn't parallel as well. "Alone" describes the number/arrangement of things, not an act vs a non-act.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

Wait, but I want to reconsider. "Alone" here modifies "inactivation". The inactivation can occur alone or in combination. So:
- Alone: the inactivation occurs by itself
- In combination: the inactivation occurs together with other inactivations

This is still about whether the inactivation is solitary or combined. The "combination" is a collection of inactivated genes.

Actually, I just realized something. In WordNet, sense 1 might actually be the only sense that fits "alone or in combination" because this phrase is so commonly used to contrast singular vs plural/collection.

Let me check if there's any chance it's sense 7. The definition of sense 7: "the act of combining things to form a new whole." If multiple tumor suppressor genes are inactivated, they combine to form cancer (a new whole). So the act of combining these inactivations forms the new whole (cancer). That's actually quite plausible.

But "alone or in combination" - if it's the act, then "alone" would mean a single inactivation (not an act of combining), and "in combination" would mean the act of combining multiple inactivations. This still works.

However, I think in standard lexical semantics, when we say "A and B, alone or in combination," we mean "A and B by themselves or as a combination." The word "combination" there is a noun referring to the group.

Let me search my internal knowledge for how "combination" is tagged in similar contexts. In the SemCor corpus, sentences like "a combination of talent and hard work" are sense 1. "In combination" might be sense 1 or sense 7 depending on the exact syntax.

Actually, looking at the definition of sense 1 again: "a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities"

The context: "tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination" - the genes are the things. They can act alone or as an assemblage of separate parts. This fits sense 1 perfectly.

Sense 7 emphasizes the act of forming a new whole. While cancer is a new whole, the phrase "alone or in combination" is really about the genes, not about the process of forming cancer.

I think sense 1 is the answer.

But let me reconsider once more. The exact phrase is: "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination"

Here, "alone" and "in combination" are adverbial, modifying the noun phrase "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes" or perhaps the verb "appears." They describe how the inactivation occurs.

If I replace "in combination" with sense 1: "the inactivation of genes, alone or in a collection, appears crucial"
If I replace with sense 7: "the inactivation of genes, alone or in the act of combining, appears crucial"

Hmm, "in a collection" doesn't sound right as an adverbial. But "in combination" is a fixed phrase functioning adverbially. In WordNet, we have to pick the sense that corresponds to this usage.

Actually, I think I may have been wrong about sense 1 being the best fit. Let me look at the synonyms for sense 7 again: combining, compounding. The phrase "in combination" is very close to "in combining" or "combined."

But WordNet sense 1 is a noun.group sense. "In combination" as an adverbial phrase might derive from the noun, but in WSD, we need the noun sense.

Wait, I just need to make a decision. Let me think about which sense has the broader coverage. Sense 1 is the most general sense. In many WSD systems, "combination" defaults to sense 1 unless there's a specific context like chess, locks, or math.

The context here is biological. "Alone or in combination" is a general phrase. I think sense 1 is the intended answer.

However, I want to check one more thing. The user says "Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense."

Let me look at the exact wording of sense 1: "a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities"

And sense 7: "the act of combining things to form a new whole"

The text is talking about tumor-suppressor genes. These are "things." They can be inactivated alone or as a collection (combination). The "combination" refers to the genes (things) that have been combined (inactivated together).

Yes, sense 1.

Actually, I want to see if there's any possibility that sense 7 is correct because the "new whole" is the cancer, and the text says the inactivation "appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer." So the combination of inactivations forms the new whole (cancer). This is very strong evidence for sense 7!

"The act of combining things to form a new whole" - the things are the inactivation events, and the new whole is the cancer. The text explicitly says this combination is crucial to the development of cancer.

But wait, sense 1 is "a collection of things that have been combined." The collection of inactivated genes is what causes cancer.

I think both are plausible, but sense 1 is more general and fits the "alone or in X" construction better, where X is a collection.

Let me try to find if WordNet has an example like "used alone or in combination." I don't have direct access, but I can infer.

In Princeton WordNet, combination sense 1 examples might include: "a combination of British and American accents" or similar. Sense 7 examples might include: "the combination of hydrogen and oxygen produces water."

Our sentence is more like the second: the combination (of gene inactivations) produces cancer (a new whole). But the phrase "alone or in combination" is more like the first.

I think I'll go with sense 1. My reasoning: "alone or in combination" contrasts a single entity with a collection of entities. The genes are the entities. Sense 1 explicitly defines combination as "a collection of things" and "an assemblage of separate parts." This directly contrasts with "alone" (single part).

Final answer: sense_index: 1

Wait, I want to double-check the numbering. The user lists:
1. sense_key=combination%1:14:00::
2. sense_key=combination%1:14:04::
3. sense_key=combination%1:14:02::
4. sense_key=combination%1:14:01::
5. sense_key=combination%1:14:03::
6. sense_key=combination%1:04:01::
7. sense_key=combination%1:04:00::

So sense 1 in the list is combination%1:14:00:: (collection of things)
Sense 7 in the list is combination%1:04:00:: (act of combining)

I need to return the index number from the candidate list (1-7), not the WordNet offset.

So if I choose the first one, it's {"sense_index": 1}

Let me reconsider one more time. Is there any reason to choose 7 over 1?

The phrase "in combination" without "a" or "the" is interesting. We say "in combination" not "in a combination." This suggests an uncountable or abstract usage, which might favor the act sense (sense 7) over the collection sense (sense 1). But "in combination" is a fixed phrase that can be used with either sense.

Actually, looking at the definition of sense 1: "a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities" - this is countable. You can have "a combination."

Sense 7: "the act of combining things to form a new whole" - this can be uncountable. "In combination" = in the act of combining.

But we also say "in a group" vs "in group" (we say "in groups"). The zero article in "in combination" might suggest a more abstract meaning.

However, I think I'm overthinking this. In standard WSD for this exact type of biomedical text, "combination" in "alone or in combination" is almost certainly sense 1. It's the general sense.

Let me think about the phrase "alone or in combination with other therapies." That's clearly sense 1: a collection of therapies.

Similarly, "genes, alone or in combination" = genes, singly or as a collection.

Yes, sense 1.

One more check: the sentence says "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination". Could "combination" refer to the genes or the inactivation? Syntactically, it refers to the genes (the head noun). The genes are inactivated alone or in combination. So the genes are the things being combined. Sense 1: a collection of things (genes) that have been combined.

Perfect. Sense 1.

Actually, wait. I want to make sure about the syntax. "The inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination" - the comma suggests "alone or in combination" is a parenthetical modifying the whole noun phrase or just "genes." If it modifies "genes," then it's "tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination" = genes that are alone or in combination. This clearly fits sense 1 (collection of genes).

If it modifies "inactivation," then it's "inactivation, alone or in combination" = inactivation that is alone or combined. This fits sense 7 better (act of combining).

But given the appositive commas and the proximity, it most naturally modifies "genes": "tumor-suppressor genes, [whether] alone or in combination, ..." Just like "students, alone or in groups, ..." Here "groups" = collections of students. So "combination" = collection of genes.

Therefore, sense 1 is definitely correct.

Final answer: {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: appear
Target surface form: appears
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, <t>appears</t> crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=appear%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, seem | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. sense_key=appear%2:30:00:: | definition=come into sight or view | examples=He suddenly appeared at the wedding; A new star appeared on the horizon
3. sense_key=appear%2:30:01:: | definition=be issued or published | synonyms=come out | examples=Did your latest book appear yet?; The new Woody Allen film hasn't come out yet
4. sense_key=appear%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=seem | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
5. sense_key=appear%2:30:02:: | definition=come into being or existence, or appear on the scene | synonyms=come along | examples=Then the computer came along and changed our lives; Homo sapiens appeared millions of years ago
6. sense_key=appear%2:36:00:: | definition=appear as a character on stage or appear in a play, etc. | examples=Gielgud appears briefly in this movie; She appeared in `Hamlet' on the London stage
7. sense_key=appear%2:41:03:: | definition=present oneself formally, as before a (judicial) authority | examples=He had to appear in court last month; She appeared on several charges of theft

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "appears" in the given context. I need to choose the best sense from the 7 candidate senses provided.

Let me analyze the context:
"Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, <t>appears</t> crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."

The sentence is saying that the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes seems/seems to be/looks like it is crucial to the development of various cancers.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=appear%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, seem | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
   - This sense is about giving an impression or having an outward aspect. The examples show "appears to be" which is similar to our context "appears crucial". This looks like a strong candidate.

2. sense_key=appear%2:30:00:: | definition=come into sight or view | examples=He suddenly appeared at the wedding; A new star appeared on the horizon
   - This is about physical appearance/visibility. Not relevant here.

3. sense_key=appear%2:30:01:: | definition=be issued or published | synonyms=come out | examples=Did your latest book appear yet?; The new Woody Allen film hasn't come out yet
   - This is about publication. Not relevant.

4. sense_key=appear%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=seem | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
   - This is about seeming to be true or probable. The examples show "It appears that..." structure. Our sentence has "appears crucial" which is similar to "appears to be crucial" or "seems crucial". This is also a strong candidate.

5. sense_key=appear%2:30:02:: | definition=come into being or existence, or appear on the scene | synonyms=come along | examples=Then the computer came along and changed our lives; Homo sapiens appeared millions of years ago
   - This is about coming into existence. Not relevant.

6. sense_key=appear%2:36:00:: | definition=appear as a character on stage or appear in a play, etc. | examples=Gielgud appears briefly in this movie; She appeared in `Hamlet' on the London stage
   - This is about performing. Not relevant.

7. sense_key=appear%2:41:03:: | definition=present oneself formally, as before a (judicial) authority | examples=He had to appear in court last month; She appeared on several charges of theft
   - This is about formal appearance in court. Not relevant.

So it's between sense 1 and sense 4.

Sense 1: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect" - synonyms: look, seem
Sense 4: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent" - synonyms: seem

The difference between these two is subtle. Let me look at the examples more carefully:

Sense 1 examples: "She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem"
Sense 4 examples: "It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad"

Sense 1 seems to focus on the outward aspect or impression something gives (appears to be X).
Sense 4 seems to focus on the truth/probability/apparentness of a proposition (it appears that...).

In our sentence: "appears crucial to the development..."
This is "appears" + adjective (crucial), or "appears" + prepositional phrase.
This is similar to "appears to be crucial" or "seems crucial".

Looking at WordNet:
- appear%2:39:00:: is "look, seem" - "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect"
- appear%2:39:01:: is "seem" - "seem to be true, probable, or apparent"

The key distinction is that sense 1 (2:39:00) is about giving an impression/having an outward aspect, while sense 4 (2:39:01) is about seeming to be true or probable.

In the context of scientific research ("Researchers say..."), they are stating that based on evidence, it seems to be true that the inactivation is crucial. This is about the apparent truth or probability of the statement.

However, looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "This appears to be a very difficult problem" - this is very similar to our structure "appears crucial"
- Sense 4: "It appears that the weather in California is very bad" - this uses "it appears that..."

Our target is "appears crucial" which patterns with "appears to be [adjective]" from sense 1, not "it appears that [clause]" from sense 4.

Actually, looking more carefully at WordNet:
- appear%2:39:00:: usually takes adjectives or "to be" constructions: "appears happy", "appears to be true"
- appear%2:39:01:: usually takes "that" clauses or refers to the truth of propositions: "it appears that..."

But wait, let me check the actual WordNet definitions to be sure.

In WordNet 3.0/3.1:
- appear.v.01 (2:39:00): "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect" - "She seems to be sleeping"; "This appears to be a very difficult problem"
- appear.v.04 (2:39:01): "seem to be true, probable, or apparent" - "It seems that he is very gifted"; "There appears to be some mistake"

Actually, looking at the examples provided in the prompt:
Sense 4 examples: "It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad"

Our example: "appears crucial" - this is an adjective following appear.

In standard WordNet:
- Sense 1 (2:39:00) is the copular sense with adjectives: "appear happy", "appear tired"
- Sense 4 (2:39:01) is the "it appears that" sense or the sense meaning "to seem to be the case"

But looking at the provided definitions:
Sense 1: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect" - this is about the subject giving an impression
Sense 4: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent" - this is about the truth value

In "the inactivation... appears crucial", the inactivation is the subject, and it is being described as seeming to be crucial. This is about the outward aspect or impression given by the inactivation (based on research evidence).

However, in scientific contexts, "appears" often means "it seems to be the case that" or "the evidence suggests that".

Let me look at the exact wording again: "appears crucial to the development..."

If I compare:
- "She appears happy" (sense 1 - gives the impression of being happy)
- "It appears that she is happy" (sense 4 - seems to be true that she is happy)

But our sentence is "the inactivation... appears crucial". This is like "She appears happy", not "It appears that...".

So sense 1 seems more appropriate because:
1. The subject is "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes"
2. The complement is an adjective "crucial"
3. This matches the pattern of sense 1 examples: "This appears to be a very difficult problem"

Wait, "appears crucial" vs "appears to be crucial". These are equivalent.

But looking at sense 4, the examples are "It seems that..." and "It appears that...". These are impersonal constructions where "it" is the grammatical subject.

In our sentence, "the inactivation..." is the actual subject.

Therefore, sense 1 (2:39:00) is the correct choice.

But let me double-check by looking at the synonyms:
Sense 1: look, seem
Sense 4: seem

Both have "seem". But sense 1 has "look" as well, suggesting visual impression, while sense 4 is specifically about truth/probability.

In the context: "Researchers say... appears crucial". The researchers are saying that based on their research, it gives the impression/seems to be crucial. This is an assessment of the state of affairs based on evidence.

Actually, looking at WordNet more carefully online (in my internal knowledge):
WordNet sense 2:39:00 (appear.v.1) is the copular sense: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect"
WordNet sense 2:39:01 (appear.v.4) is: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent"

The distinction is subtle. But in "X appears Y", where X is a thing and Y is an adjective describing X, that's typically sense 1.

For example:
- "He appears happy" -> sense 1
- "It appears that he is happy" -> sense 4

Our sentence: "the inactivation... appears crucial" -> this is the copular construction, so sense 1.

Also, looking at the provided examples for sense 1: "This appears to be a very difficult problem" - this is exactly parallel to "appears crucial".

The examples for sense 4 use "It appears that..." which is a different construction.

Therefore, the answer should be sense 1.

Wait, I should verify the indexing. The user lists:
1. sense_key=appear%2:39:00::
2. sense_key=appear%2:30:00::
3. sense_key=appear%2:30:01::
4. sense_key=appear%2:39:01::
5. sense_key=appear%2:30:02::
6. sense_key=appear%2:36:00::
7. sense_key=appear%2:41:03::

So sense 1 is index 1, sense 4 is index 4.

I believe the correct answer is index 1.

But let me reconsider sense 4. Could "appears crucial" mean "seems to be true, probable, or apparent" that it is crucial?

The definition of sense 4 is "seem to be true, probable, or apparent". This is often used with "it" as the subject, referring to the truth of a proposition. But it can also be used with "there": "There appears to be some mistake".

However, "the inactivation appears crucial" is clearly the copular use where "appears" links the subject to the adjective "crucial". This is the defining characteristic of sense 1.

Also, looking at the synonyms for sense 1: "look, seem". For sense 4: "seem". The presence of "look" in sense 1 suggests the outward aspect/impression meaning, which fits with "appears crucial" (gives the impression of being crucial based on evidence).

Therefore, I will go with sense index 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Novita

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: crucial
Target surface form: crucial
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears <t>crucial</t> to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=crucial%3:00:00:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=important | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
2. sense_key=crucial%5:00:00:material:02 | definition=having crucial relevance | examples=crucial to the case; relevant testimony
3. sense_key=crucial%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=of the greatest importance | synonyms=all-important, essential, of the essence | examples=the all-important subject of disarmament; crucial information

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "crucial" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses tumor-suppressor genes and their role in cancer development
 - The specific sentence is: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
 - The word "crucial" is used to describe the relationship between the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes and the development of various cancers.

 Now let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=crucial%3:00:00:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=important | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
    - This seems to be the adjective sense meaning "extremely important"
    - The gloss mentions "vital to the resolution of a crisis"
    - Examples suggest critical moments or events

 2. sense_key=crucial%5:00:00:material:02 | definition=having crucial relevance | examples=crucial to the case; relevant testimony
    - This appears to be a satellite adjective (indicated by %5)
    - The definition mentions "having crucial relevance"
    - The example "crucial to the case" suggests this sense is used with "to" - indicating relevance/importance to something specific

 3. sense_key=crucial%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=of the greatest importance | synonyms=all-important, essential, of the essence | examples=the all-important subject of disarmament; crucial information
    - This is also a satellite adjective (%5)
    - Synonyms include "essential", "all-important"
    - Example: "crucial information"

 Now, looking at the usage in the text: "appears crucial to the development of..."

 The construction "crucial to" is important here. Sense 2 specifically mentions "crucial to the case" as an example, which matches the syntactic pattern in the text ("crucial to the development").

 However, let me look more carefully at the WordNet structure. In WordNet:
 - Sense 1 (crucial%3:00:00::) is the main adjective sense: "of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis"
 - Sense 2 (crucial%5:00:00:material:02) is a satellite of "material" (specifically material%3:00:02:: meaning "directly relevant to a matter")
 - Sense 3 (crucial%5:00:00:important:00) is a satellite of "important"

 Wait, looking at the sense keys:
 - %3:00:00:: indicates a main adjective sense (3=adjective, 00=pertainym, 00=lex file)
 - %5:00:00:material:02 indicates a satellite adjective (5=satellite adjective), linked to material:02
 - %5:00:00:important:00 indicates a satellite adjective linked to important:00

 In the context, "crucial" means that the inactivation of these genes is extremely important/essential for the development of cancer. It's not just relevant (sense 2), but of the greatest importance (sense 3).

 However, sense 2 has the example "crucial to the case" which syntactically matches our "crucial to the development". But sense 2 is defined as "having crucial relevance" - which is weaker than what's meant here.

 Sense 3 has synonyms like "essential", "all-important", "of the essence" - which fits better with the biological context where gene inactivation is not just relevant but essential/critical to cancer development.

 Sense 1 has "vital to the resolution of a crisis" - but developing cancer isn't really a "crisis" in the sense of a decisive moment, and the examples are about moments and elections.

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet:
 - Crucial (adjective) sense 1: of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis
 - Crucial (adjective) sense 2: having crucial relevance (crucial to the case)
 - Crucial (adjective) sense 3: of the greatest importance (all-important, essential...)

 In the sentence "appears crucial to the development...", the word is modifying the relationship between gene inactivation and cancer development. It means it is essential or of the greatest importance.

 Sense 3 seems best because:
 1. The synonyms "essential", "all-important", "of the essence" fit the scientific context where this is a necessary/essential factor
 2. Sense 2 ("having crucial relevance") is weaker and more about relevance than necessity
 3. Sense 1 is about crisis resolution, which doesn't fit

 However, I need to be careful. In WordNet, sense 3 (crucial%5:00:00:important:00) is actually the same as sense 1 in terms of meaning but classified as a satellite of "important". Wait, no - in WordNet 3.0/3.1:

 Looking up WordNet:
 - crucial.a.01: of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis; "a crucial moment in his career"; "a crucial election"; "a crucial issue for women"
 - crucial.a.02: having crucial relevance; "crucial to the case"; "relevant testimony"
 - all-important.s.01: of the greatest importance; "the all-important subject of disarmament"; "crucial information"; "in chess cool nerves are of the essence"

 So sense 3 in the candidates corresponds to all-important.s.01 (or crucial as a satellite of important).

 In the context, the meaning is that the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes is essential/necessary for the development of these cancers. This aligns with "of the greatest importance" (sense 3) or "of extreme importance" (sense 1).

 But sense 1 emphasizes "vital to the resolution of a crisis" - and while "vital" fits, "crisis" might not be the right frame. However, "crucial" in scientific contexts often means "essential" or "critical".

 Actually, looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1: "a crucial moment", "a crucial election" - these are decisive/critical moments
 - Sense 2: "crucial to the case" - relevant to
 - Sense 3: "crucial information" - essential information

 In our text: "crucial to the development" - this is similar to "crucial to the case" (sense 2), but the meaning is stronger than just relevance. In biology, when we say something is "crucial to development", we mean it is essential/indispensable.

 Sense 3 (of the greatest importance; essential) seems most appropriate because:
 1. The inactivation is presented as a key/essential mechanism in carcinogenesis
 2. Synonyms include "essential"
 3. While sense 2 has the "crucial to" construction, sense 3 is about the magnitude of importance

 Wait, I should reconsider sense 2. The definition is "having crucial relevance" and the example is "crucial to the case". This suggests that sense 2 specifically handles the "crucial to X" construction where it means relevant to X in a crucial way.

 But in the context of cancer research, saying something is "crucial to development" means it's a critical/essential factor, not just relevant.

 Let me look at the indices again:
 1. crucial%3:00:00:: - main sense
 2. crucial%5:00:00:material:02 - satellite of material
 3. crucial%5:00:00:important:00 - satellite of important

 In WordNet, "crucial" as a satellite of "important" (sense 3) means "of the greatest importance; all-important; essential; of the essence".

 Given that the text is saying the inactivation is essential for cancer development (implying without it, cancer doesn't develop, or it's a key step), sense 3 seems best.

 However, sense 1 is also strong. But sense 1's gloss mentions "vital to the resolution of a crisis". Is cancer development a "crisis"? Not really in the sense of a critical decisive moment. It's a process.

 Sense 3 with synonyms "essential", "all-important" fits better for biological necessity.

 Also, note that sense 2 is a satellite of "material" (specifically material%3:00:02 which means "relevant"). So sense 2 is about relevance.

 Therefore, between sense 1 and sense 3, both indicate high importance, but sense 3 specifically captures the "essential" meaning with synonyms like "essential" and "of the essence".

 The answer should be sense 3.

 Wait, let me double-check by looking at how "crucial" is used in similar contexts in WordNet examples or standard usage.

 In the sentence: "appears crucial to the development of such scourges..."

 If I substitute synonyms:
 - Sense 1: "of extreme importance to the development" - works
 - Sense 2: "having crucial relevance to the development" - works but weaker
 - Sense 3: "essential to the development" - works perfectly

 Given that the context is about tumor-suppressor genes being key/essential to cancer development (a major scientific finding), sense 3 with "essential" as a synonym is the best fit.

 Actually, looking carefully at WordNet 3.1:
 - WordNet sense 1 (crucial.a.1): of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis
 - WordNet sense 2 (crucial.a.2): having crucial relevance; "crucial to the case"
 - WordNet sense 3 (all-important.a.1): of the greatest importance; "the all-important subject..." - also listed as crucial.s.03

 So yes, sense 3 is the "all-important/essential" sense.

 Given the biological context where the inactivation is a key mechanism (essential), sense 3 is best.

 Final check: The user asks for the "single best indexed sense" and to return {"sense_index": 3}.

 I should go with sense 3.

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the <t>development</t> of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "development" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about cancer research
 - Specifically about tumor-suppressor genes and how their inactivation leads to cancer
 - The sentence is: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the <t>development</t> of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."

 So here, "development" refers to the process by which cancer forms or progresses. It's about the progression or evolution of the disease from one stage to another (from healthy to cancerous).

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: - act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining
    - This is about improving/enlarging something, not about disease progression.

 2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: - a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)
    - Synonyms: evolution
    - Examples: "the development of his ideas took many years"; "the evolution of Greek civilization"
    - This seems relevant - cancer development is a process passing by degrees to a different stage (from normal cells to cancerous).

 3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: - (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level
    - Synonyms: growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis
    - This is about normal biological growth of an organism, not about disease pathogenesis.

 4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: - a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation
    - This is about news/events, not biological processes.

 5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: - the act of making some area of land or water more profitable...
    - About land development, irrelevant.

 6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: - a district that has been developed...
    - Real estate, irrelevant.

 7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: - a state in which things are improving...
    - About improvement/state, not quite right for cancer development.

 8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: - processing a photosensitive material...
    - Photography, irrelevant.

 9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: - (music) the section of a composition...
    - Music theory, irrelevant.

 The choice is between sense 2 and sense 3, as both involve processes of change.

 Sense 3 is specifically about normal biological growth (ontogeny/ontogenesis) - the growth and maturation of an organism. While cancer is biological, the "development of cancer" is not about the normal growth process described in sense 3 (which is about organismal development from simple to complex).

 Sense 2 is more general: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)". The example "the development of his ideas" and "the evolution of Greek civilization" show this is about gradual progression/change over time.

 In medical contexts, "development" of a disease refers to its onset and progression - the process by which it comes into being and advances. This fits sense 2 better than sense 3. Sense 3 is specifically about the growth and maturation of an individual organism (like embryonic development, child development), whereas cancer development is a pathological process.

 Also, looking at the synonyms for sense 2: "evolution" - we often talk about the "evolution" of cancer or tumor evolution, meaning how it progresses/changes over time.

 The context mentions "inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes... crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer" - this is about the process leading to the disease state, the progression from healthy to diseased.

 Therefore, sense 2 (development%1:22:02::) is the best fit.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet indices. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=development%1:04:01::
 2. sense_key=development%1:22:02::
 3. sense_key=development%1:22:01::
 4. sense_key=development%1:11:01::
 ...

 So sense 2 in the list corresponds to development%1:22:02::.

 Actually, looking carefully at the WordNet lexicographer file names:
 - %1:22:02:: - this is noun.process (22)
 - %1:22:01:: - this is also noun.process (22)

 Both are in the noun.process file.

 Sense 3 (index 3 in the list) is the biological growth one (ontogeny).
 Sense 2 (index 2 in the list) is the general process of passing to a different stage.

 The text is talking about cancer development as a biological process, but not specifically the growth of an individual organism (sense 3), but rather the pathological progression of the disease.

 In WordNet, "development" sense 2 (1:22:02) covers the general idea of something developing over time, while sense 3 (1:22:01) is specifically about biological growth/ontogeny.

 The phrase "development of cancer" typically maps to sense 2 in WordNet, not sense 3. Sense 3 is more about the development of a child or organism.

 Let me verify with the examples:
 - Sense 2 examples: "the development of his ideas took many years"; "the evolution of Greek civilization"
 - Sense 3 examples: "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children"

 Cancer development is analogous to the development of ideas or evolution of civilization in that it's a gradual process of change, rather than the specific biological growth process of an organism.

 Therefore, the answer should be index 2.

 Wait, I should check if there's any other sense that could fit. What about sense 1? "act of improving..." - no, cancer is not an improvement. Sense 7? "state in which things are improving" - no.

 So it's definitely between 2 and 3.

 Upon reflection, in many biomedical NLP contexts, "development" when referring to diseases (like "development of cancer", "development of Alzheimer's") is often annotated with the general process sense (passing by degrees to a different stage) rather than the specific ontogeny sense.

 The ontogeny sense (3) is really about the life cycle development of an organism from embryo to adult.

 Therefore, sense 2 is correct.

 The JSON output should be: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scourge
Target surface form: scourges
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such <t>scourges</t> as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scourge%1:06:00:: | definition=a whip used to inflict punishment (often used for pedantic humor) | synonyms=flagellum
2. sense_key=scourge%1:26:00:: | definition=something causing misery or death | synonyms=bane, curse, nemesis | examples=the bane of my life
3. sense_key=scourge%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who inspires fear or dread | synonyms=terror, threat | examples=he was the terror of the neighborhood

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "scourges" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about cancer research
 - It mentions colon, lung, and breast cancers as "the most common and lethal forms of the disease"
 - It mentions researchers racing to find tumor-suppressing genes
 - The sentence containing "scourges": "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such <t>scourges</t> as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."

 So "scourges" here refers to various types of cancer (brain, skin, kidney, prostate, cervix). These are being described as serious diseases that cause misery or death.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=scourge%1:06:00:: | definition=a whip used to inflict punishment (often used for pedantic humor) | synonyms=flagellum
 - This is the physical whip meaning. Doesn't fit here - we're talking about diseases, not whips.

 2. sense_key=scourge%1:26:00:: | definition=something causing misery or death | synonyms=bane, curse, nemesis | examples=the bane of my life
 - This fits well. Cancer causes misery and death. The word "scourge" is often used metaphorically to describe diseases or plagues that afflict humanity. The examples include "bane" which is similar to how scourge is being used here.

 3. sense_key=scourge%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who inspires fear or dread | synonyms=terror, threat | examples=he was the terror of the neighborhood
 - This refers to a person. The context is talking about diseases (cancer types), not people. So this doesn't fit.

 Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice. The word "scourges" is being used to mean things (specifically diseases/cancers) that cause misery or death.

 The instruction says to return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3} - but with the correct index. Since sense 2 is correct, I should return {"sense_index": 2}.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=scourge%1:06:00::
 2. sense_key=scourge%1:26:00::
 3. sense_key=scourge%1:18:00::

 So index 2 is the one about "something causing misery or death".

 Yes, that matches my analysis. The cancers are being described as scourges - things that cause misery and death.

 Final check: The context lists specific cancers (brain, skin, kidney, prostate, cervix) as examples of these scourges. These are diseases/conditions, not people, and not physical whips. So sense 2 is definitely correct.

 Output should be: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as <t>cancer</t> of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "cancer" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses medical research about genes (p53) and their relationship to cancer
 - It mentions specific types: colon cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, brain cancer, skin cancer, kidney cancer, prostate cancer, cervix cancer
 - It talks about malignant growths, tumors, and disease
 - It mentions "tumor-suppressing genes" and "malignant neoplastic disease" concepts

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: - definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division... (medical disease sense)
 2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: - definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer (astrological person)
 3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: - definition=a small zodiacal constellation... (astronomical constellation)
 4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: - definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac... (astrological sign)
 5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: - definition=type genus of the family Cancridae... (crustacean genus)

 The context is clearly medical/biological. It discusses:
 - Genes (p53)
 - Colon, lung, breast, brain, skin, kidney, prostate, cervix cancers
 - Tumor-suppressing genes
 - Malignant growth
 - Disease killing Americans

 The specific instance is: "such scourges as <t>cancer</t> of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix"

 This is clearly referring to the disease sense - malignant neoplastic disease.

 Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1: cancer%1:26:00:: (any malignant growth or tumor...)

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}

 Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00::
 2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00::
 3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00::
 4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00::
 5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00::

 So sense_index should be 1.

 The context is definitely about the medical condition, not astrology or crustaceans. The mention of "tumor-suppressing genes", "malignant", "disease", and specific cancer types (colon, lung, breast, brain, etc.) makes this unambiguous.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: brain
Target surface form: brain
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the <t>brain</t>, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=brain%1:08:00:: | definition=that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord | synonyms=encephalon
2. sense_key=brain%1:09:00:: | definition=mental ability | synonyms=brainpower, learning ability, mental capacity, mentality, wit | examples=he's got plenty of brains but no common sense
3. sense_key=brain%1:09:01:: | definition=that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason | synonyms=mind, head, psyche, nous | examples=his mind wandered; I couldn't get his words out of my head
4. sense_key=brain%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality | synonyms=genius, mastermind, brainiac, Einstein | examples=Mozart was a child genius; he's smart but he's no Einstein
5. sense_key=brain%1:13:00:: | definition=the brain of certain animals used as meat

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "brain" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about cancer research
 - It mentions various types of cancer: colon, lung, breast, brain, skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix
 - The specific phrase is: "cancer of the <t>brain</t>"
 - This is clearly referring to cancer affecting a specific organ/body part

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=brain%1:08:00:: | definition=that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord | synonyms=encephalon
    - This is the anatomical/physical organ sense
    - "Cancer of the brain" refers to cancer affecting this physical organ
    - This fits perfectly with the context of listing various body parts affected by cancer (colon, lung, breast, brain, skin, kidney, prostate, cervix)

 2. sense_key=brain%1:09:00:: | definition=mental ability | synonyms=brainpower, learning ability, mental capacity, mentality, wit
    - This refers to cognitive capacity/intelligence
    - "Cancer of the brain" in the sense of "cancer of the mental ability" doesn't make sense
    - The context is about physical diseases affecting body parts

 3. sense_key=brain%1:09:01:: | definition=that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason | synonyms=mind, head, psyche, nous
    - This refers to the mind/psyche
    - While related to the brain, "cancer of the mind" would be metaphorical, but here it's listed alongside other physical organs (kidney, prostate, cervix, skin)
    - The context is clearly medical/anatomical

 4. sense_key=brain%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality | synonyms=genius, mastermind, brainiac, Einstein
    - This refers to a person (a smart person)
    - "Cancer of the genius" doesn't make sense in this context

 5. sense_key=brain%1:13:00:: | definition=the brain of certain animals used as meat
    - This refers to brain as food
    - Definitely not the right sense here

 The context lists: "cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix"
 These are all anatomical body parts/organs. Therefore, sense 1 (the anatomical organ) is the correct choice.

 The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: skin
Target surface form: skin
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the <t>skin</t>, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=skin%1:08:00:: | definition=a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch | synonyms=tegument, cutis | examples=your skin is the largest organ of your body
2. sense_key=skin%1:06:01:: | definition=an outer surface (usually thin) | examples=the skin of an airplane
3. sense_key=skin%1:05:01:: | definition=body covering of a living animal | synonyms=hide, pelt
4. sense_key=skin%1:26:00:: | definition=a person's skin regarded as their life | examples=he tried to save his skin
5. sense_key=skin%1:13:00:: | definition=the rind of a fruit or vegetable | synonyms=peel
6. sense_key=skin%1:06:02:: | definition=a bag serving as a container for liquids; it is made from the hide of an animal

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "skin" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about cancer research
 - It mentions various types of cancer: colon, lung, breast, brain, skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix
 - The specific phrase is: "cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix"
 - This is listing different body parts/organs where cancer can occur

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=skin%1:08:00:: | definition=a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch | synonyms=tegument, cutis | examples=your skin is the largest organ of your body
    - This refers to the human/animal skin as a body organ/covering
    - In the context of "cancer of the skin", this fits perfectly - it refers to skin cancer, which is cancer of the skin organ

 2. sense_key=skin%1:06:01:: | definition=an outer surface (usually thin) | examples=the skin of an airplane
    - This refers to outer surfaces of objects (like airplanes)
    - Not applicable here since we're talking about human body parts and cancer

 3. sense_key=skin%1:05:01:: | definition=body covering of a living animal | synonyms=hide, pelt
    - This refers to the hide/pelt of an animal, often used for leather/fur
    - While related to sense 1, this is more about the covering of an animal (especially when removed or as a pelt), not the living organ in humans
    - The context is about human cancer, not animal hides

 4. sense_key=skin%1:26:00:: | definition=a person's skin regarded as their life | examples=he tried to save his skin
    - This is an idiomatic usage meaning "life" or "physical well-being"
    - Doesn't fit the medical context of cancer types

 5. sense_key=skin%1:13:00:: | definition=the rind of a fruit or vegetable | synonyms=peel
    - This is about fruit/vegetable peels
    - Not applicable

 6. sense_key=skin%1:06:02:: | definition=a bag serving as a container for liquids; it is made from the hide of an animal
    - This is a container made from animal hide (like a wineskin)
    - Not applicable

 The context clearly refers to "skin" as a body part/organ that can get cancer (skin cancer). This matches sense 1: "a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch" - referring to the human skin as an organ.

 The phrase "cancer of the skin" parallels "cancer of the brain", "cancer of the kidney", etc. - all referring to organs/body parts.

 Therefore, the best sense is sense 1 (index 1).

 Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=skin%1:08:00::
 2. sense_key=skin%1:06:01::
 3. sense_key=skin%1:05:01::
 4. sense_key=skin%1:26:00::
 5. sense_key=skin%1:13:00::
 6. sense_key=skin%1:06:02::

 So sense 1 is the correct index.

 Actually, looking at WordNet, skin%1:08:00:: is indeed the main sense for the outer covering of the body. The lexicographer file 08 refers to "noun.body" which is correct for body parts.

 Sense 3 (skin%1:05:01::) is lexicographer file 05 which is "noun.animal" - referring to the hide of an animal.

 So yes, sense 1 is correct for human skin in a medical context.

 The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cervix
Target surface form: cervix
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and <t>cervix</t>. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cervix%1:08:01:: | definition=the part of an organism (human or animal) that connects the head to the rest of the body | synonyms=neck | examples=he admired her long graceful neck; the horse won by a neck
2. sense_key=cervix%1:08:02:: | definition=necklike opening to the uterus | synonyms=uterine cervix, cervix uteri

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "cervix" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses cancer research, specifically tumor-suppressing genes
 - It mentions various types of cancer: colon, lung, breast, brain, skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix
 - The phrase is "cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix"
 - This is clearly referring to cervical cancer (cancer of the cervix)

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=cervix%1:08:01::
    - definition: the part of an organism (human or animal) that connects the head to the rest of the body
    - synonyms: neck
    - examples: he admired her long graceful neck; the horse won by a neck
    - This is referring to the anatomical neck (like the neck of a person or animal)

 2. sense_key=cervix%1:08:02::
    - definition: necklike opening to the uterus
    - synonyms: uterine cervix, cervix uteri
    - This is referring to the cervix as part of the female reproductive system

 Given the context is about cancer types (colon, lung, breast, brain, skin, kidney, prostate, cervix), and prostate is mentioned (male reproductive organ), cervix here refers to the female reproductive organ (the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina).

 "Cervical cancer" is a well-known type of cancer affecting women. The context mentions "cancer of the... cervix", which clearly indicates the uterine cervix, not the neck of the body.

 Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice.

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: evidence
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is <t>evidence</t> that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "evidence" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The target sentence is: "There is <t>evidence</t> that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."

 The context is about scientific research on tumor-suppressor genes and cancer. The "evidence" here refers to scientific proof or data supporting the claim that inheriting defective genes makes people prone to cancer.

 Candidate sense analysis:

 1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
    - This sense refers to the basis for belief, knowledge used to support a conclusion.
    - The example given is very similar to our context: "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling" vs our context about genes and cancer.
    - This seems to fit well with scientific evidence used to support a hypothesis or theory.

 2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
    - This sense seems more about signs or indications that reveal something.
    - The example "his trembling was evidence of his fear" suggests a more direct, observable sign of something.
    - While our context could fit here, the scientific nature of the context (research teams, laboratories, studies) suggests sense 1 is better.

 3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved
    - This is specifically legal evidence.
    - The context is clearly scientific/medical, not legal.
    - This can be ruled out.

 Comparing sense 1 and sense 2:
 Sense 1 (evidence%1:09:00::) is categorized under noun.artifact? No, looking at the sense key format: evidence%1:09:00::
 - 1 = noun
 - 09 = communication? Let me think about WordNet lexicographer file names.
 - Actually, 09 usually refers to "cognition" or "communication"?
 - Wait, looking at standard WordNet lexfile numbers:
   - 09 is usually "cognition" (e.g., belief, thought)
   - 10 is usually "communication"

 Wait, looking at the senses:
 - evidence%1:09:00:: - this would be under noun.cognition
 - evidence%1:10:01:: - this would be under noun.communication
 - evidence%1:10:00:: - this would be under noun.communication (law)

 Actually, let me verify:
 In WordNet:
 - Sense 1: "your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief" - this is the general concept of evidence as grounds for belief (cognition domain)
 - Sense 2: "an indication that makes something evident" - this is more like a sign or symptom (communication domain? or maybe attribute?)
 - Sense 3: Legal evidence (communication domain)

 But looking at the context: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes..." - this is referring to scientific findings, research results that provide grounds for believing the hypothesis about inherited cancer risk.

 The example for sense 1 is: "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling" - this matches perfectly with our context about cancer and genetic evidence.

 Sense 2's example "his trembling was evidence of his fear" is about behavioral signs, which is different from scientific research findings.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

 The user asks for a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}, so I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

 Wait, I need to make sure about the indexing. The candidate senses are listed as:
 1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00::
 2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01::
 3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00::

 So sense_index should be 1.

 Let me double-check the distinction between sense 1 and sense 2 in WordNet.

 In WordNet 3.0 or similar:
 - evidence (noun) sense 1: "your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief" - this is the general, abstract concept of evidence supporting a proposition.
 - evidence (noun) sense 2: "an indication that makes something evident" - this is more concrete, a sign that shows something is true.
 - evidence (noun) sense 3: legal evidence.

 The context discusses scientific research ("two other research teams uncovered evidence", "about a dozen laboratories... are racing to unmask"). This is clearly about scientific evidence supporting a hypothesis. This aligns with sense 1.

 Also, the phrase "There is evidence that..." is a standard construction for introducing scientific findings or grounds for belief, fitting sense 1 perfectly.

 Therefore, the answer is sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: people
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if <t>people</t> inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "people" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
"There is evidence that if <t>people</t> inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."

The sentence is talking about human beings in general inheriting defective genes. It's referring to any group of human beings (men, women, or children) collectively - specifically humans who inherit genes.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

In the context, "people" refers to human beings in general who inherit genes. It's not referring to citizens of a specific state (sense 2), though one might stretch it. It's not referring to members of a family line (sense 3) - wait, the sentence mentions "certain families" but the word "people" itself is used in the general sense of human beings, not specifically "his people" meaning family members. The mention of families comes after, explaining why cancers haunt families, but "people" here means humans who inherit defective genes.

Sense 1: "any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively" - this fits best. It's the general, collective sense of human beings.

Sense 3 is about family line, but the example shows "his people" or "your people" meaning relatives/ancestors. Here it's just "people" in general, not "his people."

Sense 4 is about common people, masses, which doesn't fit the scientific/medical context.

So the best sense is sense 1 (index 1).

Wait, let me double-check. The context says "if people inherit defective versions of these genes" - this is clearly referring to human beings generally. The examples for sense 1 include "old people" and "there were at least 200 people in the audience" - general groups of humans.

Yes, sense 1 is correct.

The user wants only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}. So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: SiliconFlow