[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: time
Target surface form: time
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first <t>time</t>, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=time%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance or single occasion for some event | synonyms=clip | examples=this time he succeeded; he called four times
2. sense_key=time%1:28:05:: | definition=a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something | examples=take time to smell the roses; I didn't have time to finish
3. sense_key=time%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities) | examples=he waited a long time; the time of year for planting
4. sense_key=time%1:28:06:: | definition=a suitable moment | examples=it is time to go
5. sense_key=time%1:03:00:: | definition=the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past
6. sense_key=time%1:11:01:: | definition=a person's experience on a particular occasion | examples=he had a time holding back the tears; they had a good time together
7. sense_key=time%1:28:03:: | definition=a reading of a point in time as given by a clock | synonyms=clock time | examples=do you know what time it is?; the time is 10 o'clock
8. sense_key=time%1:28:04:: | definition=the fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event | synonyms=fourth dimension
9. sense_key=time%1:07:01:: | definition=rhythm as given by division into parts of equal duration | synonyms=meter, metre
10. sense_key=time%1:28:01:: | definition=the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned | synonyms=prison term, sentence | examples=he served a prison term of 15 months; his sentence was 5 to 10 years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "time" in the given context.

 Context: "...for the first <t>time</t>, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer."

 The phrase is "for the first time". Let me analyze the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=time%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance or single occasion for some event | synonyms=clip | examples="this time he succeeded; he called four times"
    - This refers to a specific instance or occasion. "For the first time" fits here - it means "on the first occasion" or "for the first instance".

 2. sense_key=time%1:28:05:: | definition=a period of time considered as a resource...
    - Doesn't fit. "For the first time" isn't about time as a resource.

 3. sense_key=time%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinite period...
    - Could potentially fit, but "for the first time" is more about an occasion than a period.

 4. sense_key=time%1:28:06:: | definition=a suitable moment...
    - "For the first time" isn't necessarily about a suitable moment.

 5. sense_key=time%1:03:00:: | definition=the continuum of experience...
    - Too abstract. "For the first time" is not referring to time as a continuum.

 6. sense_key=time%1:11:01:: | definition=a person's experience on a particular occasion...
    - Examples suggest emotional experiences ("had a time holding back tears", "had a good time"). "For the first time" is not this sense.

 7. sense_key=time%1:28:03:: | definition=a reading of a point in time as given by a clock...
    - No, this is about clock time.

 8. sense_key=time%1:28:04:: | definition=the fourth coordinate...
    - Physics term, not relevant.

 9. sense_key=time%1:07:01:: | definition=rhythm...
    - Musical/metrical sense, not relevant.

 10. sense_key=time%1:28:01:: | definition=the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned...
     - Not relevant.

 So sense 1 seems best: "an instance or single occasion for some event". The phrase "for the first time" means "on the first occasion" or "at the first instance".

 Let me double-check sense 1: "an instance or single occasion for some event" - yes, "for the first time" = for the first instance/occasion.

 The examples given for sense 1: "this time he succeeded; he called four times" - these support the interpretation of "time" as a countable instance or occasion.

 Therefore, the correct sense index is 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: otherwise
Target surface form: otherwise
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an <t>otherwise</t> healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=otherwise%4:02:01:: | definition=in other respects or ways | examples=he is otherwise normal; the funds are not otherwise available
2. sense_key=otherwise%4:02:03:: | definition=in another and different manner | synonyms=differently, other than | examples=very soon you will know differently; she thought otherwise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "otherwise" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an <t>otherwise</t> healthy individual is likely to get cancer."

 The phrase "otherwise healthy individual" means an individual who is healthy in other respects/aspects, apart from the potential for cancer (which the test can predict).

 Looking at the candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=otherwise%4:02:01:: | definition=in other respects or ways | examples=he is otherwise normal; the funds are not otherwise available
 2. sense_key=otherwise%4:02:03:: | definition=in another and different manner | synonyms=differently, other than | examples=very soon you will know differently; she thought otherwise

 Sense 1 fits perfectly here. "Otherwise healthy" means healthy in other respects (apart from the cancer risk being discussed). The example "he is otherwise normal" is structurally identical to "otherwise healthy individual".

 Sense 2 would imply "in a different manner" which doesn't fit. "An differently healthy individual" or "an individual healthy in a different manner" doesn't make sense in this context.

 Therefore, the correct sense is index 1.

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Novita

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: healthy
Target surface form: healthy
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise <t>healthy</t> individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=healthy%3:00:00:: | definition=having or indicating good health in body or mind; free from infirmity or disease | examples=a rosy healthy baby; staying fit and healthy
2. sense_key=healthy%5:00:00:sound:00 | definition=financially secure and functioning well | examples=a healthy economy
3. sense_key=healthy%5:00:00:wholesome:00 | definition=promoting health; healthful; ; ; ; ; - C.B.Davis | synonyms=salubrious, good for you | examples=a healthy diet; clean healthy air
4. sense_key=healthy%5:00:00:reasonable:00 | definition=exercising or showing good judgment | synonyms=intelligent, levelheaded, sound | examples=healthy scepticism; a healthy fear of rattlesnakes
5. sense_key=healthy%5:00:00:considerable:00 | definition=large in amount or extent or degree | synonyms=goodly, goodish, hefty, respectable, sizable, sizeable | examples=it cost a considerable amount; a goodly amount

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "healthy" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is about medical scientists discovering genes related to cancer
 - The specific sentence is: "Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise <t>healthy</t> individual is likely to get cancer."
 - The word "healthy" here describes an individual (person)
 - It contrasts with getting cancer (disease)
 - "Otherwise healthy" implies the person currently has good health, free from disease

 Candidate sense analysis:
 1. sense_key=healthy%3:00:00:: - "having or indicating good health in body or mind; free from infirmity or disease" - examples include "a rosy healthy baby; staying fit and healthy"
    - This fits perfectly. The individual is free from disease (cancer), has good health.

 2. sense_key=healthy%5:00:00:sound:00 - "financially secure and functioning well" - example "a healthy economy"
    - This is about financial health, not physical health. Doesn't fit.

 3. sense_key=healthy%5:00:00:wholesome:00 - "promoting health; healthful" - synonyms salubrious, examples "a healthy diet; clean healthy air"
    - This describes things that promote health (like diet, air), not the state of a person being free from disease. While an individual can be described as healthy in this sense, the specific meaning here is about the state of being free from disease, not about promoting health.

 4. sense_key=healthy%5:00:00:reasonable:00 - "exercising or showing good judgment" - examples "healthy scepticism; a healthy fear"
    - This is about judgment/attitudes, not physical health.

 5. sense_key=healthy%5:00:00:considerable:00 - "large in amount or extent or degree" - examples "a goodly amount"
    - This is about size/amount, not health.

 The context clearly refers to a person's physical health status - specifically someone who is currently free from cancer/disease but might be predicted to develop it. This matches sense 1 perfectly: "having or indicating good health in body or mind; free from infirmity or disease".

 The phrase "otherwise healthy individual" is a common collocation referring to someone who is medically/physically healthy except for some specific condition being discussed.

 Therefore, the correct sense is index 1.

 Wait, I need to check the format. The user wants:
 {"sense_index": 3}

 But I need to return the index of the sense I choose. The senses are numbered 1-5 in the list. So if I choose sense 1, I return {"sense_index": 1}.

 Let me double-check sense 3 vs sense 1.
 Sense 3: "promoting health; healthful" - this is about things that create health (diet, exercise, etc.)
 Sense 1: "having or indicating good health" - this is about the state of being healthy

 An individual is described as "healthy" meaning they possess good health (sense 1), not that they promote health (sense 3). Although sense 3 could potentially apply to a person in some contexts (e.g., "a healthy influence"), in the context of "otherwise healthy individual" contrasting with disease/cancer, it definitely refers to the state of being free from disease - sense 1.

 Also, the examples for sense 1 include "a rosy healthy baby" which is exactly the type of usage - describing a person/animal as being in good health.

 So the answer is sense_index: 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: individual
Target surface form: individual
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy <t>individual</t> is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=individual%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=individual%1:18:00:: | definition=a single organism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "individual" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is about medical science, genes, and cancer
 - The specific sentence is: "Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy <t>individual</t> is likely to get cancer."
 - Here, "individual" refers to a human being who is healthy but might get cancer
 - It's talking about predicting cancer risk in people/persons

 Candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=individual%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
 2. sense_key=individual%1:18:00:: | definition=a single organism

 Analysis:
 - Sense 1 refers to a human being (person)
 - Sense 2 refers to a single organism (could be any living organism)

 In the context of medical tests predicting cancer in "otherwise healthy individual", this clearly refers to a human being, not just any organism. While humans are organisms, the specific context of medical science, cancer prediction, and the phrase "otherwise healthy" in this medical context strongly points to human beings.

 The synonyms for sense 1 (person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul) fit perfectly with the context of testing whether a person is likely to get cancer.

 Sense 2 (a single organism) is more general and could include animals, plants, bacteria, etc. While technically correct that a human is an organism, the specific context of medical testing for cancer risk is specifically about human beings.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the best choice.

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}

 Wait, looking at the candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=individual%1:03:00::
 2. sense_key=individual%1:18:00::

 So the index would be 1.

 But let me double-check WordNet sense keys to make sure I understand the indexing correctly. The user says "Choose the single best indexed sense" and provides two options labeled 1 and 2. So I should return the index number (1 or 2).

 The output format should be: {"sense_index": 1}

 Actually, looking carefully at the instructions: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

 So I need to provide the index number of the sense I choose. Since I choose sense 1 (the human being sense), I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

 Let me reconsider if sense 2 could be correct. In biology/medical contexts, "individual" can sometimes refer to an individual organism. However, the phrase "otherwise healthy individual" in the context of cancer prediction tests is standard medical terminology for human patients. Also, the examples and synonyms for sense 1 (person, someone, etc.) strongly align with this usage.

 Sense 2 would be more appropriate in contexts like "the individual displayed unique behavioral patterns" when referring to an animal in a study, or when contrasting with "population" in ecology. But here, talking about genetic tests for cancer prediction, it's definitely referring to human beings.

 Therefore, sense 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: likely
Target surface form: likely
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is <t>likely</t> to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=likely%3:00:00:: | definition=has a good chance of being the case or of coming about | examples=these services are likely to be available to us all before long; she is likely to forget
2. sense_key=likely%3:00:04:: | definition=likely but not certain to be or become true or real | synonyms=probable | examples=a likely result; he foresaw a probable loss
3. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:prospective:00 | definition=expected to become or be; in prospect | synonyms=potential | examples=potential clients
4. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:credible:00 | definition=within the realm of credibility | examples=not a very likely excuse

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "likely" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is: "Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer."
- The meaning here is about probability/possibility - whether someone has a good chance of getting cancer in the future.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=likely%3:00:00:: | definition=has a good chance of being the case or of coming about | examples=these services are likely to be available to us all before long; she is likely to forget
   - This seems to fit well. The example "she is likely to forget" parallels "is likely to get cancer" - both refer to future events that have a good chance of happening.

2. sense_key=likely%3:00:04:: | definition=likely but not certain to be or become true or real | synonyms=probable | examples=a likely result; he foresaw a probable loss
   - This seems more adjectival in the sense of describing something as probable (e.g., "a likely result"), whereas in the target sentence, "likely" is used predicatively with an infinitive: "is likely to get". This is a different syntactic pattern.

3. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:prospective:00 | definition=expected to become or be; in prospect | synonyms=potential | examples=potential clients
   - This seems to describe something as potential/prospective, like "potential clients". In the target sentence, we're not saying the individual is "potential" or "prospective" in the sense of being a candidate, but rather that the event of getting cancer has a high probability.

4. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:credible:00 | definition=within the realm of credibility | examples=not a very likely excuse
   - This is about credibility/plausibility of excuses or explanations, not about probability of future events.

Sense 1 is the best fit because:
- It specifically mentions the construction "likely to" in the examples ("these services are likely to be available", "she is likely to forget")
- The definition "has a good chance of being the case or of coming about" matches the meaning in the context - predicting whether someone has a good chance of getting cancer
- The syntactic pattern "is likely to [verb]" matches exactly with the examples provided for sense 1

Sense 2 is close but seems to be more about describing nouns as probable (attributive use: "a likely result"), whereas sense 1 captures the predicative use with "to" infinitive better.

Actually, looking more carefully at WordNet structure:
- likely%3:00:00:: is the adjective sense "has a good chance of being the case or of coming about"
- likely%3:00:04:: is the adjective sense "likely but not certain to be or become true or real" (synonymous with probable)

But in the context "is likely to get", this is the predicative use meaning "has a good chance of". This aligns with sense 1.

Wait, I need to check the indices. The user lists them as:
1. sense_key=likely%3:00:00::
2. sense_key=likely%3:00:04::
3. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:prospective:00
4. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:credible:00

So sense_index would be 1.

Let me double-check sense 2. The definition "likely but not certain to be or become true or real" with synonym "probable" and example "a likely result" - this seems to be the attributive adjective use (modifying a noun).

Sense 1 with examples "these services are likely to be available to us all before long; she is likely to forget" clearly shows the "be likely to" construction which matches "is likely to get" in the target sentence.

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

The JSON output should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: get
Target surface form: get
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to <t>get</t> cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=get%2:40:00:: | definition=come into the possession of something concrete or abstract | synonyms=acquire | examples=She got a lot of paintings from her uncle; They acquired a new pet
2. sense_key=get%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=become, go | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
3. sense_key=get%2:30:02:: | definition=cause to move; cause to be in a certain position or condition | synonyms=let, have | examples=He got his squad on the ball; This let me in for a big surprise
4. sense_key=get%2:30:03:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, find, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
5. sense_key=get%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress | synonyms=arrive, come | examples=She arrived home at 7 o'clock; She didn't get to Chicago until after midnight
6. sense_key=get%2:35:03:: | definition=go or come after and bring or take back | synonyms=bring, convey, fetch | examples=Get me those books over there, please; Could you bring the wine?
7. sense_key=get%2:39:00:: | definition=go through (mental or physical states or experiences) | synonyms=experience, receive, have | examples=get an idea; experience vertigo
8. sense_key=get%2:33:00:: | definition=take vengeance on or get even | synonyms=pay back, pay off, fix | examples=We'll get them!; That'll fix him good!
9. sense_key=get%2:40:01:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, make | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
10. sense_key=get%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
11. sense_key=get%2:35:09:: | definition=succeed in catching or seizing, especially after a chase | synonyms=catch, capture | examples=We finally got the suspect; Did you catch the thief?
12. sense_key=get%2:29:01:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, develop, produce, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
13. sense_key=get%2:29:00:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, take | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia
14. sense_key=get%2:32:03:: | definition=communicate with a place or person; establish communication with, as if by telephone | examples=Bill called this number and he got Mary; The operator couldn't get Kobe because of the earthquake
15. sense_key=get%2:30:01:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=make | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
16. sense_key=get%2:32:08:: | definition=move into a desired direction of discourse | synonyms=drive, aim | examples=What are you driving at?
17. sense_key=get%2:31:09:: | definition=grasp with the mind or develop an understanding of | synonyms=catch | examples=did you catch that allusion?; We caught something of his theory in the lecture
18. sense_key=get%2:35:00:: | definition=attract and fix | synonyms=catch, arrest | examples=His look caught her; She caught his eye
19. sense_key=get%2:35:10:: | definition=reach with a blow or hit in a particular spot | synonyms=catch | examples=the rock caught her in the back of the head; The blow got him in the back
20. sense_key=get%2:31:03:: | definition=reach by calculation | examples=What do you get when you add up these numbers?
21. sense_key=get%2:40:14:: | definition=acquire as a result of some effort or action | examples=You cannot get water out of a stone; Where did she get these news?
22. sense_key=get%2:40:13:: | definition=purchase | examples=What did you get at the toy store?
23. sense_key=get%2:39:13:: | definition=perceive by hearing | synonyms=catch | examples=I didn't catch your name; She didn't get his name when they met the first time
24. sense_key=get%2:39:09:: | definition=suffer from the receipt of | synonyms=catch | examples=She will catch hell for this behavior!
25. sense_key=get%2:39:14:: | definition=receive as a retribution or punishment | synonyms=receive | examples=He got 5 years in prison
26. sense_key=get%2:38:15:: | definition=leave immediately; used usually in the imperative form | synonyms=scram, buzz off, fuck off, bugger off | examples=Scram!
27. sense_key=get%2:38:12:: | definition=reach and board | examples=She got the bus just as it was leaving
28. sense_key=get%2:37:12:: | definition=irritate | synonyms=get under one's skin | examples=Her childish behavior really get to me; His lying really gets me
29. sense_key=get%2:37:11:: | definition=evoke an emotional response | examples=Brahms's `Requiem' gets me every time
30. sense_key=get%2:36:14:: | definition=apprehend and reproduce accurately | synonyms=catch | examples=She really caught the spirit of the place in her drawings; She got the mood just right in her photographs
31. sense_key=get%2:36:00:: | definition=earn or achieve a base by being walked by the pitcher | synonyms=draw | examples=He drew a base on balls
32. sense_key=get%2:35:12:: | definition=overcome or destroy | examples=The ice storm got my hibiscus; the cat got the goldfish
33. sense_key=get%2:31:10:: | definition=be a mystery or bewildering to | synonyms=perplex, vex, stick, puzzle, mystify, baffle | examples=This beats me!; Got me--I don't know the answer!
34. sense_key=get%2:30:12:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
35. sense_key=get%2:29:11:: | definition=undergo (as of injuries and illnesses) | synonyms=suffer, sustain, have | examples=She suffered a fracture in the accident; He had an insulin shock after eating three candy bars
36. sense_key=get%2:29:08:: | definition=make children | synonyms=beget, engender, father, mother, sire, generate | examples=Abraham begot Isaac; Men often father children but don't recognize them

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "get" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The sentence is: "Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to <t>get</t> cancer."
 - The meaning here is about contracting or developing a disease (cancer).
 - The subject is an "otherwise healthy individual" who might "get" cancer.
 - This is about becoming afflicted with an illness.

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=get%2:40:00:: - "come into the possession of something concrete or abstract" - This is about acquiring objects or abstract things, not illnesses.
 2. sense_key=get%2:30:00:: - "enter or assume a certain state or condition" - This is about becoming something (like becoming annoyed), but not specifically about illness.
 3. sense_key=get%2:30:02:: - "cause to move..." - Not relevant.
 4. sense_key=get%2:30:03:: - "receive a specified treatment" - Not quite right.
 5. sense_key=get%2:38:00:: - "reach a destination" - Not relevant.
 6. sense_key=get%2:35:03:: - "go or come after and bring or take back" - Not relevant.
 7. sense_key=get%2:39:00:: - "go through (mental or physical states or experiences)" - This could be close, but let's check others.
 8. sense_key=get%2:33:00:: - "take vengeance" - Not relevant.
 9. sense_key=get%2:40:01:: - "achieve a point or goal" - Not relevant.
 10. sense_key=get%2:32:00:: - "cause to do" - Not relevant.
 11. sense_key=get%2:35:09:: - "succeed in catching or seizing" - Not relevant.
 12. sense_key=get%2:29:01:: - "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" - This is about growing/developing physical features (beard, etc.), not illness.
 13. sense_key=get%2:29:00:: - "be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness" - Synonyms: contract, take. Examples: "He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia"
 14. sense_key=get%2:32:03:: - "communicate with" - Not relevant.
 15. sense_key=get%2:30:01:: - "give certain properties to something" - Not relevant.
 16. sense_key=get%2:32:08:: - "move into a desired direction of discourse" - Not relevant.
 17. sense_key=get%2:31:09:: - "grasp with the mind" - Not relevant.
 18. sense_key=get%2:35:00:: - "attract and fix" - Not relevant.
 19. sense_key=get%2:35:10:: - "reach with a blow" - Not relevant.
 20. sense_key=get%2:31:03:: - "reach by calculation" - Not relevant.
 21. sense_key=get%2:40:14:: - "acquire as a result of some effort" - Not relevant.
 22. sense_key=get%2:40:13:: - "purchase" - Not relevant.
 23. sense_key=get%2:39:13:: - "perceive by hearing" - Not relevant.
 24. sense_key=get%2:39:09:: - "suffer from the receipt of" - This is about receiving punishment/hell, not illness.
 25. sense_key=get%2:39:14:: - "receive as a retribution or punishment" - Not relevant.
 26. sense_key=get%2:38:15:: - "leave immediately" - Not relevant.
 27. sense_key=get%2:38:12:: - "reach and board" - Not relevant.
 28. sense_key=get%2:37:12:: - "irritate" - Not relevant.
 29. sense_key=get%2:37:11:: - "evoke an emotional response" - Not relevant.
 30. sense_key=get%2:36:14:: - "apprehend and reproduce accurately" - Not relevant.
 31. sense_key=get%2:36:00:: - "earn or achieve a base" - Not relevant.
 32. sense_key=get%2:35:12:: - "overcome or destroy" - Not relevant.
 33. sense_key=get%2:31:10:: - "be a mystery" - Not relevant.
 34. sense_key=get%2:30:12:: - "take the first step" - Not relevant.
 35. sense_key=get%2:29:11:: - "undergo (as of injuries and illnesses)" - Synonyms: suffer, sustain, have. Examples: "She suffered a fracture...; He had an insulin shock..."
 36. sense_key=get%2:29:08:: - "make children" - Not relevant.

 Now comparing sense 13 and sense 35:
 - Sense 13: "be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness" - specifically about illness.
 - Sense 35: "undergo (as of injuries and illnesses)" - broader, includes injuries.

 The context is specifically about cancer (an illness). The phrase "get cancer" is most commonly understood as contracting or developing the disease.

 Sense 13 examples: "He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia" - these are perfect matches for "get cancer".
 Sense 35 examples: "She suffered a fracture...; He had an insulin shock..." - these are about undergoing injuries/illnesses, but "get" in "get cancer" is more about contracting the disease rather than undergoing it.

 Actually, looking closely at sense 35: "undergo (as of injuries and illnesses)" - the examples use "suffered" and "had", not "got". But the definition says "undergo (as of injuries and illnesses)".

 However, sense 13 is specifically: "be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness" with synonyms "contract, take" and examples "He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia".

 This is the best fit. The context is about predicting whether someone will contract/develop cancer (an illness).

 So the answer should be sense index 13.

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=...
 2. sense_key=...
 ...
 13. sense_key=get%2:29:00:: ...

 So the index is 13.

 Let me double-check if there's any other sense that could fit.
 Sense 12: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" - examples: "He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains". "Developed abdominal pains" is close, but "get cancer" is not about growing a physical feature, it's about contracting a disease.

 Sense 7: "go through (mental or physical states or experiences)" - examples: "get an idea; experience vertigo". Not quite right for cancer.

 Sense 35: "undergo (as of injuries and illnesses)" - this is close, but sense 13 is more specific to illness and has "contract" as a synonym, which fits "get cancer" perfectly.

 In WordNet, "get" sense 13 (get%2:29:00::) is indeed the one for contracting diseases.

 Therefore, the answer is {"sense_index": 13}.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get <t>cancer</t>. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "cancer" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about medical scientists uncovering genes related to cancer
 - It mentions "chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer"
 - It talks about "colon cancer"
 - It mentions "cancer treatment and prevention"
 - It discusses predicting whether someone is likely to get "cancer"

 This is clearly referring to the disease/medical condition, not the astrological sign or the constellation or the genus of crabs.

 Looking at the candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: - definition mentions malignant growth, tumor, abnormal cell division - this matches the medical context perfectly.
 2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: - astrology person born under sign - not relevant
 3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: - constellation - not relevant
 4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: - zodiac sign - not relevant
 5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: - genus of crabs - not relevant

 The context explicitly discusses:
 - Genes that unleash chaotic growth of cells
 - Cancer treatment and prevention
 - Colon cancer
 - Medical tests to predict cancer

 This is clearly sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..."

 The index for this sense in the candidate list is 1.

 Wait, I need to check the format. The user wants me to return a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}.

 So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

 Let me double-check the sense keys to make sure I'm interpreting the index correctly:
 - The first one listed is index 1
 - The second one listed is index 2
 - etc.

 Yes, the medical disease sense is the first one listed, so index 1.

 Actually, looking at the sense keys:
 1. cancer%1:26:00:: - this is the disease sense (noun.state or similar)
 2. cancer%1:18:00:: - person born under sign
 3. cancer%1:17:00:: - constellation
 4. cancer%1:15:00:: - zodiac sign
 5. cancer%1:05:00:: - genus

 In WordNet:
 - 1:26 is likely noun.state (medical condition)
 - 1:18 is noun.person
 - 1:17 is noun.object (constellation)
 - 1:15 is noun.time or noun.communication (sign of zodiac)
 - 1:05 is noun.animal (genus)

 Yes, sense 1 is definitely the correct one.

 The context mentions "chaotic growth of cells", "colon cancer", "cancer treatment", "healthy individual is likely to get cancer" - all clearly referring to the malignant disease.

 So the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: set
Target surface form: set
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting <t>set</t> of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=set%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of things of the same kind that belong together and are so used | examples=a set of books; a set of golf clubs
2. sense_key=set%1:14:02:: | definition=(mathematics) an abstract collection of numbers or symbols | examples=the set of prime numbers is infinite
3. sense_key=set%1:04:00:: | definition=several exercises intended to be done in series | synonyms=exercise set | examples=he did four sets of the incline bench press
4. sense_key=set%1:06:00:: | definition=representation consisting of the scenery and other properties used to identify the location of a dramatic production | synonyms=stage set | examples=the sets were meticulously authentic
5. sense_key=set%1:14:01:: | definition=an unofficial association of people or groups | synonyms=circle, band, lot | examples=the smart set goes there; they were an angry lot
6. sense_key=set%1:09:01:: | definition=a relatively permanent inclination to react in a particular way | synonyms=bent | examples=the set of his mind was obvious
7. sense_key=set%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of putting something in position | examples=he gave a final set to his hat
8. sense_key=set%1:28:00:: | definition=a unit of play in tennis or squash | examples=they played two sets of tennis after dinner
9. sense_key=set%1:22:00:: | definition=the process of becoming hard or solid by cooling or drying or crystallization | synonyms=hardening, solidifying, solidification, curing | examples=the hardening of concrete; he tested the set of the glue
10. sense_key=set%1:18:00:: | definition=evil Egyptian god with the head of a beast that has high square ears and a long snout; brother and murderer of Osiris | synonyms=Seth
11. sense_key=set%1:11:00:: | definition=the descent of a heavenly body below the horizon | examples=before the set of sun
12. sense_key=set%1:09:00:: | definition=(psychology) being temporarily ready to respond in a particular way | synonyms=readiness | examples=the subjects' set led them to solve problems the familiar way and to overlook the simpler solution; his instructions deliberately gave them the wrong set
13. sense_key=set%1:06:01:: | definition=any electronic equipment that receives or transmits radio or tv signals | examples=the early sets ran on storage batteries

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "set" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The sentence is: "It's a super-exciting <t>set</t> of discoveries"
 - The context is about medical scientists discovering genes related to cancer
 - Bert Vogelstein is describing these discoveries as a "super-exciting set of discoveries"
 - "Set" here is modifying "discoveries" - it's referring to a group or collection of discoveries

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=set%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of things of the same kind that belong together and are so used | examples=a set of books; a set of golf clubs
    - This fits well. "A set of discoveries" means a group of discoveries that belong together.
    - The example "a set of books" is analogous to "a set of discoveries"

 2. sense_key=set%1:14:02:: | definition=(mathematics) an abstract collection of numbers or symbols
    - This is specifically mathematical. The context is about biological/medical discoveries, not math.

 3. sense_key=set%1:04:00:: | definition=several exercises intended to be done in series
    - This is about physical exercises. Not relevant.

 4. sense_key=set%1:06:00:: | definition=representation consisting of the scenery and other properties used to identify the location of a dramatic production
    - This is about theater/stage sets. Not relevant.

 5. sense_key=set%1:14:01:: | definition=an unofficial association of people or groups
    - This refers to social groups (the smart set). Not relevant to discoveries.

 6. sense_key=set%1:09:01:: | definition=a relatively permanent inclination to react in a particular way
    - This is about mental inclination/bent. Not relevant.

 7. sense_key=set%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of putting something in position
    - This is about the action of setting something. Not relevant.

 8. sense_key=set%1:28:00:: | definition=a unit of play in tennis or squash
    - Sports term. Not relevant.

 9. sense_key=set%1:22:00:: | definition=the process of becoming hard or solid
    - Physical hardening. Not relevant.

 10. sense_key=set%1:18:00:: | definition=evil Egyptian god
    - Proper noun, deity. Not relevant.

 11. sense_key=set%1:11:00:: | definition=the descent of a heavenly body below the horizon
    - Sun setting. Not relevant.

 12. sense_key=set%1:09:00:: | definition=(psychology) being temporarily ready to respond in a particular way
    - Psychological readiness. Not relevant.

 13. sense_key=set%1:06:01:: | definition=any electronic equipment that receives or transmits radio or tv signals
    - Television/radio set. Not relevant.

 The best fit is clearly sense 1: "a group of things of the same kind that belong together and are so used"

 The phrase "a set of discoveries" matches the pattern "a set of books" given in the examples. It refers to a collection or group of related discoveries (the genes discovered in recent months).

 Therefore, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discoveries
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of <t>discoveries</t>, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "discoveries" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about medical scientists uncovering genes related to cancer
 - "Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture..."
 - "It's a super-exciting set of <t>discoveries</t>," says Bert Vogelstein...

 The target word is "discoveries" (plural of discovery).

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
    - This refers to the act/process of discovering. "The act of discovering something."

 2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
    - This refers to the thing that was discovered, the result/findings.

 3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
    - This refers to an insight or breakthrough.

 4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure...
    - Legal context, clearly not applicable here.

 Now, in the sentence: "It's a super-exciting set of <t>discoveries</t>"

 The context is referring to the genes that were found. The discoveries are the things that were discovered (the genes themselves, or the findings about the genes).

 Let me check the context more carefully:
 - "the discovery of these genes" - here "discovery" seems to be the act of finding them (sense 1)
 - "a set of discoveries" - here it seems to refer to the things discovered (the genes or findings)

 But wait, let's look at sense 3: "a productive insight" with synonyms "breakthrough, find". This could also fit because these scientific findings are breakthroughs.

 However, looking at the phrase "set of discoveries" - this suggests countable items that were discovered. The genes themselves are the discoveries.

 Sense 2: "something that is discovered" - this would be the genes themselves.
 Sense 1: "the act of discovering something" - this would be the process.
 Sense 3: "a productive insight" - this is more abstract, an insight.

 In scientific contexts, when we say "a set of discoveries", we usually mean multiple findings or things that have been found. For example, "the discovery of America" (act) vs "America was a discovery" (thing).

 But let's look at the specific sentence: "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries"

 Bert Vogelstein is referring to the findings about the genes. The discoveries are the things found (the genes and their functions).

 However, sense 3 "breakthrough" also fits semantically because these are breakthroughs.

 Let me check WordNet structure. Usually:
 - Sense 1 (1:04): act of discovering (the process)
 - Sense 2 (1:10): something discovered (the thing)
 - Sense 3 (1:09): productive insight (breakthrough)

 The phrase "set of discoveries" suggests concrete items. You can have a set of things discovered.

 Also, looking at the earlier sentence: "the discovery of these genes" - this could be ambiguous, but "discovery" here is likely the act.

 But for "discoveries" in quotes: "a super-exciting set of discoveries" - he's referring to the findings themselves.

 Actually, looking at typical WordNet distinctions:
 - Sense 1: the act (e.g., "the discovery of the new world")
 - Sense 2: the thing found (e.g., "the discovery was made in 1492" - referring to the land/thing)
 - Sense 3: the insight (e.g., "the discovery of a new theory")

 Wait, sense 3 is "a productive insight" - this is more like a mental breakthrough, an "aha moment".

 In the context, the discoveries are the newly identified genes and the knowledge about them. These are "things that are discovered" (sense 2).

 But let me reconsider. The word "find" appears in both sense 1 and sense 3.
 - Sense 1 synonyms: find, uncovering (nouns referring to acts)
 - Sense 3 synonyms: breakthrough, find (nouns referring to insights/results)

 Actually, looking carefully:
 - Sense 1: "the act of discovering something" - synonyms: find, uncovering. Here "find" as a noun can mean the act of finding.
 - Sense 3: "a productive insight" - synonyms: breakthrough, find. Here "find" could mean something found.

 But typically:
 - Sense 2 (1:10:00) is the artifact/thing discovered.
 - Sense 3 (1:09:00) is the insight/breakthrough.

 In scientific journalism, when someone says "a set of discoveries", they usually mean multiple findings or breakthroughs.

 However, looking at the specific context: "the discovery of these genes" and then "set of discoveries". The discoveries are the genes themselves - things that were discovered.

 But wait, genes are physical entities that were discovered (they existed but were unknown). So they are "something that is discovered" - sense 2.

 However, sense 3 "breakthrough" also captures the significance. But WordNet sense 3 is specifically "a productive insight" - which is more about the mental realization than the physical finding.

 Let me check the actual WordNet entries to be sure (based on standard WordNet 3.0 or similar):

 discovery%1:04:00:: - the act of discovering something
 discovery%1:10:00:: - something that is discovered
 discovery%1:09:00:: - a productive insight

 In the sentence: "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries"

 If I substitute:
 - "set of acts of discovering" - doesn't fit well
 - "set of things that were discovered" - fits well (the genes)
 - "set of productive insights" - fits reasonably well (the breakthroughs)

 But "set of discoveries" most naturally refers to multiple items that have been discovered. The genes are the discoveries.

 Also, looking at the phrase "newly identified genes" - these are the discoveries.

 Therefore, sense 2 (discovery%1:10:00::) seems best.

 But let me double-check sense 3. Is it possible that "discoveries" here refers to breakthroughs? Yes, but "breakthrough" is usually singular or "a series of breakthroughs". "Set of discoveries" strongly suggests countable discovered items.

 Also, in the context: "the discovery of these genes" - here discovery is likely sense 1 (the act), but could be sense 2 (the finding). Actually, "the discovery of X" usually patterns with sense 1 (act).

 Then "set of discoveries" - if the previous was act, this might be act too? No, "set of" suggests multiple instances. You can say "a set of discoveries" meaning multiple findings.

 Actually, looking at similar examples in WordNet:
 - For sense 2 (something discovered): "the drug was a discovery of the research team"
 - For sense 1 (act): "the discovery of the molecular structure of DNA"

 In "the discovery of these genes", it's the act.
 In "set of discoveries", it's the things discovered.

 But wait, could "discoveries" in "set of discoveries" refer to multiple acts of discovering? Unlikely. It refers to the results.

 Therefore, sense 2 is the best choice.

 However, I should verify if sense 3 could be correct. Sense 3 is "a productive insight". The discoveries are insights about cancer. But the text mentions "newly identified genes" - these are physical entities being discovered, not just insights. Though the understanding is also a discovery.

 But "set of discoveries" where the antecedent is "genes" and "tests based on the newly identified genes" - the discoveries are the genes.

 So sense 2: something that is discovered.

 Final check:
 - Sense 1: act/process - "the discovery took years"
 - Sense 2: thing found - "the discovery was valuable"
 - Sense 3: insight - "a major discovery in physics"

 In the quote: "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries" - referring to the genes found. These are things discovered.

 Answer should be sense_index 2.

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "<t>says</t> Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "says" in the given context. The target lemma is "say" and the surface form is "says".

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is: "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, " says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.
- This is a direct quote attribution. Bert Vogelstein is being quoted as saying something.
- The structure is: [quote] says [person].

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
   - This seems like a general "express in words" sense. The example "He said that he wanted to marry her" fits the pattern of reporting speech.

2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
   - This seems more like claiming or asserting something, often with a connotation of defending a position or making a claim that might be disputed.

3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
   - This is the hypothetical "let's say" usage.

4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
   - This is about text containing specific wording.

5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
   - This is the commanding sense.

6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
   - This is about pronunciation/articulation.

7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
   - Nonverbal communication.

8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
   - This is about vocalizing specific words.

9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
   - This is about declaring opinions or judgments.

10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
    - This is about reciting fixed texts like prayers.

11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon
    - This is about indicating/showing (like a clock or sign).

Now, looking at the specific usage: "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, " says Bert Vogelstein...

This is a standard journalistic attribution where someone is quoted expressing their view. The person is expressing something in words - reporting their statement.

Between sense 1 (express in words) and sense 9 (state as one's opinion or judgement; declare):

Sense 1 examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you"
Sense 9 examples: "I say let's forget this whole business"

The usage here is attributing a direct quote to someone. This is the basic "express in words" sense. Sense 1 seems to be the most general and appropriate for quoting someone's statement in journalism.

However, looking closely at sense 9: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" - this could also fit because Bert Vogelstein is giving his opinion that the discoveries are "super-exciting".

But sense 1 is "express in words" with synonyms "state, tell". The example "He said that he wanted to marry her" is very similar to the structure here where someone says something.

Actually, looking at WordNet structure, sense 1 (say%2:32:00::) is typically the most general sense of "say" meaning to express verbally.

But let me reconsider. The context is a scientist being quoted in a news article. This is standard reported speech.

Sense 1: "express in words" - very general
Sense 9: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" - more specific to opinions

The quote "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries" is an expression of opinion, so sense 9 might be relevant. However, sense 1 is the primary sense for the verb "say" when used to introduce direct or indirect speech.

Looking at the examples again:
- Sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her" - this is exactly the pattern: [person] said [statement]
- Sense 9: "I say let's forget this whole business" - this is the hortative "I say" used to propose something.

The structure in the text is: [quote] says [person]. This is inverted word order (verb-subject) common in journalistic writing, but it's equivalent to [person] says [quote].

This matches sense 1 best: expressing something in words.

Sense 2 (report or maintain) is more about alleging or claiming, often used in legal contexts or when there's some doubt/controversy.

Sense 1 is the correct choice for general speech attribution.

Wait, I should check if there's a specific sense for quoting. Looking at the list, sense 1 seems to be the general "express in words" which covers quoting.

Actually, looking at WordNet's actual structure (which I should simulate based on the provided keys):
- say%2:32:00:: is likely the first sense, usually the most common one.

The context is: direct speech attribution. The researcher is expressing his excitement about the discoveries verbally.

Sense 1: express in words (state, tell) - matches "He said that he wanted to marry her"
Sense 9: state as one's opinion or judgement - matches "I say let's forget this whole business"

The difference is subtle. Sense 9 seems to be about declaring or giving an opinion/judgment explicitly as one's own view. Sense 1 is more general verbal expression.

In journalistic contexts, when someone "says" something in a quote, it's usually sense 1. Sense 9 seems more specific to expressions like "I say we should..." or stating a judgment.

But "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries" is indeed an opinion/judgment. However, the verb "says" here is functioning as a speech verb introducing the quote, which is the prototypical use of sense 1.

Let me look at the synonyms again:
Sense 1: state, tell
Sense 9: (no synonyms listed in the prompt, but implied: declare)

The example for sense 1 "He said that he wanted to marry her" is indirect speech, while the example for sense 9 "I say let's forget this whole business" is more of a performative declaration.

The target is direct speech attribution: [quote] says [person].

I think sense 1 is the best fit because it's the general sense of verbal expression, and the specific content (opinion) doesn't necessarily force sense 9. Sense 9 seems more about the act of declaring/stating as an opinion, often with "I say" as a formula.

Actually, looking carefully at sense 9's example: "I say let's forget this whole business" - this is using "say" to introduce a proposal/command, similar to "I propose that...".

In the target sentence, Bert Vogelstein is simply reporting/expressing his view, not necessarily making a formal declaration in the sense of sense 9.

Therefore, sense 1 (express in words) is the most appropriate.

But wait, I should also consider sense 2: "report or maintain" with synonyms "allege, aver". This is for reporting claims. The scientist is reporting his assessment. But "allege" and "aver" have connotations of claiming without proof or asserting strongly, which doesn't fit as well as the neutral "express in words".

Sense 1 is definitely the best choice.

One final check: could it be sense 15 (utter aloud)? The definition is "utter aloud" with example "She said `Hello' to everyone". This is about vocalizing specific words. While the researcher did utter the words aloud (presumably), sense 1 is more about the communicative act of expressing ideas, whereas sense 15 seems more about the physical act of uttering or greeting. But the example for sense 15 is specifically about saying "Hello", which is a greeting.

Actually, looking at the sense keys provided:
- sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud
- sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words

In WordNet, the numbering after the colon indicates the specific sense number. So 00, 01, 02, etc.

Sense 00 is usually the most general sense.

Given the context of a scientist being quoted in an article expressing his excitement about discoveries, the sense is "express in words" (sense 1).

Final decision: sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just <t>found</t> a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "found" (lemma "find") in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The sentence is: "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just <t>found</t> a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer."
 - The context is about medical/scientific discovery. Researchers are discovering genes related to cancer.
 - The subject (Bert Vogelstein) is a researcher who has "found" a gene.
 - This is a scientific discovery context - finding something new that wasn't known before.

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: - come upon by accident/chance. Not likely here - scientific discovery is usually intentional research, not accidental encounter.

 2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: - discover/detect existence of something. This could work - detecting the presence of a gene.

 3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: - come upon after searching (find lost item). Not quite - he's not looking for a lost gene, but discovering a new scientific fact.

 4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: - establish after calculation/investigation/study. This fits well - scientific research involves investigation and study to establish facts.

 5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: - come to believe on basis of emotion. No, this is scientific, not emotional.

 6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: - perceive/witness. Not quite right for scientific discovery of a gene.

 7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: - get something for a specific purpose. No, he's not obtaining a gene, he's discovering it.

 8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: - make a discovery, make a new finding. This looks very promising. Examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"

 9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: - make a discovery (but examples suggest finding out a fact/truth, like "She found that he had lied"). This is more about learning a fact than discovering a physical entity.

 10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: - obtain through effort. Not quite.

 11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: - decide/declare (legal). No.

 12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: - receive treatment. No.

 13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: - perceive oneself to be. No.

 14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: - recover/regain. No.

 15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: - succeed in reaching. No.

 16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: - find oneself (self-discovery). No.

 Now comparing the top candidates:
 - Sense 2 (find%2:39:02::): detect/discover existence. Examples: "detect high levels of lead", "found traces of lead". This is about detecting existing things.
 - Sense 4 (find%2:32:00::): establish after investigation/study. Examples: "find the product", "physicist who found the elusive particle". This involves calculation or study.
 - Sense 8 (find%2:36:00::): make a discovery, make a new finding. Examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays", "found a new elementary particle".

 The context is about discovering a gene that is "pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer." This is a scientific breakthrough - discovering something new. The examples for sense 8 specifically mention "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" which is very similar to finding a new gene.

 However, sense 4 also mentions "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" - this is also similar.

 Let me look more carefully at the distinctions:
 - Sense 8 (find%2:36:00): "make a discovery, make a new finding" - synonyms: discover. This is about the act of discovering something new to science.
 - Sense 4 (find%2:32:00): "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain. This is about establishing facts through investigation.

 In scientific contexts, when a researcher "finds" a gene (as in identifies it for the first time), this is typically sense 8 - making a discovery. The gene existed, but its significance or identity was unknown.

 But wait, looking at the examples for sense 8: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"
 And sense 4: "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize"

 Both mention finding particles. But sense 8 is specifically about "make a discovery, make a new finding" while sense 4 is about establishing through investigation.

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
 - find%2:36:00 is usually the sense for scientific discovery (to discover)
 - find%2:32:00 is more about determining/ascertaining facts

 But let me check the context again. The researcher "has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer." This is clearly a scientific discovery.

 Sense 8 definition: "make a discovery, make a new finding"
 Sense 9 definition: "make a discovery" - but examples are "She found that he had lied" which is different.

 Sense 8 seems best. But let me check sense 2 again: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". This is about detecting existence. While finding a gene involves detecting its existence, in the context of "discovery of these genes" and "newly identified genes", this is about original scientific discovery, not just detecting presence.

 Actually, looking at the broader context: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes", "discovery of these genes", "newly identified genes". This is about scientific discovery.

 Between sense 4 and sense 8:
 - Sense 4 focuses on establishing through investigation/calculation
 - Sense 8 focuses on making a discovery/new finding

 The phrase "has just found a gene" in the context of "super-exciting set of discoveries" strongly suggests sense 8.

 However, I should verify the exact WordNet sense keys. The user provided:
 8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle

 This matches perfectly: researcher found a gene (like physicists found a particle).

 Sense 4: sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize

 This also mentions physicist finding a particle. So both 4 and 8 seem close.

 But sense 8 is specifically about discovery (the act of finding something new), while sense 4 is about establishing/ascertaining. In scientific contexts, when you "find" a gene (i.e., identify it for the first time), you are making a discovery.

 Also, the synonym for sense 8 is "discover", which matches the context perfectly (the paragraph mentions "discovery" multiple times).

 Therefore, sense 8 (index 8) is the best choice.

 Wait, I need to check if there's any distinction between find%2:36:00 and find%2:31:09 (both say "make a discovery").
 - 8: make a discovery, make a new finding (examples: Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle)
 - 9: make a discovery (examples: She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover)

 Sense 9 seems to be about discovering facts/information (that-clauses), while sense 8 is about discovering entities/objects (X-rays, elementary particles, genes).

 So sense 8 is definitely correct.

 The index is 8.

 But let me double-check sense 2 (find%2:39:02): "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". This could apply to finding a gene (determining its existence). But the examples are about detecting traces, levels, etc. It's more about detection/perception. Sense 8 is about the scientific breakthrough of discovery.

 Given the context emphasizes "discoveries" and "newly identified", sense 8 is better.

 Final check: The target is "found" in "has just found a gene". This is past tense of find. The sense index should be 8.

 JSON format: {"sense_index": 8}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: Only
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "<t>Only</t> a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "only" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

The target sentence is: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level."

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Now, let's look at the usage in context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box..."

This seems to be emphasizing how recent the change was - "as recently as a decade ago" or "merely/just a decade ago."

Let me check sense 7: "as recently as" - examples: "I spoke to him only an hour ago"
This matches perfectly! "Only a decade ago" = "as recently as a decade ago"

Let me check sense 1: "and nothing more" / "merely, simply, just"
"Only a decade ago" could potentially fit here too - meaning "merely a decade ago" or "just a decade ago"

But looking at the specific temporal reference "a decade ago" combined with the contrast to "Today", this is emphasizing the recency of the time period. The phrase "only a decade ago" when referring to a time in the past typically means "as recently as" - emphasizing that it wasn't long ago.

However, I need to be careful. In WordNet, sense 7 (only%4:02:05::) is specifically "as recently as" with the example "I spoke to him only an hour ago".

Sense 1 (only%4:02:02::) is "and nothing more" with synonyms "merely, simply, just, but" and examples like "I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time".

In the sentence "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box...", the word "only" is modifying "a decade ago" to indicate that a decade is a short time period relative to the present, or emphasizing how recent that was.

Actually, looking at the WordNet sense keys:
- only%4:02:05:: is "as recently as"
- only%4:02:02:: is "and nothing more" (merely, simply, just)

In many dictionaries, "only" meaning "as recently as" or "no more than" in temporal contexts is distinct from "merely".

But let me look at the example for sense 7 again: "I spoke to him only an hour ago" - this is exactly parallel to "Only a decade ago".

The sentence is contrasting the past (a decade ago) with the present (Today). The speaker is emphasizing that it wasn't long ago - just/merely/only a decade ago.

But sense 7 specifically captures the "as recently as" meaning which fits temporal expressions like "only an hour ago", "only yesterday", "only a decade ago".

Sense 1 is more general "merely/simply".

However, looking at the actual WordNet definitions provided:
- Sense 7: "as recently as" - example: "I spoke to him only an hour ago"
- Sense 1: "and nothing more" - synonyms: merely, simply, just, but

"Only a decade ago" fits sense 7 best because it's referring to a specific point in time in the recent past. The phrase means "as recently as a decade ago" or "just a decade ago" in the temporal sense.

Wait, I should check if there's any other interpretation. Could it be sense 1? "Merely a decade ago"? That also makes sense semantically, but sense 7 is more specific to the temporal "as recently as" construction.

In WSD tasks, we usually prefer more specific senses when the context supports them. The context here is clearly temporal - referring to a time period ("a decade ago") and contrasting it with the present ("Today").

Therefore, sense 7 (index 7) seems to be the best fit.

But wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02::
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01::
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00::
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04::
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06::
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03::
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05::

So sense 7 in the list corresponds to only%4:02:05:: which is "as recently as".

Actually, looking at the list order:
1. only%4:02:02::
2. only%4:02:01::
3. only%4:02:00::
4. only%4:02:04::
5. only%4:02:06::
6. only%4:02:03::
7. only%4:02:05::

So if I choose sense 7, the index is 7.

But let me double-check sense 1. Could "Only a decade ago" mean "merely a decade ago" (and nothing more)?

In the context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box... Today, we know..."

This is emphasizing the shortness of the time period - it was just/merely/only a short time ago (10 years) but now we know a lot. This emphasizes how quickly the knowledge has advanced.

Both sense 1 ("merely/simply/just") and sense 7 ("as recently as") seem plausible. But sense 7 is specifically defined for temporal contexts with the example "only an hour ago", which is structurally identical to "only a decade ago".

In WordNet 3.0 or 3.1, the sense "as recently as" is indeed a separate sense for "only".

Let me verify by looking at the examples:
- Sense 7 example: "I spoke to him only an hour ago"
- Target: "Only a decade ago"

These are parallel constructions. Both refer to a time in the past that is surprisingly recent.

Sense 1 examples: "I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time" - these don't involve specific time references in the past like "a decade ago".

Therefore, sense 7 is the better choice.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 7}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: decade
Target surface form: decade
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a <t>decade</t> ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=decade%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of 10 years | synonyms=decennary, decennium
2. sense_key=decade%1:23:00:: | definition=the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system | synonyms=ten, 10, X, tenner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "decade" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is: "Only a <t>decade</t> ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level."
- This is referring to a time period in the past - specifically 10 years ago.
- The speaker (Bert Vogelstein) is comparing the current state of knowledge about cancer with the state of knowledge 10 years ago.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=decade%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of 10 years | synonyms=decennary, decennium
   - This refers to a time period of 10 years.
   - In the context, "Only a decade ago" clearly means "Only 10 years ago" or "Only a period of 10 years ago".
   - This fits perfectly with the temporal reference.

2. sense_key=decade%1:23:00:: | definition=the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system | synonyms=ten, 10, X, tenner
   - This refers to the number 10 itself.
   - While "decade" can mean the number 10 in some contexts (like in mathematics or when referring to the digit), in the phrase "a decade ago", it clearly refers to a period of time, not the numeral.
   - The phrase "Only a decade ago" means "Only ten years ago", not "Only the number ten ago".

The context clearly uses "decade" to refer to a period of 10 years (a time span), not the cardinal number 10.

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

The user wants the output in JSON format: {"sense_index": 1}

Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user listed:
1. sense_key=decade%1:28:00:: ...
2. sense_key=decade%1:23:00:: ...

So sense_index should be 1.

Let me verify the WordNet sense keys to make sure I understand correctly:
- decade%1:28:00:: refers to the time period (noun.time)
- decade%1:23:00:: refers to the number (noun.quantity)

Yes, in the context "Only a decade ago", it's definitely referring to a period of 10 years.

The JSON output should be exactly: {"sense_index": 1}