[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: able
Target surface form: able
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be <t>able</t> to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=able%3:00:00:: | definition=(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something | examples=able to swim; she was able to program her computer
2. sense_key=able%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=have the skills and qualifications to do things well | synonyms=capable | examples=able teachers; a capable administrator
3. sense_key=able%5:00:00:capable:00 | definition=having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity | examples=able to learn; human beings are able to walk on two feet
4. sense_key=able%5:00:00:fit:01 | definition=having a strong healthy body | synonyms=able-bodied | examples=an able seaman; every able-bodied young man served in the army

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "able" in the given context.

Context analysis:
The sentence is: "Emerging genetic tests will be <t>able</t> to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals..."

Here, "able" is followed by "to" (able to spot), and it means having the capability, means, or capacity to do something (spot cancer-susceptible individuals).

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=able%3:00:00:: | definition=(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something | examples=able to swim; she was able to program her computer
   - This matches the structure "able to spot" and the meaning of having the capability/means to do something.

2. sense_key=able%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=have the skills and qualifications to do things well | synonyms=capable | examples=able teachers; a capable administrator
   - This is about being competent/skilled as an adjective describing a person (e.g., "able teachers"), not about having the capacity to do a specific action. The structure here is "will be able to spot" - it's about capacity/possibility, not about being a competent person.

3. sense_key=able%5:00:00:capable:00 | definition=having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity | examples=able to learn; human beings are able to walk on two feet
   - This also involves "able to" but focuses on inherent ability. However, the example "able to learn" and "able to walk" suggests inherent capacity. In the context, genetic tests don't have "inherent" ability in the same sense humans do, but rather have the means/capability to do something. But this is close to sense 1.

4. sense_key=able%5:00:00:fit:01 | definition=having a strong healthy body | synonyms=able-bodied | examples=an able seaman; every able-bodied young man served in the army
   - This is clearly about physical fitness/health, not relevant here.

Between sense 1 and sense 3:
Sense 1: "(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something"
Sense 3: "having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity"

The context is about genetic tests having the capability/means to spot cancer-susceptible individuals. This is about having the necessary means/skill/know-how (sense 1), not necessarily "inherent" physical or mental ability (sense 3). Tests don't have "inherent" abilities like humans do; they have technical capabilities or means.

Also, sense 1 explicitly mentions "usually followed by `to'" which matches our construction "able to spot".

Sense 3's examples: "able to learn; human beings are able to walk on two feet" - these are about natural/inherent capabilities of humans.

Sense 1's examples: "able to swim; she was able to program her computer" - these are about learned skills or means to do something.

Genetic tests being able to spot individuals is about having the technical means/capability (sense 1), not inherent physical/mental capacity (sense 3).

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

Wait, looking at the sense keys:
1. able%3:00:00:: - this is the adjective sense 1 (usually the most common one)
2. able%5:00:00:competent:00 - satellite adjective
3. able%5:00:00:capable:00 - satellite adjective
4. able%5:00:00:fit:01 - satellite adjective

In WordNet, sense 1 (able%3:00:00::) is the primary sense for "able to" constructions indicating capability/possibility.

The context: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot..." - this is clearly about capability/means to do something.

So the answer should be sense_index: 1.

But let me double-check the exact wording of sense 3. It says "having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity". While tests could be said to have "capacity", the word "inherent" suggests something intrinsic to the nature of the subject, which fits better for biological entities. For technological entities like genetic tests, "having the necessary means or skill or know-how" (sense 1) is more appropriate.

Also, sense 1 explicitly notes the "to" construction.

Therefore, sense 1 is correct.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: individual
Target surface form: individuals
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible <t>individuals</t>, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=individual%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=individual%1:18:00:: | definition=a single organism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "individuals" in the given context.

Target lemma: individual
Target surface form: individuals
Context: The text discusses cancer-susceptible individuals, referring to people who are born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene or in whom one copy is damaged early in life. The sentence says: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible <t>individuals</t>..."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=individual%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=individual%1:18:00:: | definition=a single organism

Wait, looking at the sense keys:
- individual%1:03:00:: is under noun.person (03)
- individual%1:18:00:: is under noun.animal? No, 1:18 is usually noun.animal? Let me check WordNet lexicographer file numbers. Actually:
  - 03: noun.person
  - 18: noun.animal? No, 18 might be noun.animal? Wait, WordNet lexicographer file numbers:
    - 03: noun.person
    - 06: noun.state
    - 07: noun.act
    - 09: noun.group
    - 13: noun.artifact
    - 14: noun.food
    - 15: noun.location
    - 17: noun.animal? Actually:
    - 01: noun.Tops
    - 03: noun.person
    - 04: noun.communication
    - 05: noun.body
    - 06: noun.attribute
    - 07: noun.act
    - 08: noun.animal? Let me recall:
    Actually standard WordNet 3.0 lexicographer file numbers:
    - 00: adj.all
    - 01: noun.Tops
    - 02: noun.group
    - 03: noun.person
    - 04: noun.communication
    - 05: noun.body
    - 06: noun.attribute
    - 07: noun.act
    - 08: noun.animal
    - 09: noun.artifact
    - 10: noun.food
    - 11: noun.location
    - 12: noun.object
    - 13: noun.plant
    - 14: noun.substance
    - 15: noun.time
    - 16: verb.body
    - 17: verb.change
    - 18: verb.cognition? No, 18 is noun.animal? Wait.

Actually, looking at the sense keys provided:
- individual%1:03:00:: -> noun.person
- individual%1:18:00:: -> noun.animal? Or noun.Tops? Wait, 1:18:00. The second number is the lexicographer file number. In WordNet, 18 for nouns is... let me think. Actually, I should rely on the definitions given.

Sense 1: definition=a human being | synonyms=person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul
Sense 2: definition=a single organism

In the context, "cancer-susceptible individuals" refers to people (human beings). The text is talking about persons who are born with defective genes, predictive cancer diagnosis, and mentions Bill and Bonnie Quinlan as examples. So clearly these are human beings.

Sense 1 is the correct choice.

The user wants only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. But the sense indices here are 1 and 2. So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

Wait, the instructions say "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." This is a template. I need to put the actual index. The candidates are numbered 1 and 2. So the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

Double-check: Is there any ambiguity? Could "individuals" refer to organisms in a biological context? The passage is about cells, genes, organisms. However, the specific phrase is "cancer-susceptible individuals" and the preceding sentence says "A person who is born with one defective copy... is especially prone to cancer..." Then "such cancer-susceptible individuals" refers back to "a person". Also, Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are mentioned as beneficiaries. So it's definitely human beings.

Sense 1 is correct.

I must not hedge. I must return only the JSON object.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: SiliconFlow

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believe
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists <t>believe</t> is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "believe" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists <t>believe</t> is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."

 The sentence structure is: "what some scientists believe is a new age..."
 This is equivalent to: "some scientists believe [that this is] a new age..."

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
    - This is about accepting something as true/factual. The scientists are accepting/considering that this is a new age.

 2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
    - This involves judging or regarding something in a certain way. "I believe her to be very smart" - this structure is similar to "believe is a new age" (though slightly different grammatically).

 3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
    - This is about confidence/trust in something happening in the future.

 4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
    - Religious/spiritual belief.

 5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?
    - This is about believing/trusting a source or person (crediting with veracity/truthfulness).

 Now, looking at the specific usage: "what some scientists believe is a new age..."

 This is a complex sentence structure. Let me parse it:
 - "ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age..."
 - The "what" clause is the object of "ushering in"
 - Inside the "what" clause: "some scientists believe [that this] is a new age"
 - Or: "what some scientists believe [to be] a new age"

 Actually, looking more carefully:
 "ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis"

 This could be parsed as:
 - "ushering in [what some scientists believe is a new age...]"
 - Here, "believe" takes a clause: "[that] this is a new age"
 - Or it could be: "believe [something] to be [something]"

 The structure "believe X is Y" is very common.

 Let's compare sense 1 and sense 2:

 Sense 1: "accept as true; take to be true" - This is the general sense of holding something to be true.
 Sense 2: "judge or regard; look upon; judge" - This is more about considering or judging something to be the case.

 The examples for sense 2 include: "I believe her to be very smart"
 The examples for sense 1 include: "I believed his report"

 In the context, scientists are holding the opinion that this is a new age. They regard it as a new age. They consider it to be a new age.

 Sense 2 has synonyms: think, consider, conceive.
 The sentence could be rewritten as: "what some scientists consider to be a new age" or "what some scientists think is a new age."

 However, sense 1 is also plausible: "accept as true that this is a new age."

 But looking at the WordNet sense distinctions:
 - Sense 1 (believe%2:31:00::) is typically about accepting statements/propositions as true (e.g., believing a report, believing stories).
 - Sense 2 (believe%2:31:04::) is about judging/regarding something as being a certain way (e.g., believing someone to be smart).

 The structure here is "believe [this] is [a new age]" which aligns with "believe [her] to be [very smart]" (sense 2).

 Also, sense 2 is often used with "believe that" or "believe X to be Y" or "believe X is Y" where it's about classifying or judging the nature of something.

 Sense 1 is more about accepting facts or the truth of assertions.

 In this context, scientists are not just accepting a fact; they are making a judgment or assessment that this constitutes a "new age." It's an interpretation or evaluation.

 However, looking at the examples again:
 Sense 1 examples: "I believed his report" - accepting a report as true.
 "We didn't believe his stories" - accepting stories as true.

 Sense 2 examples: "I think he is very smart" - judging/regarding.
 "I believe her to be very smart" - judging/regarding.

 The target sentence: "what some scientists believe is a new age..."
 This is similar to "I believe [this] is [a new age]" = "I believe this to be a new age."

 This maps well to sense 2.

 But wait, let me check sense 3: "be confident about something" - this is about future events or trust. "I believe that he will come back" - future oriented confidence. Not quite right here.

 Sense 4: Religious - clearly not.

 Sense 5: "credit with veracity" - believing a person/source. Not applicable here (they're not believing a person, they're believing that something is the case).

 So it's between 1 and 2.

 Let me look at the WordNet sense keys to understand the hierarchy:
 - believe%2:31:00:: - usually the first sense is the most general or most frequent.
 - believe%2:31:04:: - the 04 index suggests it's a specific sense.

 Actually, looking at WordNet:
 - believe.v.01: accept as true; take to be true
 - believe.v.02: judge or regard; look upon; judge (as in: I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart)
 - believe.v.03: be confident about something (trust)
 - believe.v.04: follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer
 - believe.v.05: credit with veracity

 Wait, the user provided:
 1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00::
 2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04::
 3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03::
 4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01::
 5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02::

 So the indices in WordNet are:
 00 -> believe.v.01 (accept as true)
 04 -> believe.v.02 (judge or regard)
 03 -> believe.v.03 (be confident)
 01 -> believe.v.04 (follow a credo)
 02 -> believe.v.05 (credit with veracity)

 So sense 2 in the user's list corresponds to believe.v.02 in WordNet.

 Now, the distinction between believe.v.01 and believe.v.02:

 From WordNet:
 believe.v.01: accept as true; take to be true
 - "I believed his report"
 - "We didn't believe his stories from the War"

 believe.v.02: judge or regard; look upon; judge
 - "I think he is very smart"
 - "I believe her to be very smart"
 - "I think that he is her boyfriend"

 The key difference is that believe.v.02 takes a complement that describes the subject (predicate nominative/adjective), while believe.v.01 takes a direct object that is a proposition or statement.

 In "scientists believe is a new age", the structure is:
 - Subject: scientists
 - Verb: believe
 - Object clause: [that] this is a new age (with "what" fronted)

 Or more precisely: "what some scientists believe [__] is a new age"
 The gap is filled by "what": "some scientists believe [what] is a new age"

 So "what" is the object of believe, and "is a new age" is the predicate of "what".

 So: scientists believe [X] [to be/is] [a new age]

 This is the structure of believe.v.02: "believe her to be very smart" = believe [her] [to be] [very smart].

 In believe.v.01, the structure is typically "believe [that S]" or "believe [NP]" where NP is a statement/report.

 But actually, "believe that this is a new age" could be either sense depending on interpretation.

 However, the specific structure "believe X is Y" where X is a thing/event and Y is a classification/category ("new age") strongly aligns with the "judge or regard" sense (sense 2).

 Also, looking at the synonyms for sense 2: think, consider, conceive.
 The sentence could be rewritten: "what some scientists consider to be a new age" or "what some scientists think is a new age."

 This fits perfectly.

 If it were sense 1, it would be more like accepting a factual claim, but "this is a new age" is somewhat metaphorical/evaluative rather than a straightforward factual claim like "oncogenes are present."

 Therefore, sense 2 (index 2 in the user's list, which is believe%2:31:04::) is the best choice.

 Wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00::
 2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04::
 3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03::
 4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01::
 5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02::

 So if I choose sense 2 from the list, the index is 2.

 But let me double-check by looking at the actual WordNet entries to make sure I understand the senses correctly.

 WordNet 3.1 or similar:
 - believe, v.1: accept as true; take to be true
 - believe, v.2: judge or regard; look upon; judge
 - believe, v.3: be confident about something
 - believe, v.4: follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer
 - believe, v.5: credit with veracity

 The sense keys:
 - believe%2:31:00:: corresponds to v.1 (the first sense)
 - believe%2:31:04:: corresponds to v.2 (the second sense)
 - believe%2:31:03:: corresponds to v.3 (the third sense)
 - believe%2:31:01:: corresponds to v.4 (the fourth sense)
 - believe%2:31:02:: corresponds to v.5 (the fifth sense)

 This ordering seems odd (00, 04, 03, 01, 02) but that's how WordNet lexicographer files work sometimes.

 So:
 - User's sense 1 = WordNet v.1 (accept as true)
 - User's sense 2 = WordNet v.2 (judge/regard)
 - User's sense 3 = WordNet v.3 (be confident)
 - User's sense 4 = WordNet v.4 (religious faith)
 - User's sense 5 = WordNet v.5 (credit with veracity)

 My analysis suggests WordNet v.2 (user's sense 2) is correct.

 But let me reconsider sense 1. Could "accept as true" fit?
 "Scientists accept as true that this is a new age..."
 Yes, that works too.

 But the specific structure with "what... is" suggests the small clause or ECM (Exceptional Case Marking) construction where believe takes an object and a predicate: "believe [what] [to be/is] [a new age]".

 This is characteristic of the "judge or regard" sense.

 Also, looking at the broader context:
 "researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert" - earlier in the text.
 This uses "believe" with a clause "the two types of cancer genes work in concert". This could be sense 1 (accept as true that...) or sense 2 (judge that...).

 But for the target instance: "what some scientists believe is a new age..."
 This is slightly different because of the "what" and the predicate "is a new age".

 Actually, looking at the sentence structure again:
 "ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis"

 This is equivalent to:
 "ushering in [that which some scientists believe to be a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis]"

 Or:
 "ushering in [the situation which some scientists believe is a new age...]"

 The phrase "a new age" is a predicate nominative describing "what" (the situation).

 This aligns with sense 2 examples: "I believe her to be very smart" (predicate adjective), "I think he is very smart" (predicate adjective).

 Sense 1 examples are: "I believed his report" (direct object, no predicate), "We didn't believe his stories" (direct object).

 Therefore, sense 2 is the better fit.

 One more check: could it be sense 3 (be confident about something)?
 "what some scientists are confident about is a new age..." - this doesn't quite fit. They're not confident about "what", they believe "what" to be "a new age".

 So sense 2 is definitely the best choice.

 The answer should be: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a <t>new</t> age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "new" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a <t>new</t> age of predictive cancer diagnosis."

 The phrase is "a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis". This refers to a new era or period that is beginning, characterized by predictive cancer diagnosis.

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
 - This is the most general sense of "new" meaning recently created or begun. "A new age" fits here - an age that has recently begun.

 2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
 - This emphasizes originality and novelty. While "new age" could be novel, the context emphasizes the beginning of a new era rather than uniqueness/novelty per se.

 3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
 - Doesn't fit. Not about people being inexperienced.

 4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
 - Similar to sense 2 but stronger. "New age" doesn't necessarily mean unprecedented, just a different/recent period.

 5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on the
 - This is about replacement or difference from previous. "A new age" could fit here as different from the previous age, but sense 1 seems more primary for "new age" as a temporal concept.

 6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
 - About physical condition, not applicable.

 7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
 - Negative connotation of unnecessarily new. Not applicable.

 8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
 - Specific linguistic/historical usage. Not applicable.

 9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
 - Linguistic usage. Not applicable.

 10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
 - Agricultural usage. Not applicable.

 11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him
 - About unfamiliarity. While a "new age" might be unfamiliar, the primary meaning here is temporal recency.

 Now between sense 1 and sense 2/4/5:

 "A new age" is an idiom or common phrase meaning a new era or period. The core meaning is that this age has recently come into being (sense 1).

 Sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered"
 - This fits perfectly. The "age of predictive cancer diagnosis" has recently come into being (ushered in by emerging genetic tests).

 Sense 2 (original/novel): While the age might be novel, the emphasis is on it being a recent development, not necessarily on it being unique or original.

 Sense 5 (other/different): This could work but is less specific than sense 1 for temporal newness.

 In WordNet, sense 1 (new%3:00:00::) is the first and most general adjective sense, covering "recently created/begun". This is the standard sense for "new" when referring to time periods like "new age", "new era", "new century".

 The phrase "ushering in... a new age" clearly indicates the beginning of something recent.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the best choice.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user lists them as 1, 2, 3... but these are just the order in the candidate list. The actual sense keys are provided. The user wants the "sense_index" which corresponds to the number in the candidate list (1-11).

 So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

 Let me verify if there's any subtlety I'm missing. Could it be sense 2 (novel)? "A new age" could imply something unprecedented or novel. But looking at the examples for sense 2: "the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem" - this emphasizes uniqueness and originality. The context here is about a new phase in medicine beginning, not necessarily about it being unprecedented (though it might be). The key is "ushering in" which suggests the beginning of something, fitting the "recently come into being" definition of sense 1.

 Also, sense 4 (unprecedented) is even stronger and less likely.

 Sense 11 (unfamiliar): "new experiences" - this is about subjective unfamiliarity. The text is talking about an objective new era in medicine, not subjective unfamiliarity.

 So yes, sense 1 is correct.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: age
Target surface form: age
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new <t>age</t> of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=age%1:07:00:: | definition=how long something has existed | examples=it was replaced because of its age
2. sense_key=age%1:28:02:: | definition=an era of history having some distinctive feature | synonyms=historic period | examples=we live in a litigious age
3. sense_key=age%1:28:00:: | definition=a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises | synonyms=eld | examples=she was now of school age; tall for his eld
4. sense_key=age%1:28:03:: | definition=a prolonged period of time | synonyms=long time, years | examples=we've known each other for ages; I haven't been there for years and years
5. sense_key=age%1:28:01:: | definition=a late time of life | synonyms=old age, years, eld, geezerhood | examples=old age is not for sissies; he's showing his years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "age" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new <t>age</t> of predictive cancer diagnosis."

 The phrase "a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis" suggests a period of time characterized by a distinctive feature (predictive cancer diagnosis). This is metaphorical, referring to an era or epoch.

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=age%1:07:00:: | definition=how long something has existed | examples=it was replaced because of its age
 - This refers to the length of existence of a specific object. Not fitting here.

 2. sense_key=age%1:28:02:: | definition=an era of history having some distinctive feature | synonyms=historic period | examples=we live in a litigious age
 - This fits perfectly. "A new age of predictive cancer diagnosis" = a new era characterized by predictive cancer diagnosis. The example "we live in a litigious age" is structurally similar to "a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."

 3. sense_key=age%1:28:00:: | definition=a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises | synonyms=eld | examples=she was now of school age; tall for his eld
 - This refers to specific ages like "school age", "voting age", etc. Not fitting.

 4. sense_key=age%1:28:03:: | definition=a prolonged period of time | synonyms=long time, years | examples=we've known each other for ages; I haven't been there for years and years
 - This refers to a long duration, often used in plural "ages" to mean a very long time. While "age" can mean a long time, the phrase "a new age" here is more about an era/epoch with distinctive characteristics, not just a long time. Also, the example "we've known each other for ages" is different from "a new age of..."

 5. sense_key=age%1:28:01:: | definition=a late time of life | synonyms=old age, years, eld, geezerhood | examples=old age is not for sissies; he's showing his years
 - This refers to being old. Not fitting.

 The best fit is sense 2: "an era of history having some distinctive feature" with synonyms "historic period" and example "we live in a litigious age."

 The context clearly indicates a new era or period characterized by predictive cancer diagnosis, which aligns with sense 2.

 The index requested is the number after the sense_key. Looking at the format:
 1. sense_key=age%1:28:02::
 2. sense_key=age%1:28:02::
 Wait, let me look carefully at the numbering:

 Candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=age%1:07:00::
 2. sense_key=age%1:28:02::
 3. sense_key=age%1:28:00::
 4. sense_key=age%1:28:03::
 5. sense_key=age%1:28:01::

 So the indices are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

 Sense 2 is the one with definition "an era of history having some distinctive feature".

 Therefore, the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

 Wait, I need to double-check the WordNet sense keys to make sure I understand the indexing correctly. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=age%1:07:00::
 2. sense_key=age%1:28:02::
 3. sense_key=age%1:28:00::
 4. sense_key=age%1:28:03::
 5. sense_key=age%1:28:01::

 So index 2 corresponds to age%1:28:02:: which is "an era of history having some distinctive feature".

 Yes, this is correct. The phrase "a new age" in the context of scientific advancement (ushering in a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis) clearly refers to a new era or historical period with distinctive features.

 The answer is {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive <t>cancer</t> diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "cancer" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses oncogenes, malignant cells, tumor-suppressor genes, cell growth, and genetic tests for cancer diagnosis
 - It mentions "cancerous cells" and "cancer genes"
 - It talks about "predictive cancer diagnosis"
 - The target word "cancer" appears in the phrase "predictive cancer diagnosis"

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
    - This is the medical/disease sense of cancer.

 2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
    - This is the astrological sense referring to a person.

 3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
    - This is the astronomical sense referring to the constellation.

 4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
    - This is the astrological sense referring to the zodiac sign itself.

 5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer
    - This is the biological taxonomy sense referring to the genus of crabs.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is clearly about medical/genetic research regarding cancer as a disease
 - It mentions "cancerous cells", "cancer genes", "malignant", "tumor-suppressor gene"
 - The phrase "predictive cancer diagnosis" refers to diagnosing the disease cancer
 - There is no mention of astrology, constellations, or crabs (the animal)

 Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1: the malignant growth/tumor disease sense.

 The user wants me to return a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3} where the number corresponds to the index of the sense in the list provided.

 The senses are numbered 1-5 in the candidate list, so the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: first
Target surface form: first
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the <t>first</t> beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=first%3:00:00:: | definition=preceding all others in time or space or degree | examples=the first house on the right; the first day of spring
2. sense_key=first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=indicating the beginning unit in a series | synonyms=1st
3. sense_key=first%5:00:02:opening:00 | definition=serving to set in motion | synonyms=inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden | examples=the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations
4. sense_key=first%5:00:01:opening:00 | definition=serving to begin | synonyms=beginning | examples=the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse
5. sense_key=first%5:00:00:best:00 | definition=ranking above all others | synonyms=foremost, world-class | examples=was first in her class; the foremost figure among marine artists
6. sense_key=first%3:00:03:: | definition=highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections | examples=first soprano; the first violin section

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "first" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is: "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the <t>first</t> beneficiaries of the new findings."
- This is talking about them being among the earliest or initial beneficiaries of new genetic testing findings for cancer prediction.
- They are among the first (earliest) people to benefit from these findings.

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=first%3:00:00:: | definition=preceding all others in time or space or degree | examples=the first house on the right; the first day of spring
   - This seems to fit well. They are preceding others in time (early beneficiaries).

2. sense_key=first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=indicating the beginning unit in a series | synonyms=1st
   - This is the ordinal number sense (1st). While "first" here could be interpreted as ordinal, in the phrase "among the first", it's more about being early/prior in time rather than specifically the ordinal position "1st".

3. sense_key=first%5:00:02:opening:00 | definition=serving to set in motion | synonyms=inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden | examples=the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations
   - This is about initiating something (inaugural, maiden). "First beneficiaries" doesn't mean they are initiating something, they are just early recipients.

4. sense_key=first%5:00:01:opening:00 | definition=serving to begin | synonyms=beginning | examples=the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse
   - Similar to above, but "beginning" is the synonym. They are not the beginning of something, they are early examples of beneficiaries.

5. sense_key=first%5:00:00:best:00 | definition=ranking above all others | synonyms=foremost, world-class | examples=was first in her class; the foremost figure among marine artists
   - This would mean they are the best beneficiaries, which doesn't fit the context. It means they are early beneficiaries, not necessarily the best.

6. sense_key=first%3:00:03:: | definition=highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections | examples=first soprano; the first violin section
   - Musical context, clearly not applicable here.

Between sense 1 and sense 2:
- Sense 1: "preceding all others in time or space or degree" - This captures the temporal aspect of being among the earliest.
- Sense 2: "indicating the beginning unit in a series" - This is the ordinal sense (1st).

In the phrase "among the first beneficiaries", "first" is being used as an adjective modifying "beneficiaries" to indicate they are among those who came before others in time. This is the temporal sense (preceding others in time), not strictly the ordinal sense (though related).

Looking at WordNet:
- Sense 1 (first%3:00:00::) is the adjective sense: "preceding all others in time or space or degree"
- Sense 2 (first%5:00:00:ordinal:00) is the adjective satellite/ordinal sense.

Actually, looking at the sense keys:
- first%3:00:00:: - this is an adjective (3)
- first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 - this is an adjective satellite (5)

In "among the first beneficiaries", "first" is functioning as a noun modifier indicating temporal priority. They are among the earliest beneficiaries.

Sense 1 seems most appropriate: "preceding all others in time or space or degree" - specifically the "in time" aspect.

Sense 2 (ordinal) would be used in "the first day", "the first chapter" - indicating position in a sequence. While "first beneficiaries" could be seen as ordinal, the phrase "among the first" suggests a group of early beneficiaries, not specifically the item at position 1 in a series.

Sense 3 is about setting in motion (inaugural), which doesn't fit.
Sense 4 is about beginning (beginning verse), which doesn't fit.
Sense 5 is about ranking/best, which doesn't fit.
Sense 6 is musical, which doesn't fit.

So it's between 1 and 2.

Sense 1 examples: "the first house on the right; the first day of spring"
- "first day of spring" = preceding others in time
- "first house on the right" = preceding others in space

Sense 2: "indicating the beginning unit in a series" with synonym "1st"
- This is more strictly numerical/ordinal.

In the context, "among the first beneficiaries" means they are among the earliest beneficiaries - preceding others in time. This matches sense 1.

Also, looking at the WordNet hierarchy, sense 1 is the primary adjective sense for "first" meaning "preceding all others", while sense 2 is specifically the ordinal sense. When we say "the first people to benefit", we mean they came before others temporally, which is sense 1.

Therefore, the best choice is sense index 1.

Wait, I need to check the exact format. The user wants:
{"sense_index": 3}

Where the number corresponds to the index in the list provided (1-6).

So if I choose sense 1, I should return:
{"sense_index": 1}

Let me double-check sense 3: "serving to set in motion" - inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden. "First beneficiaries" could theoretically mean inaugural beneficiaries (the first ones to start receiving benefits), but "inaugural" usually modifies the thing being started (inaugural issue, initiative phase), not the recipients. The recipients are not serving to set in motion, they are the ones receiving. So sense 3 is wrong.

Sense 4: "serving to begin" - beginning. "First beneficiaries" doesn't mean they serve to begin something.

So yes, sense 1 is correct.

Actually, looking again at the phrase: "among the first beneficiaries"
- This could mean among the earliest (temporal priority) - sense 1
- Or it could mean among the best (ranking) - sense 5, but that's unlikely
- Or it could mean among the inaugural ones - sense 3

But given the context about "new age of predictive cancer diagnosis" and "new findings", and them being early recipients of this new technology, "preceding all others in time" (sense 1) is the clear winner.

The answer is sense_index: 1.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: beneficiary
Target surface form: beneficiaries
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first <t>beneficiaries</t> of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=beneficiary%1:18:00:: | definition=the recipient of funds or other benefits | synonyms=donee
2. sense_key=beneficiary%1:10:00:: | definition=the semantic role of the intended recipient who benefits from the happening denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=benefactive role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "beneficiaries" (surface form) with lemma "beneficiary" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text discusses cancer genes, genetic testing, and how some people are susceptible to cancer due to genetic factors.
- It mentions "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings."
- The "new findings" refer to the emerging genetic tests that can spot cancer-susceptible individuals.
- So Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are benefiting from these new findings/medical advances.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=beneficiary%1:18:00:: | definition=the recipient of funds or other benefits | synonyms=donee
   - This seems to be the concrete noun sense referring to a person who receives benefits (financial or otherwise).
   - In the context, Bill and Bonnie are receiving the benefits of new medical findings/genetic testing.

2. sense_key=beneficiary%1:10:00:: | definition=the semantic role of the intended recipient who benefits from the happening denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=benefactive role
   - This is a linguistic/grammatical term referring to a semantic role in predicate logic or grammar.
   - This would be used in linguistic analysis, e.g., "In 'John gave Mary a book', Mary is the beneficiary."
   - The context here is not a linguistic analysis of semantic roles; it's talking about actual people (Bill and Bonnie Quinlan) who are benefiting from medical research.

So sense 1 is clearly the correct choice. Bill and Bonnie are actual people who are recipients of benefits (the benefits being the new findings/genetic tests that help them understand their cancer risk).

The sentence "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings" uses "beneficiaries" to mean people who benefit from something (the new findings), not as a grammatical term.

Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 1.

Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys to make sure I understand the indexing correctly.

The user provides:
1. sense_key=beneficiary%1:18:00:: ...
2. sense_key=beneficiary%1:10:00:: ...

So the indices are 1 and 2. I need to return {"sense_index": 1}.

Let me verify:
- Sense 1: beneficiary%1:18:00:: - This is the noun sense (1:18 indicates noun.person I believe, or noun in general)
- Sense 2: beneficiary%1:10:00:: - This looks like it might be a noun as well but in a different category, or possibly an adjective? Wait, 1:10 usually indicates noun.communication or something else?

Actually, in WordNet sense keys:
- The first number is the part of speech (1=noun, 2=verb, 3=adj, 4=adv)
- The second number is the lexicographer file number (lexfile)
- The third number is the sense number

So:
- beneficiary%1:18:00:: = noun (1), lexfile 18 (noun.person?), sense 0 (first sense)
- beneficiary%1:10:00:: = noun (1), lexfile 10 (noun.communication?), sense 0 (first sense)

Actually, checking WordNet lexfile numbers:
- 18 is usually noun.person
- 10 might be noun.communication or noun.cognition?

But regardless, sense 1 is clearly the "recipient of funds or other benefits" which fits the context of people benefiting from medical findings.

Sense 2 is the linguistic term "benefactive role" which is clearly not what's meant here.

So the answer is sense_index: 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the <t>new</t> findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "new" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the <t>new</t> findings."
 The broader context is about genetic tests and cancer research. The text mentions "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis." Then it says Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the "new" findings.

 The "findings" refer to recent discoveries in genetic research regarding cancer genes (oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes). These findings are recent discoveries - they have just come into being or been made.

 Let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
    - This fits well. The findings are recent discoveries, not of long duration.

 2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
    - This emphasizes originality/novelty. While the findings might be novel, the context emphasizes that they are recent ("In recent months", "Emerging genetic tests"), and "first beneficiaries" suggests the findings are recent rather than just original.

 3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
    - Doesn't apply to "findings".

 4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
    - Could potentially fit, but the context emphasizes recentness more than lack of precedent.

 5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
    - This suggests replacement or different from previous. The text doesn't suggest these findings replaced older findings, but rather that they are recent discoveries.

 6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
    - This is about physical condition (like new car), not applicable to abstract "findings".

 7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
    - Has a negative connotation of being unnecessarily new, doesn't fit.

 8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
    - Specific to historical periods, doesn't fit.

 9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
    - Specific to languages, doesn't fit.

 10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
    - Specific to crops, doesn't fit.

 11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him
    - Could potentially fit, but "new findings" in scientific context usually means recently discovered (sense 1) rather than just unfamiliar.

 The key contextual clues:
 - "In recent months" - indicates time/recency
 - "Emerging genetic tests" - indicates recent development
 - "first beneficiaries" - indicates these are recent findings that have just become available
 - The findings are about genetic discoveries that have just been made/understood

 Sense 1 (new%3:00:00::) is the most common sense for "new" meaning recent, recently made/discovered. The definition "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered" matches perfectly with scientific findings that have recently been discovered.

 Sense 2 (novel/original) is possible, but the context emphasizes the temporal aspect (recent months, emerging, first beneficiaries) more than the originality aspect. Scientific findings are often both new (recent) and novel (original), but in this context, the temporal meaning is primary.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the best choice.

 Wait, I need to check the sense keys carefully. The user lists them with numbers 1-11. I should return the index number.

 Sense 1: new%3:00:00::
 Sense 2: new%5:00:00:original:00
 ...

 So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}

 Let me double-check if there's any ambiguity with sense 5 (other than the former one). "New findings" could mean different findings from previous ones, but in context, it's clearly about recent discoveries in genetic research.

 Also check sense 11 (unfamiliar). The findings might be unfamiliar to the Quinlans, but that's not the primary meaning. The primary meaning is that these are recent scientific discoveries.

 Sense 1 is definitely the best fit.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: finding
Target surface form: findings
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new <t>findings</t>. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=finding%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation | synonyms=determination | examples=the determination of molecular structures
2. sense_key=finding%1:04:01:: | definition=the decision of a court on issues of fact or law
3. sense_key=finding%1:17:00:: | definition=something that is found | examples=the findings in the gastrointestinal tract indicate that he died several hours after dinner; an area rich in archaeological findings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "findings" in the given context. The target lemma is "finding" and the surface form is "findings" (plural).

Let me analyze the context:
- The text discusses cancer research, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes
- It mentions "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals"
- Then it says "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new <t>findings</t>"
- The context is about scientific research results/discoveries regarding cancer genes and genetic testing

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=finding%1:04:00::
   - definition: the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation
   - synonyms: determination
   - examples: the determination of molecular structures
   - This refers to the act/process of finding/determining, not the result itself.

2. sense_key=finding%1:04:01::
   - definition: the decision of a court on issues of fact or law
   - This is a legal sense, clearly not applicable here since the context is scientific/medical research.

3. sense_key=finding%1:17:00::
   - definition: something that is found
   - examples: "the findings in the gastrointestinal tract indicate that he died several hours after dinner; an area rich in archaeological findings"
   - This refers to the results or discoveries themselves - things that have been found through research/investigation.

In the context, "the new findings" refers to the new scientific discoveries or results from research about cancer genes and genetic testing. The Quinlans are beneficiaries of these new scientific discoveries/results.

Sense 1 is about the act of determining, while Sense 3 is about the thing that is found (the result). The phrase "new findings" in scientific contexts almost always refers to new discoveries or results (sense 3), not the act of determining (sense 1).

The examples for sense 3 include "the findings in the gastrointestinal tract" which refers to medical/scientific findings, similar to the context here about cancer research.

Therefore, sense 3 (finding%1:17:00::) is the correct choice.

Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense indices. The user lists:
1. finding%1:04:00::
2. finding%1:04:01::
3. finding%1:17:00::

So I should return {"sense_index": 3}.

But let me make sure about sense 1 vs sense 3 distinction. Sense 1 is the act (determination), sense 3 is the result (something found). "Findings" in plural typically refers to results of research or investigation - things that have been found. This matches sense 3.

The context: "beneficiaries of the new findings" - they benefit from the new discoveries/results, not from the act of determining.

Yes, sense 3 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: couple
Target surface form: couple
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., <t>couple</t> knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=couple%1:14:00:: | definition=a pair who associate with one another | synonyms=twosome, duo, duet | examples=the engaged couple; an inseparable twosome
2. sense_key=couple%1:14:01:: | definition=a pair of people who live together | synonyms=mates, match | examples=a married couple from Chicago
3. sense_key=couple%1:23:01:: | definition=a small indefinite number | examples=he's coming for a couple of days
4. sense_key=couple%1:23:00:: | definition=two items of the same kind | synonyms=pair, twosome, twain, brace, span, yoke
5. sense_key=couple%1:17:00:: | definition=(physics) something joined by two equal and opposite forces that act along parallel lines

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "couple" in the given context.

 First, let's look at the context:
 - The text is about Bill and Bonnie Quinlan
 - They are described as "The Dedham, Mass., <t>couple</t>"
 - They are married (implied by "before Bonnie became pregnant" and "any child of theirs")
 - They live together (implied by being a married couple expecting a child)

 Now let's analyze the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=couple%1:14:00:: | definition=a pair who associate with one another | synonyms=twosome, duo, duet | examples=the engaged couple; an inseparable twosome
    - This refers to any pair who associate, could be friends, engaged, etc.

 2. sense_key=couple%1:14:01:: | definition=a pair of people who live together | synonyms=mates, match | examples=a married couple from Chicago
    - This specifically refers to people who live together, typically married or domestic partners
    - The example mentions "a married couple from Chicago"

 3. sense_key=couple%1:23:01:: | definition=a small indefinite number | examples=he's coming for a couple of days
    - This is the "few" sense, not applicable here since it's referring to specific people.

 4. sense_key=couple%1:23:00:: | definition=two items of the same kind | synonyms=pair, twosome, twain, brace, span, yoke
    - This refers to objects or items, not people in a relationship.

 5. sense_key=couple%1:17:00:: | definition=(physics) something joined by two equal and opposite forces that act along parallel lines
    - Physics term, clearly not applicable.

 Now comparing sense 1 and sense 2:
 - Sense 1: "a pair who associate with one another" - broader, could be any two people who hang out
 - Sense 2: "a pair of people who live together" - more specific to domestic partnership/marriage

 In the context:
 - Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are married (implied by expecting a child together, and the genetic discussion about inheritance)
 - They are referred to as "The Dedham, Mass., couple"
 - The context emphasizes their relationship as parents and spouses dealing with genetic risk

 The key distinction between sense 1 and sense 2 in WordNet is that sense 2 specifically involves living together/marriage, while sense 1 is more general association.

 The example for sense 2 is "a married couple from Chicago" which fits perfectly with "The Dedham, Mass., couple" referring to Bill and Bonnie Quinlan.

 Therefore, sense 2 (index 2) is the best choice.

 Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=couple%1:14:00::
 2. sense_key=couple%1:14:01::
 3. sense_key=couple%1:23:01::
 4. sense_key=couple%1:23:00::
 5. sense_key=couple%1:17:00::

 So index 2 corresponds to sense_key=couple%1:14:01:: (a pair of people who live together).

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
 - couple%1:14:00:: is usually "a pair who associate with one another"
 - couple%1:14:01:: is usually "a pair of people who live together"

 Yes, and given that Bill and Bonnie are married and have children together, they certainly live together (or at least are a married pair), making sense 2 more appropriate than sense 1.

 The answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: knew
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple <t>knew</t> even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "knew" (past tense of "know") in the given context.

 Target surface form: knew
 Context: The Dedham, Mass., couple <t>knew</t> even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma...

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The couple knew (were aware) that any child had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma
 - This is about possessing information/knowledge about a fact (the probability of their child having cancer)
 - They knew this "even before Bonnie became pregnant" - indicating they had this information/knowledge beforehand

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!

 2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit...
 - This is about skills/capabilities, not applicable here.

 3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun

 4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer...
 - This is about familiarity with people/objects, not about knowing facts/information.

 5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!...
 - This is about experiencing something directly, not applicable here.

 6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize...
 - Not applicable.

 7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin...
 - This is about memorization/having information stored, but sense 1 or 3 might be better.

 8. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
 - About knowing someone's character.

 9. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
 - About distinguishing.

 10. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!
 - About recognizing something as familiar.

 It's likely between sense 1 and sense 3.

 Sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about"
 - Example: "I know that the President lied to the people"

 Sense 3: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt"
 - Example: "I know that I left the key on the table"; "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun"

 The context is: "knew ... that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk..."
 This is knowing a fact/possessing information about probabilities/risks.

 Both seem close, but let me look more carefully at the distinction.

 Sense 1 seems to be about possession of knowledge/information (cognizance).
 Sense 3 seems to be about certainty/truth (epistemic certainty).

 In the example for sense 3: "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun" - this is about knowing a truth.
 In the example for sense 1: "I know that the President lied to the people" - this is about knowing a fact.

 The context here is about knowing a statistical fact/probability (50% chance). This seems more like possessing information/being aware of a fact (sense 1) rather than having certainty about a truth beyond doubt (sense 3).

 Also, looking at the WordNet hierarchy:
 - Sense 1: know%2:31:01:: (awareness of facts)
 - Sense 3: know%2:31:02:: (awareness of truth/belief)

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet sense distinctions for "know":
 - Sense 1 (know%2:31:01) is usually the most general "be aware of" sense for facts
 - Sense 3 (know%2:31:02) is often about knowing that something is true with certainty

 The example "I know that the President lied to the people" vs "I know that I left the key on the table" - both are about knowing facts.

 But typically, sense 1 is the "factive" or informational sense, while sense 3 might emphasize the "certainty" aspect.

 Actually, looking at the context again:
 "knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance..."

 This is clearly about possessing information about a probability. They were aware of the risk/fact.

 This matches sense 1 best: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about"

 The sentence structure "knew that..." with a fact/probability clause fits sense 1 well.

 Also, later in the text: "Mr. Quinlan... knew he carried a damaged gene" - this is also knowing a fact about one's genetic condition.

 Therefore, sense 1 (index 1) seems to be the correct choice.

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=know%2:31:01::
 2. sense_key=know%2:31:03::
 3. sense_key=know%2:31:02::
 4. sense_key=know%2:31:00::
 ...

 So the indices are 1, 2, 3, 4... corresponding to the list order.

 Index 1 corresponds to know%2:31:01
 Index 2 corresponds to know%2:31:03
 Index 3 corresponds to know%2:31:02
 ...

 So if I choose sense know%2:31:01, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}
 If I choose sense know%2:31:02, the answer is {"sense_index": 3}

 Given the context, knowing that their child had a 50% chance of being at risk is knowing a specific piece of information/fact. This is sense 1.

 Sense 3 might be if they knew with certainty that something was true (beyond doubt), but here it's about knowing a probability/risk factor - possessing the information.

 Also, the gloss for sense 1 mentions "possess knowledge or information about" which fits perfectly with knowing about the genetic risk.

 So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: even
Target surface form: even
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew <t>even</t> before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "even" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 "The Dedham, Mass., couple knew <t>even</t> before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma..."

 The sentence structure is: "knew even before [time/event] that..."

 This usage of "even" seems to be emphasizing the timing - they knew this information earlier than might be expected, or it emphasizes that they knew it before the pregnancy.

 Let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
    - This seems to be the general intensive use. The example "even an idiot knows that" shows it emphasizing something surprising or unexpected.

 2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
    - This is concessive use, similar to "although" or "though". The examples show "even when" and "even with".

 3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
    - This is comparative use, meaning "still" or "yet" in the sense of "even more".

 4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death
    - This is archaic/poetic use meaning "all the way to".

 Now, looking at the specific context: "knew even before Bonnie became pregnant"

 This looks like sense 1: "used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected". The meaning is that they knew this surprisingly early - before she became pregnant. It emphasizes the earliness or unexpectedness of their knowledge.

 Wait, let me reconsider. Is it sense 2? "in spite of; notwithstanding"? No, that doesn't fit. "Even before" isn't concessive in the same way as "even when" or "even though".

 Is it sense 3? Comparative? "Even before" could mean "still before" but that's not quite right. The comparative sense usually modifies adjectives or adverbs (even worse, even more).

 Is it sense 4? "to the full extent"? No, "even unto death" is the example, which doesn't match.

 So it seems to be sense 1: the intensive use indicating something unexpected or emphasizing the extent/timing.

 But let me double-check the exact nuance. "Knew even before..." means they knew it earlier than one might expect - the knowledge preceded the pregnancy, which might be surprising or noteworthy.

 Actually, looking at the examples for sense 1: "even an idiot knows that" (emphasizing that it's so obvious even an idiot knows it), "declined even to consider the idea" (emphasizing the refusal to do something basic).

 In "knew even before", the "even" is intensifying "before", emphasizing that the knowledge existed at that early stage.

 This aligns with sense 1.

 However, I should check if there's any other interpretation. Could it be sense 2? "Even before" can sometimes mean "although it was before", but that's not the meaning here. The sentence is saying they had this knowledge prior to the pregnancy, emphasizing how early they knew.

 Yes, sense 1 seems correct.

 Wait, looking at WordNet structure, sense 4:02:00:: is typically the first adverb sense. Let me verify the exact definitions again.

 Sense 1: "used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected"
 Sense 2: "in spite of; notwithstanding"
 Sense 3: "to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons"
 Sense 4: "to the full extent"

 The phrase "even before" is a common collocation where "even" functions as an intensive emphasizing the earliness or unexpectedness of the time reference. This fits sense 1.

 For example: "He left even before the party started" - emphasizing that he left surprisingly early.

 So the answer should be sense_index: 1.

 But wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=even%4:02:00::
 2. sense_key=even%4:02:03::
 3. sense_key=even%4:02:01::
 4. sense_key=even%4:02:04::

 So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

 Let me double-check by considering if it could be sense 3. "Even" in comparative sense usually requires a gradable adjective or adverb being modified. Here "before" is a preposition/conjunction indicating time, not a gradable adjective. So sense 3 is out.

 Sense 2 requires a concessive meaning, which isn't present here. We're not saying "in spite of the fact that it was before..."

 Sense 4 is clearly wrong.

 Therefore, sense 1 is correct.