[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: establishment
Target surface form: establishment
Context:
"Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational <t>establishment</t>. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=establishment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of forming or establishing something | synonyms=constitution, formation, organization, organisation | examples=the constitution of a PTA group last year; it was the establishment of his reputation
2. sense_key=establishment%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization founded and united for a specific purpose | synonyms=institution
3. sense_key=establishment%1:14:02:: | definition=the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something | synonyms=administration, governance, governing body, brass, organization, organisation | examples=he claims that the present administration is corrupt; the governance of an association is responsible to its members
4. sense_key=establishment%1:06:00:: | definition=a public or private structure (business or governmental or educational) including buildings and equipment for business or residence
5. sense_key=establishment%1:14:01:: | definition=any large organization
6. sense_key=establishment%1:22:00:: | definition=(ecology) the process by which a plant or animal becomes established in a new habitat | synonyms=ecesis
7. sense_key=establishment%1:09:00:: | definition=the cognitive process of establishing a valid proof | synonyms=validation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "establishment" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses "Progressive education" and teachers vs. the educational establishment
 - The phrase "educational establishment" appears in the sentence: "But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment."
 - The author contrasts individual teachers (who are committed to teaching) with the "educational establishment"

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=establishment%1:04:00:: - "the act of forming or establishing something" (process/activity)
    - This refers to the act or process of establishing, not a group of people or institution
    - Doesn't fit: "educational establishment" here doesn't mean the act of establishing education

 2. sense_key=establishment%1:14:00:: - "an organization founded and united for a specific purpose" (institution)
    - This could work, but let's see other options

 3. sense_key=establishment%1:14:02:: - "the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something"
    - Synonyms: administration, governance, governing body, brass, organization, organisation
    - Examples mention "present administration", "governance of an association"
    - This seems to refer to the people in charge, the administrative body

 4. sense_key=establishment%1:06:00:: - "a public or private structure (business or governmental or educational) including buildings and equipment for business or residence"
    - This refers to physical buildings/structures
    - Doesn't fit: the context is about people/systems, not buildings

 5. sense_key=establishment%1:14:01:: - "any large organization"
    - Very general

 6. sense_key=establishment%1:22:00:: - ecological meaning
    - Clearly doesn't fit

 7. sense_key=establishment%1:09:00:: - cognitive process of proof
    - Doesn't fit

 Now, between sense 2, 3, and 5:
 - Sense 2: "an organization founded and united for a specific purpose" - institution
 - Sense 3: "the persons... who make up a body for the purpose of administering something" - the people/administrators
 - Sense 5: "any large organization"

 The context says "dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment." This suggests a contrast between the individual teachers (rank and file) and those in power/administrative roles, or the system/institution as a whole.

 In common usage, "the establishment" often refers to the people in power, the ruling class, or the administrative body. The phrase "educational establishment" typically refers to the system of education, the administrative bodies, or the institutions that control education, as opposed to individual teachers.

 Looking at sense 3: "the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something" - this fits well with the idea of the "educational establishment" as the administrative body or governing body of education, distinct from the teachers themselves.

 Sense 2 ("an organization founded and united for a specific purpose") is also possible, but sense 3 is more specific about it being the people/administrators, which fits the contrast with "teachers" (who are also part of the organization but distinct from the administration).

 However, looking at the examples for sense 3: "he claims that the present administration is corrupt; the governance of an association is responsible to its members" - this emphasizes the governing/administrative aspect.

 In the context, the author is distinguishing between teachers (individual practitioners) and the establishment (the system/administrators/institution). The word "establishment" here carries a connotation of the powers that be, the administrative structure.

 But I should also consider sense 2: "an organization founded and united for a specific purpose" - this is a very general definition for "institution."

 Actually, looking carefully at WordNet:
 - Sense 1:04:00 is the act/process
 - Sense 1:14:00 is "institution" (a specific type of organization)
 - Sense 1:14:01 is "any large organization"
 - Sense 1:14:02 is the administrative body (the people)

 The phrase "the educational establishment" is often used to mean the system or the institutions of education collectively, or the administrative powers.

 In this specific context: "unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment" - the contrast is between the teachers (the workers) and the establishment (the system/administrators/institution).

 I think sense 3 (establishment%1:14:02) is the best fit because:
 1. It refers to the people/committees/departments who administer something
 2. The contrast is between teachers (individuals) and the establishment (those in charge/administrators)
 3. The synonyms include "administration" and "governing body"

 However, sense 2 (establishment%1:14:00:: "an organization founded and united for a specific purpose") is also plausible if we interpret "educational establishment" as the educational institution/system as a whole.

 But looking at the specific wording in the context, the author is making a distinction between "teachers" (the people doing the teaching) and "the educational establishment" (the system/administrative structure).

 In political/social contexts, "the establishment" usually refers to the dominant group or elite who hold power (sense 3). For example, "the political establishment" refers to the people in power, not just the abstract institution.

 Given the contrast with "teachers" and the use of "dump on" (criticize/blame), it seems the author is referring to the administrative body or the system controlled by administrators, not just the abstract concept of educational institutions.

 Let me reconsider sense 2 vs sense 3:
 - Sense 2: institution (e.g., "a research institution")
 - Sense 3: the people who administer (e.g., "the university administration")

 The phrase "educational establishment" in this context is similar to "the medical establishment" or "the political establishment" - it refers to the people in charge, the authorities, the administrative structure.

 Therefore, sense 3 (establishment%1:14:02) seems correct.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys to make sure I have the right indices:
 - The user lists them as:
   1. sense_key=establishment%1:04:00::
   2. sense_key=establishment%1:14:00::
   3. sense_key=establishment%1:14:02::
   4. sense_key=establishment%1:06:00::
   5. sense_key=establishment%1:14:01::
   6. sense_key=establishment%1:22:00::
   7. sense_key=establishment%1:09:00::

 So sense 3 is establishment%1:14:02:: which is "the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something"

 Yes, this matches my analysis. The "educational establishment" refers to the administrators, policymakers, and institutional powers that govern education, as opposed to the individual teachers.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index 3.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I <t>know</t> many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "know" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
"I <t>know</t> many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching."

The sentence means the speaker is acquainted with many schoolteachers personally. They have met them, interacted with them, and are familiar with them as people.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: - be cognizant or aware of a fact or specific piece of information. This is about knowing facts, not people. Examples: "I know that the President lied..." - This doesn't fit because the context is about knowing people (schoolteachers), not facts.

2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: - know how to do something (skills). Examples: "She knows how to knit" - Not relevant here.

3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: - be aware of the truth of something; have belief/faith. Examples: "I know that I left the key..." - This is propositional knowledge, not acquaintance with people.

4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: - be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object. Examples: "She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?" - This fits perfectly! The speaker is saying they are acquainted with many schoolteachers.

5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: - have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions. Examples: "I know the feeling!" - Not about people.

6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: - accept someone to be what is claimed (acknowledge/recognize authority). Examples: "The Crown Prince was acknowledged..." - Not quite right. This is about recognition/acknowledgment of status, not personal acquaintance.

7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: - have fixed in the mind (memorized). Examples: "I know Latin" - Not relevant.

8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: - sexual intercourse (biblical/archaic). Examples: "Adam knew Eve" - Definitely not.

9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: - know the nature or character of. Examples: "we all knew her as a big show-off" - This is close, but sense 4 seems more directly about acquaintance with persons. Let me check: sense 11 is about knowing someone's character/nature, while sense 4 is about being acquainted with a person. The context here emphasizes that the speaker knows many schoolteachers (is acquainted with them) and therefore can speak to their character (they are seriously committed). But the primary meaning is personal acquaintance.

10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: - be able to distinguish/recognize as different. Examples: "The child knows right from wrong" - Not relevant.

11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: - perceive as familiar. Examples: "I know this voice!" - This is about recognizing something/someone as familiar, but sense 4 is about being acquainted with someone.

Sense 4 (know%2:31:00::) is the best fit because:
- It specifically mentions "be familiar or acquainted with a person"
- The example "Do you know my sister?" parallels "I know many schoolteachers"
- The context is about the speaker's personal acquaintance with teachers that allows them to make claims about their commitment

Sense 11 is about knowing the nature/character of someone (knowing what someone is like), which is related but slightly different. However, the phrase "I know many schoolteachers" is more about being acquainted with them (having met them, interacted with them) rather than specifically knowing their character/nature.

Actually, looking more carefully at sense 11: "know the nature or character of" with example "we all knew her as a big show-off" - this implies knowing what someone is like.

But sense 4: "be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object" with examples "She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?"

The context "I know many schoolteachers" fits sense 4 perfectly - it means "I am acquainted with many schoolteachers."

Therefore, the answer should be sense index 4.

Wait, I need to make sure about the indexing. The user lists them with numbers 1-11. So sense_key=know%2:31:00:: corresponds to index 4 in the list.

Let me verify:
1. know%2:31:01::
2. know%2:31:03::
3. know%2:31:02::
4. know%2:31:00::
5. know%2:31:04::
6. know%2:31:06::
7. know%2:31:15::
8. know%2:35:00::
9. know%2:31:11::
10. know%2:31:12::
11. know%2:31:14::

Yes, the sense I want is #4 in the list (know%2:31:00::).

So the JSON should be: {"sense_index": 4}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DigitalOcean

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: seriously
Target surface form: seriously
Context:
It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are <t>seriously</t> committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=seriously%4:02:00:: | definition=in a serious manner | synonyms=earnestly, in earnest | examples=talking earnestly with his son; she started studying snakes in earnest
2. sense_key=seriously%4:02:01:: | definition=to a severe or serious degree | synonyms=badly, severely, gravely | examples=fingers so badly frozen they had to be amputated; badly injured

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "seriously" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching."

 The word "seriously" here modifies "committed", indicating that the teachers are genuinely, earnestly, or sincerely committed to their work. It's about the manner or attitude of their commitment - they take their teaching seriously/earnestly.

 Candidate sense analysis:
 1. sense_key=seriously%4:02:00:: | definition=in a serious manner | synonyms=earnestly, in earnest | examples=talking earnestly with his son; she started studying snakes in earnest
    - This sense fits "seriously committed" meaning they are committed in a serious/earnest manner. The synonyms "earnestly" and "in earnest" fit well here - they are earnestly committed to teaching.

 2. sense_key=seriously%4:02:01:: | definition=to a severe or serious degree | synonyms=badly, severely, gravely | examples=fingers so badly frozen they had to be amputated; badly injured
    - This sense is about severity or degree of something negative (badly injured, gravely ill). "Seriously committed" doesn't mean they are severely committed in the sense of gravity or severity. This sense is typically used for injuries, illnesses, or problems (seriously ill, seriously damaged).

 The context is about teachers being committed to their work in a sincere, earnest way - not about severity or degree of harm. Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

 The target is "seriously" in "seriously committed". This means they are committed in a serious manner - earnestly, sincerely.

 So the answer should be sense_index: 1.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: committed
Target surface form: committed
Context:
It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously <t>committed</t> to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=committed%3:00:00:: | definition=bound or obligated, as under a pledge to a particular cause, action, or attitude | examples=committed church members; a committed Marxist
2. sense_key=committed%3:00:04:: | definition=associated in an exclusive sexual relationship | synonyms=attached

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "committed" in the given context.

Context analysis:
The text discusses schoolteachers and their dedication to teaching. The specific sentence is: "I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously <t>committed</t> to conscientious teaching."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=committed%3:00:00:: | definition=bound or obligated, as under a pledge to a particular cause, action, or attitude | examples=committed church members; a committed Marxist
2. sense_key=committed%3:00:04:: | definition=associated in an exclusive sexual relationship | synonyms=attached

Analysis:
- The context is about teachers being dedicated to their profession (conscientious teaching).
- Sense 1 refers to being bound or obligated to a cause, action, or attitude. This fits perfectly with being dedicated to teaching as a profession/cause.
- Sense 2 refers to being in an exclusive sexual relationship (attached). This clearly doesn't fit the context of teachers and teaching.

The word "committed" here means dedicated, devoted, or pledged to the cause of conscientious teaching. This aligns with sense 1 (committed%3:00:00::).

The instruction says to return only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}, but looking at the candidate senses, they are indexed as 1 and 2. So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

Wait, looking carefully at the instructions: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

But the candidate senses are labeled 1 and 2. The instruction example shows index 3, but that's just an example format. I should use the actual index of the best sense, which is 1.

So the answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}

Let me double-check:
- Sense 1: bound or obligated, as under a pledge to a particular cause, action, or attitude - fits "committed to conscientious teaching"
- Sense 2: associated in an exclusive sexual relationship - does not fit

Yes, sense 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teaching
Target surface form: teaching
Context:
It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious <t>teaching</t>. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teaching%1:04:00:: | definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=instruction, pedagogy | examples=he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession
2. sense_key=teaching%1:09:00:: | definition=a doctrine that is taught | synonyms=precept, commandment | examples=the teachings of religion; he believed all the Christian precepts
3. sense_key=teaching%1:04:01:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, instruction, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "teaching" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses teachers, their profession, and their commitment to teaching.
 - The specific sentence is: "I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious <t>teaching</t>."
 - The context emphasizes that teachers are committed to the act/activity of teaching, not the profession itself (though that's mentioned earlier), and not a doctrine.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=teaching%1:04:00:: | definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=instruction, pedagogy | examples=he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession
    - This refers to teaching as a profession/career.
    - The context mentions "profession" earlier, but the specific instance of "teaching" here is about the activity teachers are committed to, not the profession itself.

 2. sense_key=teaching%1:09:00:: | definition=a doctrine that is taught | synonyms=precept, commandment | examples=the teachings of religion; he believed all the Christian precepts
    - This refers to teachings as in beliefs or doctrines.
    - The context is clearly not about religious or philosophical doctrines being taught. It's about the activity of teachers.

 3. sense_key=teaching%1:04:01:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, instruction, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
    - This refers to the actual activity of teaching/educating.
    - The phrase "conscientious teaching" here means they are committed to doing the activity of teaching well.
    - This fits best with "activities of educating or instructing."

 The context distinguishes between:
 - The profession (mentioned earlier: "superior self-definition as a 'profession'")
 - The educational establishment
 - The actual teachers who are committed to "conscientious teaching" (the activity)

 "Conscientious teaching" refers to the manner in which they perform their instructional activities, not the profession itself. Therefore, sense 3 (teaching%1:04:01::) is the best fit.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys to make sure I understand the indices correctly:
 - teaching%1:04:00:: = sense 1 (profession)
 - teaching%1:09:00:: = sense 2 (doctrine)
 - teaching%1:04:01:: = sense 3 (activities)

 Yes, so the answer should be sense_index: 3.

 The context emphasizes that teachers are committed to the actual work/activity of teaching students, not just being part of the profession. The phrase "conscientious teaching" modifies the activity of instructing.

 Therefore, the correct answer is {"sense_index": 3}.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: best
Target surface form: best
Context:
It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "<t>best</t> and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=best%3:00:00:: | definition=(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities | examples=the best film of the year; the best solution
2. sense_key=best%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=better | examples=it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond
3. sense_key=good%3:00:01:: | definition=having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified | synonyms=good | examples=good news from the hospital; a good report card
4. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=full, good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
5. sense_key=good%3:00:02:: | definition=morally admirable | synonyms=good
6. sense_key=estimable%5:00:00:reputable:00 | definition=deserving of esteem and respect | synonyms=estimable, good, honorable, respectable | examples=all respectable companies give guarantees; ruined the family's good name
7. sense_key=beneficial%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=promoting or enhancing well-being | synonyms=beneficial, good | examples=an arms limitation agreement beneficial to all countries; the beneficial effects of a temperate climate
8. sense_key=good%5:00:00:nice:00 | definition=agreeable or pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=we all had a good time; good manners
9. sense_key=good%5:00:00:righteous:00 | definition=of moral excellence | synonyms=good, just, upright | examples=a genuinely good person; a just cause
10. sense_key=adept%5:00:00:skilled:00 | definition=having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude | synonyms=adept, expert, good, practiced, proficient, skillful | examples=adept in handicrafts; an adept juggler
11. sense_key=good%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=thorough | synonyms=good | examples=had a good workout; gave the house a good cleaning
12. sense_key=dear%5:00:00:close:02 | definition=with or in a close or intimate relationship | synonyms=dear, good, near | examples=a good friend; my sisters and brothers are near and dear
13. sense_key=dependable%5:00:00:sound:00 | definition=financially sound | synonyms=dependable, good, safe, secure | examples=a good investment; a secure investment
14. sense_key=good%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=good, right, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
15. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=good, well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
16. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=effective, good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
17. sense_key=good%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=capable of pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=good looks
18. sense_key=good%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=good, serious | examples=good music; a serious book
19. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=in excellent physical condition | synonyms=good, sound | examples=good teeth; I still have one good leg
20. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthful:00 | definition=tending to promote physical well-being; beneficial to health | synonyms=good, salutary | examples=beneficial effects of a balanced diet; a good night's sleep
21. sense_key=good%5:00:00:genuine:00 | definition=not forged | synonyms=good, honest | examples=a good dollar bill
22. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=not left to spoil | synonyms=good, undecomposed, unspoiled, unspoilt | examples=the meat is still good
23. sense_key=good%5:00:00:discriminating:00 | definition=generally admired | synonyms=good | examples=good taste

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "best" in the given context.

Context: "They may not be among the "<t>best</t> and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition."

The phrase is "best and brightest" - this is a common idiom referring to the most intelligent, talented, or capable people. Here it's saying teachers may not be among the most superior/intelligent people of their generation.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=best%3:00:00:: | definition=(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities | examples=the best film of the year; the best solution
2. sense_key=best%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=better | examples=it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond
3-23. Various senses of "good" (not "best")

Wait, the target lemma is "best" but many candidate senses are for "good". This is because WordNet often groups adjectives by their headword, and "best" is the superlative of "good". But the specific senses for "best" as a superlative adjective would be sense 1 and 2.

Sense 1: best%3:00:00:: - (superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities. Examples: the best film of the year; the best solution.
Sense 2: best%5:00:00:advisable:00 - (comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable. Synonyms=better. Examples: it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond.

In the phrase "best and brightest", "best" is being used as a noun (or substantive adjective) meaning "the best people". But looking at the definition, sense 1 says "having the most positive qualities" and examples include "the best film of the year".

Actually, in "the best and brightest", "best" refers to people who are most excellent, having the most positive qualities. This aligns with sense 1: (superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities.

Sense 2 is specifically about "wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable" - this is used in constructions like "it would be best to..." which is not the case here.

The other senses (3-23) are all under the lemma "good" (or other lemmas), not "best". While "best" is the superlative of "good", the specific sense index should correspond to the best match. However, looking at the candidate list, sense 1 is clearly the primary adjectival sense of "best" as superlative of good.

Wait, I need to be careful. The target surface form is "best". The phrase is "best and brightest". This refers to the most excellent people. Sense 1's definition is "(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities" with examples like "the best film of the year; the best solution". When used substantively (as a noun), "the best" means those having the most positive qualities. This fits.

Sense 2 is specifically the superlative of "well" (adverb) meaning advisable, which doesn't fit here.

Senses 3-23 are for "good" or other lemmas, but since the target is "best", and "best" is the superlative form, we should look at senses 1 and 2. Between these, sense 1 is the correct one.

But wait - is there a sense for "best" as a noun? Looking at the candidates, I don't see one. The candidates provided are:
1. best%3:00:00::
2. best%5:00:00:advisable:00
3. good%3:00:01::
...

So the only "best" senses are 1 and 2. Sense 1 is the superlative of good. In "best and brightest", "best" is describing people who are of the highest quality. This is sense 1.

Actually, looking more carefully at WordNet, "best" as an adjective (superlative of good) is indeed sense 1. The phrase "the best and the brightest" uses "best" as a noun (elliptical for "the best people"), but the underlying adjective sense is still the superlative of good meaning having the most positive qualities.

Sense 2 is best as superlative of well, meaning advisable.

Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 1.

Let me double-check if any of the "good" senses could apply. The target lemma is "best", so technically we should pick a sense of "best". But even if we consider all candidates, sense 1 is the most appropriate because "best" here means having the most positive qualities (intelligence, capability, etc.) among their generation.

The context: "They may not be among the 'best and brightest' of their generation" - this is a reference to the common phrase meaning the most intelligent/capable people. This is clearly the superlative of good (sense 1), not the superlative of well meaning advisable (sense 2).

So the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bright
Target surface form: brightest
Context:
It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and <t>brightest</t> "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bright%3:00:00:: | definition=emitting or reflecting light readily or in large amounts | examples=the sun was bright and hot; a bright sunlit room
2. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:colorful:00 | definition=having striking color | synonyms=brilliant, vivid | examples=bright dress; brilliant tapestries
3. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:intelligent:00 | definition=characterized by quickness and ease in learning | synonyms=smart | examples=some children are brighter in one subject than another; smart children talk earlier than the average
4. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:light:06 | definition=having lots of light either natural or artificial | examples=the room was bright and airy; a stage bright with spotlights
5. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:polished:00 | definition=made smooth and bright by or as if by rubbing; reflecting a sheen or glow | synonyms=burnished, lustrous, shining, shiny | examples=bright silver candlesticks; a burnished brass knocker
6. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:glorious:00 | definition=splendid | examples=the bright stars of stage and screen; a bright moment in history
7. sense_key=bright%3:00:02:: | definition=not made dim or less bright | synonyms=undimmed | examples=undimmed headlights; surprisingly the curtain started to rise while the houselights were still undimmed
8. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:reverberant:00 | definition=clear and sharp and ringing | synonyms=brilliant | examples=the bright sound of the trumpet section; the brilliant sound of the trumpets
9. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:happy:00 | definition=characterized by happiness or gladness | examples=bright faces; all the world seems bright and gay
10. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:auspicious:00 | definition=full or promise | synonyms=hopeful, promising | examples=had a bright future in publishing; the scandal threatened an abrupt end to a promising political career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "brightest" (lemma: bright) in the given context.

Context analysis:
The sentence is: "They may not be among the 'best and brightest' of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition."
This is a reference to the common phrase "best and brightest" which refers to the most intelligent, talented, or promising people of a generation.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. Emitting/reflecting light - physical light, not applicable here.
2. Having striking color - about colors, not applicable.
3. Characterized by quickness and ease in learning; synonyms=smart - this refers to intelligence.
4. Having lots of light - physical light, not applicable.
5. Made smooth and bright by rubbing - physical sheen, not applicable.
6. Splendid/glorious - could be metaphorical but not quite right.
7. Not made dim - physical light, not applicable.
8. Clear and sharp sound - auditory, not applicable.
9. Characterized by happiness - emotional state, not applicable.
10. Full of promise/auspicious - promising future.

The phrase "best and brightest" when referring to people of a generation clearly means the most intelligent or talented. Sense 3 is defined as "characterized by quickness and ease in learning" with synonyms including "smart" and examples like "some children are brighter in one subject than another; smart children talk earlier than the average."

Sense 10 is "full of promise" / "auspicious" / "hopeful" / "promising" with examples about future and career. While "brightest" can sometimes mean promising, in the phrase "best and brightest" referring to people and their generation, it specifically means most intelligent/smart/talented.

The phrase "best and brightest" is an idiom referring to the most intelligent and capable individuals. Therefore, sense 3 is the best fit.

Wait, let me double-check sense 10. "Had a bright future in publishing" - this is about promise. But the context says "best and brightest of their generation" which is about the people themselves being smart/talented, not about their future being promising. Though there is some overlap, sense 3 is clearly the primary meaning in this idiom.

Also, the dash comment "-- there are very few such people, by definition" suggests it's talking about exceptional intellectual capability, not just promise.

So the answer should be sense_index: 3.

I need to return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: generation
Target surface form: generation
Context:
It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their <t>generation</t> -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=generation%1:14:01:: | definition=all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age | synonyms=coevals, contemporaries
2. sense_key=generation%1:14:00:: | definition=group of genetically related organisms constituting a single step in the line of descent
3. sense_key=generation%1:28:00:: | definition=the normal time between successive generations | examples=they had to wait a generation for that prejudice to fade
4. sense_key=generation%1:28:01:: | definition=a stage of technological development or innovation | examples=the third generation of computers
5. sense_key=generation%1:11:00:: | definition=a coming into being | synonyms=genesis
6. sense_key=generation%1:04:01:: | definition=the production of heat or electricity | examples=dams were built for the generation of electricity
7. sense_key=generation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of producing offspring or multiplying by such production | synonyms=multiplication, propagation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "generation" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses teachers and their qualities
 - The specific sentence is: "They may not be among the 'best and brightest' of their <t>generation</t> -- there are very few such people, by definition."
 - Here, "generation" refers to the group of people living at the same time or of approximately the same age as the teachers being discussed.
 - The phrase "best and brightest of their generation" is a common idiom referring to the most talented people of a particular age cohort.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=generation%1:14:01:: | definition=all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age | synonyms=coevals, contemporaries
    - This fits perfectly. The context is talking about teachers not being among the best of their age group/cohort.

 2. sense_key=generation%1:14:00:: | definition=group of genetically related organisms constituting a single step in the line of descent
    - This is about biological/generational descent (like parent to child). Doesn't fit here.

 3. sense_key=generation%1:28:00:: | definition=the normal time between successive generations | examples=they had to wait a generation for that prejudice to fade
    - This refers to a time period (like 20-30 years). While related, the context is about people ("best and brightest"), not a time period.

 4. sense_key=generation%1:28:01:: | definition=a stage of technological development or innovation | examples=the third generation of computers
    - This is about technology (computer generations, etc.). Doesn't fit.

 5. sense_key=generation%1:11:00:: | definition=a coming into being | synonyms=genesis
    - This is about creation/origination. Doesn't fit.

 6. sense_key=generation%1:04:01:: | definition=the production of heat or electricity | examples=dams were built for the generation of electricity
    - This is about producing power. Doesn't fit.

 7. sense_key=generation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of producing offspring or multiplying by such production | synonyms=multiplication, propagation
    - This is about reproduction. Doesn't fit.

 The correct sense is clearly sense 1: "all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age" with synonyms "coevals, contemporaries".

 The phrase "best and brightest of their generation" refers to the most talented individuals among their peers/age group.

 So the answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: very
Target surface form: very
Context:
It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are <t>very</t> few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=very%4:02:00:: | definition=used as intensifiers; `real' is sometimes used informally for `really'; `rattling' is informal | synonyms=really, real, rattling | examples=she was very gifted; he played very well
2. sense_key=very%4:02:01:: | definition=precisely so | examples=on the very next page; he expected the very opposite

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "very" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The sentence is: "They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are <t>very</t> few such people, by definition."
 - "Very" here modifies "few", indicating a high degree or intensity of scarcity.
 - The meaning is intensifying the adjective "few" - meaning "extremely few" or "really few".

 Candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=very%4:02:00:: | definition=used as intensifiers; `real' is sometimes used informally for `really'; `rattling' is informal | synonyms=really, real, rattling | examples=she was very gifted; he played very well
 2. sense_key=very%4:02:01:: | definition=precisely so | examples=on the very next page; he expected the very opposite

 Analysis:
 - Sense 1 is the intensifier sense, used to emphasize adjectives or adverbs (like "very good", "very well", "very few").
 - Sense 2 is the "precisely so" sense, used to mean "exactly" or "precisely" (like "the very next page", "the very thing", "the very opposite").

 In the context "there are very few such people", "very" is functioning as an intensifier modifying "few" (which functions as an adjective here). This matches sense 1, which is the standard intensifier usage.

 The examples for sense 1 include "she was very gifted" and "he played very well" - both showing "very" as an intensifier modifying an adjective or adverb. "Very few" fits this pattern perfectly.

 Sense 2 would require "very" to mean "precisely" or "exactly", as in identifying a specific instance (the very X). That's not what's happening here.

 Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1.

 I need to return a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: people
Context:
It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such <t>people</t>, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "people" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is discussing schoolteachers and whether they are among the "best and brightest" of their generation
 - The specific sentence is: "They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such <t>people</t>, by definition."
 - This is referring to people in general - human beings who are the "best and brightest" of their generation
 - It's not referring to citizens of a specific state/country (sense 2)
 - It's not referring to family members (sense 3)
 - It's not referring specifically to the common people/multitude/masses (sense 4) - in fact, "best and brightest" suggests an elite subset, not the common masses

 Sense 1: "(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively" - examples include "old people", "there were at least 200 people in the audience"
 This fits best because it's referring to human beings collectively - specifically, those who are "best and brightest" in their generation.

 Sense 4 mentions "the common people generally" with synonyms like "multitude, masses, hoi polloi" - this doesn't fit because "best and brightest" refers to an elite group, not the common masses.

 So the best sense is sense 1: people%1:14:00::

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: job
Target surface form: jobs
Context:
I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their <t>jobs</t> well. Yes, we all can remember one or two truly inspiring teachers from our school days.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=job%1:04:00:: | definition=the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money | synonyms=occupation, business, line of work, line | examples=he's not in my line of business
2. sense_key=job%1:04:01:: | definition=a specific piece of work required to be done as a duty or for a specific fee | synonyms=task, chore | examples=estimates of the city's loss on that job ranged as high as a million dollars; the job of repairing the engine took several hours
3. sense_key=job%1:06:00:: | definition=a workplace; as in the expression | examples=on the job
4. sense_key=job%1:06:01:: | definition=an object worked on; a result produced by working | examples=he held the job in his left hand and worked on it with his right
5. sense_key=job%1:04:04:: | definition=the responsibility to do something | examples=it is their job to print the truth
6. sense_key=job%1:04:05:: | definition=the performance of a piece of work | examples=she did an outstanding job as Ophelia; he gave it up as a bad job
7. sense_key=job%1:04:03:: | definition=a damaging piece of work | examples=dry rot did the job of destroying the barn; the barber did a real job on my hair
8. sense_key=job%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=problem | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him
9. sense_key=job%1:18:00:: | definition=a Jewish hero in the Old Testament who maintained his faith in God in spite of afflictions that tested him
10. sense_key=job%1:18:01:: | definition=any long-suffering person who withstands affliction without despairing
11. sense_key=job%1:10:01:: | definition=(computer science) a program application that may consist of several steps but is a single logical unit
12. sense_key=job%1:10:00:: | definition=a book in the Old Testament containing Job's pleas to God about his afflictions and God's reply | synonyms=Book of Job
13. sense_key=job%1:04:02:: | definition=a crime (especially a robbery) | synonyms=caper | examples=the gang pulled off a bank job in St. Louis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "jobs" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text discusses schoolteachers and their work
 - "They need not be [among the best and brightest] to do their jobs well"
 - This refers to the occupation/profession of teaching
 - The phrase "do their jobs well" implies performing their occupational duties

 Candidate sense analysis:
 1. sense_key=job%1:04:00:: - "the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money" - synonyms: occupation, business, line of work, line
    - This fits well. Teachers have an occupation/profession. "Do their jobs" refers to performing their occupational work.

 2. sense_key=job%1:04:01:: - "a specific piece of work required to be done as a duty or for a specific fee" - synonyms: task, chore
    - This is more specific, like a single task. But here "jobs" refers to their overall occupation/profession, not a specific task.

 3. sense_key=job%1:06:00:: - "a workplace"
    - Doesn't fit. "Do their workplaces well" doesn't make sense.

 4. sense_key=job%1:06:01:: - "an object worked on"
    - Doesn't fit.

 5. sense_key=job%1:04:04:: - "the responsibility to do something"
    - Close, but "do their responsibility well" is awkward. It's more about the occupation itself.

 6. sense_key=job%1:04:05:: - "the performance of a piece of work"
    - This is about the performance/act itself, but "do their jobs" refers to the occupation.

 7. sense_key=job%1:04:03:: - "a damaging piece of work"
    - Doesn't fit (no negative connotation here).

 8. sense_key=job%1:26:00:: - "a state of difficulty"
    - Doesn't fit.

 9-12. Various other senses (biblical Job, computer science, etc.) - clearly don't fit.

 13. sense_key=job%1:04:02:: - "a crime"
    - Doesn't fit.

 The best fit is sense 1: "the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money" (occupation, business, line of work).

 The context is about teachers and their profession/occupation. "Do their jobs well" means perform their occupational duties well.

 So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: well
Target surface form: well
Context:
I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs <t>well</t>. Yes, we all can remember one or two truly inspiring teachers from our school days.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=well%4:02:00:: | definition=(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (`good' is a nonstandard dialectal variant for `well') | synonyms=good | examples=the children behaved well; a task well done
2. sense_key=well%4:02:05:: | definition=thoroughly or completely; fully; often used as a combining form; ; ; ; ; , | examples=The problem is well understood; she was well informed
3. sense_key=well%4:02:03:: | definition=indicating high probability; in all likelihood | synonyms=easily | examples=I might well do it; a mistake that could easily have ended in disaster
4. sense_key=well%4:02:15:: | definition=(used for emphasis or as an intensifier) entirely or fully | examples=a book well worth reading; was well aware of the difficulties ahead
5. sense_key=well%4:02:08:: | definition=to a suitable or appropriate extent or degree | examples=the project was well underway; the fetus has well developed organs
6. sense_key=well%4:02:07:: | definition=favorably; with approval | examples=their neighbors spoke well of them; he thought well of the book
7. sense_key=well%4:02:11:: | definition=to a great extent or degree | synonyms=considerably, substantially | examples=I'm afraid the film was well over budget; painting the room white made it seem considerably (or substantially) larger
8. sense_key=well%4:02:14:: | definition=with great or especially intimate knowledge | synonyms=intimately | examples=we knew them well
9. sense_key=well%4:02:13:: | definition=with prudence or propriety | examples=You would do well to say nothing more; could not well refuse
10. sense_key=well%4:02:12:: | definition=with skill or in a pleasing manner | examples=she dances well; he writes well
11. sense_key=well%4:02:10:: | definition=in a manner affording benefit or advantage | synonyms=advantageously | examples=she married well; The children were settled advantageously in Seattle
12. sense_key=well%4:02:09:: | definition=in financial comfort | synonyms=comfortably | examples=They live well; she has been able to live comfortably since her husband died
13. sense_key=well%4:02:01:: | definition=without unusual distress or resentment; with good humor | examples=took the joke well; took the tragic news well

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "well" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The sentence is: "But they need not be to do their jobs <t>well</t>."
 - The context is about schoolteachers not needing to be among the "best and brightest" to do their jobs well.
 - The meaning here is about performing their jobs in a satisfactory manner, properly, or to a high standard.

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=well%4:02:00:: - "in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard" - examples: "the children behaved well; a task well done"
    - This fits perfectly. "Do their jobs well" means performing their jobs in a satisfactory manner or to a high standard.

 2. sense_key=well%4:02:05:: - "thoroughly or completely; fully" - examples: "The problem is well understood"
    - This doesn't fit. It's not about doing jobs thoroughly in this context, but about doing them satisfactorily/properly.

 3. sense_key=well%4:02:03:: - "indicating high probability" - synonyms: easily
    - Doesn't fit.

 4. sense_key=well%4:02:15:: - "(used for emphasis or as an intensifier) entirely or fully"
    - Doesn't fit.

 5. sense_key=well%4:02:08:: - "to a suitable or appropriate extent or degree"
    - This is close, but sense 1 is more specific about "satisfactory manner" and "high standard" which matches "do their jobs well" better.

 6. sense_key=well%4:02:07:: - "favorably; with approval"
    - Not quite right. It's not about approval from others, but about the quality of performance.

 7. sense_key=well%4:02:11:: - "to a great extent or degree"
    - This would mean they don't need to do their jobs to a great extent, which doesn't make sense here.

 8. sense_key=well%4:02:14:: - "with great or especially intimate knowledge"
    - Doesn't fit.

 9. sense_key=well%4:02:13:: - "with prudence or propriety"
    - Doesn't fit.

 10. sense_key=well%4:02:12:: - "with skill or in a pleasing manner"
    - This is close, but sense 1 is broader and includes "satisfactory manner" which fits the context of "not needing to be the best and brightest" better. The contrast is between being "best and brightest" vs doing the job "well" (satisfactorily/properly).

 11. sense_key=well%4:02:10:: - "in a manner affording benefit or advantage"
    - Doesn't fit.

 12. sense_key=well%4:02:09:: - "in financial comfort"
    - Doesn't fit.

 13. sense_key=well%4:02:01:: - "without unusual distress or resentment"
    - Doesn't fit.

 The best fit is sense 1: "in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard". The phrase "do their jobs well" means to perform their jobs satisfactorily or properly, which aligns with the definition in sense 1. The example "a task well done" is very similar to "do their jobs well".

 Wait, let me reconsider sense 10: "with skill or in a pleasing manner" - "she dances well; he writes well". This could also fit "do their jobs well" (perform with skill). But sense 1 mentions "a task well done" which is almost exactly the same construction as "do their jobs well".

 Also, looking at the context: "They may not be among the 'best and brightest'... But they need not be to do their jobs well." This suggests that "well" here means "adequately" or "satisfactorily" rather than "with exceptional skill". Sense 1 covers "satisfactory manner" and "proper manner", while sense 10 focuses more on skill.

 Actually, looking more carefully at sense 1: "(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard"

 And sense 10: "with skill or in a pleasing manner"

 The context is about teachers not needing to be geniuses to teach satisfactorily. "Do their jobs well" in this context means performing adequately/properly, not necessarily with great skill (since the contrast is with "best and brightest"). So sense 1 is better.

 But I should check if there's any other sense that might fit better. Sense 5: "to a suitable or appropriate extent or degree" - "the project was well underway". This is about extent/degree, not about manner of performance.

 Sense 1 is definitely the best choice. The index is 1.

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=well%4:02:00::
 2. sense_key=well%4:02:05::
 3. sense_key=well%4:02:03::
 ...

 So the index is the number at the beginning of each entry. So sense 1 is index 1.

 Let me double-check the WordNet sense keys to make sure I understand the mapping correctly. The user wants the "sense_index" which corresponds to the numbered list provided.

 So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: remember
Target surface form: remember
Context:
They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well. Yes, we all can <t>remember</t> one or two truly inspiring teachers from our school days. But our education proceeded at the hands of those others, who were merely competent and conscientious.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=remember%2:31:00:: | definition=recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection | synonyms=retrieve, recall, call back, call up, recollect, think | examples=I can't remember saying any such thing; I can't think what her last name was
2. sense_key=remember%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind for attention or consideration | synonyms=think of | examples=Remember the Alamo; Remember to call your mother every day!
3. sense_key=remember%2:31:02:: | definition=recapture the past; indulge in memories | synonyms=think back | examples=he remembered how he used to pick flowers
4. sense_key=remember%2:40:00:: | definition=show appreciation to | examples=He remembered her in his will
5. sense_key=remember%2:32:07:: | definition=mention favorably, as in prayer | examples=remember me in your prayers
6. sense_key=remember%2:32:00:: | definition=mention as by way of greeting or to indicate friendship | synonyms=commend | examples=Remember me to your wife
7. sense_key=remember%2:31:08:: | definition=exercise, or have the power of, memory | examples=After the shelling, many people lost the ability to remember; some remember better than others
8. sense_key=remember%2:31:09:: | definition=call to remembrance; keep alive the memory of someone or something, as in a ceremony | synonyms=commemorate | examples=We remembered the 50th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz; Remember the dead of the First World War

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "remember" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The sentence is: "Yes, we all can remember one or two truly inspiring teachers from our school days."
 - The context is about recalling past experiences (school days) and specific individuals (teachers) from memory.
 - The surrounding text contrasts truly inspiring teachers with merely competent ones, suggesting the act of recalling specific memories from the past.

 Candidate sense analysis:

 1. sense_key=remember%2:31:00:: | definition=recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection | synonyms=retrieve, recall, call back, call up, recollect, think | examples=I can't remember saying any such thing; I can't think what her last name was
    - This seems to fit well. It's about recalling specific facts/events from memory. The example "I can't remember saying any such thing" is similar in structure to "we all can remember one or two truly inspiring teachers".

 2. sense_key=remember%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind for attention or consideration | synonyms=think of | examples=Remember the Alamo; Remember to call your mother every day!
    - This is more about keeping something in mind for future action or consideration, not about recalling the past. The examples show imperative usage for reminding/keeping in mind. Doesn't fit here.

 3. sense_key=remember%2:31:02:: | definition=recapture the past; indulge in memories | synonyms=think back | examples=he remembered how he used to pick flowers
    - This is about the act of reminiscing or indulging in memories. While related, the specific context here is about being able to recall specific teachers (identifying/knowing who they were), not necessarily indulging in the act of reminiscing. However, this is close.

 4. sense_key=remember%2:40:00:: | definition=show appreciation to | examples=He remembered her in his will
    - This is about monetary or material remembrance (bequests). Not relevant here.

 5. sense_key=remember%2:32:07:: | definition=mention favorably, as in prayer | examples=remember me in your prayers
    - Religious context. Not relevant.

 6. sense_key=remember%2:32:00:: | definition=mention as by way of greeting or to indicate friendship | synonyms=commend | examples=Remember me to your wife
    - This is about passing greetings. Not relevant.

 7. sense_key=remember%2:31:08:: | definition=exercise, or have the power of, memory | examples=After the shelling, many people lost the ability to remember; some remember better than others
    - This is about the general faculty/capability of memory. The sentence is about specific instances (remembering specific teachers), not about the general ability to remember.

 8. sense_key=remember%2:31:09:: | definition=call to remembrance; keep alive the memory of someone or something, as in a ceremony | synonyms=commemorate | examples=We remembered the 50th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz; Remember the dead of the First World War
    - This is about commemoration or ceremonies. Not relevant to recalling school teachers from personal experience.

 Now comparing sense 1 and sense 3:
 - Sense 1: "recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection" - focuses on the cognitive act of retrieving information.
 - Sense 3: "recapture the past; indulge in memories" - focuses on reminiscing, dwelling on the past.

 The context "we all can remember one or two truly inspiring teachers" is about being able to recall/identify specific individuals from our past. It's about the cognitive retrieval of information (who the teachers were), not necessarily about the act of reminiscing or indulging in memories (though that could be a secondary aspect).

 The example for sense 1: "I can't remember saying any such thing" - this is about recalling whether something happened.
 The example for sense 3: "he remembered how he used to pick flowers" - this is about recalling the manner of past actions, more narrative and reminiscent.

 The structure "remember X" where X is a specific entity (teachers) aligns better with sense 1 (recall knowledge/information) than sense 3 (indulge in memories). Sense 3 would be more like "remember the days when..." or "remember how things were..."

 Also, sense 1 is the most frequent/basic sense of "remember" when referring to recalling past experiences or people.

 Therefore, the best choice is sense 1.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys numbering. The user lists them as:
 1. remember%2:31:00::
 2. remember%2:31:01::
 3. remember%2:31:02::
 4. remember%2:40:00::
 etc.

 So if I choose sense 1, the index is 1.

 But I need to return exactly like: {"sense_index": 3}

 So if I choose the first one in the list, it would be {"sense_index": 1}

 Let me verify:
 - The target mentions "Candidate senses:" and lists them with numbers 1-8.
 - So the index corresponds to the number in the list.

 Therefore, for sense_key=remember%2:31:00:: (the first one), the index is 1.

 Final check:
 The context is definitely about recalling specific teachers from school days. This is straightforward recollection/retrieval of memory.

 Yes, sense 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: truly
Target surface form: truly
Context:
They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well. Yes, we all can remember one or two <t>truly</t> inspiring teachers from our school days. But our education proceeded at the hands of those others, who were merely competent and conscientious.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=truly%4:02:00:: | definition=in accordance with truth or fact or reality | synonyms=genuinely, really | examples=she was now truly American; a genuinely open society
2. sense_key=truly%4:02:01:: | definition=by right | synonyms=rightfully | examples=baseball rightfully is the nation's pastime
3. sense_key=truly%4:02:03:: | definition=with sincerity; without pretense | synonyms=sincerely, unfeignedly | examples=she praised him sincerely for his victory; was unfeignedly glad to see his old teacher
4. sense_key=truly%4:02:04:: | definition=in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers) | synonyms=in truth, really | examples=in truth, moral decay hastened the decline of the Roman Empire; really, you shouldn't have done it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "truly" in the given context.

Context analysis:
"Yes, we all can remember one or two truly inspiring teachers from our school days."

The word "truly" here modifies "inspiring teachers". It's being used as an intensifier - meaning "genuinely" or "really" inspiring teachers.

Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. truly%4:02:00:: - in accordance with truth or fact or reality; synonyms=genuinely, really; examples: "she was now truly American; a genuinely open society"
2. truly%4:02:01:: - by right; synonyms=rightfully; examples: "baseball rightfully is the nation's pastime"
3. truly%4:02:03:: - with sincerity; without pretense; synonyms=sincerely, unfeignedly; examples: "she praised him sincerely for his victory"
4. truly%4:02:04:: - in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers); synonyms=in truth, really; examples: "in truth, moral decay hastened the decline of the Roman Empire; really, you shouldn't have done it"

Wait, I need to be careful here. Sense 1 has synonyms "genuinely, really" and examples like "truly American", "genuinely open society". Sense 4 has "in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers)" with synonyms "in truth, really".

The distinction between sense 1 and sense 4 might be subtle. Let me think.

Sense 1: "in accordance with truth or fact or reality" - this seems to be about authenticity, genuineness. "truly American" = genuinely American.
Sense 4: "in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers)" - this seems to be more of a discourse/intensifier use, like "truly, I don't know" or "in truth, moral decay..."

In the sentence: "truly inspiring teachers" - this is using "truly" to intensify the adjective "inspiring". It means "genuinely inspiring" or "really inspiring".

But wait, looking at the examples:
Sense 1: "she was now truly American" - "truly" modifying an adjective "American"
Sense 4: "in truth, moral decay hastened..." - "in truth" as a sentence modifier; "really, you shouldn't have done it" - "really" as a sentence modifier or interjection.

Actually, looking at the WordNet sense distinctions:
- Sense 1 (truly%4:02:00::): "in accordance with truth or fact or reality" - this is the "genuinely" sense when modifying adjectives/adverbs.
- Sense 4 (truly%4:02:04::): "in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers)" - this might be when used to modify whole clauses or as a sentence adverb.

In "truly inspiring teachers", "truly" is an intensifier modifying the adjective "inspiring". The meaning is "genuinely inspiring" or "really inspiring". This aligns with sense 1, which has the example "truly American" and synonyms "genuinely, really".

But let me reconsider sense 4. The definition says "in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers)". The key might be "sentence modifiers". In "truly inspiring", it's modifying an adjective, not a sentence. In "truly, you shouldn't have done it", it modifies the sentence.

Actually, looking at WordNet adverb senses:
- truly, genuinely, really (sense 1): "in accordance with truth or fact or reality" - used with adjectives to mean "genuinely"
- truly, rightfully (sense 2): "by right"
- sincerely, unfeignedly, truly (sense 3): "with sincerity" - manner
- in truth, really, truly (sense 4): "in fact" - often as sentence modifiers or intensifiers of clauses

But "truly inspiring" - is this sense 1 or 4? "Really inspiring" could be either. But "genuinely inspiring" fits better with sense 1. The example "she was now truly American" from sense 1 is exactly parallel to "truly inspiring teachers" - both modify adjectives describing a quality.

Sense 4's examples are sentence-level: "in truth, moral decay hastened..." and "really, you shouldn't have done it". These are disjuncts/sentence adverbs.

Therefore, sense 1 seems to be the best fit for "truly inspiring teachers" because it's modifying the adjective "inspiring" to mean "genuinely inspiring" or "inspiring in accordance with reality" (i.e., not just superficially inspiring, but genuinely so).

Wait, but I should double-check. The user says "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense."

Context: "truly inspiring teachers" - contrasting with "merely competent and conscientious". The author is saying we remember one or two genuinely/really inspiring teachers, as opposed to the merely competent ones.

Sense 1 synonyms: genuinely, really. Example: "truly American"
Sense 4 synonyms: in truth, really. Examples: sentence modifiers.

"truly inspiring" = "genuinely inspiring" -> sense 1.

Actually, looking at standard WordNet mappings:
- truly.1: genuinely, really (e.g., "a truly awful book", "truly amazing")
- truly.4: in truth, really (e.g., "Truly, he is a great man")

But wait, "really" appears in both. The difference is that sense 1 is about accordance with reality/truth (genuine), while sense 4 is about emphasizing a fact (intensifier of statement).

In "truly inspiring", it means "genuinely inspiring" - sense 1.

Let me verify with the examples again:
Sense 1: "she was now truly American; a genuinely open society" - "truly" + adjective
Sense 4: "in truth, moral decay hastened the decline...; really, you shouldn't have done it" - sentence modifier

"truly inspiring teachers" follows the pattern of sense 1 (truly + adjective).

So the answer should be sense_index: 1.

But let me reconsider if there's any ambiguity. Could it be sense 4? If we read it as "we all can remember one or two, in truth, inspiring teachers" - no, that's unnatural. The syntax is clearly [truly [inspiring teachers]], not [truly, [we all can remember...]]. So it's not a sentence modifier. Therefore sense 4 is out.

Sense 3 is about manner (with sincerity) - "she praised him sincerely". That doesn't fit.
Sense 2 is "by right" - doesn't fit.

So it's between 1 and 4, and 1 is the clear winner because it modifies the adjective "inspiring" in the sense of "genuinely".

Final answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well. Yes, we all can remember one or two truly inspiring <t>teachers</t> from our school days. But our education proceeded at the hands of those others, who were merely competent and conscientious.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "teachers" in the given context.

Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context: The text discusses schoolteachers, educational establishment, inspiring teachers from school days, etc.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Analysis:
- The context is talking about people who teach in schools ("schoolteachers", "educational establishment", "from our school days")
- The word "teachers" here refers to human beings who work as educators
- Sense 1 refers to a person whose occupation is teaching - this fits perfectly with "schoolteachers", "inspiring teachers from our school days"
- Sense 2 refers to abstract concepts that teach (like books or experience) - this does not fit the context which is clearly talking about human educators

The context mentions:
- "dump on teachers" (human educators)
- "schoolteachers" (human educators)
- "truly inspiring teachers from our school days" (human educators)
- "our education proceeded at the hands of those others" (human educators)

This clearly points to sense 1 (teacher%1:18:00::).

The JSON output should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well. Yes, we all can remember one or two truly inspiring teachers from our school days. But our <t>education</t> proceeded at the hands of those others, who were merely competent and conscientious. In this sense, a teacher can be compared to one's family doctor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "education" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 "But our <t>education</t> proceeded at the hands of those others, who were merely competent and conscientious."

 The context is talking about how the speaker received their schooling/instruction from teachers who were competent but not necessarily inspiring. The phrase "proceeded at the hands of those others" suggests the process or activity of being taught.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed

 2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education

 3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's

 4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)

 5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement

 6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department...

 In the sentence: "But our education proceeded at the hands of those others..."

 The phrase "proceeded at the hands of" suggests an activity or process being carried out by the teachers. The education here refers to the instruction or teaching activity that the students received.

 Let's compare sense 1 and sense 3:
 - Sense 1 focuses on "activities of educating or instructing" - this is the act/process of teaching
 - Sense 3 focuses on "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" - this is the process from the learner's perspective of gaining knowledge

 The context says "our education proceeded at the hands of those others" - "those others" refers to the teachers mentioned earlier. So the education is something that is done by teachers to students.

 However, looking closely: "our education" - this is the education that "we" (the students) received. But the key is "proceeded at the hands of" which indicates the agency of the teachers.

 Let me look at the examples:
 Sense 1: "he received no formal education" - this matches the pattern "our education proceeded..."
 Sense 3: "education is a preparation for life" - this is more abstract/general

 Actually, looking at the sentence structure: "our education proceeded at the hands of those others" - this is referring to the schooling/instruction they received.

 Sense 1 is "the activities of educating or instructing" - this could fit because it refers to the educational activities they underwent.

 But wait, sense 1 examples: "he received no formal education" - here "education" is the thing received, which aligns with "our education proceeded..."

 Sense 2: "knowledge acquired" - this would be the knowledge itself, not the process.

 Sense 3: "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" - this is the process from the student's side.

 The distinction between sense 1 and sense 3 is subtle. Sense 1 (education%1:04:00::) is in synset 1:04, which usually refers to acts/activities. Sense 3 (education%1:09:01::) is in 1:09, which refers to cognition/knowledge.

 Actually, looking at WordNet:
 - 1:04:00 is "activity, learning, instruction, pedagogy"
 - 1:09:00 is "knowledge acquired"
 - 1:09:01 is "process of acquiring knowledge"

 In the context, "our education proceeded at the hands of those others" - this emphasizes the instruction/activities provided by the teachers. The teachers are the agents ("at the hands of"), so this points to sense 1 (the activities of educating).

 However, "our education" could also be interpreted as the process we underwent (sense 3).

 But looking at the contrast in the text: The author contrasts inspiring teachers with merely competent teachers, saying that while we remember inspiring ones, our education proceeded at the hands of the competent ones. Here "education" refers to the instructional activity or the schooling experience.

 Let me check the examples for sense 1 again: "he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed"

 The example "our instruction was carefully programmed" is very similar to "our education proceeded at the hands of..."

 Sense 3 example: "education is a preparation for life" - this is a general statement about education as a concept.

 The phrase "proceeded at the hands of" strongly suggests the activity being performed by the teachers, which aligns with sense 1 (activities of educating).

 Also, looking at sense 4 (profession of teaching) - this would be "Education is a rewarding career" type usage, not "our education proceeded..."

 So sense 1 seems best.

 Wait, let me double-check sense 3. "The gradual process of acquiring knowledge" - if I say "my education took place at the hands of competent teachers", this could also work.

 But the key difference:
 - Sense 1: focuses on the teaching side (activities that impart knowledge)
 - Sense 3: focuses on the learning side (process of acquiring)

 The phrase "at the hands of" specifies the agents (the teachers), which pushes toward sense 1, because the teachers are the ones doing the educating (activities).

 Also, the earlier part of the paragraph talks about "conscientious teaching" and "instruction", which are synonyms of sense 1.

 Therefore, sense 1 (index 1) is the best choice.

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=education%1:04:00::
 2. sense_key=education%1:09:00::
 3. sense_key=education%1:09:01::
 4. sense_key=education%1:04:01::
 5. sense_key=education%1:07:01::
 6. sense_key=education%1:14:00::

 So index 1 corresponds to sense_key=education%1:04:00::

 Actually, looking at the context again carefully: "But our education proceeded at the hands of those others..."

 Could this be sense 2? "Knowledge acquired by learning and instruction" - no, because "knowledge" doesn't "proceed at the hands of" someone. Knowledge is a state or possession.

 Could it be sense 3? "The gradual process of acquiring knowledge" - a process can proceed, and it can be guided by teachers.

 But "activities of educating" (sense 1) fits better with "at the hands of" implying agency.

 Also, the contrast is between inspiring teachers vs competent teachers providing the education. This is about the quality of instruction/activities.

 I think sense 1 is correct.

 Actually, looking at standard WSD for "education":
 - "He has a good education" -> sense 2 (knowledge acquired)
 - "Education is important" -> could be sense 1 or 3 depending on context
 - "She works in education" -> sense 4 (profession)

 Here: "our education proceeded" - this is similar to "he received no formal education" (example for sense 1).

 So I'll go with index 1.

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