[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deadly
Target surface form: deadly
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a <t>deadly</t> state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00 | definition=causing or capable of causing death | synonyms=deathly, mortal | examples=a fatal accident; a deadly enemy
2. sense_key=deadly%5:00:02:fatal:00 | definition=of an instrument of certain death | synonyms=lethal | examples=deadly poisons; lethal weapon
3. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:toxic:00 | definition=extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom | synonyms=venomous, virulent | examples=venomous snakes; a virulent insect bite
4. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:unpardonable:00 | definition=involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death | synonyms=mortal | examples=the seven deadly sins
5. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:noxious:00 | definition=exceedingly harmful | synonyms=baneful, pernicious, pestilent
6. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:virulent:00 | definition=(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "deadly" in the given context.

Context analysis:
The sentence is: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."

The context is about cancer progression. Cancer is being described as being propelled into a "deadly state" - meaning a state that causes death or is fatal.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00 | definition=causing or capable of causing death | synonyms=deathly, mortal | examples=a fatal accident; a deadly enemy
   - This fits well. Cancer becoming "deadly" means it becomes capable of causing death (fatal).

2. sense_key=deadly%5:00:02:fatal:00 | definition=of an instrument of certain death | synonyms=lethal | examples=deadly poisons; lethal weapon
   - This seems to focus on instruments/weapons/poisons specifically. Cancer is not an instrument.

3. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:toxic:00 | definition=extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom | synonyms=venomous, virulent | examples=venomous snakes; a virulent insect bite
   - This is about poison/venom. Cancer is not being described as poisonous or venomous here.

4. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:unpardonable:00 | definition=involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death | synonyms=mortal | examples=the seven deadly sins
   - This is about spiritual/moral contexts (deadly sins). Not applicable to cancer.

5. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:noxious:00 | definition=exceedingly harmful | synonyms=baneful, pernicious, pestilent
   - This could work as cancer is harmful, but "deadly" specifically emphasizes death-causing capability, not just general harm.

6. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:virulent:00 | definition=(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect
   - This is specific to diseases having rapid/violent effects. Cancer can be described this way, but "deadly state" in this context emphasizes the fatal nature (causing death) rather than just the rapid/violent course.

Between sense 1 and sense 6:
- Sense 1: causing or capable of causing death (fatal)
- Sense 6: (of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect

The phrase "deadly state" refers to cancer becoming fatal - capable of causing death. The progression is from initiation to becoming deadly (fatal). While cancer is a disease, sense 6 emphasizes the rapidity and violence of the course, whereas sense 1 emphasizes the fatal outcome.

The context mentions "propel it into a deadly state" - this suggests reaching a state where it causes death, i.e., becoming fatal. The examples for sense 1 include "a deadly enemy" and "a fatal accident" - things that can cause death.

Also, looking at the synonyms for sense 1: deathly, mortal. "Mortal" in the sense of causing death (mortal wound).

Sense 6's definition focuses on the course of the disease being rapid and violent, but the context here is about the accumulation of genes initiating cancer and propelling it into a state where it causes death.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys. The user provided:
1. deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00
2. deadly%5:00:02:fatal:00
6. deadly%5:00:00:virulent:00

In WordNet, "deadly" as an adjective (5) meaning "causing or capable of causing death" is sense 1.
"deadly" meaning "of an instrument of certain death" is sense 2.
"deadly" meaning "extremely poisonous" is sense 3.
"deadly" meaning "involving loss of divine grace" is sense 4.
"deadly" meaning "exceedingly harmful" is sense 5.
"deadly" meaning "(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect" is sense 6.

Actually, looking at standard WordNet 3.0 or 3.1:
- deadly.a.01: causing or capable of causing death ("a fatal accident"; "a deadly enemy"; "mortal combat")
- deadly.a.02: of an instrument of certain death ("deadly poisons"; "lethal weapon")
- deadly.a.03: extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom ("venomous snakes"; "a virulent insect bite")
- deadly.a.04: involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death ("the seven deadly sins")
- deadly.a.05: exceedingly harmful ("baneful"; "deadly"; "pernicious")
- deadly.a.06: (of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect

In the context: "propel it into a deadly state" - referring to cancer becoming fatal (causing death).

Sense 1 is definitely the best fit. The cancer becomes capable of causing death - it becomes fatal.

Sense 6 is tempting because cancer is a disease, but "deadly state" emphasizes the outcome (death) rather than the rapidity/violence of progression. Also, the examples for sense 6 usually refer to "virulent" strains of diseases, etc.

The phrase "deadly state" parallels "fatal state" - meaning a state leading to or causing death.

Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 1.

Wait, I need to check if the indexing in the candidate list matches what I think. The user lists:
1. sense_key=deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00...
2. sense_key=deadly%5:00:02:fatal:00...
3. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:toxic:00...
4. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:unpardonable:00...
5. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:noxious:00...
6. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:virulent:00...

So the index numbers provided are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. I should return the index number from this list.

Sense 1 is: causing or capable of causing death.

Yes, that's the one.

Final check: Could it be sense 5 (exceedingly harmful)? While cancer is harmful, "deadly" specifically connotes death, not just harm. The context is about cancer treatment and prevention, and the "deadly state" refers to when it becomes life-threatening/fatal.

Could it be sense 6? "Virulent" - rapid course and violent effect. While cancer progression can be rapid, the phrase "deadly state" is more about the lethality (causing death) than the virulence (rapid/violent progression). Also, the examples given for sense 6 in the prompt don't show the exact usage, but sense 1's examples "a fatal accident; a deadly enemy" align with "deadly state" meaning "fatal state."

Therefore, sense 1 is correct.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: state
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly <t>state</t>. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%1:15:01:: | definition=the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation | synonyms=province | examples=his state is in the deep south
2. sense_key=state%1:03:00:: | definition=the way something is with respect to its main attributes | examples=the current state of knowledge; his state of health
3. sense_key=state%1:14:01:: | definition=the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state | examples=the state has lowered its income tax
4. sense_key=state%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=nation, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
5. sense_key=state%1:26:02:: | definition=(chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container) | synonyms=state of matter | examples=the solid state of water is called ice
6. sense_key=state%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of depression or agitation | examples=he was in such a state you just couldn't reason with him
7. sense_key=state%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=country, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
8. sense_key=state%1:14:02:: | definition=the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies | synonyms=Department of State, United States Department of State, State Department, DoS | examples=the Department of State was created in 1789

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "state" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about cancer and genes
 - "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly <t>state</t>."

 The word "state" here refers to the condition or phase that the cancer enters - specifically a "deadly state". This suggests it's talking about the way something is with respect to its main attributes, or a condition.

 Let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=state%1:15:01:: - territory/administrative district (province). Doesn't fit.
 2. sense_key=state%1:03:00:: - the way something is with respect to its main attributes. Examples: "the current state of knowledge; his state of health". This fits well with "deadly state" referring to the condition of the cancer.
 3. sense_key=state%1:14:01:: - group of people comprising the government. Doesn't fit.
 4. sense_key=state%1:14:00:: - politically organized body of people (nation/country). Doesn't fit.
 5. sense_key=state%1:26:02:: - chemistry states of matter (solid, liquid, gas). While "state" can mean this scientifically, "deadly state" in the context of cancer progression doesn't refer to states of matter. It refers to a condition or phase of the disease.
 6. sense_key=state%1:26:01:: - a state of depression or agitation. This is a specific emotional/mental state, not what is meant here.
 7. sense_key=state%1:15:00:: - territory occupied by a nation. Doesn't fit.
 8. sense_key=state%1:14:02:: - Department of State. Doesn't fit.

 The best fit is sense 2: "the way something is with respect to its main attributes" - referring to the condition or status of the cancer (i.e., it has become deadly).

 The example "his state of health" is analogous to "deadly state" (of cancer).

 So the answer should be sense_index 2.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense keys and indices. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=state%1:15:01::
 2. sense_key=state%1:03:00::
 3. sense_key=state%1:14:01::
 4. sense_key=state%1:14:00::
 5. sense_key=state%1:26:02::
 6. sense_key=state%1:26:01::
 7. sense_key=state%1:15:00::
 8. sense_key=state%1:14:02::

 So the indices are 1-8 as listed. Sense 2 is state%1:03:00:: which matches my analysis.

 Actually, looking at WordNet, state%1:03:00:: usually corresponds to sense 1 in WordNet 3.0/3.1 (the condition sense), but here the user has assigned it as index 2 in their list.

 Let me verify the appropriate sense:
 - "propel it into a deadly state" - means to propel the cancer into a deadly condition/status.
 - This is clearly sense 2 in the list provided: "the way something is with respect to its main attributes"

 The other possibility could be sense 6 (a state of depression or agitation), but that's specifically about emotional states, not medical conditions generally.

 Sense 5 is about chemistry/physics states of matter, which is not appropriate here.

 So index 2 is definitely correct.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DigitalOcean

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: call
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists <t>call</t> the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "call" in the given context.

 Context: "Scientists <t>call</t> the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."

 The sentence means that scientists assign the name "tumor-suppressors" (or "anti-cancer genes") to this new class of genes.

 Let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
    - This is about assigning a proper name (like a personal name or specific name). While "tumor-suppressors" is a name, it's more of a class/category name rather than a proper name in the sense of "David" or naming a school after someone. But it's close.

 2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
    - This is about calling someone something that reflects a quality (insults, descriptions). "Tumor-suppressors" is a technical term/classification, not necessarily ascribing a quality in the sense of an insult or descriptive adjective turned into a noun. But it is giving a name.

 Wait, let me look more carefully at sense 1 vs sense 2.

 Sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" - examples show naming people (David) and naming institutions after people. This is the "name" sense.

 Sense 2: "ascribe a quality to or give the name of a common noun that reflects a quality" - examples show "called me a bastard", "called her children lazy". This is the "label as" sense.

 In the context: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors"

 This is assigning a name/label to a class of things. It's essentially naming the class.

 But let's check if there's a better fit.

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure, sense 1 (call%2:32:02) is typically the "name" sense - "They named their son David".

 Sense 2 (call%2:32:00) is the "label/characterize as" sense - "He called me a liar".

 In this context, scientists are giving a specific name to a class of genes. They are naming them "tumor-suppressors". This fits sense 1 best - assigning a specified name.

 However, I should check if there's a sense specifically for "refer to as" or "term".

 Looking at the list:
 - Sense 1: assign a proper name (name)
 - Sense 2: ascribe a quality/give name of common noun reflecting quality (label as)
 - Sense 27: consider or regard as being - "I would not call her beautiful"

 Sense 27 is "consider or regard as being" - examples: "I would not call her beautiful". This is close but not exactly right because "tumor-suppressors" is the actual term used, not just a subjective consideration.

 Actually, looking at the context again: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors"

 This is clearly the naming sense. They are giving the name "tumor-suppressors" to these genes.

 Between sense 1 and sense 2:
 - Sense 1 focuses on proper names (usually capitalized, specific names)
 - Sense 2 focuses on common nouns that reflect qualities

 "Tumor-suppressors" is a common noun phrase (or compound noun), not a proper name. But it's being used as the specific designation for this class.

 However, in WordNet, the distinction between sense 1 and sense 2 is often that sense 1 is for proper names (naming a specific individual), while sense 2 is for categorizing/naming with a descriptive term.

 But wait, looking at the examples for sense 1: "They named their son David" (proper name), "The new school was named after..." (proper name).

 Examples for sense 2: "He called me a bastard" (common noun), "She called her children lazy" (adjective).

 "Tumor-suppressors" is a technical term, a class name. It's not a proper name like "David", so strictly speaking, sense 1 might not fit perfectly because it specifies "proper name".

 But sense 2 says "give the name of a common noun that reflects a quality". Is "tumor-suppressor" reflecting a quality? It describes function (suppressing tumors), so yes, it reflects a quality/function.

 However, there's also sense 27: "consider or regard as being" - "I would not call her beautiful". This is about categorization/judgment.

 But the most accurate for "Scientists call X Y" where Y is the technical term for X is usually sense 1 or sense 2.

 Let me reconsider the WordNet senses. In standard WordNet:
 - call#1: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to
 - call#2: ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality
 - call#3: get or try to get into communication by telephone
 - etc.

 In the SemCor or other tagged corpora, when scientists "call" something by a technical term, which sense is used?

 For example: "They call this phenomenon X" - this is usually sense 2 (labeling/categorizing) or sense 1 (naming).

 Actually, looking carefully at sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to". The key is "proper name". Tumor-suppressors is not a proper name (it's not capitalized as a proper noun would be, though gene names sometimes are).

 Sense 2: "ascribe a quality to or give the name of a common noun that reflects a quality". This seems to fit "tumor-suppressors" because it describes what they do (suppress tumors).

 But there's also the possibility that this is sense 27: "consider or regard as being". But that's more subjective.

 Let me look at the other senses to see if there's a "term" or "designate" sense.

 Sense 12: "greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name" - examples: "Call me Mister". This is close! "Call me Ishmael" - assigning a name to oneself. But this is about greeting/addressing.

 Actually, "Call me Mister" in sense 12 is about how to address someone.

 Sense 1 examples: "They named their son David" - this is the act of naming.

 In the context, scientists are naming the genes. They are giving them the name "tumor-suppressors".

 I think sense 1 is the intended answer, even though "tumor-suppressors" isn't strictly a "proper" name in the grammatical sense (it's a common noun used as a class name), it is the "naming" sense as opposed to the "insulting/labeling with a quality" sense.

 Wait, looking at the definition of sense 2 again: "ascribe a quality to or give the name of a common noun that reflects a quality".

 "Tumor-suppressor" is definitely a common noun that reflects a quality (the quality of suppressing tumors).

 But sense 1 is "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to".

 If I have to choose between:
 1. Naming with a proper name (like David)
 2. Naming with a common noun that describes a quality (like bastard, lazy)

 The term "tumor-suppressors" is a descriptive compound noun. It describes the function. So sense 2 might actually be better.

 However, in many WSD tasks, "call" in the sense of "scientists call this X" is often mapped to sense 1 (the naming sense) when X is the actual name/term used, even if it's descriptive.

 But let me check if there's a specific sense for "term" or "designate".

 Looking at the full list provided, I don't see a specific "term" sense separate from these.

 Actually, looking at sense 27 again: "consider or regard as being" - examples: "I would not call her beautiful". This is similar to "They call it a success".

 But "tumor-suppressors" is the established scientific term, not just a subjective consideration.

 Let me reconsider sense 1 vs sense 2 with the exact wording.

 Sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to"
 - Key: proper name
 - Examples: David, named after Civil Rights leader

 Sense 2: "ascribe a quality to or give the name of a common noun that reflects a quality"
 - Key: common noun reflecting quality
 - Examples: bastard (noun), lazy (adj - though this might be a different sub-sense or just illustrative)

 "Tumor-suppressors" is a class name. It's a common noun phrase. It reflects the quality/function of suppressing tumors.

 Therefore, sense 2 seems semantically closer.

 However, I recall that in WordNet, sense 1 is often used for "name" in the sense of "they call it the Big Apple", while sense 2 is for "they called him a fool".

 But "tumor-suppressors" is the technical designation, similar to "they call it photosynthesis".

 Let me think about the examples. If the example was "Scientists call this process photosynthesis", which sense would it be?

 In WordNet, "call" with a complement that is a noun phrase describing what something is called is typically sense 1 or sense 2.

 Actually, looking at the Princeton WordNet online:
 - Sense 1: name, call -- (assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to) "They named their son David"; "The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader"
 - Sense 2: call -- (ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality) "He called me a bastard"; "She called her children lazy and ungrateful"

 The distinction is:
 - Sense 1: Proper nouns (names of specific entities)
 - Sense 2: Common nouns used as descriptors/categories

 "Tumor-suppressors" is a common noun (phrase). It is a category of genes. It describes their function (quality). Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice.

 But wait, is there any other sense that could fit?

 Sense 25: "utter in a loud voice or announce" - no, that's about shouting.
 Sense 12: "greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name" - "Call me Mister" - this is about forms of address.

 Actually, "Call me Ishmael" - is that sense 1 or sense 12?
 - Sense 12 examples: "He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister"
 - This is about how one is addressed/titled.

 "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors" - this is not about addressing the genes, nor about greeting them. It's about naming/classifying them.

 So it's between 1 and 2.

 Given that "tumor-suppressors" is a descriptive term (common noun) and not a proper name like "David", and given that it reflects the quality/function of the genes, I believe sense 2 is the correct answer.

 However, I should verify if "call" in scientific naming contexts is typically sense 1 or 2.

 Upon reflection, in many lexical resources, when you "call" something by a technical term that is descriptive, it can be ambiguous between sense 1 and 2. But strictly following the definitions:
 - Sense 1: proper names
 - Sense 2: common nouns reflecting qualities

 "Tumor-suppressor genes" - "tumor-suppressor" is an adjectival noun or noun adjunct describing the type of gene. It reflects the quality of suppressing tumors.

 Therefore: sense 2.

 But I want to double-check. Could it be sense 27? "consider or regard as being"?
 Example: "I would not call her beautiful."
 This is about subjective judgment. Scientists objectively classifying genes is not subjective judgment in the same way, though it involves categorization. But sense 2 is more about the act of naming with a descriptive term.

 Actually, looking at the example for sense 2: "He called me a bastard" - this is naming someone with a noun that reflects a quality (bastardly behavior).
 "She called her children lazy" - ascribing a quality.

 "Scientists call the genes tumor-suppressors" - they are ascribing the quality/function of suppressing tumors to these genes by naming them that.

 Yes, sense 2.

 Wait, I just noticed sense 1 says "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to". The word "proper" appears twice. This strongly suggests sense 1 is only for proper nouns.

 "Tumor-suppressors" is not a proper noun (it's not capitalized as a specific unique entity name, though gene names sometimes are, but here it's a class).

 Therefore, sense 2 is definitely the answer.

 Final check: Is there any other sense?
 Sense 12: "greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name" - "Call me Mister". This could be confused, but "call me Mister" is about how you address me, while "call the genes tumor-suppressors" is about the classification/naming of the genes themselves, not how you greet them.

 So sense 2 is best.

 Index: 2 (sense_key=call%2:32:00::)

 Wait, the user asks for the "sense_index". Looking at the format:
 Candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=...
 2. sense_key=...
 ...

 So the index is the number before the dot. I should return {"sense_index": 2}.

 But let me reconsider one more time. Is it possible that in WordNet, "call" for naming things (even common nouns) is sense 1, and sense 2 is specifically for insults/characterizations?

 Looking at the examples for sense 2: "bastard", "lazy and ungrateful". These are clearly characterizations/insults.

 "Tumor-suppressors" is a neutral technical term.

 In WordNet, sense 1 might be broader than just proper names, despite the gloss saying "usually proper". The gloss says "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to". The parenthetical might mean that it's usually proper names, but can be other specified names.

 But the examples for sense 1 are strictly proper names (David, named after...).

 The examples for sense 2 are characterizations (bastard, lazy).

 So neither fits perfectly for a neutral technical term.

 However, sense 27: "consider or regard as being" - "I would not call her beautiful". This is also a characterization, but more about judgment.

 Actually, looking at WordNet 3.1 or similar, there might be a sense "term" or "designate".

 But given the list provided, and the constraint to choose the single best indexed sense, I need to pick between 1, 2, and 27.

 Sense 1: Naming (proper names)
 Sense 2: Labeling with quality/common noun
 Sense 27: Considering as

 "Tumor-suppressors" is the name of the class. It's a noun phrase. It's not a proper name, so 1 is out. It's not just a subjective consideration (like "beautiful"), it's the established scientific term, so 27 is weak. It's a descriptive name reflecting a quality (suppressing tumors), so 2 is the best fit, even if the examples are negative.

 Therefore, I choose sense 2.

 Index: 2

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the <t>new</t> class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "new" in the given context.

Context analysis:
The sentence is: "Scientists call the <t>new</t> class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."

The context is about scientists discovering a new class of genes called tumor-suppressors. Previously, cancer was a "black box" and now they are discovering these genes. The text mentions "newly identified genes" earlier.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
- This seems to fit well. The class of genes has been recently discovered/identified. The text says "newly identified genes" earlier.

2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
- This could also fit, as it's a new class not seen before. But sense 1 seems more directly about recent discovery.

3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 - doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 - maybe, but less likely.

5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
- This is about replacement or different from former. Not quite right here.

6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure - doesn't fit.

7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new - doesn't fit.

8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 - historical language sense, doesn't fit.

9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 - language sense, doesn't fit.

10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 - crops, doesn't fit.

11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him
- Could fit as "unfamiliar class of genes" but less likely than sense 1.

Now between sense 1 and sense 2 (and maybe 11).

Sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered"
- The genes themselves are not new in existence (they've always been in cells), but the *class* of genes is newly identified/discovered. The definition includes "discovered". The examples include "a new law" (recently made), "new cars" (recently made). But for scientific discoveries, we say "a new discovery" meaning recently discovered. The text explicitly says "newly identified genes".

Sense 2: "original and of a kind not seen before" - synonyms: fresh, novel.
- This emphasizes novelty, uniqueness. While tumor-suppressor genes were indeed a novel discovery at the time, the context emphasizes the temporal aspect: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box... Today, we know..." This suggests the sense is about recent discovery/knowledge.

Also, looking at WordNet's treatment of "new", sense 1 is the most common/core sense. The phrase "new class of genes" where the class has been recently discovered/identified aligns with sense 1.

Wait, let me reconsider. In WordNet, sense 1 (new%3:00:00::) is the adjective "new" meaning recently made/acquired/discovered. Sense 2 (new%5:00:00:original:00) is "original and of a kind not seen before" with synonyms fresh, novel.

In scientific contexts, when we say "a new class of X", it often means recently discovered. But does it mean "novel/original"?

Let's look at the examples for sense 2: "the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem". This emphasizes something original, not seen before.

For sense 1: "a new law; new cars" - recently come into being.

The tumor-suppressor genes existed before, but the class was recently discovered. However, in scientific writing, "a new class of genes" typically means a newly discovered/recently identified category. This maps better to sense 1 because the class has "come into being" in terms of scientific knowledge (been discovered).

Actually, looking carefully at the definition of sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered". The "discovered" part is key. The class of genes has been discovered.

Sense 11: "unfamiliar" - "new experiences". This is about subjective unfamiliarity. The genes aren't unfamiliar to the scientists in the sense of personal experience; it's an objective discovery.

Sense 5: "other than the former one(s); different" - this would imply replacing an old class of genes, which isn't the case.

So sense 1 seems best.

But let me double-check if there's any reason to prefer sense 2. The text says "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors". This is naming a newly discovered category. In WordNet, "novel" (sense 2) vs "new" (sense 1).

Actually, looking at standard WSD datasets, "new" in phrases like "new species", "new class", "new type" often map to sense 1 when the emphasis is on recent discovery, and sense 2 when emphasizing originality/novelty.

Given the context about scientific progress over time ("Only a decade ago... Today..."), the temporal/recent aspect is dominant. Therefore sense 1 is the best fit.

Wait, I should check if sense 1 is indeed the first sense. The sense key is new%3:00:00:: which is the main adjective sense. Yes.

One more check: Could sense 4 "unprecedented" work? "having no previous example or precedent or parallel". The text doesn't suggest these genes are unprecedented, just that they are newly identified.

Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 1.

The user wants only a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: class
Target surface form: class
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new <t>class</t> of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=class%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=category, family | examples=there are two classes of detergents
2. sense_key=class%1:14:03:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=form, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
3. sense_key=class%1:14:01:: | definition=people having the same social, economic, or educational status | synonyms=stratum, social class, socio-economic class | examples=the working class; an emerging professional class
4. sense_key=class%1:04:00:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course, course of study, course of instruction | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
5. sense_key=class%1:14:05:: | definition=a league ranked by quality | synonyms=division | examples=he played baseball in class D for two years; Princeton is in the NCAA Division 1-AA
6. sense_key=class%1:14:04:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=year | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High
7. sense_key=class%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders
8. sense_key=class%1:07:00:: | definition=elegance in dress or behavior | examples=she has a lot of class

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "class" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The sentence is: "Scientists call the new <t>class</t> of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."
 - The context is about scientists identifying a new category/type of genes called "tumor-suppressors" or "anti-cancer genes"
 - This is referring to a collection or category of things (genes) that share a common attribute (being tumor-suppressors/anti-cancer genes)

 Candidate senses analysis:
 1. sense_key=class%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=category, family | examples=there are two classes of detergents
    - This fits well. The "new class of genes" refers to a category/collection of genes sharing the attribute of being tumor-suppressors.
    - The example "there are two classes of detergents" parallels "a new class of genes"

 2. sense_key=class%1:14:03:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=form, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
    - Not relevant. No students or teaching context.

 3. sense_key=class%1:14:01:: | definition=people having the same social, economic, or educational status | synonyms=stratum, social class, socio-economic class | examples=the working class; an emerging professional class
    - Not relevant. Not about social classes of people.

 4. sense_key=class%1:04:00:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course, course of study, course of instruction | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
    - Not relevant. Not about educational lessons.

 5. sense_key=class%1:14:05:: | definition=a league ranked by quality | synonyms=division | examples=he played baseball in class D for two years; Princeton is in the NCAA Division 1-AA
    - Not relevant. Not about sports leagues or quality rankings.

 6. sense_key=class%1:14:04:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=year | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High
    - Not relevant. Not about graduating students.

 7. sense_key=class%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders
    - This is a biological taxonomy term (like Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order...). While the context is biological (genes), the usage here is not referring to the taxonomic rank "Class" (which would be capitalized and refer to a specific taxonomic level). Instead, it's using "class" in the general sense of "category" or "type" of genes. The taxonomic sense is too specific - it refers to the specific Linnaean classification rank between Phylum and Order. Here, it's just referring to a category of genes.

 8. sense_key=class%1:07:00:: | definition=elegance in dress or behavior | examples=she has a lot of class
    - Not relevant.

 The best fit is sense 1: "a collection of things sharing a common attribute" (category, family). The phrase "class of genes" means a category or type of genes that share the common attribute of being tumor-suppressors.

 While sense 7 is biological, the specific taxonomic meaning (a rank between phylum and order) is not what's intended here. The word is being used more generally to mean "category" or "type".

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simply
Target surface form: simply
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or <t>simply</t> anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simply%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, just, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=simply%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=just | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
3. sense_key=simply%4:02:02:: | definition=absolutely; altogether; really | examples=we are simply broke
4. sense_key=simply%4:02:01:: | definition=in a simple manner; without extravagance or embellishment | synonyms=plainly | examples=she was dressed plainly; they lived very simply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "simply" in the given context.

Context: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or <t>simply</t> anti-cancer genes."

Let me analyze the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=simply%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, just, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=simply%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=just | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
3. sense_key=simply%4:02:02:: | definition=absolutely; altogether; really | examples=we are simply broke
4. sense_key=simply%4:02:01:: | definition=in a simple manner; without extravagance or embellishment | synonyms=plainly | examples=she was dressed plainly; they lived very simply

In the context, scientists call the new class of genes "tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes." Here, "simply" is being used to introduce a simpler, alternative name. It's equivalent to "merely" or "just" or "nothing more than" - sense 1.

Wait, let me look more carefully. "or simply anti-cancer genes" - this means "or nothing more than anti-cancer genes" / "or merely anti-cancer genes." This fits sense 1: "and nothing more" with synonyms merely, just, only.

Sense 4 is about manner (living simply, dressed plainly) - not applicable here.
Sense 2 and 3 are intensifiers meaning "absolutely" - not applicable here.

So the best sense is sense 1 (index 1).

The user wants JSON output like {"sense_index": 3}. So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: function
Target surface form: functioning
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When <t>functioning</t> normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=function%2:35:00:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=work, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
2. sense_key=function%2:42:12:: | definition=serve a purpose, role, or function | synonyms=serve | examples=The tree stump serves as a table; The female students served as a control group
3. sense_key=function%2:33:00:: | definition=perform duties attached to a particular office or place or function | synonyms=officiate | examples=His wife officiated as his private secretary

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "functioning" (which is a form of the lemma "function") in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about tumor-suppressor genes (anti-cancer genes)
 - "When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check."
 - This means when these genes are working/operating normally, they perform their expected biological role.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=function%2:35:00::
    - definition: perform as expected when applied
    - synonyms: work, operate, go, run
    - examples: The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
    - This seems to fit well with biological mechanisms working/operating as expected.

 2. sense_key=function%2:42:12::
    - definition: serve a purpose, role, or function
    - synonyms: serve
    - examples: The tree stump serves as a table; The female students served as a control group
    - This is about serving as something or fulfilling a role, but the context here is about the mechanical/biological operation of genes.

 3. sense_key=function%2:33:00::
    - definition: perform duties attached to a particular office or place or function
    - synonyms: officiate
    - examples: His wife officiated as his private secretary
    - This is about performing duties in an official capacity, which doesn't fit biological genes.

 The context describes genes "functioning normally" - meaning operating/working as expected. This aligns with sense 1, which is about performing as expected when applied (like a machine working). The synonyms "work, operate, go, run" fit well with biological processes.

 Sense 2 is more about "functioning as" something (serving a purpose), but here it's about the operational state of the genes themselves.

 Sense 3 is clearly about officiating/duties of an office, which is wrong.

 So the best sense is sense 1.

 Wait, let me double-check. The sentence is: "When functioning normally, they make proteins..."

 This means "When they are working/operating normally..." - this is clearly sense 1.

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
 - function%2:35:00:: is the sense for "work, operate" - machinery working
 - function%2:42:12:: is the sense for "serve a purpose" - this is more like "This tool functions as a hammer"

 In the context, the genes are functioning (working, operating) in their normal capacity, not functioning as something else.

 So sense 1 is correct.

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hold
Target surface form: hold
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that <t>hold</t> a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hold%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. sense_key=hold%2:35:00:: | definition=have or hold in one's hands or grip | synonyms=take hold | examples=Hold this bowl for a moment, please; A crazy idea took hold of him
3. sense_key=hold%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=throw, have, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
4. sense_key=hold%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have, have got | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
5. sense_key=hold%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view | synonyms=deem, view as, take for | examples=take for granted; view as important
6. sense_key=hold%2:37:00:: | definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse | examples=bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions
7. sense_key=hold%2:35:03:: | definition=to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement | synonyms=restrain, confine | examples=This holds the local until the express passengers change trains; About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade
8. sense_key=hold%2:40:02:: | definition=secure and keep for possible future use or application | synonyms=retain, keep back, hold back | examples=The landlord retained the security deposit; I reserve the right to disagree
9. sense_key=hold%2:40:04:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=bear | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
10. sense_key=hold%2:35:01:: | definition=be the physical support of; carry the weight of | synonyms=support, sustain, hold up | examples=The beam holds up the roof; He supported me with one hand while I balanced on the beam
11. sense_key=hold%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=bear, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
12. sense_key=hold%2:42:05:: | definition=have room for; hold without crowding | synonyms=accommodate, admit | examples=This hotel can accommodate 250 guests; The theater admits 300 people
13. sense_key=hold%2:42:01:: | definition=remain in a certain state, position, or condition | examples=The weather held; They held on the road and kept marching
14. sense_key=hold%2:35:02:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=carry, bear | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
15. sense_key=hold%2:42:02:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=prevail, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
16. sense_key=hold%2:31:08:: | definition=assert or affirm | examples=Rousseau's philosophy holds that people are inherently good
17. sense_key=hold%2:42:07:: | definition=have as a major characteristic | examples=The novel holds many surprises; The book holds in store much valuable advise
18. sense_key=hold%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, take | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
19. sense_key=hold%2:41:00:: | definition=arrange for and reserve (something for someone else) in advance | synonyms=reserve, book | examples=reserve me a seat on a flight; The agent booked tickets to the show for the whole family
20. sense_key=hold%2:33:05:: | definition=protect against a challenge or attack | synonyms=defend, guard | examples=Hold that position behind the trees!; Hold the bridge against the enemy's attacks
21. sense_key=hold%2:32:13:: | definition=bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted | synonyms=oblige, bind, obligate | examples=He's held by a contract; I'll hold you by your promise
22. sense_key=hold%2:31:04:: | definition=hold the attention of | examples=The soprano held the audience; This story held our interest
23. sense_key=hold%2:31:10:: | definition=remain committed to | examples=I hold to these ideas
24. sense_key=hold%2:42:08:: | definition=resist or confront with resistance | synonyms=defy, withstand, hold up | examples=The politician defied public opinion; The new material withstands even the greatest wear and tear
25. sense_key=hold%2:42:04:: | definition=be pertinent or relevant or applicable | synonyms=apply, go for | examples=The same laws apply to you!; This theory holds for all irrational numbers
26. sense_key=hold%2:42:12:: | definition=stop dealing with | examples=hold all calls to the President's office while he is in a meeting
27. sense_key=hold%2:41:15:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
28. sense_key=hold%2:41:13:: | definition=keep from departing | examples=Hold the taxi; Hold the horse
29. sense_key=hold%2:41:14:: | definition=take and maintain control over, often by violent means | examples=The dissatisfied students held the President's office for almost a week
30. sense_key=hold%2:38:05:: | definition=cause to stop | synonyms=halt, arrest | examples=Halt the engines; Arrest the progress
31. sense_key=hold%2:35:09:: | definition=cover as for protection against noise or smell | examples=She held her ears when the jackhammer started to operate; hold one's nose
32. sense_key=hold%2:34:00:: | definition=drink alcohol without showing ill effects | synonyms=carry | examples=He can hold his liquor; he had drunk more than he could carry
33. sense_key=hold%2:33:00:: | definition=aim, point, or direct | examples=Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames
34. sense_key=hold%2:32:11:: | definition=declare to be | synonyms=declare, adjudge | examples=She was declared incompetent; judge held that the defendant was innocent
35. sense_key=hold%2:32:15:: | definition=be in accord; be in agreement | synonyms=agree, concur, concord | examples=We agreed on the terms of the settlement; I can't agree with you!
36. sense_key=hold%2:29:04:: | definition=keep from exhaling or expelling | examples=hold your breath

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "hold" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "When functioning normally, they make proteins that <t>hold</t> a cell's growth in check."
 The context is about tumor-suppressor genes (anti-cancer genes) and how they function. When normal, they produce proteins that control or restrain cell growth. The phrase "hold... in check" is an idiom meaning to control, restrain, or limit something.

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=hold%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=keep clean; hold in place
 - This is about maintaining a state. While related, "hold in check" specifically implies restraint/control rather than just maintaining a state.

 2. sense_key=hold%2:35:00:: | definition=have or hold in one's hands or grip | synonyms=take hold | examples=Hold this bowl for a moment, please; A crazy idea took hold of him
 - Physical holding, not applicable here.

 3. sense_key=hold%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=throw, have, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
 - Not applicable.

 4. sense_key=hold%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have, have got | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
 - Not applicable.

 5. sense_key=hold%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view | synonyms=deem, view as, take for | examples=take for granted; view as important
 - Mental holding, not applicable.

 6. sense_key=hold%2:37:00:: | definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse | examples=bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions
 - Maintaining feelings/theories, not applicable.

 7. sense_key=hold%2:35:03:: | definition=to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement | synonyms=restrain, confine | examples=This holds the local until the express passengers change trains; About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade
 - This involves restraining or limiting. The phrase "hold in check" means to restrain or control. This seems very relevant - limiting or restraining growth.

 8. sense_key=hold%2:40:02:: | definition=secure and keep for possible future use or application | synonyms=retain, keep back, hold back | examples=The landlord retained the security deposit; I reserve the right to disagree
 - This is about reserving/retaining, not about controlling growth.

 9. sense_key=hold%2:40:04:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=bear | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
 - Not applicable.

 10. sense_key=hold%2:35:01:: | definition=be the physical support of; carry the weight of | synonyms=support, sustain, hold up | examples=The beam holds up the roof; He supported me with one hand while I balanced on the beam
 - Physical support, not applicable.

 11. sense_key=hold%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=bear, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
 - Containment, not quite right for "hold in check".

 12. sense_key=hold%2:42:05:: | definition=have room for; hold without crowding | synonyms=accommodate, admit | examples=This hotel can accommodate 250 guests; The theater admits 300 people
 - Capacity, not applicable.

 13. sense_key=hold%2:42:01:: | definition=remain in a certain state, position, or condition | examples=The weather held; They held on the road and kept marching
 - Maintaining a state, but "hold in check" is more active restraint.

 14. sense_key=hold%2:35:02:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=carry, bear | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
 - Physical manner, not applicable.

 15. sense_key=hold%2:42:02:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=prevail, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
 - Not applicable.

 16. sense_key=hold%2:31:08:: | definition=assert or affirm | examples=Rousseau's philosophy holds that people are inherently good
 - Not applicable.

 17. sense_key=hold%2:42:07:: | definition=have as a major characteristic | examples=The novel holds many surprises; The book holds in store much valuable advise
 - Not applicable.

 18. sense_key=hold%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, take | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
 - Capacity, not applicable.

 19. sense_key=hold%2:41:00:: | definition=arrange for and reserve (something for someone else) in advance | synonyms=reserve, book | examples=reserve me a seat on a flight; The agent booked tickets to the show for the whole family
 - Not applicable.

 20. sense_key=hold%2:33:05:: | definition=protect against a challenge or attack | synonyms=defend, guard | examples=Hold that position behind the trees!; Hold the bridge against the enemy's attacks
 - Military/defensive holding, not applicable.

 21. sense_key=hold%2:32:13:: | definition=bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted | synonyms=oblige, bind, obligate | examples=He's held by a contract; I'll hold you by your promise
 - Legal obligation, not applicable.

 22. sense_key=hold%2:31:04:: | definition=hold the attention of | examples=The soprano held the audience; This story held our interest
 - Attention, not applicable.

 23. sense_key=hold%2:31:10:: | definition=remain committed to | examples=I hold to these ideas
 - Commitment, not applicable.

 24. sense_key=hold%2:42:08:: | definition=resist or confront with resistance | synonyms=defy, withstand, hold up | examples=The politician defied public opinion; The new material withstands even the greatest wear and tear
 - Resistance, close but "hold in check" is more about restraining than resisting.

 25. sense_key=hold%2:42:04:: | definition=be pertinent or relevant or applicable | synonyms=apply, go for | examples=The same laws apply to you!; This theory holds for all irrational numbers
 - Not applicable.

 26. sense_key=hold%2:42:12:: | definition=stop dealing with | examples=hold all calls to the President's office while he is in a meeting
 - Not applicable.

 27. sense_key=hold%2:41:15:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
 - This looks very promising. The definition explicitly mentions "hold in restraint" and synonyms include "check" and "curb". The phrase in the text is "hold... in check". This sense is about controlling, restraining, keeping within limits. This matches "hold a cell's growth in check" perfectly - it means to control or restrain the growth.

 28. sense_key=hold%2:41:13:: | definition=keep from departing | examples=Hold the taxi; Hold the horse
 - Not applicable.

 29. sense_key=hold%2:41:14:: | definition=take and maintain control over, often by violent means | examples=The dissatisfied students held the President's office for almost a week
 - Taking control by force, not applicable.

 30. sense_key=hold%2:38:05:: | definition=cause to stop | synonyms=halt, arrest | examples=Halt the engines; Arrest the progress
 - Stopping completely, but "hold in check" is about restraining, not necessarily stopping completely.

 31. sense_key=hold%2:35:09:: | definition=cover as for protection against noise or smell | examples=She held her ears when the jackhammer started to operate; hold one's nose
 - Physical covering, not applicable.

 32. sense_key=hold%2:34:00:: | definition=drink alcohol without showing ill effects | synonyms=carry | examples=He can hold his liquor; he had drunk more than he could carry
 - Not applicable.

 33. sense_key=hold%2:33:00:: | definition=aim, point, or direct | examples=Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames
 - Directing, not applicable.

 34. sense_key=hold%2:32:11:: | definition=declare to be | synonyms=declare, adjudge | examples=She was declared incompetent; judge held that the defendant was innocent
 - Legal declaration, not applicable.

 35. sense_key=hold%2:32:15:: | definition=be in accord; be in agreement | synonyms=agree, concur, concord | examples=We agreed on the terms of the settlement; I can't agree with you!
 - Not applicable.

 36. sense_key=hold%2:29:04:: | definition=keep from exhaling or expelling | examples=hold your breath
 - Physical restraint of breath, not applicable.

 Comparing sense 7 and sense 27:

 Sense 7: "to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement" - synonyms: restrain, confine. This is about physical restraint or limiting movement/location.

 Sense 27: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits" - synonyms: control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate. This is about controlling intensity or keeping within limits.

 The phrase "hold... in check" is an idiom meaning to control or restrain. Sense 27 explicitly mentions "hold in restraint" and lists "check" as a synonym (in the sense of curb/check). The example "hold your tongue" is about restraining speech.

 Sense 7 is more about physical confinement (holding animals in a stockade, holding a train).

 Sense 27 is more abstract - controlling intensity, tempering, moderating. Cell growth is an abstract process being controlled/restrained.

 Therefore, sense 27 (hold%2:41:15::) is the best fit.

 Wait, let me check the sense keys format. The user lists them as:
 27. sense_key=hold%2:41:15:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue

 But I need to return the index number. So the answer should be {"sense_index": 27}.

 Let me double-check sense 1: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity" - this could be interpreted as maintaining the state of being "in check". But "hold in check" is specifically about restraining, not just maintaining a state.

 Actually, looking at WordNet, "hold in check" is often associated with sense 27 (control, restrain). The definition explicitly includes "hold in restraint" and "check" (as in curb).

 Also, comparing with sense 24: "resist or confront with resistance" - this is not quite right because the proteins aren't resisting the growth, they're controlling/restraining it.

 Sense 27 is definitely the best choice. The index is 27.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a <t>cell</t>'s growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a <t>cell</t>'s growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 7. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "cell" in the given context.

Context analysis:
- The text is about cancer, genes, molecular biology
- "When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a <t>cell</t>'s growth in check."
- "cells normally under control turn malignant"
- This is clearly about biological cells, the basic units of life/organisms.

Candidate senses:
1. cell%1:06:03:: - any small compartment (honeycomb)
2. cell%1:03:00:: - (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms...
3. cell%1:06:00:: - electric cell
4. cell%1:14:00:: - political cell/cadre
5. cell%1:06:04:: - cellphone
6. cell%1:06:02:: - monk's room
7. cell%1:06:01:: - prison cell

The context is clearly biological: "cell's growth", "cells normally under control turn malignant", "cancer", "genes", "proteins". This maps to sense 2: cell%1:03:00:: - (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.

The user explicitly says:
- "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key."
- "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."
- "Choose one candidate index between 1 and 7. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}."

So I need to return: {"sense_index": 2}

Wait, let me double-check the numbering. The candidates are numbered 1 through 7. The biological sense is candidate #2. So the index is 2.

I must return ONLY the JSON object, nothing else.