[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hold
Target surface form: held
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have <t>held</t> a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hold%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. sense_key=hold%2:35:00:: | definition=have or hold in one's hands or grip | synonyms=take hold | examples=Hold this bowl for a moment, please; A crazy idea took hold of him
3. sense_key=hold%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=throw, have, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
4. sense_key=hold%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have, have got | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
5. sense_key=hold%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view | synonyms=deem, view as, take for | examples=take for granted; view as important
6. sense_key=hold%2:37:00:: | definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse | examples=bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions
7. sense_key=hold%2:35:03:: | definition=to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement | synonyms=restrain, confine | examples=This holds the local until the express passengers change trains; About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade
8. sense_key=hold%2:40:02:: | definition=secure and keep for possible future use or application | synonyms=retain, keep back, hold back | examples=The landlord retained the security deposit; I reserve the right to disagree
9. sense_key=hold%2:40:04:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=bear | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
10. sense_key=hold%2:35:01:: | definition=be the physical support of; carry the weight of | synonyms=support, sustain, hold up | examples=The beam holds up the roof; He supported me with one hand while I balanced on the beam
11. sense_key=hold%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=bear, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
12. sense_key=hold%2:42:05:: | definition=have room for; hold without crowding | synonyms=accommodate, admit | examples=This hotel can accommodate 250 guests; The theater admits 300 people
13. sense_key=hold%2:42:01:: | definition=remain in a certain state, position, or condition | examples=The weather held; They held on the road and kept marching
14. sense_key=hold%2:35:02:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=carry, bear | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
15. sense_key=hold%2:42:02:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=prevail, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
16. sense_key=hold%2:31:08:: | definition=assert or affirm | examples=Rousseau's philosophy holds that people are inherently good
17. sense_key=hold%2:42:07:: | definition=have as a major characteristic | examples=The novel holds many surprises; The book holds in store much valuable advise
18. sense_key=hold%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, take | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
19. sense_key=hold%2:41:00:: | definition=arrange for and reserve (something for someone else) in advance | synonyms=reserve, book | examples=reserve me a seat on a flight; The agent booked tickets to the show for the whole family
20. sense_key=hold%2:33:05:: | definition=protect against a challenge or attack | synonyms=defend, guard | examples=Hold that position behind the trees!; Hold the bridge against the enemy's attacks
21. sense_key=hold%2:32:13:: | definition=bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted | synonyms=oblige, bind, obligate | examples=He's held by a contract; I'll hold you by your promise
22. sense_key=hold%2:31:04:: | definition=hold the attention of | examples=The soprano held the audience; This story held our interest
23. sense_key=hold%2:31:10:: | definition=remain committed to | examples=I hold to these ideas
24. sense_key=hold%2:42:08:: | definition=resist or confront with resistance | synonyms=defy, withstand, hold up | examples=The politician defied public opinion; The new material withstands even the greatest wear and tear
25. sense_key=hold%2:42:04:: | definition=be pertinent or relevant or applicable | synonyms=apply, go for | examples=The same laws apply to you!; This theory holds for all irrational numbers
26. sense_key=hold%2:42:12:: | definition=stop dealing with | examples=hold all calls to the President's office while he is in a meeting
27. sense_key=hold%2:41:15:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
28. sense_key=hold%2:41:13:: | definition=keep from departing | examples=Hold the taxi; Hold the horse
29. sense_key=hold%2:41:14:: | definition=take and maintain control over, often by violent means | examples=The dissatisfied students held the President's office for almost a week
30. sense_key=hold%2:38:05:: | definition=cause to stop | synonyms=halt, arrest | examples=Halt the engines; Arrest the progress
31. sense_key=hold%2:35:09:: | definition=cover as for protection against noise or smell | examples=She held her ears when the jackhammer started to operate; hold one's nose
32. sense_key=hold%2:34:00:: | definition=drink alcohol without showing ill effects | synonyms=carry | examples=He can hold his liquor; he had drunk more than he could carry
33. sense_key=hold%2:33:00:: | definition=aim, point, or direct | examples=Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames
34. sense_key=hold%2:32:11:: | definition=declare to be | synonyms=declare, adjudge | examples=She was declared incompetent; judge held that the defendant was innocent
35. sense_key=hold%2:32:15:: | definition=be in accord; be in agreement | synonyms=agree, concur, concord | examples=We agreed on the terms of the settlement; I can't agree with you!
36. sense_key=hold%2:29:04:: | definition=keep from exhaling or expelling | examples=hold your breath

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "held" in the given context. The target lemma is "hold" and the surface form is "held".

Let me analyze the context:
"To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have <t>held</t> a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies..."

The key phrase is "held a disproportionate share of power". This means they have possessed, maintained, or occupied a disproportionate share of power.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=hold%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=keep clean; hold in place
   - This could work, as "holding power" is maintaining a position of power.

2. sense_key=hold%2:35:00:: | definition=have or hold in one's hands or grip | synonyms=take hold | examples=Hold this bowl for a moment, please; A crazy idea took hold of him
   - Physical holding, not applicable here.

3. sense_key=hold%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=throw, have, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
   - Not about organizing events.

4. sense_key=hold%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have, have got | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
   - This is about possession. "Held power" could be possessing power.

5. sense_key=hold%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view | synonyms=deem, view as, take for | examples=take for granted; view as important
   - Mental holding, not applicable.

6. sense_key=hold%2:37:00:: | definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse | examples=bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions
   - About maintaining theories/feelings, not quite right for power.

7. sense_key=hold%2:35:03:: | definition=to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement | synonyms=restrain, confine | examples=This holds the local until the express passengers change trains; About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade
   - Physical restraint, not applicable.

8. sense_key=hold%2:40:02:: | definition=secure and keep for possible future use or application | synonyms=retain, keep back, hold back | examples=The landlord retained the security deposit; I reserve the right to disagree
   - About retaining for future use, not quite right.

9. sense_key=hold%2:40:04:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=bear | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
   - This looks promising. "Held power" - power is similar to office/title. The example "He held the governorship" is very similar to holding power.

10. sense_key=hold%2:35:01:: | definition=be the physical support of; carry the weight of | synonyms=support, sustain, hold up | examples=The beam holds up the roof; He supported me with one hand while I balanced on the beam
    - Physical support, not applicable.

11. sense_key=hold%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=bear, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
    - Container sense, not applicable.

12. sense_key=hold%2:42:05:: | definition=have room for; hold without crowding | synonyms=accommodate, admit | examples=This hotel can accommodate 250 guests; The theater admits 300 people
    - Capacity sense, not applicable.

13. sense_key=hold%2:42:01:: | definition=remain in a certain state, position, or condition | examples=The weather held; They held on the road and kept marching
    - This could work for "held power" meaning they remained in power.

14. sense_key=hold%2:35:02:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=carry, bear | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
    - Physical posture, not applicable.

15. sense_key=hold%2:42:02:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=prevail, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
    - Not applicable.

16. sense_key=hold%2:31:08:: | definition=assert or affirm | examples=Rousseau's philosophy holds that people are inherently good
    - Not applicable.

17. sense_key=hold%2:42:07:: | definition=have as a major characteristic | examples=The novel holds many surprises; The book holds in store much valuable advise
    - Not applicable.

18. sense_key=hold%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, take | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
    - Capacity, not applicable.

19. sense_key=hold%2:41:00:: | definition=arrange for and reserve (something for someone else) in advance | synonyms=reserve, book | examples=reserve me a seat on a flight; The agent booked tickets to the show for the whole family
    - Not applicable.

20. sense_key=hold%2:33:05:: | definition=protect against a challenge or attack | synonyms=defend, guard | examples=Hold that position behind the trees!; Hold the bridge against the enemy's attacks
    - Military sense, not applicable.

21. sense_key=hold%2:32:13:: | definition=bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted | synonyms=oblige, bind, obligate | examples=He's held by a contract; I'll hold you by your promise
    - Legal obligation, not applicable.

22. sense_key=hold%2:31:04:: | definition=hold the attention of | examples=The soprano held the audience; This story held our interest
    - Attention, not applicable.

23. sense_key=hold%2:31:10:: | definition=remain committed to | examples=I hold to these ideas
    - Not applicable.

24. sense_key=hold%2:42:08:: | definition=resist or confront with resistance | synonyms=defy, withstand, hold up | examples=The politician defied public opinion; The new material withstands even the greatest wear and tear
    - Not applicable.

25. sense_key=hold%2:42:04:: | definition=be pertinent or relevant or applicable | synonyms=apply, go for | examples=The same laws apply to you!; This theory holds for all irrational numbers
    - Not applicable.

26. sense_key=hold%2:42:12:: | definition=stop dealing with | examples=hold all calls to the President's office while he is in a meeting
    - Not applicable.

27. sense_key=hold%2:41:15:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
    - Restraint, not applicable.

28. sense_key=hold%2:41:13:: | definition=keep from departing | examples=Hold the taxi; Hold the horse
    - Not applicable.

29. sense_key=hold%2:41:14:: | definition=take and maintain control over, often by violent means | examples=The dissatisfied students held the President's office for almost a week
    - This is about taking control by force, not quite right for holding power in a legislative sense.

30. sense_key=hold%2:38:05:: | definition=cause to stop | synonyms=halt, arrest | examples=Halt the engines; Arrest the progress
    - Not applicable.

31. sense_key=hold%2:35:09:: | definition=cover as for protection against noise or smell | examples=She held her ears when the jackhammer started to operate; hold one's nose
    - Not applicable.

32. sense_key=hold%2:34:00:: | definition=drink alcohol without showing ill effects | synonyms=carry | examples=He can hold his liquor; he had drunk more than he could carry
    - Not applicable.

33. sense_key=hold%2:33:00:: | definition=aim, point, or direct | examples=Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames
    - Not applicable.

34. sense_key=hold%2:32:11:: | definition=declare to be | synonyms=declare, adjudge | examples=She was declared incompetent; judge held that the defendant was innocent
    - Legal declaration, not applicable.

35. sense_key=hold%2:32:15:: | definition=be in accord; be in agreement | synonyms=agree, concur, concord | examples=We agreed on the terms of the settlement; I can't agree with you!
    - Not applicable.

36. sense_key=hold%2:29:04:: | definition=keep from exhaling or expelling | examples=hold your breath
    - Not applicable.

Now, the strongest candidates are:
- Sense 1: keep in a certain state, position, or activity (maintain)
- Sense 4: have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense
- Sense 9: have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices
- Sense 13: remain in a certain state, position, or condition

Sense 9 seems most specific to the context. The example "He held the governorship for almost a decade" is very close to "held a disproportionate share of power". Power in Congress is similar to an office or position. The definition mentions "have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices" and the synonym is "bear".

Sense 4 is more general possession ("have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense"). While "held power" could be general possession, the context suggests a position of authority (power in Congress), which aligns better with sense 9 (titles, offices).

Sense 1 is about keeping in a state/position/activity. This could work but is more general.

Sense 13 is about remaining in a state.

However, looking at the specific phrase "held a disproportionate share of power", this is about possessing or occupying a position of power. Sense 9 specifically deals with "have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices".

Actually, looking more carefully at sense 9: "have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices". The word "rightfully" might be an issue - does it mean they rightfully held it? Or just that they held it? But the example "He held the governorship" doesn't necessarily imply "rightfully" in a moral sense, but rather "held" as in occupied the position.

Sense 4: "have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense" - "power" is abstract, so this fits.

But sense 9 is more specific to positions of authority. The gloss says "have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices". Power is closely related to office.

Let me check WordNet to see if I can verify the exact usage. Since I can't access external resources, I need to rely on the provided glosses.

Sense 9: "have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices" - examples: "She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade"

The example "held the governorship" is exactly parallel to "held power". This is about holding a position/office.

Sense 4: "have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense" - examples: "She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters"

This is more general possession.

Between 4 and 9, sense 9 is more specific and appropriate for "holding power" in a political context. "Power" here is akin to a title or office.

However, I should also consider sense 1: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity" - synonyms: keep, maintain. "Held power" could mean maintained power.

But sense 9 seems best because:
1. It specifically mentions "offices" in the definition
2. The example "held the governorship" is semantically very close to "held power"
3. "Power" in a congressional context is a position of authority, similar to an office or title

Wait, looking at the sense keys:
- sense_key=hold%2:40:04:: is sense 9 in the list (index 9)
- sense_key=hold%2:40:00:: is sense 4 in the list (index 4)

The user wants the "sense_index" which appears to be the number in the list (1-36).

So if I choose sense 9, the answer is {"sense_index": 9}.

Let me double-check if there's any other sense that might fit better.

Sense 29: "take and maintain control over, often by violent means" - this mentions "maintain control" but specifies "often by violent means", which doesn't fit the context of Democratic legislators in Congress.

Sense 13: "remain in a certain state, position, or condition" - this could work for "remained in power", but "held power" is more about possession than remaining.

Actually, looking at standard WordNet, "hold" in the sense of "hold a position" or "hold office" is typically sense 9 (hold%2:40:04::).

The definition "have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices" with the example "He held the governorship for almost a decade" is the perfect match for "held a disproportionate share of power".

Therefore, the answer should be sense_index 9.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: share
Target surface form: share
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate <t>share</t> of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=share%1:21:00:: | definition=assets belonging to or due to or contributed by an individual person or group | synonyms=portion, part, percentage | examples=he wanted his share in cash
2. sense_key=share%1:21:01:: | definition=any of the equal portions into which the capital stock of a corporation is divided and ownership of which is evidenced by a stock certificate | examples=he bought 100 shares of IBM at the market price
3. sense_key=share%1:04:00:: | definition=the allotment of some amount by dividing something | synonyms=parcel, portion | examples=death gets more than its share of attention from theologians
4. sense_key=share%1:04:01:: | definition=the part played by a person in bringing about a result | synonyms=contribution, part | examples=I am proud of my contribution in advancing the project; they all did their share of the work
5. sense_key=share%1:06:00:: | definition=a sharp steel wedge that cuts loose the top layer of soil | synonyms=plowshare, ploughshare

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to disambiguate the word "share" in the given context. Let me analyze the sentence where "share" appears:

"To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate <t>share</t> of power in Congress since 1932..."

The context discusses political power, specifically that Southern Democratic legislators have held a disproportionate amount or portion of power in Congress.

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=share%1:21:00:: | definition=assets belonging to or due to or contributed by an individual person or group | synonyms=portion, part, percentage | examples=he wanted his share in cash
   - This seems to refer to tangible assets or money, not abstract power.

2. sense_key=share%1:21:01:: | definition=any of the equal portions into which the capital stock of a corporation is divided... | examples=he bought 100 shares of IBM...
   - This is specifically about corporate stock/shares. Not relevant here.

3. sense_key=share%1:04:00:: | definition=the allotment of some amount by dividing something | synonyms=parcel, portion | examples=death gets more than its share of attention...
   - This refers to a portion or allotment of something. The example "death gets more than its share of attention" suggests it can be used for abstract concepts like attention. Similarly, "share of power" would fit here - an allotment or portion of power.

4. sense_key=share%1:04:01:: | definition=the part played by a person in bringing about a result | synonyms=contribution, part | examples=they all did their share of the work
   - This refers to one's contribution or responsibility in an effort. While "share of the work" is similar to "share of power", the definition emphasizes the part played by a person in bringing about a result, which is slightly different from simply holding a portion of something.

5. sense_key=share%1:06:00:: | definition=a sharp steel wedge... | synonyms=plowshare...
   - This is the farming implement, completely unrelated.

Between sense 3 and sense 4:
- Sense 3: "the allotment of some amount by dividing something" - this fits well with "disproportionate share of power" meaning a disproportionate amount/portion of power.
- Sense 4: "the part played by a person in bringing about a result" - this is more about contribution/responsibility.

The phrase "held a disproportionate share of power" suggests they possess/hold a disproportionate amount or portion of power, not necessarily that they contributed to bringing about a result (though they might have). The focus is on the portion or allotment of power they control.

Also, looking at the synonyms:
- Sense 3: parcel, portion
- Sense 4: contribution, part

"Portion" fits better with "power" in this context than "contribution". You can say "a portion of power" more naturally in the sense of "amount of power held" than "contribution of power" (which would imply they gave power to something, not that they held it).

The example for sense 3: "death gets more than its share of attention" parallels "disproportionate share of power" - both are abstract quantities that can be divided conceptually.

Therefore, sense 3 seems to be the best fit.

Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys to make sure about the indices:
- sense_key=share%1:04:00:: corresponds to index 3 (as listed in the candidates)

Actually, looking at the candidate list:
1. sense_key=share%1:21:00::
2. sense_key=share%1:21:01::
3. sense_key=share%1:04:00::
4. sense_key=share%1:04:01::
5. sense_key=share%1:06:00::

So index 3 is share%1:04:00:: which is "the allotment of some amount by dividing something".

Yes, this is the correct sense. "Share of power" means the portion or percentage of power held.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 3}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DigitalOcean

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: power
Target surface form: power
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of <t>power</t> in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=power%1:07:00:: | definition=possession of controlling influence | synonyms=powerfulness | examples=the deterrent power of nuclear weapons; the power of his love saved her
2. sense_key=power%1:19:00:: | definition=(physics) the rate of doing work; measured in watts (= joules/second)
3. sense_key=power%1:09:01:: | definition=possession of the qualities (especially mental qualities) required to do something or get something done | synonyms=ability | examples=danger heightened his powers of discrimination
4. sense_key=power%1:26:00:: | definition=(of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power | synonyms=office | examples=being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage; during his first year in office
5. sense_key=power%1:18:00:: | definition=one possessing or exercising power or influence or authority | synonyms=force | examples=the mysterious presence of an evil power; may the force be with you
6. sense_key=power%1:10:00:: | definition=a mathematical notation indicating the number of times a quantity is multiplied by itself | synonyms=exponent, index
7. sense_key=power%1:07:02:: | definition=physical strength | synonyms=might, mightiness
8. sense_key=power%1:14:00:: | definition=a state powerful enough to influence events throughout the world | synonyms=world power, major power, great power, superpower
9. sense_key=power%1:18:01:: | definition=a very wealthy or powerful businessman | synonyms=baron, big businessman, business leader, king, magnate, mogul | examples=an oil baron

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "power" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses political science, specifically about congressional elections, the Republican Party, Democratic legislators, and power in Congress.
 - The specific sentence is: "To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of <t>power</t> in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies..."
 - The word "power" here refers to political power, influence, or control in the legislative body (Congress).
 - The context mentions "clout" as a synonym or related concept in the same sentence ("translate such clout").

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=power%1:07:00:: | definition=possession of controlling influence | synonyms=powerfulness | examples=the deterrent power of nuclear weapons; the power of his love saved her
    - This seems general - possession of controlling influence. The examples include nuclear weapons and love. This is a general sense of power as influence/control.

 2. sense_key=power%1:19:00:: | definition=(physics) the rate of doing work; measured in watts (= joules/second)
    - Physics definition, clearly not relevant here.

 3. sense_key=power%1:09:01:: | definition=possession of the qualities (especially mental qualities) required to do something or get something done | synonyms=ability | examples=danger heightened his powers of discrimination
    - This is about ability/capacity, not political power.

 4. sense_key=power%1:26:00:: | definition=(of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power | synonyms=office | examples=being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage; during his first year in office
    - This is about the state of holding office. The context mentions legislators holding power, but it's more about the influence/control they wield rather than merely holding office. However, this is close.

 5. sense_key=power%1:18:00:: | definition=one possessing or exercising power or influence or authority | synonyms=force | examples=the mysterious presence of an evil power; may the force be with you
    - This refers to a person or entity that possesses power (like "the powers that be"), not the abstract concept of power itself.

 6. sense_key=power%1:10:00:: | definition=a mathematical notation indicating the number of times a quantity is multiplied by itself | synonyms=exponent, index
    - Mathematical sense, not relevant.

 7. sense_key=power%1:07:02:: | definition=physical strength | synonyms=might, mightiness
    - Physical strength, not relevant.

 8. sense_key=power%1:14:00:: | definition=a state powerful enough to influence events throughout the world | synonyms=world power, major power, great power, superpower
    - This refers to a nation/state (like "a world power"), not the abstract concept of influence/control.

 9. sense_key=power%1:18:01:: | definition=a very wealthy or powerful businessman | synonyms=baron, big businessman...
    - Business magnate, not relevant.

 Now, between sense 1 and sense 4:
 - Sense 1: "possession of controlling influence" - general abstract power
 - Sense 4: "(of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power" - specific to governmental office

 The context says "held a disproportionate share of power in Congress". This refers to the influence/control that comes from holding positions in Congress (like committee chairs, seniority, etc.).

 However, looking closely at sense 4: "holding an office means being in power" - this seems to define "power" as the state of being in office. But the context is about holding a share of power (i.e., having influence/control), not necessarily just being in office.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet structure:
 - Sense 1 (power%1:07:00::) is the general sense of "possession of controlling influence"
 - Sense 4 (power%1:26:00::) is specifically about "being in power" as a state of government officials

 The phrase "held a disproportionate share of power" suggests they possessed a large amount of influence/control. This aligns with sense 1.

 But wait, let me check if there's a more specific political sense. Sense 4 seems to be about the condition/state of being in power (like "the party in power").

 The context: "Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress"
 - This means they had a lot of influence/control in the legislative body.
 - "Clout" is mentioned as what they translate this power into.
 - This is about political influence/control.

 Sense 1: "possession of controlling influence" - this fits perfectly. They possess controlling influence in Congress.

 Sense 4 is more about the status of holding office itself ("being in power" = being the incumbent party or holding the office).

 Actually, looking at the examples for sense 4: "being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage; during his first year in office"
 This suggests sense 4 is about the state of holding office (incumbency).

 But the target is "held a disproportionate share of power" - this is about the amount of influence/control, not just the binary state of being in office.

 Also, sense 1 has synonyms including "powerfulness" and examples like "the deterrent power of nuclear weapons" - this is the general abstract noun for influence/control.

 In political science contexts, "power" in Congress usually refers to the ability to influence legislation, get committee assignments, etc. - which is "controlling influence".

 Let me reconsider sense 4. The definition says: "(of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power"
 This is slightly ambiguous. It could mean:
 a) The concept that holding office = being in power (i.e., the definition of being in power)
 b) The state of being in power

 But the examples suggest it's about the state/condition: "during his first year in office" - wait, that example uses "office", not "power". Let me check: "being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage; during his first year in office"

 Actually, looking at the synonyms for sense 4: "office"
 So sense 4 equates "power" with "office" in this context - specifically the state of holding governmental office.

 But in our target sentence, "power" is something that can be held in disproportionate shares. You can hold a share of power (influence), but "office" is usually binary (you hold it or you don't), though you could argue seniority gives more "office" in some sense, but that's stretching it.

 The phrase "disproportionate share of power" strongly suggests the general sense of influence/control (sense 1), not the specific state of holding office (sense 4).

 Also, the word "clout" appears in the context: "translate such clout" - and clout means influence or power, especially in politics. This aligns with sense 1 (controlling influence).

 Therefore, sense 1 (power%1:07:00::) is the best fit.

 Wait, I should double-check if there's any other sense that might fit better.

 Sense 5: "one possessing or exercising power" - this would be the legislators themselves, but the target is "power" as an abstract noun that can be held in shares, not the people holding it.

 Sense 8: "a state powerful enough to influence events throughout the world" - this is a nation/country (superpower), not the abstract concept.

 So yes, sense 1 is the correct choice.

 The index is 1.

 Wait, the user asks for the format: {"sense_index": 3} where 3 is the index of the sense in the list provided.

 Looking at the list:
 1. sense_key=power%1:07:00::
 2. sense_key=power%1:19:00::
 3. sense_key=power%1:09:01::
 4. sense_key=power%1:26:00::
 5. sense_key=power%1:18:00::
 6. sense_key=power%1:10:00::
 7. sense_key=power%1:07:02::
 8. sense_key=power%1:14:00::
 9. sense_key=power%1:18:01::

 So sense 1 is index 1.

 But let me reconsider sense 4 one more time. Is it possible that "power" in "held a disproportionate share of power in Congress" refers to holding office?

 The phrase "held power" can mean "was in office" or "held positions of authority". But "disproportionate share of power" suggests a quantity of influence, not just the binary state of being in power.

 Also, the context mentions "since 1932" - Democrats held the majority in Congress for most of that time, so they held the power (controlled the agenda, committees, etc.). This is the general concept of political power as influence/control.

 Sense 1 is definitely the right choice.

 Final check: The definition of sense 1 is "possession of controlling influence". In the context, Democratic legislators possess controlling influence in Congress (through majority status, committee chairs, etc.). This matches perfectly.

 Answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: able
Target surface form: able
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been <t>able</t> to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=able%3:00:00:: | definition=(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something | examples=able to swim; she was able to program her computer
2. sense_key=able%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=have the skills and qualifications to do things well | synonyms=capable | examples=able teachers; a capable administrator
3. sense_key=able%5:00:00:capable:00 | definition=having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity | examples=able to learn; human beings are able to walk on two feet
4. sense_key=able%5:00:00:fit:01 | definition=having a strong healthy body | synonyms=able-bodied | examples=an able seaman; every able-bodied young man served in the army

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "able" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
"To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been <t>able</t> to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies..."

The structure here is "have been able to translate" - this is the "able to [verb]" construction.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=able%3:00:00:: | definition=(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something | examples=able to swim; she was able to program her computer
2. sense_key=able%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=have the skills and qualifications to do things well | synonyms=capable | examples=able teachers; a capable administrator
3. sense_key=able%5:00:00:capable:00 | definition=having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity | examples=able to learn; human beings are able to walk on two feet
4. sense_key=able%5:00:00:fit:01 | definition=having a strong healthy body | synonyms=able-bodied | examples=an able seaman; every able-bodied young man served in the army

The context uses "able" followed by "to translate" - this is the classic "able to [infinitive]" construction.

Sense 1 explicitly mentions "(usually followed by `to')" and gives examples like "able to swim", "she was able to program her computer". This matches the grammatical construction perfectly.

Sense 3 also mentions "able to learn" and "human beings are able to walk on two feet" - but these seem to emphasize inherent physical or mental capacity. However, in the context, the meaning is about having the power/clout/authority to translate influence into benefits. This aligns more with sense 1's "having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something."

Wait, let me look more carefully. Sense 1 is the predicative adjective use with "to". Sense 3 is also followed by "to" but emphasizes inherent ability.

In the sentence: "have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits"

This is about having the power/means/authority (derived from their disproportionate share of power) to do something. This fits sense 1 best: "having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something."

Sense 2 is attributive (able teachers, capable administrator) - doesn't fit.
Sense 4 is about physical fitness (able-bodied) - doesn't fit.

Between 1 and 3:
- Sense 1: having necessary means/skill/know-how/authority to do something (followed by 'to')
- Sense 3: having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity

The context emphasizes that because they held power, they had the means/authority to translate clout into benefits. This is about having the necessary means/authority, not inherent physical/mental capacity. So sense 1 is the best fit.

Also, WordNet typically distinguishes sense 1 (able%3:00:00::) as the predicative sense with "to", while sense 3 (able%5:00:00:capable:00) is more about general capability/capacity. The examples for sense 1 include "able to swim" and "able to program" which are exactly the "able to [verb]" construction seen here.

Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 1.

Wait, I need to make sure about the indexing. The user lists them as:
1. sense_key=able%3:00:00::
2. sense_key=able%5:00:00:competent:00
3. sense_key=able%5:00:00:capable:00
4. sense_key=able%5:00:00:fit:01

So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: translate
Target surface form: translate
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to <t>translate</t> such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=translate%2:32:00:: | definition=restate (words) from one language into another language | synonyms=interpret, render | examples=I have to translate when my in-laws from Austria visit the U.S.; Can you interpret the speech of the visiting dignitaries?
2. sense_key=translate%2:30:01:: | definition=change from one form or medium into another | synonyms=transform | examples=Braque translated collage into oil
3. sense_key=translate%2:31:00:: | definition=make sense of a language | synonyms=understand, read, interpret | examples=She understands French; Can you read Greek?
4. sense_key=translate%2:35:00:: | definition=bring to a certain spiritual state
5. sense_key=translate%2:30:00:: | definition=change the position of (figures or bodies) in space without rotation
6. sense_key=translate%2:42:03:: | definition=be equivalent in effect | examples=the growth in income translates into greater purchasing power
7. sense_key=translate%2:42:00:: | definition=be translatable, or be translatable in a certain way | examples=poetry often does not translate; Tolstoy's novels translate well into English
8. sense_key=translate%2:38:04:: | definition=subject to movement in which every part of the body moves parallel to and the same distance as every other point on the body
9. sense_key=translate%2:32:06:: | definition=express, as in simple and less technical language | examples=Can you translate the instructions in this manual for a layman?; Is there a need to translate the psychiatrist's remarks?
10. sense_key=translate%2:32:05:: | definition=determine the amino-acid sequence of a protein during its synthesis by using information on the messenger RNA

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "translate" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
"To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office."

The key phrase is "translate such clout into relatively more local benefits". This means converting or transforming political power/clout into tangible benefits for constituents.

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. translate%2:32:00:: - restate words from one language to another. Not applicable, no language translation here.
2. translate%2:30:01:: - change from one form or medium into another. Synonyms: transform. Example: "Braque translated collage into oil". This seems close - converting clout (political power) into benefits.
3. translate%2:31:00:: - make sense of a language. Not applicable.
4. translate%2:35:00:: - bring to a certain spiritual state. Not applicable.
5. translate%2:30:00:: - change position in space without rotation. Physical movement, not applicable.
6. translate%2:42:03:: - be equivalent in effect. Example: "growth in income translates into greater purchasing power". This looks very relevant. The structure "translates into" matches exactly. But wait, the definition says "be equivalent in effect" and the example is "translates into". However, in our context, it's about converting clout into benefits - making one thing become another.
7. translate%2:42:00:: - be translatable. Not applicable (this is about whether something can be translated, usually linguistically).
8. translate%2:38:04:: - subject to movement... physical. Not applicable.
9. translate%2:32:06:: - express in simple language. Not applicable.
10. translate%2:32:05:: - determine amino-acid sequence. Not applicable.

So it's between sense 2 and sense 6.

Sense 2: change from one form or medium into another (transform)
Sense 6: be equivalent in effect; example: "the growth in income translates into greater purchasing power"

The context: "translate such clout into relatively more local benefits"

This is very similar to the example in sense 6: "the growth in income translates into greater purchasing power". Both use "translate X into Y" where X is some abstract quantity/resource and Y is a result or outcome.

However, sense 6's definition is "be equivalent in effect" - this is an intransitive usage? Let me check. The example "the growth in income translates into greater purchasing power" - here "translates" is used intransitively (or perhaps with the subject being the thing that changes). But in our sentence, it's "have been able to translate such clout into..." - this is transitive. The direct object is "such clout".

Wait, sense 2: "change from one form or medium into another" - example "Braque translated collage into oil". This is transitive: translate [collage] into [oil].

Sense 6: "be equivalent in effect" - example "the growth in income translates into greater purchasing power". Here the subject is "growth in income" and it translates into something. This is more intransitive or subject-focused.

In the target sentence: "Democratic legislators... have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits"

The legislators are the agents doing the translating. They are converting/transforming their clout into benefits. This seems more like sense 2 (change from one form to another, transform) because it's a transitive action performed by an agent.

But wait, let me reconsider. The phrase "translate into" is often used with sense 6. Let me look more carefully.

Actually, looking at WordNet sense 6 (translate%2:42:03::): "be equivalent in effect". The example "the growth in income translates into greater purchasing power" shows that the first thing results in or is equivalent to the second thing.

But in our context, the legislators are actively using their clout to get benefits. They are transforming/converting political power into local benefits.

Sense 2 (translate%2:30:01::): "change from one form or medium into another". Synonyms: transform. Example: "Braque translated collage into oil". This is about artistic transformation from one medium to another.

Sense 6 is specifically about "translate into" meaning "result in" or "be equivalent to". But the syntax in the target is transitive with an agent.

Let me check if sense 6 can be transitive. The definition "be equivalent in effect" suggests an intransitive or stative meaning. The example is intransitive (growth translates into power).

In the target: "translate such clout into..." - the direct object is "such clout". This is transitive.

Sense 2 is definitely transitive: "translated collage into oil".

However, there's another possibility. Let me look at sense 6 again. In WordNet, sense 6 might actually cover both transitive and intransitive uses? But the definition "be equivalent in effect" strongly suggests intransitive.

Actually, looking at the sentence again: "have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits". This means they converted their political power into local benefits. This is metaphorical transformation from one form (political power) to another (local benefits).

Sense 2 seems like the best fit because:
- It's transitive (agent transforms X into Y)
- It involves changing from one form to another (power → benefits)
- Synonym: transform

Sense 6 is more about one thing being equivalent in effect to another, often used intransitively. The example given is intransitive.

But I should double-check. The phrase "translate into" is extremely common in sense 6-type meanings. However, the presence of a direct object "such clout" before "into" makes it different from the intransitive "translates into".

Wait, actually, "translate" in sense 6 might be used as: "A translates into B" (A results in B). But our sentence is "translate A into B" (convert A into B).

Let me verify the WordNet senses more precisely.

Sense 2: change from one form or medium into another ("Braque translated collage into oil")
Sense 6: be equivalent in effect ("the growth in income translates into greater purchasing power")

In sense 2, an agent actively changes something from one form to another.
In sense 6, something naturally corresponds to or results in something else.

In the context, Democratic legislators are the agents. They are actively using their clout to produce benefits. So sense 2 seems better.

But actually, looking at the example for sense 6: "the growth in income translates into greater purchasing power" - this is about a relationship where one thing means or results in another. In our sentence, the legislators are the ones making it happen, but the underlying meaning is that their clout is being converted into benefits.

However, the syntax is crucial. "have been able to translate such clout" - the word "translate" takes a direct object "such clout". This is the pattern of sense 2, not sense 6.

Let me reconsider whether sense 6 can take a direct object. If the definition is "be equivalent in effect", it's stative/intransitive. You don't "be equivalent" something. So sense 6 is likely intransitive only.

Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice: translate%2:30:01:: - change from one form or medium into another.

Wait, but I want to be absolutely sure. Let me think about whether there's any other sense.

Sense 9: express in simple language - no.
Sense 1: language translation - no.

Could it be sense 6 despite the direct object? Let me think about whether "translate" in "translate clout into benefits" could be analyzed as sense 6. If I say "I translated his anger into action", is that sense 2 or 6? That's sense 2 (transform). If I say "His anger translates into action", that's sense 6.

Since the sentence has "Democratic legislators... translate such clout", it's transitive, so sense 2.

Actually, looking at the index numbers:
1. translate%2:32:00::
2. translate%2:30:01::
3. translate%2:31:00::
4. translate%2:35:00::
5. translate%2:30:00::
6. translate%2:42:03::
7. translate%2:42:00::
8. translate%2:38:04::
9. translate%2:32:06::
10. translate%2:32:05::

The user wants the sense_index, which corresponds to the numbering in the candidate list (1-10).

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

But let me reconsider one more time. Is there any chance it's sense 6? The example for sense 6 is "the growth in income translates into greater purchasing power". Our sentence is "translate such clout into relatively more local benefits". The pattern "X translates into Y" is very similar. However, in our case, there's an agent (Democratic legislators) and a direct object (such clout).

Actually, looking at real usage, "translate" in the sense of "transform/convert" (sense 2) is often used exactly this way: "translate resources into outcomes", "translate power into action", etc.

I think sense 2 is the best fit. The key is that they are changing one form of thing (political clout) into another form (local benefits), which is a transformation.

Let me check if WordNet sense 2 specifically covers this. The definition is "change from one form or medium into another". Political clout is an abstract form of capital, and local benefits are concrete outcomes. This fits "change from one form... into another".

Also, the synonym "transform" fits perfectly: "transform such clout into... benefits".

Therefore, the answer is sense_index 2.

Wait, I want to double-check the exact wording of sense 6. "be equivalent in effect". If the sentence were "Such clout translates into relatively more local benefits", then sense 6 would be perfect. But because it's "have been able to translate such clout", it's an active transformation.

Yes, I'm confident it's sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: local
Target surface form: local
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more <t>local</t> benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "local" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 The sentence is: "To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more <t>local</t> benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office."

 The word "local" here modifies "benefits" and is contrasted with national-level benefits. The context is about Democratic legislators from the South translating their power in Congress into benefits for their "respective constituencies" (which are local areas/districts).

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
    - This sense relates to administrative/governmental functions at a city/town/district level vs. larger area.
    - In the context, "local benefits" could mean benefits for the local district/constituency.

 2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
    - This sense is about characteristics of a particular locality or neighborhood.
    - "Local benefits" here would mean benefits specific to or characteristic of that locality.

 3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia
    - This is clearly medical and doesn't fit the political context.

 So it's between sense 1 and sense 2.

 Sense 1 (local%3:00:01::) focuses on administrative/governmental scope - city/town/district vs. larger area. The examples are "local taxes" and "local authorities" - these are governmental/administrative terms.

 Sense 2 (local%3:01:01::) focuses on belonging to/characteristic of a particular locality. Examples: "local customs", "local schools".

 In the context, "local benefits" refers to benefits delivered to the specific constituencies (districts) of the legislators. This is about governmental/administrative distribution of resources - benefits for a specific district/city/town rather than the national level.

 The contrast is between national policy making (mentioned earlier in the text) and local benefits for constituencies. The text mentions "respective constituencies" which are the local districts that legislators represent.

 Sense 1 seems to fit best because:
 - It concerns administration/district level vs. larger area (national)
 - "Local benefits" in political science often refers to pork barrel spending or particularistic benefits targeted to a legislator's district
 - The contrast is with national-level policy making mentioned earlier ("national policy making")

 However, let me reconsider sense 2. "Local benefits" could mean benefits characteristic of or belonging to that particular locality. But sense 1 specifically mentions "administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area" which fits the political context of congressional constituencies better.

 Actually, looking carefully at the WordNet definitions:
 - Sense 1: "relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area"
 - Sense 2: "of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood"

 In the context of congressional politics and constituencies, "local benefits" typically refers to benefits targeted to the specific district (local area) as opposed to national benefits. This aligns with sense 1's focus on the district/city/town level vs. larger area.

 The phrase "respective constituencies" clarifies that these are the specific geographic districts represented by the legislators. So "local benefits" = benefits for the local district/administrative area.

 Therefore, sense 1 (local%3:00:01::) is the best choice.

 Wait, I need to check the sense indices. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=local%3:00:01::
 2. sense_key=local%3:01:01::
 3. sense_key=local%3:00:02::

 So sense_index should be 1.

 But let me double-check if sense 2 could be correct. Sense 2 examples are "local customs; local schools" - these are about characteristics of a place. "Local benefits" in the sense of "benefits for the local area" could fit sense 2 as "belonging to a particular locality."

 However, in political science contexts, when discussing legislators bringing benefits to their districts, the contrast is typically between local/district level and national/federal level. Sense 1 explicitly mentions "administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area" which captures this governmental/administrative scope distinction.

 Also, looking at the broader context: the text discusses "national policy making" earlier, and contrasts it with local benefits here. This administrative/geographic scope distinction aligns with sense 1.

 Therefore, I choose sense 1.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: benefit
Target surface form: benefits
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local <t>benefits</t> for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=benefit%1:21:00:: | definition=financial assistance in time of need
2. sense_key=benefit%1:07:00:: | definition=something that aids or promotes well-being | synonyms=welfare | examples=for the benefit of all
3. sense_key=benefit%1:10:00:: | definition=a performance to raise money for a charitable cause

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "benefits" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
The text discusses political science theory about congressional elections, partisan roles, and ticket splitting in the South. The specific sentence containing "benefits" is: "To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local <t>benefits</t> for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office."

So here, "benefits" refers to advantages, goods, or positive outcomes that Democratic legislators bring to their local constituencies through their political power/clout. This could include things like federal funding, infrastructure projects, services, etc. that promote the well-being of the constituents.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=benefit%1:21:00:: | definition=financial assistance in time of need
   - This seems to refer specifically to financial aid/assistance during times of need (like welfare benefits, unemployment benefits). While the context mentions financial backers earlier, the specific use of "local benefits" here seems broader than just financial assistance in time of need. It's about general advantages/well-being derived from political clout.

2. sense_key=benefit%1:07:00:: | definition=something that aids or promotes well-being | synonyms=welfare | examples=for the benefit of all
   - This seems to fit well. "Something that aids or promotes well-being" matches the idea of local benefits (like federal projects, services, etc.) that legislators bring to their districts. The synonym "welfare" here is used in the broader sense of well-being, not just the government program. The example "for the benefit of all" also fits the political context of constituents.

3. sense_key=benefit%1:10:00:: | definition=a performance to raise money for a charitable cause
   - This is clearly wrong. The context is about political power and constituencies, not theatrical performances or charity events.

Between sense 1 and sense 2:
- Sense 1 is specifically "financial assistance in time of need" - this is narrower and suggests relief/help during hardship.
- Sense 2 is broader: "something that aids or promotes well-being"

In the political science context, when legislators bring "benefits" to their districts, they mean pork barrel spending, federal projects, grants, etc. - things that aid the well-being of the constituency. This is not necessarily "financial assistance in time of need" (which sounds more like welfare payments or unemployment benefits), but rather general advantages and goods that promote well-being.

The phrase "local benefits" in political science typically refers to distributive benefits - specific spending projects, grants, or policies that benefit the local district. This aligns with sense 2 (something that aids or promotes well-being) rather than sense 1 (financial assistance in time of need).

Also, looking at the WordNet structure:
- benefit%1:21:00:: is under noun.possession (financial assistance)
- benefit%1:07:00:: is under noun.attribute (something that promotes well-being)
- benefit%1:10:00:: is under noun.communication (performance)

The context is talking about translating political clout into tangible goods for constituents - these are advantages that promote well-being.

Therefore, sense 2 (index 2) is the best choice.

Wait, let me double-check the sense keys to make sure I have the indices right:
1. sense_key=benefit%1:21:00::
2. sense_key=benefit%1:07:00::
3. sense_key=benefit%1:10:00::

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: have
Target surface form: had
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have <t>had</t> an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=have%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have got, hold | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
2. sense_key=have%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a feature | synonyms=feature | examples=This restaurant features the most famous chefs in France
3. sense_key=have%2:39:06:: | definition=go through (mental or physical states or experiences) | synonyms=experience, receive, get | examples=get an idea; experience vertigo
4. sense_key=have%2:40:04:: | definition=have ownership or possession of | synonyms=own, possess | examples=He owns three houses in Florida; How many cars does she have?
5. sense_key=have%2:30:00:: | definition=cause to move; cause to be in a certain position or condition | synonyms=get, let | examples=He got his squad on the ball; This let me in for a big surprise
6. sense_key=have%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, take | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
7. sense_key=have%2:41:00:: | definition=have a personal or business relationship with someone | examples=have a postdoc; have an assistant
8. sense_key=have%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
9. sense_key=have%2:40:01:: | definition=have left | examples=I have two years left; I don't have any money left
10. sense_key=have%2:42:12:: | definition=be confronted with | examples=What do we have here?; Now we have a fine mess
11. sense_key=have%2:30:01:: | definition=undergo | synonyms=experience | examples=The stocks had a fast run-up
12. sense_key=have%2:29:02:: | definition=suffer from; be ill with | examples=She has arthritis
13. sense_key=have%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
14. sense_key=have%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, take | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
15. sense_key=have%2:40:03:: | definition=get something; come into possession of | synonyms=receive | examples=receive payment; receive a gift
16. sense_key=have%2:29:05:: | definition=undergo (as of injuries and illnesses) | synonyms=suffer, sustain, get | examples=She suffered a fracture in the accident; He had an insulin shock after eating three candy bars
17. sense_key=have%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=get, make | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
18. sense_key=have%2:29:00:: | definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, bear, birth | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!
19. sense_key=have%2:35:00:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=take | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "had" in the given context. The target lemma is "have" and the surface form is "had" (past tense).

Let me analyze the context:

The sentence containing the target is: "To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have <t>had</t> an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office."

The structure is: "voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive..."

This means the voters possess or hold an incentive. The incentive is something abstract that they possess.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=have%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have got, hold | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters

2. sense_key=have%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a feature | synonyms=feature | examples=This restaurant features the most famous chefs in France

3. sense_key=have%2:39:06:: | definition=go through (mental or physical states or experiences) | synonyms=experience, receive, get | examples=get an idea; experience vertigo

4. sense_key=have%2:40:04:: | definition=have ownership or possession of | synonyms=own, possess | examples=He owns three houses in Florida; How many cars does she have?

5. sense_key=have%2:30:00:: | definition=cause to move; cause to be in a certain position or condition | synonyms=get, let | examples=He got his squad on the ball; This let me in for a big surprise

6. sense_key=have%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, take | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee

7. sense_key=have%2:41:00:: | definition=have a personal or business relationship with someone | examples=have a postdoc; have an assistant

8. sense_key=have%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party

9. sense_key=have%2:40:01:: | definition=have left | examples=I have two years left; I don't have any money left

10. sense_key=have%2:42:12:: | definition=be confronted with | examples=What do we have here?; Now we have a fine mess

11. sense_key=have%2:30:01:: | definition=undergo | synonyms=experience | examples=The stocks had a fast run-up

12. sense_key=have%2:29:02:: | definition=suffer from; be ill with | examples=She has arthritis

13. sense_key=have%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer

14. sense_key=have%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, take | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!

15. sense_key=have%2:40:03:: | definition=get something; come into possession of | synonyms=receive | examples=receive payment; receive a gift

16. sense_key=have%2:29:05:: | definition=undergo (as of injuries and illnesses) | synonyms=suffer, sustain, get | examples=She suffered a fracture in the accident; He had an insulin shock after eating three candy bars

17. sense_key=have%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=get, make | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals

18. sense_key=have%2:29:00:: | definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, bear, birth | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!

19. sense_key=have%2:35:00:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=take | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable

The context is: "voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive"

This means the voters possess/hold an incentive. An incentive is an abstract concept.

Sense 1: "have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense" - this fits perfectly. The voters possess an incentive (abstract).

Sense 4: "have ownership or possession of" - this is more about ownership of physical things (houses, cars), though it could apply to abstract things, sense 1 is more general and specifically mentions abstract senses.

Sense 1 examples: "She has $1,000 in the bank" (concrete), "He has got two beautiful daughters" (concrete/relational), but the definition explicitly says "either in a concrete or an abstract sense".

Actually, looking at WordNet structure, sense 1 (have%2:40:00::) is usually the most general "possess" sense.

Sense 4 (have%2:40:04::) is specifically "have ownership or possession of" with examples about owning houses and cars.

The phrase "have an incentive" is about possessing/holding an abstract thing (incentive). This aligns with sense 1.

Sense 11 (undergo) - "The stocks had a fast run-up" - this is about experiencing something, but "have an incentive" is not about undergoing, it's about possessing.

Sense 3 (experience) - similar issue.

So the best choice is sense 1: have%2:40:00:: - have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense.

Wait, let me double-check if there's any other sense that could fit.

Sense 10: "be confronted with" - "Now we have a fine mess" - this doesn't fit "have an incentive".

Sense 7: "have a personal or business relationship" - "have a postdoc" - not this.

Sense 8: "organize or be responsible for" - "hold a reception" - not this.

Sense 15: "get something; come into possession of" - this is about receiving, acquiring. But "have had an incentive" implies they already possess it, not that they received it (though perfect tense complicates things). But the meaning is possessive, not receptive.

Actually, "have had" is present perfect tense. The meaning is that they possess/have possessed an incentive.

Sense 1 is definitely the best fit.

The index for sense 1 is 1.

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Moonshot AI