[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: early
Target surface form: early
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the <t>early</t> 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=early%3:00:00:: | definition=at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time | examples=early morning; an early warning
2. sense_key=early%3:00:02:: | definition=being or occurring at an early stage of development | examples=in an early stage; early forms of life
3. sense_key=early%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=former, other | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=early%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=very young | examples=at an early age
5. sense_key=early%3:00:01:: | definition=of an early stage in the development of a language or literature | examples=the Early Hebrew alphabetical script is that used mainly from the 11th to the 6th centuries B.C.; Early Modern English is represented in documents printed from 1476 to 1700
6. sense_key=early%5:00:01:future:00 | definition=expected in the near future | examples=look for an early end to the negotiations

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "early" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the <t>early</t> 1980s called oncogenes."

 The target word "early" modifies "1980s", referring to a specific time period (the 1980s) and indicating the beginning portion of that decade.

 Let's examine the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=early%3:00:00:: | definition=at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time | examples=early morning; an early warning
    - This fits well. "Early 1980s" means at or near the beginning of the 1980s (1980-1983 or so). This is a temporal sense referring to the beginning of a period of time.

 2. sense_key=early%3:00:02:: | definition=being or occurring at an early stage of development | examples=in an early stage; early forms of life
    - This refers to stages of development, not specifically time periods like decades. While "early 1980s" could be seen as a stage, sense 1 is more specific about time periods.

 3. sense_key=early%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=former, other | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
    - This implies "former" or belonging to distant past. While the 1980s are in the past, "early" here doesn't mean "belonging to the distant past" but rather specifies which part of the 1980s. Also, the synonyms "former, other" don't fit well with "early 1980s" in the sense of "former 1980s" (which would be redundant or mean something else).

 4. sense_key=early%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=very young | examples=at an early age
    - This refers to age/youth, not applicable to decades.

 5. sense_key=early%3:00:01:: | definition=of an early stage in the development of a language or literature | examples=Early Hebrew...
    - Too specific to language/literature development. Not applicable.

 6. sense_key=early%5:00:01:future:00 | definition=expected in the near future | examples=look for an early end...
    - This refers to future expectations, but the 1980s are in the past (relative to the text, which seems to be from the 1990s or later, given "Only a decade ago..."). So this doesn't fit.

 The best fit is sense 1: "at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time". The phrase "early 1980s" clearly refers to the beginning portion of the decade of the 1980s.

 Wait, let me double-check sense 3. Could "early 1980s" mean "the former 1980s"? No, that doesn't make sense. "Early" when modifying a year or decade typically means the beginning years of that period.

 Sense 1 examples: "early morning" (beginning of morning), "early warning" (before expected). This aligns with "early 1980s" (beginning of the 1980s).

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 1.

 But wait, I need to check if there's any distinction between sense 1 and sense 2 that I'm missing. Sense 2 is "being or occurring at an early stage of development". The 1980s is a time period, not necessarily a "stage of development" in this context, though one could argue it's a stage of scientific discovery. However, sense 1 explicitly mentions "beginning of a period of time", which is exactly what we have.

 Also, looking at the WordNet structure:
 - early%3:00:00:: is the first adjective sense (usually the most common temporal one)
 - early%3:00:02:: is another adjective sense
 - The others are satellite adjectives (indicated by %5:)

 Actually, looking at the sense keys:
 - %3:00:00:: - This is an adjective (3), and the specific sense numbering.
 - %5:00:00:past:00 - This is an adjective satellite (5)

 But for the purpose of this exercise, I just need to pick the index number from the list provided.

 The list is:
 1. sense_key=early%3:00:00:: ...
 2. sense_key=early%3:00:02:: ...
 3. sense_key=early%5:00:00:past:00 ...
 4. sense_key=early%5:00:00:young:00 ...
 5. sense_key=early%3:00:01:: ...
 6. sense_key=early%5:00:01:future:00 ...

 So the answer is index 1.

 Let me verify once more. The context is "early 1980s". This means the years 1980-1983/1984, i.e., near the beginning of the 1980s. This matches definition 1 perfectly: "at or near the beginning of a period of time".

 Definition 2 "being or occurring at an early stage of development" could potentially apply if we thought of the 1980s as a developmental stage, but that's more abstract. The concrete temporal meaning is primary here.

 Definition 3 "belonging to the distant past" - while the 1980s are in the past, "early" isn't functioning to mark the pastness (the 1980s itself does that), but to locate within the decade.

 Definition 4 - clearly wrong (young age).

 Definition 5 - clearly wrong (language/literature).

 Definition 6 - clearly wrong (future).

 So definitely index 1.

provider: Moonshot AI


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s <t>called</t> oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "called" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The sentence is: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s <t>called</t> oncogenes."
 - The structure is: "genes ... called oncogenes"
 - This is a passive construction where "oncogenes" is the name given to the family of genes.
 - The meaning is about assigning a name or designation to something.

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
    - This fits well. It's about assigning a name (oncogenes) to something (a family of genes).
    - The examples show naming things: "named their son David", "named after..."
    - In the context, the genes are being named "oncogenes".

 2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
    - This is about calling someone something (insults or descriptions), like "called me a bastard".
    - Doesn't fit here because "oncogenes" is a proper name/term, not a quality description.

 3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone
    - Not relevant.

 4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry
    - Not relevant.

 5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come
    - Not relevant.

 6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit
    - Not relevant.

 7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet
    - Not relevant.

 8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees
    - Not relevant.

 9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.
    - Not relevant.

 10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry
    - Not relevant.

 11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions
    - Not relevant.

 12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name
    - This is about addressing someone ("Call me Mister").
    - Close, but not exactly. This is about how to address someone, not naming a category of things.

 13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour
    - Not relevant.

 14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan)
    - Not relevant.

 15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands
    - Not relevant.

 16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance
    - Not relevant.

 17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to
    - Not relevant.

 18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance
    - Not relevant.

 19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation
    - Not relevant.

 20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement
    - Not relevant.

 21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee
    - Not relevant.

 22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal
    - Not relevant.

 23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for
    - Not relevant.

 24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role
    - Not relevant.

 25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce
    - Not relevant.

 26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of
    - Not relevant.

 27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being
    - This is close. "I would not call her beautiful" - this is about categorizing or describing.
    - But "called oncogenes" is more about naming than considering/regarding.
    - However, let's look at the difference between sense 1 and sense 27.
    - Sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" - this is naming.
    - Sense 27: "consider or regard as being" - this is about categorization or description.
    - In the context, "oncogenes" is a technical term/name given to these genes. It's a proper name in the scientific sense.
    - Also, earlier in the text: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors" - this is the same pattern.
    - "call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors" - this is assigning a name.
    - So sense 1 is the best fit.

 28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call
    - Not relevant.

 Comparing sense 1 and sense 27:
 - Sense 1 is specifically about naming (assigning a proper name).
 - Sense 27 is about considering/regarding (categorizing).
 - When scientists "call" something by a technical term like "oncogenes", they are naming it.
 - The example for sense 1: "They named their son David" - this is exactly parallel to "genes called oncogenes".
 - The example for sense 27: "I would not call her beautiful" - this is different; it's about whether a description applies.

 Therefore, sense 1 (index 1) is the correct choice.

 Wait, I need to check the index numbers. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=...
 2. sense_key=...
 etc.

 So the index is 1.

 But let me double-check if there's any other sense that could fit.
 Sense 12: "greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name" - "Call me Mister"
 This is similar but different. "Call me Mister" means "address me as Mister".
 "Genes called oncogenes" means "genes named oncogenes".
 The difference is:
 - Sense 1: X is called Y = X has the name Y
 - Sense 12: Call X Y = Address X as Y

 In the context, it's clearly "X is called Y" (passive), meaning X is named Y.

 So yes, sense 1 is correct.

 The JSON should be: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Chutes

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: present
Target surface form: present
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be <t>present</t> for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=present%3:00:01:: | definition=temporal sense; intermediate between past and future; now existing or happening or in consideration | examples=the present leader; articles for present use
2. sense_key=present%3:00:02:: | definition=being or existing in a specified place | examples=the murderer is present in this room; present at the wedding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "present" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The text is about cancer genetics. Specifically, it discusses oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. The sentence containing the target word is: "Oncogenes must be <t>present</t> for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells..."

 Here, "present" means that oncogenes must exist or be found in the cell for it to become malignant. It's about existence/location in a specified place (the cell).

 Candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=present%3:00:01:: - temporal sense; intermediate between past and future; now existing or happening or in consideration. Examples: "the present leader", "articles for present use". This is about time.
 2. sense_key=present%3:00:02:: - being or existing in a specified place. Examples: "the murderer is present in this room", "present at the wedding". This is about spatial existence or presence.

 In the context: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant" - this means oncogenes must exist/be found in the cell. This aligns with sense 2: being or existing in a specified place (the cell).

 The temporal sense (sense 1) doesn't fit because we're not talking about the current time, but rather about the existence/location of genes within cells.

 Therefore, the correct sense is sense 2 (present%3:00:02::).

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 2}

 Wait, let me check the indexing. The user provided:
 1. sense_key=present%3:00:01::
 2. sense_key=present%3:00:02::

 So sense_index should be 2.

 Let me double-check:
 - Sense 1: temporal (now, current)
 - Sense 2: spatial/location (existing in a place)

 Context: "Oncogenes must be present" - meaning they must be there/exist in the cell. This is clearly the spatial/existential sense, not the temporal one.

 Yes, sense 2 is correct.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a <t>cell</t> to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "cell" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about cancer, genes, and biology
 - It mentions "tumor-suppressors", "anti-cancer genes", "proteins", "cell division", "malignant", "oncogenes"
 - The specific sentence with the target: "Oncogenes must be present for a <t>cell</t> to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells"
 - This is clearly talking about biological cells - the basic units of life that can become cancerous/malignant

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
    - This is about physical compartments like honeycomb cells. Not biological.

 2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
    - This is the biological definition. The context is about cancer, genes, proteins, and cells becoming malignant. This fits perfectly.

 3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
    - This is about batteries/electrical cells. Not relevant.

 4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
    - Political cell. Not relevant.

 5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone... | synonyms=cellular telephone...
    - Cell phone. Not relevant.

 6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
    - Monastery cell. Not relevant.

 7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell...
    - Prison cell. Not relevant.

 The context is clearly biological/medical. It's discussing how oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes affect cells, how cells become malignant, cell division, etc.

 Therefore, sense 2 (cell%1:03:00::) is the correct choice.

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 2}

 Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03::
 2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00::
 3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00::
 4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00::
 5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04::
 6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02::
 7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01::

 So the biological sense is index 2.

 The context mentions:
 - "hold a cell's growth in check"
 - "cell division"
 - "for a cell to become malignant"
 - "in normal as well as in cancerous cells"
 - "proliferating cells"

 This is definitely the biological sense (sense 2).

 I should return: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: become
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to <t>become</t> malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "become" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 The sentence is: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to <t>become</t> malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."

 The target is "become" and the context is about a cell becoming malignant.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious

 2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy

 3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration

 4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

 Analysis:
 - The context is about a cell undergoing a transformation/change to become malignant (cancerous).
 - "Become malignant" means to undergo a change from normal to malignant.
 - Sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition" - This could work, but let's check Sense 2.
 - Sense 2: "undergo a change or development" with synonym "turn". The example "The water turned into ice" shows a transformation/change of state. "Her former friend became her worst enemy" also shows a change. This seems very fitting for "become malignant" which is a biological transformation.
 - Sense 3: "come into existence" - This doesn't fit. The cell already exists; it's changing state, not coming into existence.
 - Sense 4: "enhance the appearance of" - This is clearly wrong. This is the archaic/poetic usage as in "Mourning becomes Electra" (suits/fits).

 Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
 Sense 1 is about entering a state (become annoyed, get serious).
 Sense 2 is about undergoing a change or development (turn into, become [transformed into]).

 In the phrase "become malignant", we're talking about a cell undergoing malignant transformation - a change in its nature/character. This aligns well with Sense 2 which uses "turn" as a synonym and has examples like "turned into ice" and "became her worst enemy".

 However, Sense 1 could also apply since "malignant" is a state or condition.

 Let me look more carefully at the distinction between Sense 1 and Sense 2 in WordNet.

 Sense become%2:30:00:: is usually for "become + adjective" like "become angry", "become dark", "become ill" - entering a state.

 Sense become%2:42:01:: is often for "become + noun" or changes indicating transformation: "become a butterfly", "become friends", "turn into ice".

 But "become malignant" - malignant is an adjective describing a state.

 Actually, looking at the examples:
 Sense 1: "He became annoyed", "It must be getting more serious" - these are stative changes.
 Sense 2: "The water turned into ice", "Her former friend became her worst enemy" - these seem like categorical/identity changes or transformations.

 But "malignant" is an adjective. However, in biological contexts, "become malignant" is a process of transformation (carcinogenesis).

 Let me reconsider. The gloss for Sense 2 says "undergo a change or development". A cell becoming malignant is definitely undergoing a change/development (malignant transformation).

 But Sense 1 "enter or assume a certain state or condition" also works.

 Which is better? In WordNet, typically sense 2:30:00 (enter a state) is used for predicative adjectives like "become red", "become sick".

 Sense 2:42:01 is often used for "turn into" type meanings.

 However, looking at typical WordNet mappings, "become malignant" or "become cancerous" usually maps to sense 2:30:00 (enter or assume a certain state) or sense 2:42:01 (undergo a change).

 Wait, let me think about the example in Sense 2: "Her former friend became her worst enemy". This is a change in relationship/identity.

 And "The water turned into ice" - this is a phase change/transformation.

 "Become malignant" is more like the water turning into ice (a transformation) than like becoming annoyed (an emotional state change), though both could apply.

 Actually, looking at standard WSD datasets, "become" when followed by an adjective describing a disease state or condition usually goes to sense 2:30:00.

 But let's look at the exact wording again. The definition of sense 2 is "undergo a change or development". The cell is undergoing a change (from normal to malignant). This seems very precise.

 However, I need to be careful. In WordNet, "become" sense 2:30:00 is the most common sense for "become" + adjective phrases.

 Let me check the lexicographer file numbers:
 - 2:30:00 - verb.change (I think? actually 2:30 is verb.change)
 - 2:42:01 - verb.change as well? Let me see... WordNet lexicographer files are numbered:
   - 02:30:00 - this would be from the verb.change file
   - 02:42:01 - this would also be from verb.change file? Actually the format is POS:lexfile:senum

 Actually the sense keys are:
 - become%2:30:00:: - this means part of speech 2 (verb), lexicographer file 30 (change?), sense 00
 - become%2:42:01:: - part of speech 2, lexicographer file 42 (?), sense 01

 Wait, standard WordNet lexicographer file numbers:
 - 02 = verb
 - 30 = verb.change? No, 30 is usually noun.energy or something... let me recall.

 Actually sense keys format: lemma%pos:lex_filenum:senum:tagcnt

 Common lexicographer files for verbs:
 - 29 - verb.body
 - 30 - verb.change
 - 31 - verb.cognition
 - 32 - verb.communication
 - 33 - verb.competition
 - 34 - verb.consumption
 - 35 - verb.contact
 - 36 - verb.creation
 - 37 - verb.emotion
 - 38 - verb.motion
 - 39 - verb.perception
 - 40 - verb.possession
 - 41 - verb.social
 - 42 - verb.stative
 - 43 - verb.weather

 So:
 - become%2:30:00:: = verb.change, sense 0
 - become%2:42:01:: = verb.stative, sense 1
 - become%2:42:00:: = verb.stative, sense 0
 - become%2:42:03:: = verb.stative, sense 3

 Wait that doesn't seem right. Let me check.

 Actually standard WordNet 3.0 lexicographer file numbers:
 - verb.change is 30
 - verb.stative is 42

 But become%2:42:01:: suggests lex file 42 which is stative.
 become%2:30:00:: suggests lex file 30 which is change.

 Hmm, actually "become" showing change would be in verb.change, not verb.stative.

 Let me reconsider the sense indices:

 Sense 1: become%2:30:00:: - verb.change - "enter or assume a certain state or condition"
 Sense 2: become%2:42:01:: - verb.stative - "undergo a change or development"
 Sense 3: become%2:42:00:: - verb.stative - "come into existence"
 Sense 4: become%2:42:03:: - verb.stative - "enhance the appearance of"

 This is interesting. So sense 1 is in verb.change, while senses 2,3,4 are in verb.stative.

 The gloss "undergo a change or development" being in verb.stative seems counterintuitive, but that's how WordNet organizes it.

 Actually I should verify: "The water turned into ice" - is this "become" or is the example for "turn"? The example says: "The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy"

 So the second part is "became her worst enemy" - that's what corresponds to this sense.

 So Sense 2 is for transformations/identity changes.
 Sense 1 is for entering states.

 "Become malignant" - is malignant a state or an identity? It's a state (of being cancerous). But it's also a category/type.

 However, looking at the distinction in WordNet:
 - Sense 1 (become.v.01): enter or assume a certain state or condition - "He became annoyed", "Get going!", "Get ready!"
 - Sense 2 (become.v.02): undergo a change or development - "Her former friend became her worst enemy", "The water turned into ice" [wait, that's "turn"], "Turn into an animal"

 Actually looking up WordNet 3.0 or 3.1:
 become.v.01: enter or assume a certain state or condition; "He became annoyed when he heard the bad news"; "It must be getting more serious"; "her face went red with anger"; "She went into ecstasy"; "Get going!"
 become.v.02: undergo a change or development; "The water turned into ice"; "Her former friend became her worst enemy"; "Turn into an animal"
 become.v.03: come into existence; "What becomes has duration"
 become.v.04: enhance the appearance of; "Mourning becomes Electra"; "This behavior doesn't suit you!"

 Wait, in become.v.02, the first example uses "turned", not "became". That's confusing. Let me look carefully.

 Actually the candidate sense says:
 2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy

 So the examples include both "turned" (different verb) and "became". The synonym is "turn". This suggests that this sense is about transformation/metamorphosis.

 "Become malignant" involves a transformation of the cell. However, "become" + adjective (malignant) is more commonly sense 1 in actual usage.

 Let me think about the specific context: "for a cell to become malignant"

 This is describing a process where a cell changes its character to become cancerous. This is a developmental change.

 However, "malignant" is an adjective predicative complement.

 Let me look for similar examples. "Become ill" - this is sense 1 (enter a state). "Become sick" - sense 1. "Become old" - sense 1.

 But "become a doctor" - sense 2 (undergo change/development).
 "Become friends" - sense 2.
 "Become extinct" - hmm, might be sense 1 or 2.

 Actually "become malignant" is likely sense 1 because it's entering the state of being malignant.

 But wait, the distinction might be subtle. Let me look at the "turn" synonym. "Turn malignant" is a very common phrase in medicine - "The lesion turned malignant". This suggests sense 2 might be appropriate because "turn" is the synonym.

 In medical contexts, we say "turn cancerous" or "become cancerous".

 Actually, looking at standard semantic concordances, "become malignant" could map to either depending on whether it's viewed as assuming a condition (state) or undergoing transformation (developmental change).

 But given that sense 2 specifically mentions "turn" as a synonym and the example includes "became her worst enemy" (a qualitative change in nature), and cancer is a fundamental change in cell behavior (not just a temporary state), sense 2 seems slightly better.

 However, I need to be careful not to overthink. The most common sense of "become" followed by an adjective is sense 1.

 Let me reconsider the glosses:
 - Sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition" - synonyms: go, get
 - Sense 2: "undergo a change or development" - synonym: turn

 The cell is undergoing a change (development) to reach the malignant state. But it's also assuming the state of being malignant.

 Which is the "single best" sense?

 In WordNet, "become annoyed" is sense 1. "Become obsolete" might be sense 2? "Become a butterfly" is definitely sense 2 (metamorphosis).

 Cancer is not metamorphosis, but it is a change in development/status.

 Actually, looking at WordNet's become.v.02 examples again: "The water turned into ice" - this is phase transition. "Her former friend became her worst enemy" - this is role change.

 "Become malignant" is like "become obsolete" or "become radioactive" - these are state changes.

 I think sense 1 is actually the better choice here. The cell enters the state of being malignant. The paraphrase with "get" or "go" works: "cells go malignant" (though "turn malignant" also works).

 Wait, "go malignant" is used, "turn malignant" is used, "become malignant" is used.

 But the key is the WordNet sense indexing. Let me assume the user wants the standard WSD answer.

 Actually, looking at the instruction: "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense."

 The context is biological: "initiate a cancer", "propel it into a deadly state", "turn malignant" is actually used in the text!

 Look at this part of the context: "cells normally under control turn malignant"

 The text uses "turn malignant" just a few sentences before: "cells normally under control turn malignant"

 And the target is "become malignant" in the sentence about oncogenes.

 Since "turn" is the synonym for sense 2, and the text explicitly uses "turn malignant" elsewhere referring to the same biological process, this strongly suggests that sense 2 is the correct choice, as "become" and "turn" are being used interchangeably here for the same transformation process.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense 2.

 Wait, I need to check the index. The options are:
 1. become%2:30:00::
 2. become%2:42:01::
 3. become%2:42:00::
 4. become%2:42:03::

 So sense 2 is the one with "turn" as synonym.

 Given that the passage uses "turn malignant" as a synonymous construction to "become malignant", and sense 2 lists "turn" as a synonym, this is strong evidence for sense 2.

 Also, "undergo a change or development" fits the biological context of carcinogenesis as a developmental process involving accumulated genetic changes.

 I'll go with sense 2 (index 2).

 Wait, I should double check: the target is "become" in "for a cell to become malignant"

 Yes.

 Final check: Could it be sense 1? Sense 1 has synonyms "go, get". We can say "go malignant", but "get malignant" sounds odd (we say "get cancer" but not typically "get malignant"). "Become malignant" is more formal/scientific. "Turn malignant" is also used.

 The presence of "turn malignant" in the immediate context is the clincher for sense 2.

 Answer: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have <t>found</t> them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "found" (lemma "find") in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
"Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have <t>found</t> them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."

The sentence means that researchers discovered/observed/detected oncogenes in normal cells as well as cancerous cells. This is about scientific discovery or detection of the existence/presence of something.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. find%2:40:02:: - come upon, as if by accident; meet with (happen, chance, bump, encounter)
   - This implies accidental meeting. The scientific research context suggests deliberate study, not accident.

2. find%2:39:02:: - discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (detect, observe, discover, notice)
   - Examples: "She detected high levels of lead", "We found traces of lead"
   - This fits well. Researchers detected/observed oncogenes in normal cells.

3. find%2:40:00:: - come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost
   - This is about locating lost items. Not appropriate for genes in cells.

4. find%2:32:00:: - establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (determine, find out, ascertain)
   - Examples: "find the product of two numbers", "The physicist who found the elusive particle"
   - This could work, but it's more about establishing a fact through investigation. However, the context is about discovering the presence of oncogenes in normal cells.

5. find%2:31:10:: - come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds (feel)
   - Not appropriate for scientific observation.

6. find%2:39:01:: - perceive or be contemporaneous with (witness, see)
   - Examples: "We found Republicans winning the offices"
   - This is about witnessing events. Not quite right for detecting biological entities.

7. find%2:40:01:: - get something or somebody for a specific purpose
   - Not appropriate.

8. find%2:36:00:: - make a discovery, make a new finding (discover)
   - Examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays", "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"
   - This is about making a new discovery. But oncogenes were already discovered in the early 1980s (as mentioned in the text). Here they are finding them (observing their presence) in normal cells. It's not the initial discovery of oncogenes themselves.

9. find%2:31:09:: - make a discovery
   - Examples: "She found that he had lied to her"
   - This is about discovering a fact. Could work, but sense 2 seems more about detecting existence/presence.

10. find%2:40:03:: - obtain through effort or management
    - Not appropriate.

11. find%2:32:01:: - decide on and make a declaration about (rule)
    - Legal context. Not appropriate.

12. find%2:30:00:: - receive a specified treatment (abstract)
    - Not appropriate.

13. find%2:39:05:: - perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place
    - Reflexive. Not appropriate.

14. find%2:40:15:: - get or find back; recover the use of
    - Not appropriate.

15. find%2:38:10:: - succeed in reaching; arrive at
    - Not appropriate.

16. find%2:30:13:: - accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation
    - Not appropriate.

Now between sense 2 and sense 4 and sense 8/9:

Sense 2: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of
- "researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells"
- This is literally determining the existence/presence of oncogenes in normal cells.
- Synonyms: detect, observe, discover, notice
- This fits perfectly.

Sense 4: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study
- This is also plausible because researchers did investigations.
- But the specific meaning here is about detecting their presence in a location (normal cells), not establishing a fact through calculation/study.
- Actually, looking at the examples: "The physicist who found the elusive particle" - this is similar to finding genes in cells.
- But sense 2's definition explicitly mentions "presence" and the examples include "We found traces of lead in the paint" which is very analogous to finding genes in cells.

Sense 8: make a discovery, make a new finding
- This would be if they discovered oncogenes for the first time. But the text says oncogenes were discovered in the early 1980s. Here they found them (detected their presence) in normal cells. It's an observation, not necessarily a groundbreaking discovery of the thing itself.

Sense 9: make a discovery (She found that he had lied)
- This is clausal discovery. Here the object is "them" (oncogenes), not a that-clause.

Comparing sense 2 and 4:
Sense 2 (find%2:39:02::) is classified under verb.perception (2:39) - "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of"
Sense 4 (find%2:32:00::) is classified under verb.cognition (2:32) - "establish after a calculation, investigation..."

The context emphasizes that researchers observed/detected the presence of oncogenes in normal cells. This is a perception/detection sense rather than a cognitive establishment. The key is that they detected these genes in places they didn't expect (normal cells), which determined the fact that oncogenes alone don't cause cancer.

Also, looking at the WordNet mapping, find%2:39:02:: is the sense used for "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - this is the standard sense for finding something (detecting it) in a location.

The example for sense 2: "We found traces of lead in the paint" is almost exactly parallel to "researchers have found them [oncogenes] in normal as well as in cancerous cells."

Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.

Wait, let me double-check the sense numbering. The user lists:
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of

Yes, index 2.

Actually, looking more carefully at sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" - examples include "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle". Finding a new particle is similar to finding genes in cells. But the key difference is that oncogenes were already known (discovered in early 1980s). The text says "a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes." So researchers are not discovering oncogenes themselves; they are finding (detecting) them in normal cells. This argues against sense 8.

Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation..." - The researchers did investigations, but the direct object is "them" (the genes). You don't usually "establish genes" - you establish facts. But you can "detect/observe genes".

Sense 2 is definitely the best fit. The definition explicitly mentions "presence" and the example "We found traces of lead in the paint" matches the syntactic and semantic pattern perfectly.

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in <t>normal</t> as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "normal" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
The text discusses cancer genes, oncogenes, and tumor-suppressors. The specific sentence is: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in <t>normal</t> as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."

So "normal" here is describing cells - specifically contrasting "normal" cells with "cancerous" cells.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
   - This is the standard/general sense of normal meaning not abnormal, conforming to a standard.

2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
   - This seems to be about scientific/normal behavior in physics/science contexts.

3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
   - This is about being average or typical in characteristics like intelligence.

4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle
   - This is a geometric/technical sense.

In the context, "normal" is describing cells that are not cancerous. It's being used to contrast with "cancerous cells". This fits sense 1: "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type... not abnormal".

Sense 1 examples include "normal diplomatic relations" and "normal room temperature" - these are about standard/expected states. Similarly, "normal cells" are standard/healthy cells as opposed to cancerous ones.

Sense 3 is about being average in intelligence or development - this doesn't fit biological cells.

Sense 2 is about scientific laws - not quite right for biological tissue description.

Sense 4 is geometric - clearly wrong.

So the best sense is sense 1: conforming with or constituting a norm or standard... not abnormal.

Wait, let me double-check WordNet sense keys. In WordNet, "normal" as an adjective (3) has several senses. Let me think about the numbering:

Looking at the sense keys:
1. normal%3:00:01::
2. normal%3:00:02::
3. normal%3:00:03::
4. normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00

The context is about biological cells that are healthy/not cancerous. This is definitely sense 1 - the general sense of "not abnormal, conforming to a norm".

In biological/medical contexts, "normal" typically means "healthy" or "not diseased", which falls under the general definition of conforming to the standard/expected state (sense 1).

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancerous
Target surface form: cancerous
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in <t>cancerous</t> cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malignant:02 | definition=relating to or affected with cancer | examples=a cancerous growth
2. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malign:00 | definition=like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads | examples=remorse was cancerous within him; pornography is cancerous to the moral development of our children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "cancerous" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The text is discussing cancer biology, specifically genes related to cancer (tumor-suppressors, oncogenes). The specific sentence containing "cancerous" is: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in <t>cancerous</t> cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."

 Here, "cancerous" is modifying "cells" and is being contrasted with "normal" cells. The context is clearly medical/biological, referring to cells that have cancer (malignant cells).

 Candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malignant:02 | definition=relating to or affected with cancer | examples=a cancerous growth
 2. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malign:00 | definition=like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads | examples=remorse was cancerous within him; pornography is cancerous to the moral development of our children

 Analysis:
 - Sense 1 refers to the medical condition of cancer (malignant cells/tissue).
 - Sense 2 is a metaphorical extension, referring to something evil that spreads like cancer (e.g., remorse, pornography).

 In the context provided, the text is discussing actual cancer cells vs normal cells in a biological/medical research context. The word "cancerous" is describing cells that are affected by cancer (malignant cells).

 Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

 The user asks for a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3} but the senses are numbered 1 and 2 in the candidate list. So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

 Wait, let me double-check the instruction: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

 This is an example format. The indices in the candidate list are 1 and 2. So I should return the index of the chosen sense, which is 1.

 Sense 1: relating to or affected with cancer (medical/biological)
 Sense 2: like a cancer (metaphorical)

 Context: "researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells" - clearly talking about biological cells with cancer.

 Therefore: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous <t>cells</t>, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "cells" in the given context. I need to choose the best sense from the 7 candidate senses provided.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about cancer, genes, and biology.
- It mentions "tumor-suppressors", "anti-cancer genes", "proteins", "cell division", "oncogenes", "malignant", "proliferating cells".
- The specific sentence containing "cells" is: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous <t>cells</t>..."

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. cell%1:06:03:: - any small compartment (example: honeycomb cells) - This is a physical compartment sense, not biological.

2. cell%1:03:00:: - (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms... - This is the biological sense of cell (as in living cells).

3. cell%1:06:00:: - electric cell (battery) - Not relevant here.

4. cell%1:14:00:: - political cell/cadre - Not relevant here.

5. cell%1:06:04:: - cellular telephone - Not relevant here.

6. cell%1:06:02:: - monk's/nun's room - Not relevant here.

7. cell%1:06:01:: - prison cell - Not relevant here.

The context is clearly about biology, cancer, genes, and living organisms. The word "cells" refers to biological cells (living cells that can become malignant/cancerous).

Sense 2 is the only biological definition: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals"

This matches perfectly with the context talking about cancer, cell division, malignant cells, etc.

Therefore, the correct sense index is 2.

Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user provided:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03::
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00::
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00::
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00::
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04::
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02::
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01::

So sense 2 is cell%1:03:00:: which is the biological cell definition.

Yes, that's correct.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: suggest
Target surface form: suggesting
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, <t>suggesting</t> that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=suggest%2:32:00:: | definition=make a proposal, declare a plan for something | synonyms=propose, advise | examples=the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax
2. sense_key=suggest%2:32:04:: | definition=drop a hint; intimate by a hint | synonyms=hint
3. sense_key=suggest%2:32:02:: | definition=imply as a possibility | synonyms=intimate | examples=The evidence suggests a need for more clarification
4. sense_key=suggest%2:32:03:: | definition=suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine | synonyms=indicate | examples=Tetracycline is indicated in such cases
5. sense_key=suggest%2:32:01:: | definition=call to mind | synonyms=evoke, paint a picture | examples=this remark evoked sadness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "suggesting" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about cancer genes (tumor-suppressors and oncogenes)
 - The specific sentence: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."
 - The meaning here is that the fact that oncogenes are found in normal cells implies/indicates that they don't cause cancer by themselves.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. suggest%2:32:00:: - make a proposal, declare a plan for something (synonyms: propose, advise)
    - This doesn't fit. The researchers aren't proposing something in the sense of making a suggestion or recommendation. They're drawing a conclusion from evidence.

 2. suggest%2:32:04:: - drop a hint; intimate by a hint (synonyms: hint)
    - This doesn't fit. There's no hinting going on. It's about evidence implying a conclusion.

 3. suggest%2:32:02:: - imply as a possibility (synonyms: intimate)
    - Example: "The evidence suggests a need for more clarification"
    - This seems to fit. The presence of oncogenes in normal cells implies/indicates that they don't cause cancer by themselves. It's about evidence implying a conclusion.

 4. suggest%2:32:03:: - suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine (synonyms: indicate)
    - Example: "Tetracycline is indicated in such cases"
    - This is specifically about medical interventions/treatments. While the context is medical (cancer), the specific usage here isn't about suggesting/necessitating an intervention or treatment. It's about the evidence implying a conclusion about causation.

 5. suggest%2:32:01:: - call to mind (synonyms: evoke, paint a picture)
    - Example: "this remark evoked sadness"
    - This doesn't fit. It's not about evoking memories or images.

 The best fit is sense 3: "imply as a possibility"
 - The evidence (finding oncogenes in normal cells) implies/indicates that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.
 - This matches the example "The evidence suggests a need for more clarification"

 Wait, let me double-check sense 4. The gloss says "suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine". The context is medical, but is it suggesting an intervention? No, it's suggesting a conclusion about causation. So sense 4 is too specific.

 Sense 3 is the general "imply as a possibility" which fits perfectly with scientific evidence implying a conclusion.

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
 - suggest%2:32:02 is typically the "imply" sense used in scientific/empirical contexts
 - suggest%2:32:03 is specifically the medical "indicate treatment" sense

 The context is: "researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."

 This is clearly the "imply" or "indicate" sense - the evidence indicates/implies that...

 So sense index 3 (suggest%2:32:02::) is correct.

 Wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=suggest%2:32:00::
 2. sense_key=suggest%2:32:04::
 3. sense_key=suggest%2:32:02::
 4. sense_key=suggest%2:32:03::
 5. sense_key=suggest%2:32:01::

 So:
 - Index 1: propose/advise
 - Index 2: hint
 - Index 3: imply as a possibility (the one with example "The evidence suggests...")
 - Index 4: medical indicate
 - Index 5: evoke/call to mind

 Yes, index 3 is correct.

 The answer should be: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cause
Target surface form: cause
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't <t>cause</t> cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cause%2:36:00:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=do, make | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
2. sense_key=cause%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, have, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "cause" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't <t>cause</t> cancer by themselves."

 The meaning here is that oncogenes don't bring about or give rise to cancer by themselves. They don't make cancer happen or occur.

 Looking at the candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=cause%2:36:00:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=do, make | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
 2. sense_key=cause%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, have, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer

 Sense 1 is about causing something to happen or occur (give rise to), which fits the context of oncogenes giving rise to cancer (making cancer happen/occur).

 Sense 2 is about causing someone to do something or act in a certain way (persuading or inducing action), which doesn't fit here because cancer is not an agent that can be induced to act - rather, cancer is a state/condition that is brought about.

 The phrase "cause cancer" means to bring about cancer, make cancer occur, or give rise to cancer. This matches sense 1.

 Therefore, the best sense is sense 1 (sense_key=cause%2:36:00::).

 The user wants only a JSON object in the format: {"sense_index": 1}

 Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user provided:
 1. sense_key=cause%2:36:00::
 2. sense_key=cause%2:32:00::

 So sense 1 is the one about "give rise to; cause to happen or occur" and sense 2 is about "cause to do; cause to act".

 Context: "oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves" - this is about oncogenes not being the sole reason for cancer occurring/not bringing about cancer. This is definitely sense 1.

 Final answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause <t>cancer</t> by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "cancer" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses "altered genes" that can "initiate a cancer"
 - It mentions "tumor-suppressors" and "anti-cancer genes"
 - It talks about cells turning "malignant"
 - It mentions "oncogenes" and "cancerous cells"
 - It discusses how genes work in relation to "cancer"

 The context is clearly about the medical disease - abnormal cell growth, tumors, malignancy, genes causing cancer, etc.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division...
    - This is the disease sense (medical/biological)
    - Synonyms: malignant neoplastic disease

 2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer
    - Astrological sign for people
    - Synonyms: Crab

 3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation...
    - Astronomical constellation
    - Between Leo and Gemini

 4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac...
    - Astrological sign itself
    - Synonyms: Cancer the Crab, Crab

 5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae
    - Biological genus (crabs/arthropods)
    - Synonyms: genus Cancer

 The context is clearly discussing the disease. Words like "tumor-suppressors", "malignant", "oncogenes", "cancerous cells", "altered genes" all point to the medical condition of cancer (malignant neoplastic disease).

 Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1: cancer%1:26:00:: (the disease sense).

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}

 Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00::
 2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00::
 3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00::
 4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00::
 5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00::

 So sense_index should be 1.

 The context: "suggesting that oncogenes don't cause <t>cancer</t> by themselves" - clearly referring to the disease.

 Yes, definitely sense 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: recent
Target surface form: recent
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In <t>recent</t> months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "recent" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is about tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes
 - The specific sentence is: "In <t>recent</t> months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert..."
 - This refers to a time period close to the present (the immediate past)

 Candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
 2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

 Analysis:
 - Sense 1 focuses on "newness" - something that has just come into existence (recent graduates, recent addition)
 - Sense 2 focuses on "immediate past" - something that happened not long ago (late development, late quarrel)

 In the context "In recent months", we're talking about a time period in the immediate past (the months just before now), not about something being "new" in the sense of newly created.

 The phrase "recent months" clearly refers to the immediate past time period, which aligns with sense 2: "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time".

 The synonym "late" also fits here (as in "of late" or "late developments"), though "recent" is more common for this temporal meaning.

 Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice.

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 2}