[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: idea
Target surface form: idea
Context:
Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an <t>idea</t> of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "idea" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text describes English bell ringing: how bells are rung, patterns, methods, peals.
- Then it says: "A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an <t>idea</t> of the work involved."
- This means observing the practice gives an understanding/conception of the work involved.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
   - This is the general sense of "idea" as a thought or mental content. "Gives an idea of" is an idiom meaning to provide an understanding or impression of something. This seems like it could fit.

2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
   - This is about intention/purpose. "The idea of the game" = the purpose. But here it's "gives an idea of the work involved" - not about intention.

3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
   - This is like an opinion or belief. Doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
   - This is about approximation/estimate. "A rough idea" = estimate. But here it's "gives an idea of the work involved" - it's not necessarily an approximate calculation, but rather an understanding/impression. However, "gives an idea" can sometimes mean gives an estimate. But in this context, watching the practice gives you an understanding/impression of the work, not a numerical estimate.

5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme
   - Musical theme. Not relevant here.

So it's between sense 1 and sense 4.

Let me think carefully about "gives an idea of".

In WordNet, sense 1 (idea%1:09:00::) is the most general sense: "the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about". Examples: "it was not a good idea", "the thought never entered my mind".

Sense 4 (idea%1:09:02::) is: "an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth". Examples: "an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take".

The phrase "gives an idea of" in this context means "provides an understanding/impression of". It's not about calculation or estimation. It's about mental content/conception.

Actually, looking at the examples for sense 4: "a rough idea how long it would take" - this is about having an approximate notion. But "gives an idea of the work involved" is more like "provides an understanding/conception of the work involved."

Wait, let me reconsider. In many dictionaries, "idea" in "get an idea of" or "give an idea of" is often the general sense (sense 1). But sometimes it's classified under the estimate sense when it's approximate.

However, looking at the specific WordNet senses:
- Sense 1: content of cognition; main thing you are thinking about. Synonyms: thought.
- Sense 4: approximate calculation... synonyms: estimate, estimation, approximation.

The context: "A look at ... gives an idea of the work involved." This means it provides an impression/understanding of what the work entails. It's not a numerical estimate. It's about gaining a mental picture/conception.

Therefore, sense 1 seems best.

But let me double-check. Could it be sense 4? "A rough idea how long it would take" - the example shows "idea" can mean estimate. But "gives an idea of the work involved" doesn't imply approximation or calculation. It means "provides an understanding."

Actually, looking at WordNet's hierarchy:
- idea%1:09:00:: is the hypernym for the other cognitive senses.
- The phrase "gives an idea of" is very commonly used to mean "provides an impression/understanding of."

I think sense 1 is the correct choice.

Wait, I should look at whether there's a specific sense for "a vague notion" or something. Sense 4 is the closest to "approximate notion" but the definition specifically mentions "calculation of quantity or degree or worth" which is too specific for this context.

Sense 1: "the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about" - this is broad enough to cover "an impression/understanding gained from observation."

So I'll go with sense_index: 1.

Let me verify once more. The sentence is saying that observing the practice provides the reader with a mental conception of how much work is involved. That's clearly cognitive content (sense 1), not an intention (2), not a personal view (3), not an estimate (4), and not a musical theme (5).

Yes, sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the <t>work</t> involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%1:04:00:: | definition=activity directed toward making or doing something | examples=she checked several points needing further work
2. sense_key=work%1:06:00:: | definition=a product produced or accomplished through the effort or activity or agency of a person or thing | synonyms=piece of work | examples=it is not regarded as one of his more memorable works; the symphony was hailed as an ingenious work
3. sense_key=work%1:04:01:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=employment | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
4. sense_key=work%1:09:00:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=study | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
5. sense_key=work%1:19:00:: | definition=(physics) a manifestation of energy; the transfer of energy from one physical system to another expressed as the product of a force and the distance through which it moves a body in the direction of that force | examples=work equals force times distance
6. sense_key=work%1:06:01:: | definition=a place where work is done | synonyms=workplace | examples=he arrived at work early today
7. sense_key=work%1:06:02:: | definition=the total output of a writer or artist (or a substantial part of it) | synonyms=oeuvre, body of work | examples=he studied the entire Wagnerian oeuvre; Picasso's work can be divided into periods

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "work" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text describes English bell ringing (change ringing)
 - It describes the complexity: varying orders, memorizing patterns, methods with odd names, series of 5,000 changes taking 3 hours
 - Then it says: "A look at a Thursday night practice... gives an idea of the <t>work</t> involved."
 - It follows with a description of the physical effort: ten ringers standing in prize-fighter's stance, pulling ropes

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=work%1:04:00:: | definition=activity directed toward making or doing something | examples=she checked several points needing further work
    - This seems like a general sense of "work" as activity/effort. The context describes the physical and mental effort involved in bell ringing.

 2. sense_key=work%1:06:00:: | definition=a product produced or accomplished... | synonyms=piece of work | examples=memorable works, symphony...
    - This refers to a created product (art, music, etc.). The context is not talking about a finished product but the effort/process involved.

 3. sense_key=work%1:04:01:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=employment
    - This refers to a job/profession. While bell ringing could be a job, the context describes a "Thursday night practice" which suggests it's not primarily about paid employment here, but about the effort/activity itself.

 4. sense_key=work%1:09:00:: | definition=applying the mind to learning... | synonyms=study
    - This is about mental study/learning. While memorizing patterns is mentioned, the immediate context of "the work involved" followed by the physical description of ringers pulling ropes suggests physical activity, not just mental study.

 5. sense_key=work%1:19:00:: | definition=(physics) a manifestation of energy...
    - Physics definition. Clearly not applicable here.

 6. sense_key=work%1:06:01:: | definition=a place where work is done | synonyms=workplace
    - This would mean a location. The phrase "the work involved" doesn't refer to a place.

 7. sense_key=work%1:06:02:: | definition=the total output of a writer or artist...
    - This refers to an artist's complete body of work. Not applicable here.

 The best fit is sense 1: "activity directed toward making or doing something" or potentially sense 3 (employment).

 But let's look more carefully. The phrase is "gives an idea of the work involved." This is referring to the effort, labor, or activity required to do bell ringing.

 Sense 1: "activity directed toward making or doing something" - this fits well. The work involved = the activity/effort involved.

 Sense 3: "the occupation for which you are paid" - while bell ringing could be a job, the context emphasizes the physical stance, the practice session, and the complexity of the activity itself, not necessarily the paid nature of it. Also, "work involved" is a common collocation with sense 1, referring to the effort/activity required.

 Looking at the examples for sense 1: "she checked several points needing further work" - this refers to tasks/activities needing to be done.

 The context describes the physical effort and coordination required: "Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle... each pulling a rope..." This illustrates the "work" (activity/effort) involved in bell ringing.

 Therefore, sense 1 (work%1:04:00::) is the best choice.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys to make sure I understand the indices correctly. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=work%1:04:00::
 2. sense_key=work%1:06:00::
 3. sense_key=work%1:04:01::
 4. sense_key=work%1:09:00::
 5. sense_key=work%1:19:00::
 6. sense_key=work%1:06:01::
 7. sense_key=work%1:06:02::

 So sense 1 is the first one in the list (index 1), sense 2 is the second (index 2), etc.

 The question asks for the sense_index. So if I choose the first one, it should be {"sense_index": 1}.

 Let me verify sense 1 vs sense 3 again.
 Sense 1: activity directed toward making or doing something (general activity/effort)
 Sense 3: the occupation for which you are paid (employment)

 The phrase "the work involved" most naturally refers to the effort/activity/labor required to perform the task, not the employment status. The description following emphasizes the physical nature of the activity (stance, pulling ropes), supporting the interpretation of "work" as physical/mental effort or activity.

 Also, in the context of describing a practice session at a church, emphasizing the complexity and duration of peals (3 hours), and then showing the physical setup to illustrate "the work involved," it's clearly about the labor/activity, not the job.

 Therefore, sense_index: 1.

 Actually, looking at WordNet more carefully (though I should rely on the provided definitions):
 - work%1:04:00:: usually corresponds to "activity directed toward making or doing something" - this is the general sense of work as effort/labor.
 - work%1:04:01:: usually corresponds to "employment"

 Yes, sense 1 is correct.

 One final check: could it be sense 4 (study)? "applying the mind to learning..." - while they do memorize patterns, the immediate context of "Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle... pulling a rope" emphasizes the physical execution, not the study/learning aspect. So sense 1 is still better.

 Answer: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AtlasCloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work <t>involved</t>. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "involved" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about English bell ringing (change ringing)
- It describes the complexity of the activity: memorizing patterns, methods with odd names, series of 5,000 changes taking three hours
- The sentence with the target word: "A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved."
- This means the work that is required/entailed/necessary for this activity.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
   - This seems to be about being connected to or participating in something. The example "the problems involved" suggests problems connected with something.

2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
   - This is about being stuck or entangled physically or metaphorically.

3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
   - This is about emotional attachment.

4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
   - This describes complexity.

5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved
   - This is about being surrounded/enveloped.

Now, looking at the specific usage: "the work involved"
This is describing the work that is associated with or required by the bell ringing activity.

Sense 1 ("connected by participation or association or use") fits best here. The work is connected with/associated with the activity of bell ringing. The example "the problems involved" is very similar to "the work involved" - both refer to things connected with a particular situation or activity.

Sense 4 (complex) might seem tempting because the text describes a complex activity, but "the work involved" doesn't mean "the complex work" - it means "the work that is involved in this activity" i.e., the work associated with it.

The phrase "work involved" is a common collocation meaning "work that is necessary or required for something" which falls under the meaning of being connected by participation or association.

Let me double-check:
- "the work involved" = the work that is part of this activity, the work associated with it
- This matches sense 1: "connected by participation or association or use"

Sense 2 is about being stuck/mired.
Sense 3 is about emotions.
Sense 4 is about complexity (but "involved" here isn't modifying "work" as an adjective meaning complex; rather it's a post-nominal modifier indicating association).
Sense 5 is about being enveloped.

Actually, looking more carefully at the structure: "the work involved" - is "involved" an adjective here or a participle?
It could be interpreted as "the work [that is] involved [in this activity]".

In WordNet, sense 1 (involved%3:00:00::) is the adjective sense meaning "connected by participation or association or use".
Sense 4 (involved%5:00:00:complex:00) is also an adjective meaning complex.

But "the work involved" typically means "the work associated with it", not "the complex work". The context supports this: "gives an idea of the work involved" means it shows what kind of work is required/associated with bell ringing.

The example for sense 1 includes "the problems involved" which parallels "the work involved" perfectly.

Therefore, sense 1 is correct.

Wait, let me reconsider sense 4. Could "the work involved" mean "the complex work"? The text describes a complex activity with many rules and patterns. But the phrase "work involved" is standardly used to mean "work required/associated" rather than "complex work". If the author meant complex, they might have said "the complex work" or "the intricate work". The word "involved" in this context is functioning to indicate what work pertains to the activity.

Also, looking at the WordNet sense keys:
- involved%3:00:00:: is the main adjectival sense
- involved%5:00:00:complex:00 is a satellite adjective (indicated by the 5 in the second position)

The satellite sense 4 (complex) would apply if we were saying something like "an involved explanation" meaning a complex explanation. But "the work involved" is not using "involved" to describe the nature of the work as complex, but rather to indicate the work's relationship to the activity.

Therefore, sense 1 is definitely the correct choice.

One final check: Could it be sense 2 (entangled/mired)? "The work entangled"? No, that doesn't fit.
Sense 3 (emotionally involved)? No.
Sense 5 (enveloped)? "The work enveloped"? No.

So it's between 1 and 4. Sense 1 is correct because it refers to association/participation.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved <t>ringers</t> stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "ringers" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:

 1. The text talks about people ringing bells in a church context.
 2. "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound..."
 3. "Ringers memorize patterns of changes..."
 4. "Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle... each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber."
 5. The bells are in a church (St. Mary Abbot church), and there's mention of "striking," "changes," "methods," "peal" - these are all terms associated with change ringing or church bell ringing.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
    - This fits perfectly. The context describes people ringing bells in a church, pulling ropes, etc.

 2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
    - This is about look-alikes. The context doesn't suggest the people are look-alikes.

 3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
    - This is about impostors in competitions. Not relevant here.

 4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg
    - This is about the act/object in horseshoes, not about people.

 The context clearly describes people ringing bells in a church (St. Mary Abbot church). They are pulling ropes to ring bells, memorizing patterns called "methods," and performing "peals." This is the occupation/hobby of campanology or change ringing.

 Therefore, sense 1 is clearly the correct choice: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" with synonyms "tolloer, bell ringer."

 The output should be: {"sense_index": 1}

 Wait, I need to check the sense keys carefully. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02::
 2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01::
 3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00::
 4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00::

 So index 1 corresponds to the church bell ringer.
 Index 2 corresponds to dead ringer/look-alike.
 Index 3 corresponds to impostor in competition.
 Index 4 corresponds to horseshoe throw.

 Yes, index 1 is correct.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stand
Target surface form: stand
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers <t>stand</t> in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stand%2:35:00:: | definition=be standing; be upright | synonyms=stand up | examples=We had to stand for the entire performance!
2. sense_key=stand%2:42:04:: | definition=be in some specified state or condition | examples=I stand corrected
3. sense_key=stand%2:42:03:: | definition=occupy a place or location, also metaphorically | examples=We stand on common ground
4. sense_key=stand%2:42:00:: | definition=hold one's ground; maintain a position; be steadfast or upright | synonyms=remain firm | examples=I am standing my ground and won't give in!
5. sense_key=stand%2:31:00:: | definition=put up with something or somebody unpleasant | synonyms=digest, endure, stick out, stomach, bear, tolerate | examples=I cannot bear his constant criticism; The new secretary had to endure a lot of unprofessional remarks
6. sense_key=stand%2:31:01:: | definition=have or maintain a position or stand on an issue | examples=Where do you stand on the War?
7. sense_key=stand%2:42:06:: | definition=remain inactive or immobile | examples=standing water
8. sense_key=stand%2:42:02:: | definition=be in effect; be or remain in force | examples=The law stands!
9. sense_key=stand%2:42:01:: | definition=be tall; have a height of; copula | examples=She stands 6 feet tall
10. sense_key=stand%2:35:01:: | definition=put into an upright position | synonyms=stand up, place upright | examples=Can you stand the bookshelf up?
11. sense_key=stand%2:33:00:: | definition=withstand the force of something | synonyms=resist, fend | examples=The trees resisted her; stand the test of time
12. sense_key=stand%2:35:10:: | definition=be available for stud services | examples=male domestic animals such as stallions serve selected females

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "stand" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "Ten shirt-sleeved ringers <t>stand</t> in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope..."
 - This describes the physical posture/position of the ringers. They are physically standing upright in a circle.
 - The description mentions "one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance" which suggests a physical standing position.
 - They are "pulling a rope" which suggests they are upright and active.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=stand%2:35:00:: | definition=be standing; be upright | synonyms=stand up | examples=We had to stand for the entire performance!
    - This seems to fit. The ringers are physically standing upright in a circle.

 2. sense_key=stand%2:42:04:: | definition=be in some specified state or condition | examples=I stand corrected
    - This is more abstract/metaphorical. Doesn't fit the physical description.

 3. sense_key=stand%2:42:03:: | definition=occupy a place or location, also metaphorically | examples=We stand on common ground
    - While they do occupy a place, the emphasis is on the physical posture of standing upright, not just occupying a location.

 4. sense_key=stand%2:42:00:: | definition=hold one's ground; maintain a position; be steadfast or upright | synonyms=remain firm | examples=I am standing my ground and won't give in!
    - This is metaphorical (holding one's ground in an argument or situation), not physical standing.

 5. sense_key=stand%2:31:00:: | definition=put up with something or somebody unpleasant | synonyms=digest, endure, stick out, stomach, bear, tolerate
    - Not relevant here.

 6. sense_key=stand%2:31:01:: | definition=have or maintain a position or stand on an issue
    - Not relevant, this is about opinions/positions on issues.

 7. sense_key=stand%2:42:06:: | definition=remain inactive or immobile | examples=standing water
    - While they might be relatively still, the emphasis is on the upright posture, not inactivity. Also "standing water" is different from people standing.

 8. sense_key=stand%2:42:02:: | definition=be in effect; be or remain in force | examples=The law stands!
    - Abstract, not physical.

 9. sense_key=stand%2:42:01:: | definition=be tall; have a height of; copula | examples=She stands 6 feet tall
    - This is about measurement/height, not the act of standing.

 10. sense_key=stand%2:35:01:: | definition=put into an upright position | synonyms=stand up, place upright | examples=Can you stand the bookshelf up?
     - This is transitive (putting something else upright), but here "stand" is intransitive (the ringers stand).

 11. sense_key=stand%2:33:00:: | definition=withstand the force of something | synonyms=resist, fend
     - Not relevant.

 12. sense_key=stand%2:35:10:: | definition=be available for stud services
     - Not relevant.

 So the best fit is sense 1: "be standing; be upright" with synonyms "stand up".

 The context describes people physically standing in a specific posture (prize-fighter's stance), which matches "be standing; be upright".

 Sense 1 is the most straightforward physical sense of standing on one's feet.

 Wait, let me double-check sense 10. Sense 10 is transitive ("put into an upright position"), but in the sentence "Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle", "stand" is intransitive. So sense 10 is incorrect.

 Sense 1 is intransitive: "be standing; be upright".

 The example for sense 1: "We had to stand for the entire performance!" matches the context where ringers are standing for a period of time while ringing bells.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index 1.

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: circle
Target surface form: circle
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a <t>circle</t>, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=circle%1:25:00:: | definition=ellipse in which the two axes are of equal length; a plane curve generated by one point moving at a constant distance from a fixed point | examples=he calculated the circumference of the circle
2. sense_key=circle%1:14:00:: | definition=an unofficial association of people or groups | synonyms=set, band, lot | examples=the smart set goes there; they were an angry lot
3. sense_key=circle%1:25:01:: | definition=something approximating the shape of a circle | examples=the chairs were arranged in a circle
4. sense_key=circle%1:04:00:: | definition=movement once around a course | synonyms=lap, circuit | examples=he drove an extra lap just for insurance
5. sense_key=circle%1:06:01:: | definition=a road junction at which traffic streams circularly around a central island | synonyms=traffic circle, rotary, roundabout | examples=the accident blocked all traffic at the rotary
6. sense_key=circle%1:06:03:: | definition=street names for flunitrazepan | synonyms=R-2, Mexican valium, rophy, rope, roofy, roach
7. sense_key=circle%1:06:02:: | definition=a curved section or tier of seats in a hall or theater or opera house; usually the first tier above the orchestra | synonyms=dress circle | examples=they had excellent seats in the dress circle
8. sense_key=circle%1:06:00:: | definition=any circular or rotating mechanism | synonyms=round | examples=the machine punched out metal circles

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "circle" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about bell ringers in a church
 - "Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a <t>circle</t>, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance..."
 - This describes the physical arrangement of people standing in a circular formation

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=circle%1:25:00:: - This is the geometric definition (ellipse with equal axes, plane curve). This is the mathematical/geometric shape itself.

 2. sense_key=circle%1:14:00:: - This refers to a social group or association (synonyms: set, band, lot). Example: "the smart set goes there". This is about people as a group, not their physical arrangement.

 3. sense_key=circle%1:25:01:: - "something approximating the shape of a circle". Example: "the chairs were arranged in a circle". This seems to fit - people standing in a circular arrangement/formation.

 4. sense_key=circle%1:04:00:: - Movement around a course (lap, circuit). Not relevant here - they're standing still.

 5. sense_key=circle%1:06:01:: - Traffic circle/roundabout. Not relevant.

 6. sense_key=circle%1:06:03:: - Street name for drugs. Not relevant.

 7. sense_key=circle%1:06:02:: - Dress circle in a theater. Not relevant.

 8. sense_key=circle%1:06:00:: - Any circular or rotating mechanism. Not relevant.

 The context describes people standing in a circular formation. Sense 3 specifically mentions "something approximating the shape of a circle" with the example "the chairs were arranged in a circle". This matches perfectly with "ringers stand in a circle".

 Sense 1 is the pure geometric shape, but here it's being used to describe the arrangement/formation of people, which is sense 3.

 Sense 2 is about a social group, but the context emphasizes the physical positioning ("one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance"), not their social association.

 Therefore, the best sense is sense 3 (index 3).

 Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=circle%1:25:00::
 2. sense_key=circle%1:14:00::
 3. sense_key=circle%1:25:01::
 4. sense_key=circle%1:04:00::
 5. sense_key=circle%1:06:01::
 6. sense_key=circle%1:06:03::
 7. sense_key=circle%1:06:02::
 8. sense_key=circle%1:06:00::

 So sense 3 is circle%1:25:01:: which is "something approximating the shape of a circle".

 Yes, that's correct. The ringers are standing in a formation that approximates a circular shape.

 Actually, looking at WordNet, sense 1 (circle%1:25:00::) is the geometric figure, and sense 3 (circle%1:25:01::) is the shape/arrangement. The example for sense 3 is exactly "the chairs were arranged in a circle", which is analogous to "ringers stand in a circle".

 So the answer should be sense_index 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: foot
Target surface form: foot
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one <t>foot</t> ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=foot%1:08:01:: | definition=the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint | synonyms=human foot, pes | examples=his bare feet projected from his trousers; armored from head to foot
2. sense_key=foot%1:23:00:: | definition=a linear unit of length equal to 12 inches or a third of a yard | synonyms=ft | examples=he is six feet tall
3. sense_key=foot%1:15:00:: | definition=the lower part of anything | examples=curled up on the foot of the bed; the foot of the page
4. sense_key=foot%1:05:01:: | definition=the pedal extremity of vertebrates other than human beings | synonyms=animal foot
5. sense_key=foot%1:06:00:: | definition=lowest support of a structure | synonyms=foundation, base, fundament, groundwork, substructure, understructure | examples=it was built on a base of solid rock; he stood at the foot of the tower
6. sense_key=foot%1:05:00:: | definition=any of various organs of locomotion or attachment in invertebrates | synonyms=invertebrate foot
7. sense_key=foot%1:04:00:: | definition=travel by walking | examples=he followed on foot; the swiftest of foot
8. sense_key=foot%1:18:00:: | definition=a member of a surveillance team who works on foot or rides as a passenger
9. sense_key=foot%1:14:00:: | definition=an army unit consisting of soldiers who fight on foot | synonyms=infantry | examples=there came ten thousand horsemen and as many fully-armed foot
10. sense_key=foot%1:10:00:: | definition=(prosody) a group of 2 or 3 syllables forming the basic unit of poetic rhythm | synonyms=metrical foot, metrical unit
11. sense_key=foot%1:06:01:: | definition=a support resembling a pedal extremity | examples=one foot of the chair was on the carpet

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "foot" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context carefully:

"Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one <t>foot</t> ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope..."

The phrase is "one foot ahead of the other". This describes the physical positioning of the ringers' feet/legs. They are standing in a stance where one foot is positioned ahead of the other foot.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. foot%1:08:01:: - the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint (human foot, pes)
   - Examples: "his bare feet projected from his trousers; armored from head to foot"
   - This seems very relevant. "One foot ahead of the other" refers to the physical human feet.

2. foot%1:23:00:: - linear unit of length (12 inches)
   - This would be a measurement. "One foot ahead" could theoretically mean 12 inches, but in the context of describing a "prize-fighter's stance" and how people stand, it's referring to the body part, not the measurement. Also, if it were measurement, it would likely be "one foot ahead" without "of the other" or would be more clearly a distance measurement. The phrase "one foot ahead of the other" is an idiom describing stance/positioning of body parts.

3. foot%1:15:00:: - the lower part of anything
   - Examples: foot of the bed, foot of the page
   - Not relevant here.

4. foot%1:05:01:: - pedal extremity of vertebrates other than human beings
   - Not relevant, these are humans.

5. foot%1:06:00:: - lowest support of a structure
   - Not relevant.

6. foot%1:05:00:: - invertebrate foot
   - Not relevant.

7. foot%1:04:00:: - travel by walking
   - Example: "he followed on foot"
   - Not relevant here.

8. foot%1:18:00:: - member of surveillance team
   - Not relevant.

9. foot%1:14:00:: - infantry
   - Not relevant.

10. foot%1:10:00:: - metrical foot
    - Not relevant.

11. foot%1:06:01:: - support resembling a pedal extremity (e.g., one foot of the chair)
    - Not relevant.

So sense 1 is clearly the best fit. The phrase "one foot ahead of the other" refers to the human body part - the foot below the ankle. The context describes people standing in a physical stance (prize-fighter's stance), positioning their legs/feet.

Wait, let me double-check. Could it be sense 2 (measurement)? "One foot ahead of the other" - if it were measurement, it might say "standing one foot apart" or something. But "one foot ahead of the other" strongly implies the body part. The phrase "put one foot ahead of the other" or "one foot in front of the other" refers to walking/stance using the physical foot.

Also, the example for sense 1 includes "armored from head to foot" which shows the body part. The context is clearly about human ringers standing in a stance.

Therefore, the answer is sense index 1.

Wait, I need to make sure about the indexing. The user lists:
1. sense_key=foot%1:08:01::
2. sense_key=foot%1:23:00::
...

So sense_index should be 1.

Let me re-read: "one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance". Yes, this is definitely the human body part. Boxers/fighters stand with one foot forward. This is sense 1.

The output should be exactly: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ahead
Target surface form: ahead
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot <t>ahead</t> of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ahead%4:02:00:: | definition=at or in the front | synonyms=in front, before | examples=I see the lights of a town ahead; the road ahead is foggy
2. sense_key=ahead%4:02:06:: | definition=toward the future; forward in time | synonyms=forward | examples=I like to look ahead in imagination to what the future may bring; I look forward to seeing you
3. sense_key=ahead%4:02:02:: | definition=in a forward direction | synonyms=onward, onwards, forward, forwards, forrader | examples=go ahead; the train moved ahead slowly
4. sense_key=ahead%4:02:01:: | definition=ahead of time; in anticipation | synonyms=in advance, beforehand | examples=when you pay ahead (or in advance) you receive a discount; We like to plan ahead
5. sense_key=ahead%4:02:05:: | definition=to a more advanced or advantageous position | examples=a young man sure to get ahead; pushing talented students ahead
6. sense_key=ahead%4:02:04:: | definition=to a different or a more advanced time (meaning advanced either toward the present or toward the future) | examples=moved the appointment ahead from Tuesday to Monday; pushed the deadline ahead from Tuesday to Wednesday
7. sense_key=ahead%4:02:03:: | definition=leading or ahead in a competition | synonyms=out front, in the lead | examples=the horse was three lengths ahead going into the home stretch; ahead by two pawns

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "ahead" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
"Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot <t>ahead</t> of the other in a prize-fighter's stance..."

The phrase is "one foot ahead of the other". This describes a physical stance where one foot is positioned in front of the other foot. This is describing spatial positioning - one foot is in front of the other foot.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=ahead%4:02:00:: | definition=at or in the front | synonyms=in front, before | examples=I see the lights of a town ahead; the road ahead is foggy
   - This seems to fit spatial positioning "at or in the front". The example "the road ahead" suggests something in front spatially.

2. sense_key=ahead%4:02:06:: | definition=toward the future; forward in time | synonyms=forward | examples=I like to look ahead in imagination to what the future may bring
   - This is temporal, about the future. Not relevant here.

3. sense_key=ahead%4:02:02:: | definition=in a forward direction | synonyms=onward, onwards, forward, forwards, forrader | examples=go ahead; the train moved ahead slowly
   - This indicates movement in a forward direction. The context here is about stance/position, not movement. The ringers are standing still in a stance.

4. sense_key=ahead%4:02:01:: | definition=ahead of time; in anticipation | synonyms=in advance, beforehand | examples=when you pay ahead (or in advance) you receive a discount
   - Temporal, about time. Not relevant.

5. sense_key=ahead%4:02:05:: | definition=to a more advanced or advantageous position | examples=a young man sure to get ahead
   - About advancement/progress in life/career. Not relevant.

6. sense_key=ahead%4:02:04:: | definition=to a different or a more advanced time | examples=moved the appointment ahead from Tuesday to Monday
   - Temporal scheduling. Not relevant.

7. sense_key=ahead%4:02:03:: | definition=leading or ahead in a competition | synonyms=out front, in the lead | examples=the horse was three lengths ahead going into the home stretch
   - About competition/race position. Not relevant to feet position.

So the best fit seems to be sense 1: "at or in the front" with synonyms "in front, before".

The phrase "one foot ahead of the other" means one foot is positioned in front of the other foot spatially. This matches "at or in the front".

Wait, let me reconsider sense 3: "in a forward direction". Could "one foot ahead of the other" mean one foot forward of the other? But the context says "in a prize-fighter's stance" - this is describing a static position, not movement. Boxers stand with one foot forward (in front) and one back. So it's about spatial position (front/back), not direction of movement.

Sense 1's definition "at or in the front" and synonyms "in front, before" fit best. The examples include "the road ahead is foggy" which is about spatial position in front.

Actually, looking at the examples for sense 1: "I see the lights of a town ahead" - this can mean "in front" spatially.

Sense 3 examples: "go ahead", "the train moved ahead slowly" - these are about movement.

The context describes a static stance: "stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other". They are standing, not moving. So sense 1 is better than sense 3.

Therefore, the answer should be sense_index 1.

Wait, I need to check if there's any other interpretation. "One foot ahead of the other" could potentially be interpreted as "one foot forward", but given the context of standing in a stance, it's clearly about the position of one foot relative to the other - one is in front, one is behind.

Sense 1: "at or in the front" - this captures the spatial relationship.

Yes, sense 1 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stance
Target surface form: stance
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's <t>stance</t>, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stance%1:07:00:: | definition=standing posture
2. sense_key=stance%1:09:00:: | definition=a rationalized mental attitude | synonyms=position, posture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "stance" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text describes bell ringers in a church
 - "Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's <t>stance</t>"
 - This describes a physical posture/position of standing
 - "one foot ahead of the other" - this is describing how they are standing physically
 - "prize-fighter's stance" - this refers to the physical posture/boxing stance that fighters take

 Candidate senses:
 1. stance%1:07:00:: | definition=standing posture
    - This is a physical posture sense (noun.artifact or noun.attribute? Actually 1:07 is noun.attribute)
    - "standing posture" fits the context of describing how the ringers are standing physically

 2. stance%1:09:00:: | definition=a rationalized mental attitude | synonyms=position, posture
    - This is a mental/abstract sense (noun.cognition)
    - "rationalized mental attitude" - this would be like "the government's stance on immigration"
    - The context is clearly physical, not mental

 The context clearly describes a physical standing position: "one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance". This is describing their bodily posture as they pull the ropes.

 Therefore, sense 1 (standing posture) is the correct choice.

 The user wants a JSON object like {"sense_index": 1}.

 Wait, let me check the sense indices. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=stance%1:07:00::
 2. sense_key=stance%1:09:00::

 So sense_index should be 1.

 Let me verify the WordNet senses:
 - stance%1:07:00:: - standing posture (physical)
 - stance%1:09:00:: - position, posture - rationalized mental attitude (abstract)

 Yes, the context is clearly physical. The ringers are standing in a specific physical posture (like a prize-fighter).

 Answer: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pull
Target surface form: pulling
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each <t>pulling</t> a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pull%2:35:00:: | definition=cause to move by pulling | synonyms=draw, force | examples=draw a wagon; pull a sled
2. sense_key=pull%2:35:02:: | definition=direct toward itself or oneself by means of some psychological power or physical attributes | synonyms=attract, pull in, draw, draw in | examples=Her good looks attract the stares of many men; The ad pulled in many potential customers
3. sense_key=pull%2:38:01:: | definition=move into a certain direction | examples=the car pulls to the right
4. sense_key=pull%2:35:04:: | definition=apply force so as to cause motion towards the source of the motion | examples=Pull the rope; Pull the handle towards you
5. sense_key=pull%2:41:00:: | definition=perform an act, usually with a negative connotation | synonyms=perpetrate, commit | examples=perpetrate a crime; pull a bank robbery
6. sense_key=pull%2:38:03:: | definition=bring, take, or pull out of a container or from under a cover | synonyms=draw, pull out, get out, take out | examples=draw a weapon; pull out a gun
7. sense_key=pull%2:38:00:: | definition=steer into a certain direction | examples=pull one's horse to a stand; Pull the car over
8. sense_key=pull%2:29:00:: | definition=strain abnormally | synonyms=overstretch | examples=I pulled a muscle in my leg when I jumped up; The athlete pulled a tendon in the competition
9. sense_key=pull%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move in a certain direction by exerting a force upon, either physically or in an abstract sense | synonyms=draw | examples=A declining dollar pulled down the export figures for the last quarter
10. sense_key=pull%2:38:02:: | definition=operate when rowing a boat | examples=pull the oars
11. sense_key=pull%2:38:04:: | definition=rein in to keep from winning a race | examples=pull a horse
12. sense_key=pull%2:35:01:: | definition=tear or be torn violently | synonyms=rend, rip, rive | examples=The curtain ripped from top to bottom; pull the cooked chicken into strips
13. sense_key=pull%2:35:03:: | definition=hit in the direction that the player is facing when carrying through the swing | examples=pull the ball
14. sense_key=pull%2:35:05:: | definition=strip of feathers | synonyms=pluck, tear, deplume, deplumate, displume | examples=pull a chicken; pluck the capon
15. sense_key=pull%2:35:10:: | definition=remove, usually with some force or effort; also used in an abstract sense | synonyms=extract, pull out, pull up, take out, draw out | examples=pull weeds; extract a bad tooth
16. sense_key=pull%2:33:13:: | definition=take sides with; align oneself with; show strong sympathy for | synonyms=root for | examples=We all rooted for the home team; I'm pulling for the underdog
17. sense_key=pull%2:30:11:: | definition=take away | examples=pull the old soup cans from the supermarket shelf

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "pulling" in the given context. The target lemma is "pull" and the surface form is "pulling".

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The passage is about bell ringers in a church
 - "Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle... each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling"
 - They are physically pulling ropes to ring bells
 - This is a physical action where force is applied to move the rope towards the source of the motion (the ringer)

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=pull%2:35:00:: | definition=cause to move by pulling | synonyms=draw, force | examples=draw a wagon; pull a sled
    - This is about causing something to move by pulling it. The ringers are pulling ropes to ring bells.

 2. sense_key=pull%2:35:02:: | definition=direct toward itself or oneself by means of some psychological power or physical attributes | synonyms=attract, pull in, draw, draw in
    - This is about attraction, not physical pulling of ropes.

 3. sense_key=pull%2:38:01:: | definition=move into a certain direction | examples=the car pulls to the right
    - This is about something moving in a direction (like a car), not actively pulling something.

 4. sense_key=pull%2:35:04:: | definition=apply force so as to cause motion towards the source of the motion | examples=Pull the rope; Pull the handle towards you
    - This looks very relevant. The example specifically mentions "Pull the rope" which matches the context exactly. The ringers are applying force to cause motion (of the rope) towards themselves.

 5. sense_key=pull%2:41:00:: | definition=perform an act, usually with a negative connotation | synonyms=perpetrate, commit
    - Not relevant.

 6. sense_key=pull%2:38:03:: | definition=bring, take, or pull out of a container or from under a cover | synonyms=draw, pull out, get out, take out
    - Not relevant - they're not pulling something out of a container.

 7. sense_key=pull%2:38:00:: | definition=steer into a certain direction | examples=pull one's horse to a stand; Pull the car over
    - About steering, not about pulling ropes to ring bells.

 8. sense_key=pull%2:29:00:: | definition=strain abnormally | synonyms=overstretch
    - Not relevant unless they injured themselves, which isn't mentioned.

 9. sense_key=pull%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move in a certain direction by exerting a force upon, either physically or in an abstract sense | synonyms=draw
    - This is possible, but sense 4 seems more specific to the physical action described.

 10. sense_key=pull%2:38:02:: | definition=operate when rowing a boat | examples=pull the oars
    - Not rowing.

 11. sense_key=pull%2:38:04:: | definition=rein in to keep from winning a race
    - Not relevant.

 12. sense_key=pull%2:35:01:: | definition=tear or be torn violently | synonyms=rend, rip, rive
    - Not relevant.

 13. sense_key=pull%2:35:03:: | definition=hit in the direction that the player is facing when carrying through the swing
    - Sports term, not relevant.

 14. sense_key=pull%2:35:05:: | definition=strip of feathers | synonyms=pluck
    - Not relevant.

 15. sense_key=pull%2:35:10:: | definition=remove, usually with some force or effort; also used in an abstract sense | synonyms=extract, pull out, pull up, take out, draw out
    - Not removing something.

 16. sense_key=pull%2:33:13:: | definition=take sides with; align oneself with; show strong sympathy for | synonyms=root for
    - Not relevant.

 17. sense_key=pull%2:30:11:: | definition=take away | examples=pull the old soup cans from the supermarket shelf
    - Not relevant.

 Now comparing sense 1 and sense 4:
 - Sense 1: "cause to move by pulling" - examples: draw a wagon; pull a sled
 - Sense 4: "apply force so as to cause motion towards the source of the motion" - examples: Pull the rope; Pull the handle towards you

 The context specifically mentions "pulling a rope". Sense 4 has the example "Pull the rope" which matches exactly. Also, sense 4 specifies "cause motion towards the source of the motion" which describes what happens when bell ringers pull ropes - they pull the ropes towards themselves to ring the bells.

 Sense 1 is more general about causing something to move by pulling (like pulling a sled, where you move the sled towards you or in a direction). But sense 4 is specifically about applying force to cause motion towards the source (the person pulling), which fits the mechanics of bell ringing where you pull the rope down towards you.

 Actually, looking more carefully at bell ringing: in change ringing, the ringers pull ropes that are attached to bells. When they pull the rope down, the bell swings up and rings. So they are indeed applying force to cause motion (of the rope) towards themselves (downwards).

 Sense 4 seems the best fit. The example "Pull the rope" is almost exactly the usage in the text.

 Wait, let me double-check the numbering. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=pull%2:35:00::
 2. sense_key=pull%2:35:02::
 3. sense_key=pull%2:38:01::
 4. sense_key=pull%2:35:04::
 ...

 So sense 4 is the one with "apply force so as to cause motion towards the source of the motion".

 But I should check if sense 1 could also work. Sense 1 is "cause to move by pulling" with examples like "draw a wagon; pull a sled". This is also plausible. However, sense 4 is more specific about the direction (towards the source of the motion), and has the specific example "Pull the rope" which matches the context "pulling a rope".

 In WSD, when there is a specific example that matches the context exactly, that's usually the intended sense. The example "Pull the rope" in sense 4 matches "pulling a rope" in the context.

 Also, looking at the WordNet sense keys:
 - pull%2:35:00:: is the first sense (cause to move by pulling)
 - pull%2:35:04:: is the fifth sense listed (apply force so as to cause motion towards the source of the motion)

 Actually, looking at the WordNet entry for "pull" as a verb:
 - Sense 1: pull, draw, force (cause to move by pulling)
 - Sense 2: attract, pull, pull in, draw, draw in (direct toward itself...)
 - Sense 3: pull (move into a certain direction)
 - Sense 4: pull (apply force so as to cause motion towards the source of the motion)

 Wait, the numbering in the candidate list might not correspond to the WordNet sense numbers, but rather to the index in the provided list.

 The user says "Candidate senses:" and lists them 1-17. So I need to return the index from this list (1-17).

 Sense 4 in the list is: sense_key=pull%2:35:04:: | definition=apply force so as to cause motion towards the source of the motion | examples=Pull the rope; Pull the handle towards you

 This is clearly the best match because:
 1. The example explicitly mentions "Pull the rope"
 2. The context is about pulling ropes to ring bells
 3. The definition describes applying force to cause motion towards the source (the ringer pulling the rope down)

 Sense 1 is close but more general (cause to move by pulling, like pulling a sled). But sense 4 is more precise for this action.

 Actually, looking at WordNet 3.1 or similar:
 - pull.v.01: pull, draw, force (cause to move by pulling)
 - pull.v.02: attract, pull, pull in, draw, draw in
 - pull.v.03: pull (move into a certain direction)
 - pull.v.04: pull (apply force so as to cause motion towards the source of the motion)

 The examples for pull.v.04 are indeed "Pull the rope" and "Pull the handle towards you".

 So the answer should be index 4.

 Wait, I need to make sure about the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=pull%2:35:00::
 2. sense_key=pull%2:35:02::
 3. sense_key=pull%2:38:01::
 4. sense_key=pull%2:35:04::
 ...

 So yes, sense 4 is the fourth item in the list.

 Let me verify the other senses to make sure none is better:
 - Sense 10 is about rowing (pull the oars) - not it
 - Sense 6 is about pulling out (draw a weapon) - not it
 - Sense 15 is about extracting/pulling out - not it

 Sense 4 is definitely the correct choice.

 The answer format should be: {"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rope
Target surface form: rope
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a <t>rope</t> that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rope%1:06:00:: | definition=a strong line
2. sense_key=rope%1:06:01:: | definition=street names for flunitrazepan | synonyms=R-2, Mexican valium, rophy, roofy, roach, forget me drug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "rope" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is about bell ringing (change ringing) in a church
 - Ten ringers stand in a circle pulling ropes
 - The ropes disappear through holes in the ceiling
 - The ropes are connected to bells (implied by the context of bell ringing)
 - The ropes are being pulled to ring the bells

 Candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=rope%1:06:00:: | definition=a strong line
    - This is the general sense of rope as a thick cord or line made of twisted fibers
    - In bell ringing, ropes are used to pull the bells

 2. sense_key=rope%1:06:01:: | definition=street names for flunitrazepan | synonyms=R-2, Mexican valium, rophy, roofy, roach, forget me drug
    - This is slang for a drug (Rohypnol)
    - Clearly not relevant to the context of church bell ringing

 The context clearly describes physical ropes used to ring church bells. The ringers are pulling ropes that go up through the ceiling to the bells. This matches sense 1 (a strong line/cord).

 Sense 2 is about a drug slang term, which is completely unrelated to the physical activity described.

 Therefore, the correct sense is index 1.

 Wait, I need to check the format. The user wants:
 {"sense_index": 3}

 But the senses are numbered 1 and 2 in the candidate list. So I should return:
 {"sense_index": 1}

 Let me double-check the WordNet sense keys to make sure I understand the indexing correctly. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=rope%1:06:00::
 2. sense_key=rope%1:06:01::

 So index 1 is the physical rope, index 2 is the drug slang.

 The context is clearly about physical ropes used in bell ringing. The text mentions "pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling" - this is describing the rope used to ring church bells in change ringing.

 Therefore, sense_index should be 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: small
Target surface form: small
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a <t>small</t> hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=small%3:00:00:: | definition=limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=little | examples=a little dining room; a little house
2. sense_key=small%5:00:00:limited:00 | definition=limited in size or scope | synonyms=minor, modest, small-scale, pocket-size, pocket-sized | examples=a small business; a newspaper with a modest circulation
3. sense_key=small%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=(of children and animals) young, immature | synonyms=little | examples=what a big little boy you are; small children
4. sense_key=small%5:00:00:little:03 | definition=slight or limited; especially in degree or intensity or scope | examples=a series of death struggles with small time in between
5. sense_key=small%5:00:00:inferior:01 | definition=low or inferior in station or quality | synonyms=humble, low, lowly, modest | examples=a humble cottage; a lowly parish priest
6. sense_key=small%5:00:00:lowercase:00 | definition=lowercase | synonyms=little, minuscule | examples=little a; small a
7. sense_key=small%5:00:00:soft:04 | definition=(of a voice) faint | synonyms=little | examples=a little voice; a still small voice
8. sense_key=small%5:00:00:fine:00 | definition=have fine or very small constituent particles | examples=a small misty rain
9. sense_key=small%5:00:00:moderate:00 | definition=not large but sufficient in size or amount | synonyms=modest | examples=a modest salary; modest inflation
10. sense_key=small%5:00:00:decreased:00 | definition=made to seem smaller or less (especially in worth) | synonyms=belittled, diminished | examples=her comments made me feel small

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "small" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The sentence describes: "each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling"
 - This is describing a physical hole in a ceiling
 - The hole is described as "small"
 - The context is about bell ringers in a church tower
 - The rope goes through a hole in the ceiling

 Candidate sense analysis:

 1. sense_key=small%3:00:00:: | definition=limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=little | examples=a little dining room; a little house
    - This is the most common/core sense of "small"
    - Refers to physical size being limited/below average
    - "A little house" - physical size
    - "A small hole" would fit this sense perfectly - referring to the physical dimensions of the hole being limited

 2. sense_key=small%5:00:00:limited:00 | definition=limited in size or scope | synonyms=minor, modest, small-scale, pocket-size, pocket-sized | examples=a small business; a newspaper with a modest circulation
    - This seems to refer to scope/scale of operations or projects, not physical dimensions of objects
    - Examples: small business, modest circulation
    - Not a good fit for a physical hole

 3. sense_key=small%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=(of children and animals) young, immature | synonyms=little | examples=what a big little boy you are; small children
    - Clearly about age/youth
    - Not applicable to a hole

 4. sense_key=small%5:00:00:little:03 | definition=slight or limited; especially in degree or intensity or scope | examples=a series of death struggles with small time in between
    - This seems to be about degree/intensity/scope (e.g., "small time" = short duration)
    - Not about physical size of an object

 5. sense_key=small%5:00:00:inferior:01 | definition=low or inferior in station or quality | synonyms=humble, low, lowly, modest | examples=a humble cottage; a lowly parish priest
    - About social status or quality
    - Not applicable to a physical hole

 6. sense_key=small%5:00:00:lowercase:00 | definition=lowercase | synonyms=little, minuscule | examples=little a; small a
    - About letters/typography
    - Not applicable

 7. sense_key=small%5:00:00:soft:04 | definition=(of a voice) faint | synonyms=little | examples=a little voice; a still small voice
    - About sound/volume
    - Not applicable to a visual/tactile physical hole

 8. sense_key=small%5:00:00:fine:00 | definition=have fine or very small constituent particles | examples=a small misty rain
    - About particles/fine texture (like mist, rain drops)
    - A hole is not made of constituent particles in this sense; it's an opening
    - Not the best fit

 9. sense_key=small%5:00:00:moderate:00 | definition=not large but sufficient in size or amount | synonyms=modest | examples=a modest salary; modest inflation
    - About sufficiency/adequacy (e.g., salary, inflation)
    - Not specifically about physical dimensions of an object

 10. sense_key=small%5:00:00:decreased:00 | definition=made to seem smaller or less (especially in worth) | synonyms=belittled, diminished | examples=her comments made me feel small
    - About feeling belittled or appearing smaller (figurative)
    - Not applicable to a physical hole

 Conclusion:
 Sense 1 (small%3:00:00::) is the correct choice. It describes physical magnitude/extent - the hole is limited in size/below average in magnitude or extent. This is the basic/core adjectival sense of "small" referring to physical dimensions.

 The hole is physically small - limited in magnitude or extent - which matches sense 1 perfectly.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense numbering. The user lists them as 1-10. Sense 1 is the core adjective sense: "limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent".

 Yes, this is the correct sense for describing the physical size of a hole.

 The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}