[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: play
Target surface form: playing
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of <t>playing</t> tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=play%2:33:00:: | definition=participate in games or sport | examples=We played hockey all afternoon; play cards
2. sense_key=play%2:41:12:: | definition=act or have an effect in a specified way or with a specific effect or outcome | examples=This factor played only a minor part in his decision; This development played into her hands
3. sense_key=play%2:36:12:: | definition=play on an instrument | examples=The band played all night long
4. sense_key=play%2:36:02:: | definition=play a role or part | synonyms=act, represent | examples=Gielgud played Hamlet; She wants to act Lady Macbeth, but she is too young for the role
5. sense_key=play%2:41:03:: | definition=be at play; be engaged in playful activity; amuse oneself in a way characteristic of children | examples=The kids were playing outside all day; I used to play with trucks as a little girl
6. sense_key=play%2:36:00:: | definition=replay (as a melody) | synonyms=spiel | examples=Play it again, Sam; She played the third movement very beautifully
7. sense_key=play%2:36:01:: | definition=perform music on (a musical instrument) | examples=He plays the flute; Can you play on this old recorder?
8. sense_key=play%2:29:01:: | definition=pretend to have certain qualities or state of mind | synonyms=act, act as | examples=He acted the idiot; She plays deaf when the news are bad
9. sense_key=play%2:38:00:: | definition=move or seem to move quickly, lightly, or irregularly | examples=The spotlights played on the politicians
10. sense_key=play%2:33:01:: | definition=bet or wager (money) | examples=He played $20 on the new horse; She plays the races
11. sense_key=play%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in recreational activities rather than work; occupy oneself in a diversion | synonyms=recreate | examples=On weekends I play; The students all recreate alike
12. sense_key=play%2:36:06:: | definition=pretend to be somebody in the framework of a game or playful activity | examples=Let's play like I am mommy; Play cowboy and Indians
13. sense_key=play%2:36:11:: | definition=emit recorded sound | examples=The tape was playing for hours; the stereo was playing Beethoven when I entered
14. sense_key=play%2:36:03:: | definition=perform on a certain location | examples=The prodigy played Carnegie Hall at the age of 16; She has been playing on Broadway for years
15. sense_key=play%2:33:03:: | definition=put (a card or piece) into play during a game, or act strategically as if in a card game | examples=He is playing his cards close to his chest; The Democrats still have some cards to play before they will concede the electoral victory
16. sense_key=play%2:29:00:: | definition=engage in an activity as if it were a game rather than take it seriously | synonyms=toy | examples=They played games on their opponents; play the stock market
17. sense_key=play%2:41:02:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=play safe; play it safe
18. sense_key=play%2:36:05:: | definition=cause to emit recorded audio or video | synonyms=run | examples=They ran the tapes over and over again; I'll play you my favorite record
19. sense_key=play%2:35:00:: | definition=manipulate manually or in one's mind or imagination | synonyms=toy, fiddle, diddle | examples=She played nervously with her wedding ring; Don't fiddle with the screws
20. sense_key=play%2:34:13:: | definition=use to one's advantage | examples=She plays on her clients' emotions
21. sense_key=play%2:31:01:: | definition=consider not very seriously | synonyms=dally, trifle | examples=He is trifling with her; She plays with the thought of moving to Tasmania
22. sense_key=play%2:42:00:: | definition=be received or accepted or interpreted in a specific way | examples=This speech didn't play well with the American public; His remarks played to the suspicions of the committee
23. sense_key=play%2:41:13:: | definition=behave carelessly or indifferently | synonyms=dally, toy, flirt | examples=Play about with a young girl's affection
24. sense_key=play%2:38:03:: | definition=cause to move or operate freely within a bounded space | examples=The engine has a wheel that is playing in a rack
25. sense_key=play%2:36:10:: | definition=perform on a stage or theater | synonyms=act, roleplay, playact | examples=She acts in this play; He acted in `Julius Caesar'
26. sense_key=play%2:36:04:: | definition=be performed or presented for public viewing | examples=What's playing in the local movie theater?; `Cats' has been playing on Broadway for many years
27. sense_key=play%2:36:13:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, work, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
28. sense_key=play%2:35:07:: | definition=discharge or direct or be discharged or directed as if in a continuous stream | examples=play water from a hose; The fountains played all day
29. sense_key=play%2:33:07:: | definition=make bets | examples=Play the races; play the casinos in Trouville
30. sense_key=play%2:33:08:: | definition=stake on the outcome of an issue | synonyms=bet, wager | examples=I bet $100 on that new horse; She played all her money on the dark horse
31. sense_key=play%2:33:09:: | definition=shoot or hit in a particular manner | examples=She played a good backhand last night
32. sense_key=play%2:33:13:: | definition=use or move | examples=I had to play my queen
33. sense_key=play%2:33:12:: | definition=employ in a game or in a specific position | examples=They played him on first base
34. sense_key=play%2:33:02:: | definition=contend against an opponent in a sport, game, or battle | synonyms=meet, encounter, take on | examples=Princeton plays Yale this weekend; Charlie likes to play Mary
35. sense_key=play%2:29:04:: | definition=exhaust by allowing to pull on the line | examples=play a hooked fish

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the target word "playing" (lemma: play) in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is about bell ringing, specifically "change-ringing" in England.
 - The specific sentence is: "The less complicated version of <t>playing</t> tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners."
 - The target "playing" is used in the phrase "playing tunes on bells".
 - This refers to performing music on bells/instruments.

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. play%2:33:00:: - participate in games or sport (hockey, cards) - Not this one, it's about music.
 2. play%2:41:12:: - act or have an effect - Not this one.
 3. play%2:36:12:: - play on an instrument - "The band played all night long" - This could fit, but let's check others.
 4. play%2:36:02:: - play a role or part (acting) - Not this one.
 5. play%2:41:03:: - be at play; playful activity - Not this one.
 6. play%2:36:00:: - replay (as a melody) - "Play it again, Sam" - This is about replaying/performing a melody.
 7. play%2:36:01:: - perform music on (a musical instrument) - "He plays the flute" - This is about performing on an instrument.
 8. play%2:29:01:: - pretend - Not this one.
 9. play%2:38:00:: - move quickly/lightly - Not this one.
 10. play%2:33:01:: - bet or wager - Not this one.
 11. play%2:41:00:: - engage in recreational activities - Not this one.
 12. play%2:36:06:: - pretend to be somebody in a game - Not this one.
 13. play%2:36:11:: - emit recorded sound - Not this one (this is about bells being played live, not recorded).
 14. play%2:36:03:: - perform on a certain location - Not this one.
 15. play%2:33:03:: - put a card into play - Not this one.
 16. play%2:29:00:: - engage in activity as if game - Not this one.
 17. play%2:41:02:: - behave in certain way - Not this one.
 18. play%2:36:05:: - cause to emit recorded audio - Not this one.
 19. play%2:35:00:: - manipulate manually - Not this one.
 20. play%2:34:13:: - use to one's advantage - Not this one.
 21. play%2:31:01:: - consider not seriously - Not this one.
 22. play%2:42:00:: - be received/accepted - Not this one.
 23. play%2:41:13:: - behave carelessly - Not this one.
 24. play%2:38:03:: - cause to move freely - Not this one.
 25. play%2:36:10:: - perform on stage/theater - Not this one (acting).
 26. play%2:36:04:: - be performed/presented (for public viewing) - This is about a movie/play being performed, not someone playing an instrument.
 27. play%2:36:13:: - cause to happen - Not this one.
 28. play%2:35:07:: - discharge/stream - Not this one.
 29. play%2:33:07:: - make bets - Not this one.
 30. play%2:33:08:: - stake on outcome - Not this one.
 31. play%2:33:09:: - shoot/hit in sport - Not this one.
 32. play%2:33:13:: - use or move (in game) - Not this one.
 33. play%2:33:12:: - employ in game/position - Not this one.
 34. play%2:33:02:: - contend against opponent - Not this one.
 35. play%2:29:04:: - exhaust by allowing to pull - Not this one.

 Now comparing sense 3, 6, and 7:

 Sense 3: play%2:36:12:: | definition=play on an instrument | examples=The band played all night long
 Sense 6: play%2:36:00:: | definition=replay (as a melody) | synonyms=spiel | examples=Play it again, Sam; She played the third movement very beautifully
 Sense 7: play%2:36:01:: | definition=perform music on (a musical instrument) | examples=He plays the flute; Can you play on this old recorder?

 The context is "playing tunes on bells". Bells are musical instruments. The phrase "playing tunes" suggests performing music on an instrument.

 Sense 7 seems most specific: "perform music on (a musical instrument)" with examples like "He plays the flute". Bells are instruments being played.

 Sense 3 is "play on an instrument" - similar but less specific about the action being "perform music".

 Sense 6 is "replay (as a melody)" - this seems to emphasize playing a specific melody again, or performing a melody (like playing a movement). But sense 7 is more about the general ability to perform music on an instrument.

 Actually, looking closely at sense 6: "replay (as a melody)" - the examples are "Play it again, Sam" (replay) and "She played the third movement very beautifully" (perform a specific piece). This sense seems to be about performing a specific composition/melody.

 Sense 7: "perform music on (a musical instrument)" - examples: "He plays the flute" (general ability), "Can you play on this old recorder?" (general performance).

 In the context "playing tunes on bells", "tunes" refers to melodies. So sense 6 might fit well because it involves playing melodies.

 However, sense 3 "play on an instrument" also fits.

 Let me check the WordNet sense keys more carefully. In WordNet:
 - play%2:36:00:: is usually the sense for performing music (e.g., "play the violin")
 - play%2:36:01:: might be a different sense

 Wait, I need to look at the actual WordNet senses. The user provided:
 3. sense_key=play%2:36:12:: | definition=play on an instrument | examples=The band played all night long
 6. sense_key=play%2:36:00:: | definition=replay (as a melody) | synonyms=spiel | examples=Play it again, Sam; She played the third movement very beautifully
 7. sense_key=play%2:36:01:: | definition=perform music on (a musical instrument) | examples=He plays the flute; Can you play play on this old recorder?

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet:
 - play%2:36:00:: is "play on a musical instrument" (e.g., "He plays the flute")
 - play%2:36:01:: might be something else

 But according to the user's list:
 - Sense 6 is play%2:36:00:: with definition "replay (as a melody)"
 - Sense 7 is play%2:36:01:: with definition "perform music on (a musical instrument)"

 This seems odd because usually play%2:36:00 is the main "perform music" sense. But I must go by the user's provided definitions.

 The context is: "playing tunes on bells"
 - "tunes" = melodies
 - "bells" = instruments

 So we are performing music on bells.

 Sense 7: "perform music on (a musical instrument)" - this matches perfectly. Bells are instruments, and playing tunes is performing music.

 Sense 6: "replay (as a melody)" - this could work but seems more specific to replaying or emphasizing the melody aspect. However, the example "She played the third movement very beautifully" is similar to playing tunes.

 But sense 7 is more general and fits "perform music on bells" better than "replay (as a melody)". Also, the phrase "playing tunes on bells" parallels "play the flute" (sense 7) more than "Play it again, Sam" (sense 6).

 Sense 3: "play on an instrument" - example "The band played all night long". This is also close, but sense 7 is more specific about performing music, while sense 3 could just mean "playing" (making sound) without necessarily implying a tune? No, "play on an instrument" usually means perform music.

 Actually, looking at the definitions again:
 - Sense 3: "play on an instrument" - this is vague
 - Sense 7: "perform music on (a musical instrument)" - this is precise

 The context contrasts "playing tunes on bells" (carillon style) with "change-ringing" (the English method). So it's definitely about performing music/melodies on bells.

 Between sense 6 and 7:
 - Sense 6 focuses on the melody (replay/perform a melody)
 - Sense 7 focuses on the instrument (perform music on instrument)

 The phrase is "playing tunes on bells" - both the tune (melody) and the instrument (bells) are mentioned. But the object of "playing" is "tunes" (the melodies), and "on bells" is the instrument.

 In "play the flute", flute is the direct object.
 In "play a tune", tune is the direct object.

 So "playing tunes" matches sense 6 (replay/perform a melody) better than sense 7 (which takes the instrument as object? No, sense 7 examples: "He plays the flute" - flute is object; "Can you play on this old recorder?" - recorder is object of preposition).

 Wait, "play tunes" - tunes is the object.
 In sense 6: "Play it again" (it = melody), "played the third movement" (movement = musical piece).
 In sense 7: "plays the flute" (instrument).

 So "playing tunes" where tunes is the object aligns with sense 6 (playing a melody/piece).

 But "playing on bells" would align with sense 7.

 The phrase is "playing tunes on bells" - so both apply.

 However, looking at the specific WordNet senses provided:
 - Sense 6: play%2:36:00:: - "replay (as a melody)" - synonyms: spiel
 - Sense 7: play%2:36:01:: - "perform music on (a musical instrument)"

 In standard WordNet 3.0/3.1:
 - play%2:36:00:: is "play on a musical instrument"
 - play%2:36:01:: is "play (music) on a musical instrument" or similar?

 Actually, checking WordNet:
 play%2:36:00:: - "play on a musical instrument" (e.g., "The band played all night long")
 play%2:36:01:: - "play (music) on a musical instrument" (e.g., "He plays the flute")

 Wait, the user's sense 3 is play%2:36:12:: which is not standard. Standard WordNet uses different lexicographer files.

 Actually, looking at the sense keys:
 - play%2:36:00::
 - play%2:36:01::
 - play%2:36:02::
 etc.

 The numbers after the second colon are the sense numbers within that lexicographer file (file 36 = verb.creation? No, 36 is verb.creation? Let me check... actually in WordNet, the files are numbered:
 2:41 = verb.social
 2:36 = verb.creation
 2:33 = verb.competition
 etc.

 So:
 - play%2:36:00:: = first sense in verb.creation
 - play%2:36:01:: = second sense in verb.creation

 According to the user's list:
 - Sense 6 is play%2:36:00:: = "replay (as a melody)"
 - Sense 7 is play%2:36:01:: = "perform music on (a musical instrument)"

 This is confusing because usually these are very similar. But based on the definitions provided:

 Sense 6: "replay (as a melody)" - emphasizes performing a specific melody/piece.
 Sense 7: "perform music on (a musical instrument)" - emphasizes the instrument.

 The context: "playing tunes on bells"
 - "tunes" are melodies
 - "bells" are instruments

 But the key is that carillons play tunes (melodies), as opposed to change-ringing which doesn't play tunes in the same way.

 So "playing tunes" = performing melodies.

 This aligns with sense 6: "replay (as a melody)" (where "replay" here probably means "play/perform", not necessarily "play again").

 However, sense 3 is "play on an instrument" with example "The band played all night long". This is also a strong candidate.

 And sense 7 is "perform music on (a musical instrument)".

 Which is the best fit?

 The phrase is "playing tunes on bells". This is analogous to:
 - "playing songs on the piano"
 - "playing melodies on the flute"

 In WordNet, the sense for "play a melody" is typically distinct from "play an instrument".

 Actually, looking at the examples:
 - Sense 6: "Play it again, Sam" (playing a specific piece), "She played the third movement very beautifully" (playing a specific piece)
 - Sense 7: "He plays the flute" (general capability/activity on instrument), "Can you play on this old recorder?"

 The context is about a specific activity: playing tunes (melodies) on bells. This is more like sense 6 (performing specific musical pieces/melodies) than sense 7 (general performance on instrument).

 But wait, there's also sense 3: "play on an instrument" with example "The band played all night long". This is general performance.

 However, the mention of "tunes" makes it more specific to melodies.

 Let me reconsider sense 3's definition: "play on an instrument". This is very vague. But the example "The band played all night long" suggests performing music.

 Actually, looking at the user's list order, these seem to be ordered by sense key or randomly, not by frequency.

 Let me look for "play tunes" in WordNet glosses or examples.

 In the context, "playing tunes on bells" is contrasted with "change-ringing". Change-ringing is a method of ringing bells where they play sequences but not necessarily melodies in the traditional sense (it's about permutations of the order of bells). Carillons play tunes.

 So the sense is "perform music/melodies on an instrument".

 Between sense 6 and 7, sense 6 seems to be about the music itself (the melody), while sense 7 is about the instrument.

 But actually, looking at standard WordNet:
 play%2:36:00:: - "play on a musical instrument" (e.g., "The band played all night long")
 play%2:36:01:: - "play (music) on a musical instrument" (e.g., "He plays the flute")

 If the user has:
 - play%2:36:00:: = "replay (as a melody)"
 - play%2:36:01:: = "perform music on (a musical instrument)"

 Then there might be some confusion in the mapping, or these are from a different version.

 But I must choose based on the provided definitions.

 "playing tunes on bells" - the bells are the instrument, tunes are the music.

 If I have to choose between "replay (as a melody)" and "perform music on (a musical instrument)", the latter seems more appropriate because:
 1. The subject is people (implied) playing bells (instruments)
 2. While tunes are mentioned, the core meaning is performing music on the bells

 However, "tunes" is the direct object of playing.

 Let me check if there's a sense for "play" meaning "perform (music)" with the music as object.

 Sense 6: "replay (as a melody)" - object is melody
 Sense 7: "perform music on (a musical instrument)" - object is instrument (or implied)

 Actually, looking at sense 7's examples: "He plays the flute" - object is instrument. "Can you play on this old recorder?" - prepositional phrase with instrument.

 So sense 7 takes instruments as object or prepositional object.

 Sense 6: "Play it again" - "it" refers to a melody/song. "played the third movement" - object is a musical piece.

 In "playing tunes on bells", "tunes" is the object (melodies), and "on bells" specifies the instrument.

 Therefore, sense 6 "replay (as a melody)" fits better because it takes melodies as objects.

 But wait, sense 3: "play on an instrument" - example "The band played all night long". This is intransitive or with adverbial.

 Actually, looking at all options, sense 6 (play%2:36:00::) seems to be the one where you play a specific piece of music (like a tune), while sense 7 is about playing an instrument generally.

 Given the phrase is "playing tunes" (specific melodies), sense 6 is the best fit.

 But I need to be careful. Let me look at sense 3 again: "play on an instrument". This could mean "perform on an instrument".

 And sense 7: "perform music on (a musical instrument)".

 The difference between 3 and 7 is subtle. 3 might be "play (on an instrument)" while 7 is "perform music on (an instrument)".

 Given the context is about performing music (tunes) vs change-ringing (not tunes), the sense should be the one about performing music.

 I think sense 7 is the safest choice: "perform music on (a musical instrument)".

 But let me double-check sense 6. "replay (as a melody)" - the word "replay" suggests playing again, but in the example "She played the third movement very beautifully", it just means performed. So it means "to perform (music)".

 However, sense 7 is explicitly "perform music on (a musical instrument)".

 Given that bells are explicitly mentioned as the instrument ("on bells"), and the activity is performing music on them, sense 7 seems correct.

 Wait, I should check if there's any other sense.

 Sense 3: play%2:36:12:: - "play on an instrument"
 This might be the same as sense 7 but less specific.

 Actually, looking at the numbering:
 3. sense_key=play%2:36:12::
 6. sense_key=play%2:36:00::
 7. sense_key=play%2:36:01::

 The numbers 00, 01, 12 suggest these are different senses.

 In WordNet, play%2:36:12:: would be the 13th sense (00-indexed) in the verb.creation file? No, the format is lemma%lexicographer_file:sense_number.

 So:
 - play%2:36:00:: is sense 0
 - play%2:36:01:: is sense 1
 - play%2:36:12:: is sense 12

 So sense 12 is a different sense from 0 and 1.

 Given the definitions:
 - Sense 12 (index 3 in the list): "play on an instrument" - example "The band played all night long"
 - Sense 0 (index 6 in the list): "replay (as a melody)" - example "Play it again, Sam"
 - Sense 1 (index 7 in the list): "perform music on (a musical instrument)" - example "He plays the flute"

 Now, "playing tunes on bells":
 - If we consider "bells" as the instrument, and "tunes" as the music, we need the sense that covers performing music on instruments.

 Sense 7 (play%2:36:01::) explicitly says "perform music on (a musical instrument)".

 Sense 3 (play%2:36:12::) says "play on an instrument".

 Sense 6 (play%2:36:00::) says "replay (as a melody)".

 Between 3 and 7, 7 is more specific about music. Between 6 and 7, 6 focuses on the melody (tunes) while 7 focuses on the instrument.

 But "playing tunes" is the phrase, where "tunes" is the object. So sense 6 might be better.

 However, looking at the example for sense 6: "Play it again, Sam" - this is about playing a specific recording or piece again. "She played the third movement very beautifully" - performing a specific piece.

 The context is about the general activity of playing tunes on bells (carillon style), not necessarily replaying them.

 Sense 7: "perform music on (a musical instrument)" - this covers playing tunes on bells.

 Actually, I think sense 7 is the correct choice. The phrase "playing tunes on bells" is best categorized as performing music on a musical instrument (the bells).

 But let me reconsider sense 3. "The band played all night long" - this is similar to playing bells (as a group activity).

 However, sense 7 is more precise.

 I think the answer is sense 7 (index 7 in the list).

 Wait, the user asks for the "sense_index". Looking at the format: {"sense_index": 3}

 This suggests I should return the number in the list (1-indexed or 0-indexed?). The example shows 3, which corresponds to the third item in the list.

 The list is numbered 1 to 35.

 So if I choose sense 7, I return {"sense_index": 7}.

 If I choose sense 3, I return {"sense_index": 3}.

 If I choose sense 6, I return {"sense_index": 6}.

 Given my analysis, I believe sense 7 is the best fit: "perform music on (a musical instrument)".

 But let me double-check if "bells" are considered musical instruments in this context. Yes, carillons are musical instruments consisting of bells.

 And "playing tunes" is performing music.

 So sense 7.

 However, I should check if sense 6 could be better. "replay (as a melody)" - the gloss says "replay" but the examples show general performance. The synonym is "spiel" which can mean to play music.

 But sense 7 is clearly "perform music on (a musical instrument)".

 I think 7 is correct.

 Actually, looking at the context again: "The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells..."

 This is a gerund phrase acting as a noun phrase: "playing tunes on bells".

 The sense is the activity of performing music on bells.

 Sense 7 fits.

 One more check: is there any sense about "ringing" bells? No, the target is "play", not "ring". The text contrasts playing tunes (carillon) with ringing (change-ringing).

 So yes, it's about performing music.

 Final decision: sense_index 7.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tune
Target surface form: tunes
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing <t>tunes</t> on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tune%1:10:00:: | definition=a succession of notes forming a distinctive sequence | synonyms=melody, air, strain, melodic line, line, melodic phrase | examples=she was humming an air from Beethoven
2. sense_key=tune%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of producing accurately a note of a given pitch | examples=he cannot sing in tune; the clarinet was out of tune
3. sense_key=tune%1:04:00:: | definition=the adjustment of a radio receiver or other circuit to a required frequency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "tunes" in the given context.

 First, let's look at the context:
 - The text is about bell ringing in England/East Anglia
 - It mentions "playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe"
 - The contrast is between "change-ringing" (the complex English method) vs "playing tunes on bells" (the simpler continental European method)
 - Carillons are musical instruments consisting of bells, typically played to produce melodies

 Now let's examine the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=tune%1:10:00::
    - Definition: a succession of notes forming a distinctive sequence
    - Synonyms: melody, air, strain, melodic line, line, melodic phrase
    - Examples: she was humming an air from Beethoven
    - This refers to a musical composition or melody

 2. sense_key=tune%1:07:00::
    - Definition: the property of producing accurately a note of a given pitch
    - Examples: he cannot sing in tune; the clarinet was out of tune
    - This refers to being in pitch/intonation (correct pitch)

 3. sense_key=tune%1:04:00::
    - Definition: the adjustment of a radio receiver or other circuit to a required frequency
    - This is about tuning a radio or electronic device

 Context analysis:
 - The phrase is "playing tunes on bells"
 - This is being contrasted with "change-ringing"
 - "Carillons of continental Europe" play tunes - carillons are known for playing melodies/songs
 - "Tunes" here refers to actual melodies or musical pieces played on bells
 - It's not about being "in tune" (sense 2 - pitch accuracy)
 - It's not about adjusting frequency (sense 3)

 Therefore, sense 1 is correct: "a succession of notes forming a distinctive sequence" i.e., melodies played on bells.

 The context clearly indicates playing musical melodies on bells (like carillons do), which fits sense 1 perfectly.

 Return format: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DigitalOcean

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on <t>bells</t>, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "bells" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about church bells in England
 - "keeps the Aslacton bells pealing"
 - "nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays"
 - "playing tunes on bells"
 - "some bells weigh more than a ton"
 - "change-ringing" (a specific practice with church bells)

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. bell%1:06:00:: - a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
    - This seems to fit. Church bells are hollow metal devices that make ringing sounds.

 2. bell%1:06:02:: - a push button at an outer door (doorbell, buzzer)
    - Not relevant here. Context is about church bells, not doorbells.

 3. bell%1:11:00:: - the sound of a bell being struck (toll)
    - The context mentions "bells" as physical objects that are rung, not the sound itself. The text says "church bells are no longer rung" and "some bells weigh more than a ton" - weight refers to the physical object, not the sound.

 4. bell%1:28:00:: - nautical time units
    - Not relevant. Context is about churches, not ships.

 5. bell%1:25:00:: - the shape of a bell
    - While bells have a shape, the context emphasizes them being rung, weighing tons, etc. It's referring to the actual instrument, not just the shape.

 6. bell%1:18:02:: - Melville Bell (person)
    - Not relevant.

 7. bell%1:18:01:: - Vanessa Bell (person)
    - Not relevant.

 8. bell%1:18:00:: - Alexander Graham Bell (person)
    - Not relevant.

 9. bell%1:06:04:: - a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells (chime, gong)
    - This refers to sets of tuned bells like carillons. The text mentions "carillons of continental Europe" as a comparison, but specifically says the English practice is "change-ringing" with heavy bells. The text distinguishes between "playing tunes on bells" (carillons) and change-ringing. However, the specific mention of "Aslacton bells" and "church bells" being rung in the English tradition refers to the large church bells used in change-ringing, which are individual bells (sense 1), not necessarily sets of tuned bells like orchestral chimes (sense 9).

    Wait, let me reconsider. Sense 9 is "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument". This is like tubular bells or orchestra bells.

    Sense 1 is the general "hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - this would cover church bells.

    The text mentions "playing tunes on bells" as something carillons do, but says the English consider this "childish" compared to change-ringing. The "Aslacton bells" are clearly church bells - large metal objects hung in towers.

    Sense 1 is the most general and appropriate for church bells. Sense 9 is specifically for tuned percussion sets (like in an orchestra), which is different from the large church bells used in change-ringing.

 10. bell%1:06:03:: - the flared opening of a tubular device
    - Not relevant (like the bell of a trumpet or horn).

 So the best choice is sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck"

 The context clearly describes physical bells in a church tower that are rung, weigh tons, and are used for change-ringing. This matches sense 1 perfectly.

 Sense 3 (the sound) is tempting because of phrases like "bells pealing", but the subject of the sentence is the physical group that keeps the bells pealing, and later it mentions bells weighing tons, which only applies to the physical object.

 Therefore, sense_index: 1

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: europe
Target surface form: Europe
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental <t>Europe</t>, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=europe%1:17:00:: | definition=the 2nd smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use `Europe' to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles
2. sense_key=europe%1:14:00:: | definition=an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members | synonyms=European Union, EU, European Community, EC, European Economic Community, EEC | examples=he tried to take Britain into the Europen Union
3. sense_key=europe%1:14:01:: | definition=the nations of the European continent collectively | examples=the Marshall Plan helped Europe recover from World War II

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "Europe" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about bell ringing in England/East Anglia
- It mentions "carillons of continental Europe"
- It contrasts English change-ringing with the "less complicated version of playing tunes on bells" done in continental Europe
- The phrase "continental Europe" suggests the geographical continent, not the political entity (EU) or the collective nations as an organization

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=europe%1:17:00:: | definition=the 2nd smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use `Europe' to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles
   - This is the geographical sense. The mention of "continental Europe" fits here because it refers to the continent itself, and the British usage note is particularly relevant since the text is about English bell ringers and their views of continental European practices.

2. sense_key=europe%1:14:00:: | definition=an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members | synonyms=European Union, EU, European Community, EC, European Economic Community, EEC
   - This is the EU/EC sense. The context doesn't mention trade barriers, international organizations, or political cooperation. It's about bell ringing traditions.

3. sense_key=europe%1:14:01:: | definition=the nations of the European continent collectively | examples=the Marshall Plan helped Europe recover from World War II
   - This is the collective nations sense. While possible, the specific mention of "continental" and the contrast with British Isles suggests the geographical continent sense (sense 1) is better. Also, the example mentions the Marshall Plan which is about political/economic recovery, whereas this text is about geographical/cultural practices across the continent.

The phrase "continental Europe" strongly suggests the geographical landmass. In British English, "Europe" or "continental Europe" often refers to the continent excluding the British Isles, which matches sense 1's definition: "the British use `Europe' to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles."

The context is comparing English bell ringing with the bell ringing practices found on the European continent (carillons), which is a geographical/cultural distinction.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best choice.

Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys format. The user says "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key" and wants {"sense_index": 3} format. So I need to return the index number (1, 2, or 3).

Sense 1: europe%1:17:00:: (continent)
Sense 2: europe%1:14:00:: (EU organization)
Sense 3: europe%1:14:01:: (nations collectively)

Given the context "carillons of continental Europe", this refers to the geographical continent. The British perspective mentioned in the text ("considered by the English to be childish") aligns with sense 1's note about British usage.

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: consider
Target surface form: considered
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is <t>considered</t> by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=consider%2:31:00:: | definition=deem to be | synonyms=see, reckon, view, regard | examples=She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow
2. sense_key=consider%2:39:00:: | definition=give careful consideration to | synonyms=study | examples=consider the possibility of moving
3. sense_key=consider%2:31:01:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=take, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
4. sense_key=consider%2:32:00:: | definition=show consideration for; take into account | synonyms=count, weigh | examples=You must consider her age; The judge considered the offender's youth and was lenient
5. sense_key=consider%2:32:02:: | definition=think about carefully; weigh | synonyms=debate, moot, turn over, deliberate | examples=They considered the possibility of a strike; Turn the proposal over in your mind
6. sense_key=consider%2:31:08:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, believe, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
7. sense_key=consider%2:39:04:: | definition=look at attentively | synonyms=regard
8. sense_key=consider%2:39:08:: | definition=look at carefully; study mentally | synonyms=view, look at | examples=view a problem
9. sense_key=consider%2:31:05:: | definition=regard or treat with consideration, respect, and esteem | examples=Please consider your family

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "considered" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
"The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is <t>considered</t> by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners."

This is a passive construction: "is considered by the English to be childish"

The meaning here is that the English deem/regard/judge this version of playing tunes on bells to be childish.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=consider%2:31:00:: | definition=deem to be | synonyms=see, reckon, view, regard | examples=She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow
   - This fits very well. "is considered to be childish" = "is deemed to be childish". The structure "consider X to be Y" matches exactly.

2. sense_key=consider%2:39:00:: | definition=give careful consideration to | synonyms=study | examples=consider the possibility of moving
   - This doesn't fit. It's not about studying or giving careful consideration to something in the sense of deliberation.

3. sense_key=consider%2:31:01:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=take, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
   - This is about using something as an example. Doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=consider%2:32:00:: | definition=show consideration for; take into account | synonyms=count, weigh | examples=You must consider her age; The judge considered the offender's youth and was lenient
   - This is about taking factors into account when making a decision. Not quite right here.

5. sense_key=consider%2:32:02:: | definition=think about carefully; weigh | synonyms=debate, moot, turn over, deliberate | examples=They considered the possibility of a strike; Turn the proposal over in your mind
   - This is about careful deliberation. Doesn't fit the "deem to be" meaning.

6. sense_key=consider%2:31:08:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, believe, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
   - This is also close. "judge or regard; look upon; judge" - "is considered by the English to be childish". This could work too.

7. sense_key=consider%2:39:04:: | definition=look at attentively | synonyms=regard
   - Physical looking. Doesn't fit.

8. sense_key=consider%2:39:08:: | definition=look at carefully; study mentally | synonyms=view, look at | examples=view a problem
   - About studying/looking at mentally. Doesn't fit.

9. sense_key=consider%2:31:05:: | definition=regard or treat with consideration, respect, and esteem | examples=Please consider your family
   - This is about treating with respect/esteem. Doesn't fit.

Now I need to distinguish between sense 1 and sense 6.

Sense 1: consider%2:31:00:: = deem to be; synonyms: see, reckon, view, regard; examples: "She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow"
Sense 6: consider%2:31:08:: = judge or regard; look upon; judge; synonyms: think, believe, conceive; examples: "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart"

The key difference:
- Sense 1 (deem to be) typically takes the construction "consider X (to be) Y" where Y is a complement/adjective describing what X is deemed as.
- Sense 6 (judge or regard; look upon; judge) typically takes "consider X Y" or "consider X as Y" but the examples given are more about belief/opinion (I think he is very smart).

Actually, looking at WordNet:
- consider%2:31:00:: is the "deem to be" sense, which is the most common sense for "considered to be" constructions.
- consider%2:31:08:: is "judge or regard; look upon; judge" - this might be more about forming an opinion.

Wait, let me think about the exact WordNet senses. In WordNet 3.0/3.1:
- consider, see, reckon, view, regard (deem to be) - "She views this quite differently from me"; "I consider her to be shallow"
- believe, conceive, consider, think (judge or regard; look upon; judge) - "I think he is very smart"; "I believe her to be very smart"

These are very close. But sense 1 explicitly has the example "I consider her to be shallow" which matches our construction "is considered ... to be childish" almost perfectly.

Sense 6 has examples "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart" - these use think/believe, not consider in the example, but the definition includes "judge or regard; look upon; judge".

However, the target is "considered" in "is considered by the English to be childish". This is the classic "deem to be" sense. The English deem this activity to be childish.

Sense 1 is the best fit because:
1. The construction "consider X to be Y" is explicitly listed in the examples for sense 1.
2. The synonyms (see, reckon, view, regard) all fit the "regard as" meaning.
3. The definition "deem to be" captures exactly the epistemic/evaluative stance being taken.

Sense 6 is more about the cognitive state of believing/thinking, while sense 1 is more about the evaluative judgment of deeming something to have a certain property. Given the context is about an aesthetic/cultural judgment (childish, fit only for foreigners), sense 1 is slightly better.

Actually, looking more carefully at WordNet, sense 1 (consider%2:31:00::) and sense 6 (consider%2:31:08::) are both about mental judgments. But sense 1 is the primary sense for "regard as" / "deem to be". The example "I consider her to be shallow" is identical in structure to our sentence.

Therefore, the best sense is index 1.

Wait, I should double-check the indexing. The user lists:
1. sense_key=consider%2:31:00::
2. sense_key=consider%2:39:00::
3. sense_key=consider%2:31:01::
4. sense_key=consider%2:32:00::
5. sense_key=consider%2:32:02::
6. sense_key=consider%2:31:08::
7. sense_key=consider%2:39:04::
8. sense_key=consider%2:39:08::
9. sense_key=consider%2:31:05::

So index 1 is consider%2:31:00:: (deem to be).

Let me verify once more. The sentence: "The less complicated version ... is considered by the English to be childish..."

Could it be sense 6? "judge or regard; look upon; judge"
- "The English judge this to be childish" - works.
- "The English regard this as childish" - works.

But sense 1 has the exact construction and the exact semantic frame. The word "deem" is essentially synonymous with "consider" in this construction. Also, the synonym list for sense 1 includes "regard" which is very close to the passive "is regarded by the English to be childish."

I think sense 1 is clearly the best choice.

The user wants only a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: english
Target surface form: English
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the <t>English</t> to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=english%1:10:00:: | definition=an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries | synonyms=English language
2. sense_key=english%1:18:00:: | definition=the people of England | synonyms=English people
3. sense_key=english%1:09:00:: | definition=the discipline that studies the English language and literature
4. sense_key=english%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) the spin given to a ball by striking it on one side or releasing it with a sharp twist | synonyms=side

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "English" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context carefully:

"The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the <t>English</t> to be childish, fit only for foreigners."

Here, "the English" refers to the people of England. The sentence is saying that the people of England consider the less complicated version of playing tunes on bells to be childish.

Let me look at the candidate senses:
1. english%1:10:00:: - the English language (noun.communication)
2. english%1:18:00:: - the people of England (noun.person)
3. english%1:09:00:: - the discipline studying English language and literature (noun.cognition)
4. english%1:11:00:: - spin on a ball (noun.act? noun.phenomenon?)

In the context, "the English" clearly refers to the people/nation of England. The phrase "considered by the English to be childish" means "considered by the people of England to be childish."

This matches sense 2: "the people of England" with synonyms "English people".

Sense 1 would be about the language, but here it's used with "the" and refers to people ("the English").
Sense 3 is about the academic discipline.
Sense 4 is about sports.

So the best sense is sense_index: 2.

Wait, let me double-check the exact wording: "considered by the <t>English</t> to be childish"

Yes, "the English" = the English people. This is a plural noun referring to the people group. In WordNet, this is likely noun.person or noun.group. The definition says "the people of England".

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

The user specifically said:
- Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
- Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

So I need to return exactly: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fit
Target surface form: fit
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, <t>fit</t> only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fit%3:00:02:: | definition=meeting adequate standards for a purpose | examples=a fit subject for discussion; it is fit and proper that you be there
2. sense_key=fit%5:00:00:ready:00 | definition=(usually followed by `to' or `for') on the point of or strongly disposed | synonyms=primed, set | examples=in no fit state to continue; fit to drop
3. sense_key=fit%3:00:01:: | definition=physically and mentally sound or healthy | examples=felt relaxed and fit after their holiday; keeps fit with diet and exercise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "fit" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
- The sentence says: "The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, <t>fit</t> only for foreigners."
- The meaning here is that the simpler version of bell-ringing is considered childish and "fit only for foreigners" - meaning appropriate/suitable only for foreigners.
- It's expressing that this simpler version is deemed appropriate or suitable only for foreigners (and not for the English).

 Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fit%3:00:02:: | definition=meeting adequate standards for a purpose | examples=a fit subject for discussion; it is fit and proper that you be there
2. sense_key=fit%5:00:00:ready:00 | definition=(usually followed by `to' or `for') on the point of or strongly disposed | synonyms=primed, set | examples=in no fit state to continue; fit to drop
3. sense_key=fit%3:00:01:: | definition=physically and mentally sound or healthy | examples=felt relaxed and fit after their holiday; keeps fit with diet and exercise

 Analysis of candidates:
- Sense 3 is about being physically healthy ("keeps fit"). This doesn't match the context - we're talking about whether something is appropriate/suitable for a group, not about physical health.

- Sense 2 is about being ready or disposed ("fit to drop", "primed, set"). While this can be followed by "for", the meaning is about readiness or being in a state, not about appropriateness/suitability. "Fit only for foreigners" here doesn't mean "ready only for foreigners."

- Sense 1: "meeting adequate standards for a purpose" with examples like "a fit subject for discussion", "it is fit and proper that you be there". This seems closest. The phrase "fit only for foreigners" means "suitable/appropriate only for foreigners" or "meeting the adequate standard only for foreigners" (in a somewhat dismissive way).

 Actually, looking at WordNet more carefully, there might be another sense that's common: "appropriate, suitable" - which would be sense 1 (fit%3:00:02::).

 Wait, let me check the WordNet sense keys more carefully. The format is usually lemma%pos:lex_filenum:lex_id:head_word:head_id.

 fit%3:00:02:: would be adjective (3), lexicographer file 00 (adj.all), lex_id 02.
 fit%5:00:00:ready:00 - this looks like an adjective satellite (5), with head word "ready".
 fit%3:00:01:: would be adjective, lex_id 01.

 In WordNet 3.0 or similar:
 - fit (adj) sense 1: meeting adequate standards for a purpose ("a fit subject for discussion")
 - fit (adj) sense 2: (usually followed by `to' or `for') on the point of or strongly disposed ("in no fit state to continue")
 - fit (adj) sense 3: physically and mentally sound or healthy

 Actually, looking at the candidate list:
1. fit%3:00:02:: - meeting adequate standards for a purpose
2. fit%5:00:00:ready:00 - on the point of or strongly disposed (followed by to or for)
3. fit%3:00:01:: - physically and mentally sound

 The context: "fit only for foreigners" - this is saying that the simpler bell-ringing is considered appropriate/suitable only for foreigners.

 This matches sense 1: "meeting adequate standards for a purpose" - in the sense of being suitable or appropriate.

 Sense 2 is about being ready or disposed ("fit to burst", "fit to drop").

 So the answer should be sense 1.

 But wait, I need to check if there's a specific sense for "suitable/appropriate" vs "meeting adequate standards". The definition given for sense 1 is "meeting adequate standards for a purpose" which is close to "suitable".

 The phrase "fit only for foreigners" parallels "a fit subject for discussion" - both indicate suitability/appropriateness.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

 JSON output: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit <t>only</t> for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "only" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 "The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit <t>only</t> for foreigners."

 The sentence is saying that the English consider the less complicated version of playing tunes on bells (carillons) to be childish, and suitable exclusively/solely for foreigners - not for themselves.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
    - This sense is about "merely" or "simply" - indicating something is nothing more than what is stated.
    - Example: "fit merely for foreigners" - this could work, but let's check others.

 2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
    - This sense is about exclusivity - "without any others being included"
    - "fit exclusively for foreigners" - this fits well. It means suitable for foreigners and not for others (English people).

 3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead
    - This is the "only to" construction indicating an unfortunate result. Not applicable here.

 4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome
    - Not applicable here.

 5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that
    - Not applicable here.

 6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when
    - Conditional sense. Not applicable.

 7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as
    - Temporal sense. Not applicable.

 So it's between sense 1 and sense 2.

 Sense 1 (merely/simply): "fit merely for foreigners" - suggests it's just for foreigners, nothing more.
 Sense 2 (exclusively/solely): "fit exclusively for foreigners" - suggests it's for foreigners alone, excluding others.

 In the context, the sentence is contrasting the English view of carillons (continental European style) as "childish" and suitable for foreigners but not for themselves. The implication is that this type of bell ringing is exclusively appropriate for foreigners (and not for the English who do change-ringing).

 The phrase "fit only for foreigners" means "suitable exclusively for foreigners" or "suitable solely for foreigners" - implying it's not suitable for the English.

 Looking at the examples for sense 2: "was entirely to blame", "a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children" - these suggest exclusivity.

 Looking at the examples for sense 1: "I was merely asking", "it is simply a matter of time" - these suggest "nothing more than".

 In "fit only for foreigners", the meaning is closer to "exclusively for foreigners" (sense 2) rather than "merely for foreigners" (sense 1). The distinction is subtle, but "fit only for" is an idiomatic expression meaning "suitable exclusively for" or "appropriate only for" a specific group, excluding others.

 Actually, looking more carefully:
 - "fit only for foreigners" = suitable exclusively for foreigners (and not for the English)
 - This aligns with sense 2: "without any others being included or involved"

 Sense 1 would be more like "it's only for foreigners" meaning "it's merely for foreigners" or "it's just for foreigners" in the sense of "nothing more than", but the exclusivity reading is stronger here.

 Also, looking at the WordNet sense keys:
 - only%4:02:01:: is the "exclusively" sense
 - only%4:02:02:: is the "merely" sense

 In the context of "fit only for", this is typically the exclusive sense. For example, "fit only for children" means exclusively appropriate for children, not merely appropriate for children.

 Therefore, sense 2 (index 2) seems to be the best choice.

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user asks for a JSON like {"sense_index": 3}. The senses are numbered 1-7 in the list. So if I choose sense 2, I should return {"sense_index": 2}.

 Let me double-check by looking at the actual WordNet sense ordering. The sense keys are:
 1. only%4:02:02::
 2. only%4:02:01::
 3. only%4:02:00::
 4. only%4:02:04::
 5. only%4:02:06::
 6. only%4:02:03::
 7. only%4:02:05::

 So the index corresponds to the order given (1-7).

 Sense 2 is: sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved

 Yes, this is the correct sense. The phrase "fit only for foreigners" means suitable exclusively for foreigners, without others (the English) being included.

 Final check: Could it be sense 1?
 "fit merely for foreigners" - this would suggest it's just for foreigners, nothing more. But the context emphasizes the exclusivity - the English look down on it as something for foreigners but not for themselves. The exclusivity aspect (excluding the English) is stronger than the "merely" aspect.

 Therefore, sense_index: 2.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: foreigner
Target surface form: foreigners
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for <t>foreigners</t>. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=foreigner%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who comes from a foreign country; someone who does not owe allegiance to your country | synonyms=alien, noncitizen, outlander
2. sense_key=foreigner%1:18:01:: | definition=someone who is excluded from or is not a member of a group | synonyms=outsider

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "foreigners" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about English church bell ringing (change-ringing)
- It mentions that playing tunes on bells (carillons) is considered by the English to be "childish, fit only for foreigners"
- This is contrasted with "change-ringing" which is described as an English invention requiring skill

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

Sense 1: "a person who comes from a foreign country; someone who does not owe allegiance to your country" (synonyms: alien, noncitizen, outlander)
- This is the literal sense of people from other countries/nationalities

Sense 2: "someone who is excluded from or is not a member of a group" (synonyms: outsider)
- This is more metaphorical - someone outside a specific group, not necessarily from another country

In the context:
- The text contrasts English change-ringing with continental European carillons
- It says playing tunes on bells (the continental European style) is considered childish by the English
- It says this style is "fit only for foreigners"
- Here, "foreigners" refers to people from foreign countries (continental Europeans), not just outsiders in a general sense
- The contrast is specifically between English people and people from other countries (foreigners)

The phrase "fit only for foreigners" in this context clearly refers to people from other countries (non-English people), specifically continental Europeans who play carillons. This aligns with Sense 1.

Sense 2 would apply if it meant outsiders to a specific group in a more abstract sense, but here it's clearly about nationality - the English vs. people from other countries.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: english
Target surface form: English
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the <t>English</t> invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=english%1:10:00:: | definition=an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries | synonyms=English language
2. sense_key=english%1:18:00:: | definition=the people of England | synonyms=English people
3. sense_key=english%1:09:00:: | definition=the discipline that studies the English language and literature
4. sense_key=english%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) the spin given to a ball by striking it on one side or releasing it with a sharp twist | synonyms=side

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "English" in the given context.

 Target lemma: english
 Target surface form: English
 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the <t>English</t> invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity..."

 Let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=english%1:10:00:: | definition=an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries | synonyms=English language
    - This refers to the language itself. The context says "the English invented...". Languages don't invent things, people do.

 2. sense_key=english%1:18:00:: | definition=the people of England | synonyms=English people
    - This refers to the people of England/nation. In the context "the English invented...", this makes sense - it's referring to the people who invented change-ringing.

 3. sense_key=english%1:09:00:: | definition=the discipline that studies the English language and literature
    - This refers to the academic subject. Academic disciplines don't invent physical exercises like bell-ringing.

 4. sense_key=english%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) the spin given to a ball by striking it on one side or releasing it with a sharp twist | synonyms=side
    - This is a sports term (side/spin). Does not fit the context at all.

 Analysis of context:
 - "Change-ringing... the English invented 380 years ago"
 - This clearly refers to the people/nation, not the language, academic discipline, or sports term.
 - The article discusses English church bells, English people, and their traditions.
 - "The English" here means "the people of England" or "English people".

 Therefore, the correct sense is sense 2: english%1:18:00:: (the people of England).

 The user wants only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 2}.

 Wait, let me double-check the numbering. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=english%1:10:00::
 2. sense_key=english%1:18:00::
 3. sense_key=english%1:09:00::
 4. sense_key=english%1:11:00::

 So index 2 corresponds to "the people of England".

 Confirming the context once more: "the English invented" - yes, this is clearly referring to the people as the agents of invention.

 Final check: Could it be sense 1 (the language)? No, languages don't invent things. Could it be sense 3 (the academic discipline)? No. Could it be sense 4 (sports spin)? Definitely not.

 So the answer is sense_index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: invent
Target surface form: invented
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English <t>invented</t> 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=invent%2:36:00:: | definition=come up with (an idea, plan, explanation, theory, or principle) after a mental effort | synonyms=contrive, devise, excogitate, formulate, forge | examples=excogitate a way to measure the speed of light
2. sense_key=invent%2:36:01:: | definition=make up something artificial or untrue | synonyms=fabricate, manufacture, cook up, make up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "invented" in the given context.

Target lemma: invent
Target surface form: invented
Context: The sentence is about "Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago..."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=invent%2:36:00:: | definition=come up with (an idea, plan, explanation, theory, or principle) after a mental effort | synonyms=contrive, devise, excogitate, formulate, forge | examples=excogitate a way to measure the speed of light
2. sense_key=invent%2:36:01:: | definition=make up something artificial or untrue | synonyms=fabricate, manufacture, cook up, make up

Analysis:
- The context describes "Change-ringing" as an exercise that "the English invented 380 years ago."
- Change-ringing is a real practice/art/activity that was created/devised by the English.
- Sense 1 means to come up with an idea, plan, exercise, etc., after mental effort. This fits perfectly: the English devised/created the art of change-ringing.
- Sense 2 means to fabricate or make up something untrue (like inventing an excuse, a lie, etc.). This does not fit because change-ringing is not something artificial or untrue; it's a real activity.

Therefore, the best sense is sense 1.

The user wants only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. But since the best sense is index 1 (the first one listed), I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The candidate senses are numbered 1 and 2. So sense_index should be 1.

The user said: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." This is an example format. I need to return the JSON with the correct index.

So: {"sense_index": 1}

I must not hedge, just return the JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 <t>years</t> ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "years" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity..."
 - This is referring to a time period in the past - specifically 380 years ago from now (or from the time of writing).
 - It's measuring a span of time - 380 units of time.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
    - This refers to the general concept of a year as a unit of time (365/366 days).
    - Examples include age ("4 years old") and specific calendar years ("in the year 1920").
    - "380 years ago" fits here - it's referring to 380 units of 365-day periods.

 2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
    - This refers to specialized years like academic year, fiscal year, etc.
    - "380 years ago" is not referring to a school year or activity-specific year.

 3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
    - This is the astronomical definition - orbital period.
    - While related to sense 1, this is more technical/astronomical.
    - The example suggests comparing planetary years.
    - In the context "380 years ago", we're not talking about orbital periods of different planets, just Earth years as a unit of time.

 4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High
    - This is clearly about academic cohorts.
    - Not relevant to "380 years ago".

 So the best fit is sense 1: "a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days" (or the general calendar year).

 Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user lists them as:
 1. year%1:28:01::
 2. year%1:28:02::
 3. year%1:28:00::
 4. year%1:14:00::

 In WordNet, the most common sense is usually index 01, but here the indices seem to be:
 - Index 1: year%1:28:01:: (365 days)
 - Index 2: year%1:28:02:: (activity period)
 - Index 3: year%1:28:00:: (orbital period)
 - Index 4: year%1:14:00:: (class/cohort)

 Actually, looking at WordNet sense keys:
 - year%1:28:01:: is the first sense (calendar year)
 - year%1:28:02:: is the second sense (activity year)
 - year%1:28:00:: is the third sense (orbital period) - wait, the 00 usually indicates it might be the first sense in some orderings, but here it's listed as candidate 3.
 - year%1:14:00:: is the fourth sense (class)

 The context "380 years ago" clearly refers to a duration of 380 calendar years (365-day periods). This matches sense 1.

 However, I should verify if sense 3 (orbital period) could fit. Technically, a calendar year is based on Earth's orbital period, but the specific sense 3 mentions "the period of time that it takes for a planet... to make a complete revolution" and gives the example of Martian years. This is the astronomical/technical sense used when comparing different planets or discussing the concept abstractly.

 In "380 years ago", we're using the standard calendar year (sense 1), not the astronomical orbital period concept.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 1.

 Wait, looking at the format requested: {"sense_index": 3}

 The user wants the index number from the candidate list (1, 2, 3, or 4), not the WordNet offset.

 So my answer is {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: require
Target surface form: requires
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, <t>requires</t> physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=require%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=require%2:32:01:: | definition=consider obligatory; request and expect | synonyms=ask, expect | examples=We require our secretary to be on time; Aren't we asking too much of these children?
3. sense_key=require%2:32:00:: | definition=make someone do something | synonyms=command
4. sense_key=require%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, need | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "requires" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about change-ringing (bell ringing)
- "Change-ringing... requires physical dexterity... combined with intense mental concentration"
- This is describing what change-ringing necessitates or needs in order to be done

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=require%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
   - This sense seems to mean "to need" or "to necessitate" - something requires certain qualities or conditions
   - The example "success usually requires hard work" fits well with "change-ringing requires physical dexterity"

2. sense_key=require%2:32:01:: | definition=consider obligatory; request and expect | synonyms=ask, expect | examples=We require our secretary to be on time; Aren't we asking too much of these children?
   - This is about imposing an obligation on someone, demanding something from someone
   - The subject is usually a person/authority requiring something of another person
   - Here, "change-ringing" is the subject, not a person making a demand

3. sense_key=require%2:32:00:: | definition=make someone do something | synonyms=command
   - This is about commanding or obligating someone to act
   - Again, this involves interpersonal obligation/command
   - Doesn't fit: change-ringing doesn't command someone to have dexterity; it necessitates it

4. sense_key=require%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, need | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
   - This is about needing something, but the syntax is usually "X requires Y" where X is the thing needing Y
   - Actually, looking at the example "This piano wants the attention..." - this seems similar to sense 1
   - Wait, let me check the distinction. Sense 4 is "have need of" - this might be when the subject is the thing that needs something
   - But sense 1 also has "success usually requires hard work" where success needs hard work

Let me look more carefully at the distinctions:

Sense 1 (require%2:42:00::): "require as useful, just, or proper" - this is about something being necessary for a particular purpose or to achieve a particular result. The examples show: "It takes nerve..." and "success usually requires hard work". This is about conditions or qualities needed for an activity.

Sense 4 (require%2:34:00::): "have need of" - synonyms want, need. Example: "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner". This seems very similar to sense 1, but perhaps more about the subject itself needing something (like maintenance, attention) rather than an activity requiring certain attributes.

In the context: "Change-ringing... requires physical dexterity"
- Change-ringing is an activity
- Physical dexterity is a quality/attribute needed to perform the activity
- This matches sense 1: "success usually requires hard work" (activity/result requires quality/effort)

Sense 4 would be more like "The bell requires tuning" or "The ringer requires rest" - where the subject itself needs something done to it or for it.

Also, looking at the synonyms:
- Sense 1: necessitate, ask, postulate, need, take, involve
- Sense 4: want, need

The example in sense 1 "success usually requires hard work" is almost exactly parallel to "change-ringing requires physical dexterity".

Therefore, sense 1 (index 1) is the best choice.

Wait, I need to check the sense indices. The user lists:
1. sense_key=require%2:42:00::
2. sense_key=require%2:32:01::
3. sense_key=require%2:32:00::
4. sense_key=require%2:34:00::

So sense 1 is require%2:42:00:: which is the "necessitate" sense.

Let me double-check sense 4 (require%2:34:00::). In WordNet, this might be the "need" sense as in "I require assistance" - but the gloss says "have need of" which is similar.

Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
- require%2:42:00:: is usually the "necessitate" sense (cause to be necessary)
- require%2:34:00:: might be "need, require, want" - as in "This job requires patience" vs "I require a lawyer"

Wait, looking at the examples again:
Sense 1: "It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work"
Sense 4: "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner"

The difference:
- Sense 1: Activity X requires quality Y (to be done)
- Sense 4: Object X requires treatment Y (to function properly)

In our case: "Change-ringing... requires physical dexterity"
Change-ringing is an activity, not an object needing repair. It requires the quality of physical dexterity from the performer. This fits sense 1 perfectly.

Also, sense 2 is about requiring someone to do something (obligating), which doesn't fit.
Sense 3 is about commanding, which doesn't fit.

So the answer should be sense_index: 1.

But wait, I should verify the WordNet sense keys to make sure I understand the indices correctly.

The user provides:
1. sense_key=require%2:42:00::
2. sense_key=require%2:32:01::
3. sense_key=require%2:32:00::
4. sense_key=require%2:34:00::

In WordNet:
- 2:42 is usually the "necessitate" frame
- 2:32 is usually the "order, command" frame or "demand" frame
- 2:34 is usually the "need" frame

Actually, looking at standard WordNet:
- require.v.01: require as useful, just, or proper (necessitate) - %2:42:00::
- require.v.02: consider obligatory; request and expect - %2:32:01::
- require.v.03: make someone do something - %2:32:00::
- want.v.04: have need of - %2:34:00:: (but here it's listed as require%2:34:00::)

Wait, the user lists require%2:34:00:: as sense 4 with definition "have need of". This is likely the sense where "require" is synonymous with "need" or "want" in the sense of lacking something.

But in the context "Change-ringing requires physical dexterity", this is clearly the "necessitate" sense - the activity calls for or needs certain attributes.

So sense 1 is correct.

One final check: Could it be sense 4?
Sense 4 synonyms: want, need
Example: "This piano wants the attention..."

If we say "Change-ringing wants physical dexterity", that sounds odd - personification.
But "Change-ringing requires physical dexterity" = "Change-ringing necessitates physical dexterity" (sense 1).

Yes, sense 1 is definitely correct.

The JSON should be: {"sense_index": 1}