[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- <t>educational</t> performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "educational" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 The sentence is: "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- <t>educational</t> performance has declined."

 The target word "educational" modifies "performance" here. It's talking about the performance of the education system or performance related to education.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
    - This sense relates to the field, process, or system of education.
    - "Educational psychology" is the psychology related to education.
    - "Educational performance" would mean performance related to the education system/process.

 2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film
    - This sense means something that teaches or instructs, something that provides knowledge.
    - An "educational film" is a film that teaches something.
    - "Educational performance" in this sense would mean a performance (like a play or show) that provides knowledge/instruction.

 In the context:
 - The text discusses school governance, expenditures on education, classrooms, academic performance of pupils, administrative structure, spending per pupil.
 - "Educational performance" refers to the performance/outcomes of the educational system (how well students are doing academically, how effective the education is).
 - This is clearly about the process/system of education, not about something that provides knowledge in the sense of being instructive.

 "Educational performance" = performance related to education (the system/process), not a performance that teaches people.

 Therefore, sense 1 is correct: "relating to the process of education".

 Sense 2 would apply if we were talking about something like "an educational experience" or "educational software" in the sense that it teaches you something. But here, "educational" is being used in the sense of "pertaining to education" - the institutional/systemic process.

 So the answer should be sense_index: 1.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys format. The user provided:
 1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00::
 2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00

 So index 1 is the first one, index 2 is the second one.

 The target is "educational performance" - this is clearly about performance in the domain of education, i.e., relating to the process of education. Not a performance that is instructive.

 Therefore: {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: performance
Target surface form: performance
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational <t>performance</t> has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=performance%1:10:00:: | definition=a dramatic or musical entertainment | synonyms=public presentation | examples=they listened to ten different performances; the play ran for 100 performances
2. sense_key=performance%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment | examples=we congratulated him on his performance at the rehearsal; an inspired performance of Mozart's C minor concerto
3. sense_key=performance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it | synonyms=execution, carrying out, carrying into action | examples=they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance
4. sense_key=performance%1:04:03:: | definition=any recognized accomplishment | examples=they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe
5. sense_key=performance%1:22:00:: | definition=process or manner of functioning or operating | synonyms=operation, functioning | examples=the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "performance" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses education, specifically school governance, expenditures on education, and educational outcomes.
 - Key sentence: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils"
 - Later: "educational performance has declined"
 - This is about how well students are doing academically, educational results/outcomes.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. performance%1:10:00:: - "a dramatic or musical entertainment" - synonyms: public presentation. This is about shows, concerts, plays. Not relevant here.

 2. performance%1:04:01:: - "the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment" - examples mention rehearsal, concerto. This is about the act of performing arts. Not relevant.

 3. performance%1:04:00:: - "the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it" - synonyms: execution, carrying out, carrying into action. Examples: "they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance". This seems close - it's about how well someone does something, execution of duties.

 4. performance%1:04:03:: - "any recognized accomplishment" - examples: "they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe". This is about an accomplishment or achievement, often in sports or under pressure.

 5. performance%1:22:00:: - "process or manner of functioning or operating" - synonyms: operation, functioning. Examples: "the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds". This is about mechanical functioning, how something operates.

 Now, which one fits "educational performance"?

 The context is about academic achievement, how well pupils are doing in school, educational outcomes declining despite increased spending.

 Looking at sense 4: "any recognized accomplishment" - this could fit, but the examples suggest specific notable achievements (home runs, performance under stress).

 Looking at sense 3: "the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it" - with synonyms execution, carrying out. The example "experience generally improves performance" and "they criticised his performance as mayor" suggest this is about how well someone performs their role or task.

 But "educational performance" typically refers to academic achievement, results, outcomes - which might map better to sense 4 (accomplishment/achievement) or sense 3.

 Wait, let me reconsider WordNet senses for "performance":

 Sense 3 (performance%1:04:00::): "the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it" - this is about the execution of an action, the carrying out of a task. Examples include job performance.

 Sense 4 (performance%1:04:03::): "any recognized accomplishment" - this is more about the result, the achievement itself.

 In educational contexts, "academic performance" usually refers to how well students are doing - their achievements, grades, test scores. This would align with sense 4 (accomplishment).

 However, let me check if there's a sense related to "functioning" (sense 5). Sense 5 is about mechanical operation (engine, plane), so that's not right.

 Between sense 3 and sense 4:
 Sense 3 emphasizes the act of doing, the execution (carrying out).
 Sense 4 emphasizes the accomplishment, the result.

 "Academic performance" refers to the level of achievement or the quality of results in academic work. So sense 4 seems more appropriate.

 But let me double-check the WordNet hierarchy. Actually, looking at standard WordNet:
 - Sense 1: dramatic/musical entertainment (the show itself)
 - Sense 2: the act of presenting/performing (the performance of a play)
 - Sense 3: carrying into action, execution (the performance of duties)
 - Sense 4: accomplishment (his performance in the game)
 - Sense 5: operation/functioning (engine performance)

 In the context: "academic performance of the pupils" and "educational performance has declined" - this refers to how well the education system or the pupils are achieving. This is closest to sense 4 "any recognized accomplishment" or sense 3 "the act of performing..."

 Actually, looking at the examples for sense 3: "they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance" - this refers to how well someone does their job.

 Examples for sense 4: "they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs..."

 "Academic performance" is usually about educational achievement - which is an accomplishment. However, in WordNet, sense 3 might actually be the one used for "job performance" type contexts.

 Let me reconsider the sentence: "even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils"

 This means class size doesn't affect how well pupils do academically - their achievement levels.

 And "educational performance has declined" - the results/achievement levels of education have gone down.

 This is sense 4: "any recognized accomplishment"

 But wait, sense 3 has the example "experience generally improves performance" which could be about job performance or task performance. And "they criticised his performance as mayor" - this is about how well he did his job.

 Actually, looking carefully at the definitions:
 Sense 3: "the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it" - this focuses on the process of doing, the execution.
 Sense 4: "any recognized accomplishment" - this focuses on the result, the achievement.

 In educational psychology, "academic performance" typically refers to achievement - test scores, grades, etc. So sense 4.

 However, I need to be careful. Let me check if there's any other clue.

 The text says "educational performance has declined" alongside "expenditures have increased". This is about the output, the results of the educational system.

 I think sense 4 is the best fit.

 Wait, I should check if sense 3 could fit. "The act of performing... using knowledge" - academic performance could be seen as the act of performing academically. But the examples for sense 3 include "performance as mayor" which is about job execution, and sense 4 includes athletic performance (home runs).

 Actually, looking at WordNet 3.0 or 3.1 data:
 performance#n#1: a dramatic or musical entertainment
 performance#n#2: the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment
 performance#n#3: the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it (execution, carrying out)
 performance#n#4: any recognized accomplishment
 performance#n#5: process or manner of functioning (operation, functioning)

 For "academic performance", WordNet typically maps this to sense 4 (accomplishment) or sense 3?

 Let me think about the phrase "performance of the pupils". This is ambiguous - it could be how they perform (act of doing) or their accomplishments.

 But given the context of "declined" and "zero effect on... performance", and comparing with "expenditures", this is measuring the output/result of education - i.e., accomplishment.

 However, looking at the examples provided in the candidates:
 Sense 3: "they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance"
 Sense 4: "they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs..."

 The "performance as mayor" example suggests sense 3 can be used for roles/jobs. Academic performance is similar to job performance - it's how well one executes their role as a student.

 But "academic performance" is very commonly used to mean grades/achievement, which fits sense 4.

 I need to look at the specific WordNet sense keys:
 - performance%1:04:00:: (sense 3 in the list) - this is typically the "execution" sense
 - performance%1:04:03:: (sense 4 in the list) - this is the "accomplishment" sense

 Given the context is about educational outcomes and whether class size affects pupil achievement, and the contrast with expenditure (input), the word refers to educational results/achievements.

 Therefore, sense 4 (performance%1:04:03::) seems correct.

 But let me double-check by searching my internal knowledge of how "academic performance" is typically disambiguated. In WordNet, "academic performance" usually maps to the "accomplishment" sense (sense 4 above) or the "act of performing" sense (sense 3 above)?

 Actually, looking at the definition of sense 3 again: "the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it" - this sounds like "performance" as in "cognitive performance" or "task performance" - the execution of a task.

 Sense 4: "any recognized accomplishment" - this is about achievements like hitting home runs.

 Academic performance is typically measured by grades, test scores - these are accomplishments or at least recognized measurements of accomplishment.

 However, sense 3 includes the example "experience generally improves performance" which is very general and could cover academic performance.

 But sense 4 includes "performance under stress" which is about how one does in a specific situation.

 I think for "academic performance" in the context of educational research and outcomes, sense 4 is slightly better, but sense 3 is also plausible.

 Wait, looking at the specific phrase: "academic performance of the pupils" - this is definitely about how well they are doing in their studies (their accomplishment/achievement level).

 And "educational performance has declined" - the system's output/achievement has declined.

 I will go with sense 4 (index 4 in the list provided).

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=performance%1:10:00::
 2. sense_key=performance%1:04:01::
 3. sense_key=performance%1:04:00::
 4. sense_key=performance%1:04:03::
 5. sense_key=performance%1:22:00::

 So sense 4 is performance%1:04:03:: (any recognized accomplishment).

 But let me reconsider sense 3 vs 4 one more time.

 Sense 3 (performance%1:04:00::): execution, carrying out - examples include "performance as mayor" (how one performs the job) and "experience improves performance" (generally).

 Sense 4 (performance%1:04:03::): accomplishment - examples include athletic feats.

 In educational testing literature, "student performance" refers to how students perform on tests - their accomplishment/achievement.

 Also, the phrase "academic performance" is parallel to "athletic performance" (sense 4 example: Roger Maris...). Athletic performance is about the accomplishment (home runs), so academic performance would be about grades, test scores - accomplishments.

 Therefore, index 4.

 But I want to make sure about sense 5 (functioning). Could it be that? "Educational performance" as in how the education system is functioning? The synonyms are operation, functioning. But the context distinguishes expenditures (money) from performance (results), so it's not about functioning but about outcomes/results.

 So definitely not 5.

 Between 3 and 4, I'm now leaning toward 4 because of the parallel with athletic performance in the examples, and because "declined" suggests a measurable result/accomplishment level rather than the act of performing.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet definition for sense 3 carefully: "the act of performing; of doing something successfully" - this is about the process. But "performance has declined" refers to the level/quality of results, not the act itself declining.

 Therefore: {"sense_index": 4}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DigitalOcean

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: decline
Target surface form: declined
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has <t>declined</t>. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=decline%2:30:01:: | definition=grow worse | synonyms=worsen | examples=Conditions in the slum worsened
2. sense_key=decline%2:40:00:: | definition=refuse to accept | synonyms=refuse, reject, pass up, turn down | examples=He refused my offer of hospitality
3. sense_key=decline%2:32:00:: | definition=show unwillingness towards | synonyms=refuse | examples=he declined to join the group on a hike
4. sense_key=decline%2:30:00:: | definition=grow smaller | synonyms=go down, wane | examples=Interest in the project waned
5. sense_key=decline%2:38:00:: | definition=go down | examples=The roof declines here
6. sense_key=decline%2:38:03:: | definition=go down in value | synonyms=slump, correct | examples=the stock market corrected; prices slumped
7. sense_key=decline%2:32:01:: | definition=inflect for number, gender, case, etc., | examples=in many languages, speakers decline nouns, pronouns, and adjectives

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "declined" in the given context.

 First, let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses educational expenditures increasing sharply over the past quarter-of-a-century
 - It mentions that "we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world"
 - Then it states: "educational performance has declined"
 - The context suggests that despite spending more money, the performance has gotten worse or decreased

 Now let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=decline%2:30:01:: | definition=grow worse | synonyms=worsen | examples=Conditions in the slum worsened
    - This suggests getting worse in quality or condition

 2. sense_key=decline%2:40:00:: | definition=refuse to accept | synonyms=refuse, reject, pass up, turn down | examples=He refused my offer of hospitality
    - This is about refusing something

 3. sense_key=decline%2:32:00:: | definition=show unwillingness towards | synonyms=refuse | examples=he declined to join the group on a hike
    - This is about being unwilling to do something (often followed by "to")

 4. sense_key=decline%2:30:00:: | definition=grow smaller | synonyms=go down, wane | examples=Interest in the project waned
    - This suggests decreasing in size, amount, or degree

 5. sense_key=decline%2:38:00:: | definition=go down | examples=The roof declines here
    - This is physical movement downward (slope)

 6. sense_key=decline%2:38:03:: | definition=go down in value | synonyms=slump, correct | examples=the stock market corrected; prices slumped
    - This is about value decreasing (financial)

 7. sense_key=decline%2:32:01:: | definition=inflect for number, gender, case, etc., | examples=in many languages, speakers decline nouns, pronouns, and adjectives
    - This is a grammatical term (linguistics)

 Now, analyzing the specific usage:
 "educational performance has declined"

 Educational performance is not a physical object, so sense 5 (go down physically) doesn't fit.
 It's not about refusing something (senses 2 and 3).
 It's not about grammatical inflection (sense 7).
 It's not specifically about monetary value (sense 6), though one could argue performance has "value," but the context is about quality/level of performance.

 The choice is between sense 1 (grow worse) and sense 4 (grow smaller).

 Sense 1: "grow worse" - synonyms include "worsen"
 Sense 4: "grow smaller" - synonyms include "go down, wane"

 "Educational performance" can both "grow worse" (quality) or "grow smaller" (quantity/level).

 However, looking at the context:
 - The text mentions "academic performance of the pupils" earlier
 - It talks about "zero effect on the academic performance"
 - The contrast is between increased expenditures and the result on performance

 In educational contexts, when we say performance has "declined," we usually mean it has gotten worse in quality, not necessarily that it has become smaller in quantity. However, "declined" can mean both.

 Let me look more carefully at the WordNet distinctions:
 - Sense 1 (decline%2:30:01::): grow worse - This is about deteriorating in quality
 - Sense 4 (decline%2:30:00::): grow smaller - This is about decreasing in size/amount

 The example for sense 4 is "Interest in the project waned" - this is about interest decreasing.
 The example for sense 1 is "Conditions in the slum worsened" - this is about conditions getting worse.

 Educational performance declining could fit both:
 - It could mean test scores went down (grow smaller/lower)
 - It could mean the quality of education deteriorated (grow worse)

 However, looking at the broader context, the author is arguing that despite spending more money, the outcomes have gotten worse. The word "worsen" (synonym for sense 1) fits well here.

 But wait, "performance" in the sense of measurable outcomes (like test scores) declining is often about the numbers going down, which would be sense 4 (grow smaller).

 Let me reconsider. In the sentence: "educational performance has declined"

 If we substitute the synonyms:
 - Sense 1: "educational performance has worsened" - This makes sense
 - Sense 4: "educational performance has gone down" or "educational performance has waned" - This also makes sense

 However, looking at the WordNet sense keys:
 - decline%2:30:01:: (grow worse)
 - decline%2:30:00:: (grow smaller)

 The difference is subtle. But typically, when we talk about performance metrics declining, we mean they are decreasing in value/amount (sense 4). But when we talk about conditions or situations declining, we mean they are deteriorating (sense 1).

 Actually, looking at the examples provided:
 - Sense 1 example: "Conditions in the slum worsened" - this is about conditions deteriorating
 - Sense 4 example: "Interest in the project waned" - this is about interest decreasing

 Educational performance is more like "interest" (a measurable quantity/level) than "conditions" (a state/quality), but it could be argued either way.

 However, I should look at the specific WordNet definitions more carefully. In WordNet:
 - Sense 1 (decline%2:30:01::) is typically "grow worse" - change toward something smaller or lower, deteriorate
 - Sense 4 (decline%2:30:00::) is "grow smaller" - change toward something smaller or lower

 Wait, looking at standard WordNet:
 decline.v.01: change toward something smaller or lower (grow smaller)
 decline.v.02: grow worse (worsen)

 Actually, looking at the candidate list:
 1. sense_key=decline%2:30:01:: | definition=grow worse
 4. sense_key=decline%2:30:00:: | definition=grow smaller

 So sense 4 is the first sense (00) and sense 1 is the second sense (01).

 In standard WordNet:
 - decline.v.01: go down, decline - grow smaller
 - decline.v.02: decline, worsen - grow worse

 The context is about educational performance. When performance "declines," it typically means the metrics (test scores, etc.) have gone down, or the quality has deteriorated.

 But looking at the sentence structure: "educational performance has declined" - this is an intransitive use where the subject (performance) is getting lower/worse.

 Between "grow worse" and "grow smaller":
 - "Performance has grown worse" = the quality deteriorated
 - "Performance has grown smaller" = the level/amount decreased

 In educational testing contexts, when scores or performance decline, it means they drop to lower levels - they decrease. This aligns with "grow smaller" (sense 4).

 However, "worsen" (sense 1) also fits because lower performance is worse performance.

 Let me look at the other clues in the text:
 - "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance"
 - The contrast is between increased spending and the result on performance

 The word "declined" here is parallel to "increased" (expenditures have increased... performance has declined).

 When something increases and something else declines in the same sentence, "declined" usually means "decreased" or "went down" - which aligns with sense 4 (grow smaller).

 Also, the phrase "educational performance" is treated as a measurable quantity that can go up or down.

 Therefore, sense 4 (grow smaller) seems most appropriate.

 Wait, let me double-check by looking at the sense numbers:
 - sense_key=decline%2:30:01:: (index 1 in the list) = grow worse
 - sense_key=decline%2:30:00:: (index 4 in the list) = grow smaller

 The user asks for the "sense_index" which refers to the numbering in the candidate list (1-7).

 So if I choose sense 4 (grow smaller), the answer would be {"sense_index": 4}.
 If I choose sense 1 (grow worse), the answer would be {"sense_index": 1}.

 Let me reconsider the distinction between "grow worse" and "grow smaller" for "performance".

 In WordNet, "decline" as "grow worse" (decline.v.02) is often used for conditions, health, quality of life, etc.
 "Decline" as "grow smaller" (decline.v.01) is used for quantities, interest, values, etc.

 Educational performance is typically measured as a quantity (test scores, graduation rates), so when it declines, those numbers go down - they grow smaller.

 Also, the parallel structure with "increased" (expenditures have increased... performance has declined) strongly suggests that "declined" means the opposite of increased, i.e., decreased/grew smaller.

 Therefore, sense 4 is the best choice.

 Actually, looking at the candidate list again:
 4. sense_key=decline%2:30:00:: | definition=grow smaller | synonyms=go down, wane | examples=Interest in the project waned

 Yes, "Interest in the project waned" is analogous to "educational performance declined" - both show a decrease in level/degree.

 Sense 1 (grow worse) example: "Conditions in the slum worsened" - this is about deterioration, not necessarily measurable decrease.

 So I will go with sense_index: 4.

 Wait, I need to be careful. The user says "Choose the single best indexed sense" and "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

 The index refers to the numbering in the candidate list (1-7).

 So my answer should be {"sense_index": 4}.

 Let me verify once more:
 - Is it about refusing? No (senses 2, 3)
 - Is it about physical going down? No (sense 5)
 - Is it about value/stock market? No (sense 6)
 - Is it about grammar? No (sense 7)
 - Is it about growing worse (sense 1) or growing smaller (sense 4)?

 The text says "educational performance has declined" in the context of expenditures increasing. This is a classic "more money, worse results" argument. But "declined" here specifically contrasts with "increased" - so it's about the trend direction (down vs up).

 "Worsened" would also fit, but "grow smaller" is more precise for performance metrics that can be quantified (like test scores). Also, in the list, sense 4 has "wane" as a synonym, which fits well with performance over time.

 Actually, looking at WordNet more carefully:
 - decline.v.01 (grow smaller): change toward something smaller or lower
 - decline.v.02 (grow worse): grow worse

 In many WSD datasets, "performance declined" is often tagged with the "decrease" sense rather than the "deteriorate" sense, though both are close.

 But given the explicit contrast with "increased sharply", the antonym relationship points to "grow smaller" (sense 4).

 Final decision: sense_index 4.

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
-- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the <t>way</t> the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "way" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 The passage discusses education spending and how the system works. The specific sentence is: "That is the <t>way</t> the system works."

 The target phrase is "the way the system works" - this refers to how something is done or how it happens.

 Let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
    - This seems to fit. "The way the system works" = how the system operates/functions.

 2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
    - This is more about means/method to achieve an end. While related, the phrase "the way the system works" is more about the manner/mode of operation rather than a means to achieve a specific result.

 3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
    - Physical direction/path. Doesn't fit.

 4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
    - This could potentially fit with "that's the way it is", but "the way the system works" is more specific about the manner of functioning.

 5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
    - This is about life choices or conduct. Doesn't fit.

 6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
    - Physical road/path. Doesn't fit.

 7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
    - Journey. Doesn't fit.

 8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
    - Space. Doesn't fit.

 9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
    - Distance. Doesn't fit.

 10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
    - Preference/choice. Doesn't fit.

 11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
    - Category. Doesn't fit.

 12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways
    - Portion/share. Doesn't fit.

 Now between sense 1 and sense 4:
 - Sense 1: "how something is done or how it happens" - manner, mode, style, fashion
 - Sense 4: "the condition of things generally" - "that's the way it is"

 The phrase "That is the way the system works" means "That is how the system operates" or "That is the manner in which the system functions."

 This aligns most closely with sense 1 (way%1:07:01::), which is about manner/mode/style of happening or doing.

 Sense 4 is more about the general state or condition ("that's the way it is"), while sense 1 is about the manner or mode of operation ("how something is done").

 The examples for sense 1 include "her dignified manner" and "his rapid manner of talking" - these are about how things are done. "The way the system works" is exactly about how the system operates/functions.

 Therefore, the best sense is index 1.

 Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user lists them as 1, 2, 3... so sense_key=way%1:07:01:: is index 1.

 Actually, looking carefully at the format:
 "1. sense_key=way%1:07:01::"
 "2. sense_key=way%1:04:01::"
 etc.

 So the index numbers correspond to the list numbering.

 Sense 1: way%1:07:01:: - how something is done or how it happens
 Sense 4: way%1:26:00:: - the condition of things generally

 The phrase "the way the system works" is clearly referring to the manner/mode in which the system operates, not just the general condition of things. While sense 4 could be argued with the example "that's the way it is", the specific context here emphasizes the mechanism/process of how the system functions (money flows to administration, paperwork increases, etc.), which is about the manner of operation.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: Students
Context:
The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- <t>Students</t> should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "Students" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about education, classrooms, academic performance, pupils, educational expenditures, elementary school, graduating, mastering the 3 R's.
 - The specific sentence containing the target is: "Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows."
 - The following sentence mentions: "No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's..."

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
    - This refers to someone enrolled in school, learning at an educational institution.
    - Synonyms: pupil, educatee.

 2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman
    - This refers to a scholar, someone who has already gained mastery through long study.
    - Synonyms: scholar, scholarly person, bookman.

 Context analysis:
 - The text discusses "pupils" earlier (synonym for sense 1).
 - It talks about "elementary school" and graduating from it.
 - It mentions "academic potential" and moving up the "educational ladder."
 - The students being referred to are clearly learners enrolled in educational institutions (specifically elementary school and moving up through the educational system).
 - They are not described as learned persons who have already gained mastery in disciplines. Rather, they are in the process of learning (mastering the 3 R's).

 The context clearly indicates these are pupils/learners in the educational system, not scholars in the sense of learned experts.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}

 Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=student%1:18:00::
 2. sense_key=student%1:18:01::

 So sense_index should be 1.

 Actually, looking at the format requested: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

 So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

 Let me verify once more:
 - Sense 1: learner enrolled in educational institution (pupil, educatee)
 - Sense 2: learned person, scholar, bookman

 Context: "Students should move up the educational ladder", "graduated from elementary school", "mastered the 3 R's" - these are clearly pupils/learners in school, not established scholars.

 Yes, definitely sense 1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the <t>educational</t> ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "educational" in the given context.

 Target lemma: educational
 Target surface form: educational
 Context: A long text about education spending, class sizes, and performance, ending with: "Students should move up the <t>educational</t> ladder as their academic potential allows."

 Candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
 2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

 I need to determine which sense fits the phrase "educational ladder" in the context.

 Analysis:
 - The phrase is "educational ladder" - this refers to the hierarchy or progression through the education system (e.g., elementary school → middle school → high school → college).
 - Sense 1: "relating to the process of education" - this would describe something that is about or pertaining to education. An "educational ladder" would be the ladder/progression that exists within the educational system.
 - Sense 2: "providing knowledge" (instructive) - this describes something that teaches or instructs. For example, an "educational film" is a film that teaches something. But "educational ladder" is not something that provides knowledge; it's a metaphor for the structure/levels of the education system.

 The phrase "educational ladder" is a compound noun where "educational" modifies "ladder". It refers to the hierarchical levels or stages of the educational system (elementary, secondary, tertiary, etc.).

 Sense 1 fits because it relates to the institution/system of education. The ladder is part of the educational structure/system.
 Sense 2 would imply the ladder itself is teaching/providing knowledge, which doesn't make sense. A ladder is a metaphor for progression through levels, not something that instructs.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet senses for "educational":
 - Sense 1: "relating to the process of education" (adjective)
 - Sense 2: "providing knowledge; instructive"

 In "educational psychology" - psychology related to education.
 In "educational film" - a film that educates/provides knowledge.

 "Educational ladder" - the ladder of education (the progression through grades/schools). This is relating to the process/system of education, not something that provides knowledge itself. The ladder represents the structure of the educational system.

 So yes, sense 1 is correct.

 The user wants the answer in the format: {"sense_index": 1}

 Wait, looking at the candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00::...
 2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00...

 So the index numbers are 1 and 2.

 I should return {"sense_index": 1}

 Actually, looking carefully at the instructions: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

 This example shows index 3, but my candidates are indexed 1 and 2. So I should return the actual index of the chosen sense, which is 1.

 Final check:
 - Context talks about "educational research" (earlier in text) - this would be sense 1 (research about education).
 - "educational expenditures" - expenditures on education (sense 1).
 - "educational performance" - performance in education (sense 1).
 - "educational ladder" - the ladder/system of education (sense 1).

 All instances in this text appear to be sense 1.

 Sense 2 would be like "an educational experience" (an experience that teaches you something) or "educational software" (software that teaches).

 So the answer is clearly sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their <t>academic</t> potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "academic" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:

 The sentence containing the target word is: "Students should move up the educational ladder as their <t>academic</t> potential allows."

 Looking at the surrounding context:
 - The text discusses education, classrooms, educational performance, pupils, teachers, educational expenditures
 - It mentions "academic performance" earlier in the text: "zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils"
 - The phrase "academic potential" refers to the potential related to school/educational achievement

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
    - This seems to relate to things associated with educational institutions (academia, academy)
    - "academic potential" would mean potential related to education/academic pursuits

 2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
    - This means purely theoretical, not practical
    - "academic potential" in the sense of "theoretical potential" doesn't fit here
    - The context is about actual educational advancement, not theoretical discussions

 3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic
    - This has a negative connotation (pedantic, donnish)
    - "Academic potential" doesn't mean pedantic potential
    - The context is neutral/positive about educational achievement

 Looking at the specific phrase "academic potential":
 - This refers to the potential a student has for academic/educational achievement
 - Sense 1 (associated with academia or an academy) fits best because "academic potential" means potential related to education/academic pursuits
 - The earlier mention of "academic performance" also aligns with sense 1 (performance in educational/academic contexts)

 Sense 1 examples: "the academic curriculum; academic gowns" - these are things associated with academia/educational institutions.

 In "academic potential", the word means "relating to education and scholarship" or "associated with academia".

 Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys format. The user provided:
 1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00::
 2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01
 3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00

 In WordNet:
 - %3 indicates adjective (3)
 - %5 indicates adjective satellite (5)

 Sense 1 is the core adjective meaning "associated with academia or an academy".
 Sense 2 is an adjective satellite meaning "theoretical".
 Sense 3 is an adjective satellite meaning "scholarly/pedantic".

 In the context "academic potential", it means potential in academic/educational pursuits - i.e., associated with academia. This is clearly sense 1.

 The phrase "academic performance" earlier in the text also uses sense 1.

 So the answer should be sense_index: 1.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potential
Target surface form: potential
Context:
The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic <t>potential</t> allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "potential" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
The sentence is: "Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic <t>potential</t> allows."

The context is about education, academic performance, and students progressing based on their capabilities.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
   - This refers to latent capability, capacity, or ability that can be developed.
   - In the context of "academic potential", this makes sense - it refers to the student's inherent capacity for academic achievement or development.

2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage
   - This is clearly a physics/electrical engineering term.
   - The context is about education and academic performance, not electricity or circuits.

The phrase "academic potential" clearly refers to the inherent capacity or ability of students to achieve academically. This aligns with sense 1.

Sense 1 is the only appropriate choice here. The context is educational, referring to students' capabilities and capacities for learning and advancement.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: allow
Target surface form: allows
Context:
The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential <t>allows</t>. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=allow%2:41:00:: | definition=make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen | synonyms=let, permit | examples=This permits the water to rush in; This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement
2. sense_key=allow%2:32:00:: | definition=consent to, give permission | synonyms=permit, let, countenance | examples=She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband; I won't let the police search her basement
3. sense_key=allow%2:40:00:: | definition=let have | synonyms=grant | examples=grant permission; Mandela was allowed few visitors in prison
4. sense_key=allow%2:31:01:: | definition=give or assign a resource to a particular person or cause | synonyms=appropriate, earmark, set aside, reserve | examples=I will earmark this money for your research; She sets aside time for meditation every day
5. sense_key=allow%2:42:00:: | definition=make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain | synonyms=leave, allow for, provide | examples=This leaves no room for improvement; The evidence allows only one conclusion
6. sense_key=allow%2:31:00:: | definition=allow or plan for a certain possibility; concede the truth or validity of something | synonyms=take into account | examples=I allow for this possibility; The seamstress planned for 5% shrinkage after the first wash
7. sense_key=allow%2:42:07:: | definition=afford possibility | synonyms=admit | examples=This problem admits of no solution; This short story allows of several different interpretations
8. sense_key=allow%2:41:01:: | definition=allow the other (baseball) team to score | synonyms=give up | examples=give up a run
9. sense_key=allow%2:40:01:: | definition=grant as a discount or in exchange | examples=The camera store owner allowed me $50 on my old camera
10. sense_key=allow%2:32:06:: | definition=allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting | synonyms=permit, tolerate | examples=We don't allow dogs here; Children are not permitted beyond this point

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "allows" in the given context. I need to choose the best sense from the 10 candidate senses provided.

 Let me analyze the context:
 "Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential <t>allows</t>."

 The sentence means that students should progress in their education according to what their academic potential makes possible or permits. The academic potential determines the pace or possibility of moving up the educational ladder.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. **allow%2:41:00** - "make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen" - synonyms: let, permit. Examples: "This permits the water to rush in"
    - This seems close. The academic potential makes it possible for students to move up.

 2. **allow%2:32:00** - "consent to, give permission" - synonyms: permit, let, countenance. Examples: "She permitted her son to visit"
    - This implies active permission from an agent, not quite right for "potential" which is an abstract concept.

 3. **allow%2:40:00** - "let have" - synonyms: grant. Examples: "Mandela was allowed few visitors"
    - This is about giving something to someone, not fitting here.

 4. **allow%2:31:01** - "give or assign a resource to a particular person or cause" - synonyms: appropriate, earmark
    - Not relevant.

 5. **allow%2:42:00** - "make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain" - synonyms: leave, allow for, provide. Examples: "This leaves no room for improvement"
    - This is interesting. It suggests making something possible or providing opportunity.

 6. **allow%2:31:00** - "allow or plan for a certain possibility; concede the truth or validity of something" - synonyms: take into account. Examples: "I allow for this possibility"
    - This is about planning or accounting for something, not quite right.

 7. **allow%2:42:07** - "afford possibility" - synonyms: admit. Examples: "This short story allows of several different interpretations"
    - This uses "allows of" construction, and means admitting/possibility. But our target is "allows" (without "of").

 8. **allow%2:41:01** - "allow the other (baseball) team to score" - specific to sports
    - Not relevant.

 9. **allow%2:40:01** - "grant as a discount or in exchange"
    - Not relevant.

 10. **allow%2:32:06** - "allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting" - synonyms: permit, tolerate. Examples: "We don't allow dogs here"
    - This is about permitting presence/activity, usually with a location or rule.

 Now comparing sense 1 and sense 5 closely:

 Sense 1: "make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen"
 - The subject is often an agent or condition that enables something.
 - "This permits the water to rush in" - the door/seal permits...
 - "academic potential allows [students to move up]"

 Sense 5: "make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain"
 - Examples: "The evidence allows only one conclusion"
 - This seems to fit "academic potential allows [movement up the ladder]" - the potential makes it possible/provides the opportunity.

 Actually, looking at sense 5's definition again: "make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain"

 And sense 1: "make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen"

 The key difference:
 - Sense 1 focuses on enabling/causing through action/inaction (agentive)
 - Sense 5 focuses on making possibility/providing opportunity (stative/conditional)

 In the sentence "as their academic potential allows", the academic potential is a condition that makes it possible for them to move up. It's not that potential is taking an action to permit something, but rather that the potential creates the possibility/opportunity.

 However, looking at the examples for sense 5: "This leaves no room for improvement" - this is about leaving/remaining. "The evidence allows only one conclusion" - here "allows" means permits or makes it possible to draw that conclusion.

 Actually, looking at WordNet more carefully:
 Sense 5 (allow%2:42:00) corresponds to WordNet 3.1 sense 5: "make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain"
 Examples: "This leaves no room for improvement"; "The evidence allows only one conclusion"

 Sense 1 (allow%2:41:00) corresponds to WordNet 3.1 sense 1: "make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen"
 Examples: "This permits the water to rush in"; "This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement"

 The sentence structure here is: "as their academic potential allows"
 This is similar to "as time allows", "as circumstances allow", "as the budget allows".

 In "as the budget allows", we mean "according to what the budget makes possible" or "to the extent that the budget permits".

 Looking at sense 7: "afford possibility" - examples include "This short story allows of several different interpretations". Note that sense 7 is typically used with "of" (allows of), though not always.

 But in our case, we have "allows" without "of", and with an object implied: "allows [them to move up]" or "allows [the movement]".

 Actually, looking at the sentence: "as their academic potential allows"
 This could be parsed as "as their academic potential allows [them to move up]" where the infinitive is implied, or "as far as their academic potential permits".

 In WordNet, sense 1 (allow%2:41:00) is the sense for "make possible/let/permit" where the syntax is often "allow X to Y" or "allow X [verb]".

 Sense 5 is often used with "for": "allow for", though the definition says "make a possibility or provide opportunity for" which might not require "for".

 Wait, looking at the examples for sense 5 again: "This leaves no room for improvement"; "The evidence allows only one conclusion"
 Here "allows" takes a direct object "only one conclusion" meaning "permits only one conclusion to be drawn" or "makes only one conclusion possible".

 In our sentence: "as their academic potential allows" - the object is implicit or it's used intransitively meaning "as their academic potential permits [it]".

 But actually, looking at similar constructions:
 "Do as your conscience allows"
 "Work as fast as time allows"

 These use sense 1 or sense 5?

 Let me look at the synonyms again:
 Sense 1: let, permit
 Sense 5: leave, allow for, provide

 The phrase "as X allows" is very common with sense 1 meaning "permit", but also with sense 5.

 However, consider the specific nuance:
 "Their academic potential allows them to move up" - here it's clearly sense 1 (permit/let/make possible).

 "as their academic potential allows" is a reduced form of "as their academic potential allows them to move up".

 So sense 1 seems correct: "make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen"

 But wait, academic potential doesn't "take action". It's an abstract condition. However, in WordNet, sense 1 is used with inanimate subjects too: "This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement" - the door allows/prevents.

 Actually, looking carefully at sense 5: "make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain"
 This is WordNet sense 5 (verb.creation).

 Sense 1 is WordNet sense 1 (verb.social? No, verb.possession? Let me check... actually allow is verb.social in WordNet).

 Wait, the sense keys:
 allow%2:41:00 - 2:41 is verb.social (I think 41 is social?)
 Actually WordNet sense key format: lemma%lex_id:lex_num:...
 2:41 refers to verb frames or something? No, in WordNet 3.0+ sense keys, the numbers after % are:
 - 2 = verb
 - 41 = lex file num (social?)

 Actually standard WordNet sense key format is: word%lexical_id:lexographer_file_number:lexical_order
 So allow%2:41:00 means:
 - 2 = verb
 - 41 = lex file number (verb.social is 41)
 - 00 = first sense in that file

 allow%2:42:00 would be verb.contact (42)
 allow%2:32:00 would be verb.communication (32)
 allow%2:40:00 would be verb.possession (40)
 allow%2:31:00 would be verb.cognition (31)

 So:
 1. allow%2:41:00 - verb.social - "make it possible..."
 2. allow%2:32:00 - verb.communication - "consent to..."
 5. allow%2:42:00 - verb.contact - "make a possibility..."

 Actually checking WordNet files:
 - 31 verb.cognition
 - 32 verb.communication
 - 40 verb.possession
 - 41 verb.social
 - 42 verb.contact

 So sense 1 is verb.social - "let, permit" - making something possible through action/lack of action.
 Sense 5 is verb.contact - "leave, allow for" - making a possibility.

 But "academic potential" is not really a social agent, though it can be metaphorically treated as one.

 However, looking at the example in sense 5: "The evidence allows only one conclusion"
 This is similar to "the academic potential allows [progression]".

 But in "as their academic potential allows", we are talking about the potential enabling/permitting the movement.

 Let me look at actual WordNet usage for "potential allows".
 In WordNet corpora, "allow" with abstract subjects like "time", "circumstances", "budget" usually maps to sense 1 (the general "permit" sense) or sense 5.

 But sense 5 specifically mentions "allow for" in its synonyms, and the examples include "leaves no room" and "allows only one conclusion".

 Actually, looking at the definition of sense 5 again: "make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain"

 This seems to fit "provide opportunity for" students to move up.

 But sense 1: "make it possible... for something to happen"

 Both seem close. However, sense 1 is the most general sense of "permit/let", while sense 5 is more specific to "providing opportunity/remaining".

 In the phrase "as their academic potential allows", this is comparable to:
 - "as time permits" (sense 2? no, sense 2 is consent)
 - "as far as possible"

 Actually, looking at the word "allows" in the context of potential/capacity, this is most similar to "affords" or "makes possible".

 Sense 7 is "afford possibility" - examples: "This problem admits of no solution; This short story allows of several different interpretations"

 But our sentence doesn't use "of". It uses "allows" with an implied object or intransitively.

 Let me reconsider sense 1 vs sense 5.

 Sense 1 examples: "This permits the water to rush in" - here the subject enables the object to do something.
 Sense 5 examples: "The evidence allows only one conclusion" - here the subject makes the object possible/attainable.

 In "academic potential allows [students to move up]", the potential enables the students. This is sense 1.
 In "academic potential allows [the movement]", the potential makes the movement possible. This could be sense 5.

 But actually, in "as their academic potential allows", the structure is:
 Subject: Students
 Verb: should move up
 Modifier: as their academic potential allows [them to]

 The "allows" here is taking "them" (implied) as object and "to move up" as complement? Or is it intransitive?

 "As time allows" = as time permits [it] = according to what time permits.

 In standard dictionaries, "as time allows" uses the sense "to make possible; permit" (sense 1).

 However, there's a subtle distinction between:
 - "The rules allow students to graduate" (sense 1 or 2 - permission)
 - "His strength allows him to lift the weight" (sense 1 - makes it possible)
 - "The budget allows for extra spending" (sense 5 or 6 - provides for)

 In our case, "academic potential" is similar to "strength" or "capacity". It enables/makes possible.
 "His abilities allow him to perform well" - this would be sense 1.

 Sense 5 seems to be used when the object is the thing being made possible: "allows only one conclusion" (the conclusion is the thing allowed).
 Sense 1 is used when the object is the agent: "allows the water to rush in" (water is allowed to rush).

 Actually both can take the pattern "allow X to Y".

 Let me check the specific WordNet senses more carefully against the text.

 The text says: "Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows."

 This means: To the extent that their academic potential permits/permits it/makes it possible.

 I think sense 1 (allow%2:41:00) is the correct choice because:
 1. It's the primary sense of "permit/make possible"
 2. It's used with subjects like "time", "circumstances", "budget" in the "as X allows" construction
 3. The synonyms "let, permit" fit well

 Sense 5 is possible but seems more specific to "allow for" constructions or when the object is a resource/opportunity being provided.

 However, looking at the specific definition of sense 5: "make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable"
 This actually fits quite well: "academic potential provides opportunity for moving up".

 But sense 1 is "make it possible... for something to happen" - "academic potential makes it possible for them to move up".

 Actually, looking at the word "allow" in FrameNet or other resources, the "capability" sense is usually grouped with the general "permit" sense.

 Wait, I should look at the examples provided for sense 5: "This leaves no room for improvement; The evidence allows only one conclusion"

 The pattern here is "allows + [result/conclusion/thing]". The subject is a condition/evidence that leads to/restricts the possibilities.

 In our sentence, "academic potential" is a condition that restricts/enables the movement up the ladder.

 But in "as their academic potential allows", "allows" is essentially intransitive or taking an implied object "it" (the moving up).

 Actually, looking at sense 7 again: "afford possibility" - "This short story allows of several different interpretations"
 This is different because it requires "of".

 Let me reconsider the options based on the exact wording "allows" in the sentence.

 The sentence is: "Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows."

 This is equivalent to: "Students should move up... to the extent permitted by their academic potential."

 This is clearly the "permit" sense.

 Between sense 1 (make possible) and sense 2 (give permission):
 - Sense 2 requires an agent that can give permission (a person/authority).
 - Academic potential is not an agent that gives permission; it's a condition that makes it possible.

 So sense 1 is better than sense 2.

 Between sense 1 and sense 5:
 - Sense 1: make it possible through a specific action or lack of action
 - Sense 5: make a possibility or provide opportunity for

 The phrase "as their academic potential allows" treats the potential as determining what is possible, not as taking an action.

 But sense 1 can be used with conditions: "The weather allows us to go outside" - weather makes it possible.

 I think sense 1 is the intended answer. It's the most general sense covering "make possible/permit", and fits the context of capability/potential determining what can be done.

 However, I want to double-check sense 5. The definition includes "provide opportunity for". Academic potential provides opportunity for advancement. The examples include "The evidence allows only one conclusion" which is similar to the logical determination we see here.

 But "academic potential allows them to move up" is more about enabling than about leaving/remaining (which sense 5 also mentions).

 Actually, looking at the WordNet hierarchy:
 Sense 1 (verb.social): This is the general sense.
 Sense 5 (verb.contact): This is specific to "leave, provide"

 In "as time allows" constructions, dictionaries typically cite this under the general "permit" definition.

 Therefore, I choose sense 1.

 Wait, I need to be careful. The user said "Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense."

 Let me reconsider if sense 5 could be better.

 Sense 5: "make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain"

 If I parse "as their academic potential allows" as "as their academic potential provides opportunity for", that works.

 But sense 1: "make it possible... for something to happen" - "as their academic potential makes it possible for them to move up"

 Both work, but sense 1 is the standard sense for "make possible". Sense 5 seems to be more about "leaving room" or "the evidence allowing a conclusion" - cases where the subject constrains the possibilities.

 In "academic potential allows", the potential is the enabling factor, not a constraining factor (like evidence allowing only one conclusion).

 Therefore, sense 1 is better.

 Final check: Is there any chance it's sense 7? "afford possibility"?
 "This short story allows of several different interpretations"
 If the sentence were "His academic potential allows of quick advancement", then sense 7. But it's "allows" without "of", and with an implied "him to move up" or "it", not "allows of".

 So sense 1 is correct.

 Answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: student
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No <t>student</t> should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "student" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses educational systems, schools, elementary school, graduation, academic performance, pupils, etc.
 - The specific sentence containing the target word is: "No <t>student</t> should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago."
 - This is clearly referring to someone enrolled in an educational institution (specifically elementary school).
 - The surrounding context talks about "pupils", "educational ladder", "graduated from elementary school", "gifted youngsters", etc.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
    - This fits perfectly. The context is about elementary school enrollment, graduation requirements, and learning (mastering the 3 R's).
    - The synonym "pupil" is actually used in the text ("academic performance of the pupils").
    - This refers to someone attending school.

 2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman
    - This refers to an expert or scholar, not someone enrolled in elementary school.
    - The context is about basic education (elementary school, 3 R's), not advanced scholarly study.
    - This would be more appropriate for a "student of philosophy" or a "learned student" in the sense of a scholar.

 The context clearly indicates sense 1: someone enrolled in an educational institution (specifically elementary school). The text contrasts "student" with the earlier use of "pupils" and discusses graduation from elementary school, which clearly points to the enrolled learner sense.

 Therefore, the correct answer is sense_index: 1.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: permit
Target surface form: permitted
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be <t>permitted</t> to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=permit%2:32:00:: | definition=consent to, give permission | synonyms=allow, let, countenance | examples=She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband; I won't let the police search her basement
2. sense_key=permit%2:41:00:: | definition=make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen | synonyms=let, allow | examples=This permits the water to rush in; This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement
3. sense_key=permit%2:32:06:: | definition=allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting | synonyms=allow, tolerate | examples=We don't allow dogs here; Children are not permitted beyond this point

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "permitted" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "No student should be <t>permitted</t> to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago."
 - This is about educational policy/standards.
 - The meaning is about giving permission or authorization for a student to graduate.
 - It's about consenting to or allowing a student to graduate based on certain conditions (mastering the 3 R's).

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=permit%2:32:00:: | definition=consent to, give permission | synonyms=allow, let, countenance | examples=She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband; I won't let the police search her basement
    - This sense involves giving permission or consent for someone to do something.
    - The example shows "permitted her son to visit" - this is about authorizing an action by a person.
    - In our context, it's about being allowed/authorized to graduate.

 2. sense_key=permit%2:41:00:: | definition=make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen | synonyms=let, allow | examples=This permits the water to rush in; This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement
    - This sense is about enabling or making something possible (often inanimate objects or situations).
    - The examples show physical enabling ("permits the water to rush in").
    - This doesn't fit the context of a student being authorized to graduate.

 3. sense_key=permit%2:32:06:: | definition=allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting | synonyms=allow, tolerate | examples=We don't allow dogs here; Children are not permitted beyond this point
    - This sense is about tolerating or allowing presence/activity in a location.
    - The examples show spatial/location-based permission ("allow dogs here", "permitted beyond this point").
    - While "Children are not permitted beyond this point" is similar, our context is about graduating (an achievement/transition), not about being present in a location or tolerating an activity.

 Comparing sense 1 and sense 3:
 - Sense 1 focuses on "consent to, give permission" - this is about authorizing an action (graduating).
 - Sense 3 focuses on "allow the presence of" or tolerating an activity without prohibiting it.

 In the context, "permitted to be graduated" means "allowed/authorized to graduate" - this is about giving permission/consent for the action of graduating. This aligns with sense 1.

 However, looking closely at sense 3: "allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting" - graduating could be seen as an activity.

 But the key distinction:
 - Sense 1: consent to, give permission (personal agent giving permission to another agent to do something)
 - Sense 3: allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing (more about tolerating or not prohibiting)

 In the sentence "No student should be permitted to be graduated", this is clearly about authorization/consent (sense 1), not about tolerating presence (sense 3).

 Also, looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1: "She permitted her son to visit" - parallel structure to "student should be permitted to be graduated"
 - Sense 3: "Children are not permitted beyond this point" - this is about location/access, not about performing an action like graduating.

 Actually, looking more carefully at sense 3's example "Children are not permitted beyond this point" - this could be interpreted as either sense 1 or 3 depending on the exact nuance. But the definition of sense 3 emphasizes "allow the presence of" and "without opposing or prohibiting" which suggests a more passive tolerance, whereas sense 1 is active "consent to, give permission."

 In educational contexts, when we say a student is "permitted to graduate," we mean they are given permission/authorization to do so (sense 1), not that their presence is tolerated (sense 3).

 Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense distinctions. In WordNet:
 - permit%2:32:00:: is the "consent to, give permission" sense
 - permit%2:32:06:: is the "allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting" sense (which is actually "tolerate" or "allow" in the sense of not forbidding)

 The context is about educational standards and requirements. "No student should be permitted to be graduated" = no student should be allowed/authorized to graduate. This is clearly sense 1.

 But I should verify if there's any ambiguity with sense 3. Sense 3 examples: "We don't allow dogs here" (tolerate presence), "Children are not permitted beyond this point" (access/location).

 The target is "permitted to be graduated" - this is about performing an action (graduating), not about being present somewhere.

 So the answer should be sense_index: 1.

 Wait, I need to check the exact format. The user wants: {"sense_index": 3} format, where the number corresponds to the index in the candidate list (1, 2, or 3).

 So for sense 1, it would be {"sense_index": 1}.

 Let me reconsider if sense 3 could be correct. Sense 3 is "allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting". Is graduating an "activity" in this sense? Possibly, but the "without opposing or prohibiting" part suggests a more passive stance, whereas the context suggests an active administrative decision to authorize graduation.

 Also, the synonyms for sense 1 include "countenance" which implies formal approval, fitting an educational context. The synonyms for sense 3 are "allow, tolerate" - tolerate doesn't fit well with graduation standards.

 Therefore, sense 1 is correct.