[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of <t>genetic</t> material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "genetic" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about colon cancer development and genes
 - It mentions "gene losses", "chromosome 17", "gene probes", "DNA", "gene"
 - The specific phrase is: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells"
 - "Genetic material" here refers to DNA/genes

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00
    - Definition: occurring among members of a family usually by heredity
    - Synonyms: familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible
    - Examples: an inherited disease; familial traits
    - This sense is about inheritance/heredity. While cancer can be hereditary, in this specific context, "genetic material" refers to the physical material (DNA/genes), not specifically the hereditary aspect.

 2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02::
    - Definition: of or relating to or produced by or being a gene
    - Synonyms: genic, genetical
    - Examples: genic combinations; genetic code
    - This seems to fit well. "Genetic material" = material relating to genes (DNA).

 3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01::
    - Definition: pertaining to or referring to origin
    - Examples: genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
    - This is about origins/history, not biological genes. Doesn't fit.

 4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00::
    - Definition: of or relating to the science of genetics
    - Synonyms: genetical
    - Examples: genetic research
    - This refers to the field of study. While the researchers are doing genetic research, the phrase "genetic material" specifically refers to the material (DNA) that constitutes genes, not the study itself.

 Comparing sense 2 and sense 4:
 - Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" - this describes the material itself as being gene-related (DNA)
 - Sense 4: "of or relating to the science of genetics" - this would describe the research or the field

 "Genetic material" is a collocation that refers to DNA - the material that makes up genes. So sense 2 is the best fit.

 The context is talking about physical DNA material on chromosome 17 that is lost in tumor cells. This is material that is "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" - i.e., genic material.

 Therefore, the best sense is sense 2 (index 2).

 Wait, let me check the indexing. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00
 2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02::
 3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01::
 4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00::

 So sense 2 is the one with definition "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene".

 Actually, looking at WordNet sense keys:
 - genetic%3:01:00:: usually maps to the first adjective sense (pertaining to genetics)
 - genetic%3:01:01:: usually maps to the second adjective sense (pertaining to origin)
 - genetic%3:01:02:: usually maps to the third adjective sense (of or relating to genes)

 But in the candidate list provided:
 - Sense 4 is genetic%3:01:00:: (of or relating to the science of genetics)
 - Sense 3 is genetic%3:01:01:: (pertaining to origin)
 - Sense 2 is genetic%3:01:02:: (of or relating to or produced by or being a gene)

 So yes, sense 2 is the correct choice.

 The phrase "genetic material" refers to DNA, which is the material of genes. This matches sense 2.

 Sense 1 is about heredity/inheritance - while related, "genetic material" specifically refers to the physical gene material, not the hereditary transmission.

 So the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: DeepInfra


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: material
Target surface form: material
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic <t>material</t> lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=material%1:27:00:: | definition=the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object | synonyms=stuff | examples=coal is a hard black material; wheat is the stuff they use to make bread
2. sense_key=material%1:10:00:: | definition=information (data or ideas or observations) that can be used or reworked into a finished form | examples=the archives provided rich material for a definitive biography
3. sense_key=material%1:06:00:: | definition=artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers | synonyms=fabric, cloth, textile | examples=the fabric in the curtains was light and semitransparent; woven cloth originated in Mesopotamia around 5000 BC
4. sense_key=material%1:06:01:: | definition=things needed for doing or making something | examples=writing materials; useful teaching materials
5. sense_key=material%1:18:00:: | definition=a person judged suitable for admission or employment | examples=he was university material; she was vice-presidential material

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "material" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about molecular biology and genetics
- It mentions "genetic material"
- Specifically: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells"
- It mentions "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene"

So "material" here refers to the physical substance that makes up genetic material - DNA, the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object (in this case, biological material).

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=material%1:27:00:: | definition=the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object | synonyms=stuff | examples=coal is a hard black material; wheat is the stuff they use to make bread
- This refers to physical substance, matter. "Genetic material" fits here - it's the physical substance (DNA) that makes up genes.

2. sense_key=material%1:10:00:: | definition=information (data or ideas or observations) that can be used or reworked into a finished form | examples=the archives provided rich material for a definitive biography
- This is about information/data, not physical substance. While DNA carries information, in this biological context "genetic material" refers to the physical DNA molecules.

3. sense_key=material%1:06:00:: | definition=artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers | synonyms=fabric, cloth, textile
- This is about cloth/fabric. Not relevant here.

4. sense_key=material%1:06:01:: | definition=things needed for doing or making something | examples=writing materials; useful teaching materials
- This is about supplies/tools. Not relevant.

5. sense_key=material%1:18:00:: | definition=a person judged suitable for admission or employment
- This is about people being suitable for roles. Not relevant.

The context clearly uses "genetic material" which refers to the physical substance (DNA) that constitutes genes. This matches sense 1: "the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object."

The example "coal is a hard black material" parallels with "genetic material" - both refer to physical substances.

Therefore, the best sense is sense 1 (index 1).

Wait, let me double-check. The sense keys show:
1. material%1:27:00::
2. material%1:10:00::
3. material%1:06:00::
4. material%1:06:01::
5. material%1:18:00::

In WordNet, "genetic material" would typically be sense 1 (substance/matter). Sense 2 is about information/content (like "source material for a book").

In the phrase "genetic material", we're talking about the physical DNA molecules - the tangible substance. So yes, sense 1 is correct.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: ModelRun

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lose
Target surface form: lost
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material <t>lost</t> in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lose%2:40:02:: | definition=fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense | examples=She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat
2. sense_key=lose%2:33:00:: | definition=fail to win | examples=We lost the battle but we won the war
3. sense_key=lose%2:37:00:: | definition=suffer the loss of a person through death or removal | examples=She lost her husband in the war; The couple that wanted to adopt the child lost her when the biological parents claimed her
4. sense_key=lose%2:35:00:: | definition=place (something) where one cannot find it again | synonyms=misplace, mislay | examples=I misplaced my eyeglasses
5. sense_key=lose%2:40:01:: | definition=miss from one's possessions; lose sight of | examples=I've lost my glasses again!
6. sense_key=lose%2:39:00:: | definition=allow to go out of sight | examples=The detective lost the man he was shadowing after he had to stop at a red light
7. sense_key=lose%2:40:06:: | definition=fail to make money in a business; make a loss or fail to profit | synonyms=turn a loss | examples=I lost thousands of dollars on that bad investment!; The company turned a loss after the first year
8. sense_key=lose%2:40:00:: | definition=fail to get or obtain | examples=I lost the opportunity to spend a year abroad
9. sense_key=lose%2:33:01:: | definition=retreat | synonyms=fall back, drop off, fall behind, recede
10. sense_key=lose%2:39:01:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=miss | examples=I missed that remark; She missed his point
11. sense_key=lose%2:30:03:: | definition=be set at a disadvantage | synonyms=suffer | examples=This author really suffers in translation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "lost" (which is the past participle of "lose") in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about molecular biology and colon cancer
 - Researchers are looking for genetic material that is "lost" in tumor cells
 - Specifically: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells"
 - This refers to genetic material (DNA/genes) that is missing or no longer present in the tumor cells

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=lose%2:40:02:: | definition=fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense | examples=She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat
    - This seems relevant: "cease to have" - the tumor cells have ceased to have this genetic material

 2. sense_key=lose%2:33:00:: | definition=fail to win | examples=We lost the battle but we won the war
    - Not relevant - not about winning/losing

 3. sense_key=lose%2:37:00:: | definition=suffer the loss of a person through death or removal | examples=She lost her husband in the war...
    - Not relevant - not about losing a person

 4. sense_key=lose%2:35:00:: | definition=place (something) where one cannot find it again | synonyms=misplace, mislay | examples=I misplaced my eyeglasses
    - Not relevant - not about misplacing something

 5. sense_key=lose%2:40:01:: | definition=miss from one's possessions; lose sight of | examples=I've lost my glasses again!
    - Similar to #1 but more about possessions/sight. The genetic material isn't exactly a "possession" in the traditional sense, but "cease to have" fits better.

 6. sense_key=lose%2:39:00:: | definition=allow to go out of sight | examples=The detective lost the man he was shadowing...
    - Not relevant - not about visual tracking

 7. sense_key=lose%2:40:06:: | definition=fail to make money in a business; make a loss or fail to profit | synonyms=turn a loss...
    - Not relevant - not financial

 8. sense_key=lose%2:40:00:: | definition=fail to get or obtain | examples=I lost the opportunity...
    - Not quite - the genetic material was there and then lost, not failed to be obtained

 9. sense_key=lose%2:33:01:: | definition=retreat | synonyms=fall back...
    - Not relevant

 10. sense_key=lose%2:39:01:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=miss...
     - Not relevant - not about perception

 11. sense_key=lose%2:30:03:: | definition=be set at a disadvantage | synonyms=suffer...
     - Not relevant

 The best fit seems to be sense 1: "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense"

 In the context of genetics and cancer biology, when we say genetic material is "lost" in tumor cells, we mean that the cells no longer have that genetic material - it has been deleted or removed. This matches "cease to have" or "fail to keep or maintain."

 Sense 1 (lose%2:40:02::) is the most appropriate because:
 - It refers to ceasing to have something (the genetic material)
 - It's used in an abstract sense (genetic material/DNA)
 - The cells have lost the genetic material - they no longer possess it

 Sense 5 (lose%2:40:01::) is close but emphasizes "from one's possessions" and "lose sight of" which is less appropriate for genetic material in cells.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor <t>cells</t>. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "cells" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is about colon cancer development and molecular biology
 - It mentions "gene losses", "tumor cells", "chromosome 17", "genetic material"
 - The specific sentence is: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor <t>cells</t>."
 - This is clearly a biological/medical context discussing cancer cells, genetic material, chromosomes

 Candidate senses analysis:
 1. cell%1:06:03:: - any small compartment (e.g., honeycomb cells) - Not biological, doesn't fit
 2. cell%1:03:00:: - (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms - This fits perfectly with "tumor cells" in a biological context
 3. cell%1:06:00:: - electric cell - Not relevant to biology/cancer context
 4. cell%1:14:00:: - political cell/cadre - Not relevant
 5. cell%1:06:04:: - mobile phone - Not relevant
 6. cell%1:06:02:: - monk's room - Not relevant
 7. cell%1:06:01:: - prison cell - Not relevant

 The context is clearly biological, discussing tumor cells, genes, chromosomes, and cancer development. The correct sense is the biological one: sense 2 (cell%1:03:00::).

 The user wants the output as JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

 Wait, let me check the indexing. The candidate senses are numbered 1-7. I need to return the index number from the list provided.

 Sense 2 is: sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms...

 Yes, that's the correct one. Index 2.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: piece
Target surface form: piece
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a <t>piece</t> of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=piece%1:06:00:: | definition=a separate part of a whole | examples=an important piece of the evidence
2. sense_key=piece%1:06:05:: | definition=an item that is an instance of some type | examples=he designed a new piece of equipment; she bought a lovely piece of china
3. sense_key=piece%1:17:00:: | definition=a portion of a natural object | synonyms=part | examples=they analyzed the river into three parts; he needed a piece of granite
4. sense_key=piece%1:10:01:: | definition=a musical work that has been created | synonyms=musical composition, opus, composition, piece of music | examples=the composition is written in four movements
5. sense_key=piece%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance of some kind | synonyms=bit | examples=it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck
6. sense_key=piece%1:10:02:: | definition=an artistic or literary composition | examples=he wrote an interesting piece on Iran; the children acted out a comic piece to amuse the guests
7. sense_key=piece%1:06:03:: | definition=a portable gun | synonyms=firearm, small-arm | examples=he wore his firearm in a shoulder holster
8. sense_key=piece%1:13:00:: | definition=a serving that has been cut from a larger portion | synonyms=slice | examples=a piece of pie; a slice of bread
9. sense_key=piece%1:07:00:: | definition=a distance | examples=it is down the road a piece
10. sense_key=piece%1:06:04:: | definition=a work of art of some artistic value | synonyms=objet d'art, art object | examples=this store sells only objets d'art; it is not known who created this piece
11. sense_key=piece%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of indeterminate length (usually short) marked by some action or condition | synonyms=while, spell, patch | examples=he was here for a little while; I need to rest for a piece
12. sense_key=piece%1:21:00:: | definition=a share of something | synonyms=slice | examples=a slice of the company's revenue
13. sense_key=piece%1:06:02:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=man | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "piece" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is about molecular biology, genetics, and cancer research.
 - Specifically: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a <t>piece</t> of DNA would probably constitute a gene."
 - The "piece" here refers to a segment or portion of DNA (genetic material).
 - It's described as the "smallest common bit of genetic material" - so it's a part/portion of something larger (the chromosome/DNA).

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. piece%1:06:00:: - "a separate part of a whole" - example: "an important piece of the evidence"
    - This is very general. DNA is a natural object, but this sense is for manufactured/artificial objects usually? Let me check WordNet categories.
    - Actually, 1:06 refers to nouns denoting man-made objects (artifact nouns). DNA is natural, not man-made.

 2. piece%1:06:05:: - "an item that is an instance of some type" - examples mention equipment, china.
    - This is about instances of types, not portions.

 3. piece%1:17:00:: - "a portion of a natural object" - synonyms: part - examples: "they analyzed the river into three parts; he needed a piece of granite"
    - 1:17 refers to nouns denoting natural objects (plants, animals, natural phenomena, etc.)
    - DNA is a natural object (biological material).
    - The example "he needed a piece of granite" suggests a physical portion of a natural substance.
    - This fits well: a piece of DNA = a portion of the natural object (DNA/chromosome).

 4. piece%1:10:01:: - musical work. Not relevant.

 5. piece%1:11:00:: - "an instance of some kind" - synonyms: bit - examples: "it was a nice piece of work"
    - This is more abstract, about instances/kinds.

 6. piece%1:10:02:: - artistic/literary composition. Not relevant.

 7. piece%1:06:03:: - portable gun. Not relevant.

 8. piece%1:13:00:: - serving of food. Not relevant (though DNA is biological, it's not food here).

 9. piece%1:07:00:: - distance. Not relevant.

 10. piece%1:06:04:: - work of art. Not relevant.

 11. piece%1:28:00:: - period of time. Not relevant.

 12. piece%1:21:00:: - share of something (like revenue). Not quite right - this is about ownership/shares, not physical portions of genetic material.

 13. piece%1:06:02:: - game piece. Not relevant.

 So the best fit seems to be sense 3: "a portion of a natural object" (piece%1:17:00::).

 Wait, let me reconsider sense 1: "a separate part of a whole" with example "an important piece of the evidence".
 - In WordNet, sense 1 (piece%1:06:00::) is under noun.artifact (1:06).
 - DNA is not an artifact, it's a natural object (noun.object - 1:17).
 - So sense 3 (1:17:00) is specifically for natural objects.

 The context mentions "genetic material" which is natural/biological. The phrase "smallest common bit of genetic material" and "piece of DNA" strongly suggests a portion/segment of a natural substance.

 Therefore, sense 3 is the correct choice.

 Let me double-check if there's any other sense that could fit.
 - Sense 1 could be argued as "part of a whole" where the whole is the chromosome, but the lexicographer file (1:06 vs 1:17) distinguishes between artifacts and natural objects. DNA is definitely a natural object, not man-made.
 - Sense 12 (share) is about "a slice of the company's revenue" - metaphorical or ownership shares, not physical segments.

 So the answer is sense 3.

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=piece%1:06:00::
 2. sense_key=piece%1:06:05::
 3. sense_key=piece%1:17:00::
 ...

 So sense_index should be 3.

 But let me verify the WordNet sense keys to make sure I understand the mapping correctly.
 - piece%1:17:00:: is indeed "a portion of a natural object"
 - The example "he needed a piece of granite" is very similar to "a piece of DNA" - both are portions of natural substances.

 Yes, sense 3 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: probably
Target surface form: probably
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would <t>probably</t> constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=probably%4:02:00:: | definition=with considerable certainty; without much doubt | synonyms=likely, in all likelihood, in all probability, belike | examples=He is probably out of the country; in all likelihood we are headed for war
2. sense_key=probably%4:02:01:: | definition=easy to believe on the basis of available evidence | synonyms=credibly, believably, plausibly | examples=he talked plausibly before the committee; he will probably win the election

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "probably" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
"Such a piece of DNA would <t>probably</t> constitute a gene."

The sentence is saying that a small piece of DNA lost in all tumor cells would, with considerable certainty, be a gene. This is about probability/certainty in a scientific context.

Now let's look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=probably%4:02:00:: | definition=with considerable certainty; without much doubt | synonyms=likely, in all likelihood, in all probability, belike | examples=He is probably out of the country; in all likelihood we are headed for war

2. sense_key=probably%4:02:01:: | definition=easy to believe on the basis of available evidence | synonyms=credibly, believably, plausibly | examples=he talked plausibly before the committee; he will probably win the election

Wait, looking at sense 2: the definition is "easy to believe on the basis of available evidence" and synonyms are credibly, believably, plausibly. But the example says "he will probably win the election" - this seems like it might be a different usage. Actually, looking more carefully, sense 2 seems to be about "credibly" or "plausibly" - but "probably" in the example "he will probably win the election" seems more like sense 1.

Let me reconsider. In WordNet, "probably" as an adverb (4:02) might have these two senses:
- Sense 1: with considerable certainty; without much doubt (high probability)
- Sense 2: easy to believe on the basis of available evidence (credibly, plausibly)

Actually, looking at the synonyms for sense 2: credibly, believably, plausibly. These are more about believability rather than probability. But "probably" in "he will probably win the election" in the example for sense 2 seems odd if sense 2 means "credibly."

Wait, I need to be careful. Let me look at the context again. "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene." This means there's a high likelihood that such a piece of DNA would be a gene. It's about probability and certainty, not about believability or credibility.

Sense 1: "with considerable certainty; without much doubt" - this fits perfectly. The researchers are reasoning that if they find the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells, it would very likely be a gene.

Sense 2: "easy to believe on the basis of available evidence" with synonyms credibly, believably, plausibly. This seems to be a different nuance. But actually, looking at the example "he will probably win the election" - this seems like it should be sense 1, not sense 2. However, the user provided these examples as given, so I should work with them.

Actually, let me reconsider whether sense 2 might be about "plausibly" as in "it could plausibly be argued that..." But "probably" in the target sentence is clearly about likelihood/probability, not plausibility.

The context: scientists are looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Their reasoning is that such a piece would very likely constitute a gene. This is an inference about probability/certainty.

Sense 1 synonyms: likely, in all likelihood, in all probability, belike.
Sense 2 synonyms: credibly, believably, plausibly.

The sentence "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene" can be paraphrased as "Such a piece of DNA would in all likelihood constitute a gene" or "Such a piece of DNA would likely constitute a gene." This aligns with sense 1.

It does not mean "Such a piece of DNA would plausibly constitute a gene" or "credibly constitute a gene" - while those might be close, the scientific context suggests a stronger sense of probability/likelihood based on the evidence that tumor suppressor genes are found by looking for commonly deleted regions.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

The user wants only a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}

Wait, I need to make sure about the indexing. The candidate senses are labeled 1 and 2. So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

Let me double-check. Is there any chance sense 2 is better?

Sense 2 definition: "easy to believe on the basis of available evidence." If something is easy to believe on the basis of available evidence, it means it's plausible. But "probably" in standard usage is stronger than "plausibly." "Probably" means more likely than not, or with considerable certainty. "Plausibly" just means it could be true or is believable.

In the context, the scientists are making a strong inference: if they find the smallest common bit lost in all tumors, it would almost certainly be a gene. This is sense 1.

Also, the examples for sense 1 include "He is probably out of the country" and "in all likelihood we are headed for war" - these are about probability/certainty. The target sentence fits this pattern.

The examples for sense 2 include "he talked plausibly before the committee" - this is about manner of speaking believably. And "he will probably win the election" - wait, this example seems misplaced if sense 2 is about credibility. But regardless, I should trust the definitions and synonyms more. Actually, looking at WordNet, I recall that "probably" might have a sense that maps to "credibly" but I'm not sure. Let me think...

Actually, in WordNet 3.0 or 3.1, "probably" has two adverb senses:
1. with considerable certainty; without much doubt -> {likely, in all likelihood, in all probability, belike}
2. easy to believe on the basis of available evidence -> {credibly, believably, plausibly}

But wait, "he will probably win the election" as an example for sense 2 seems wrong if sense 2 means "credibly." Unless... actually, I think there might be confusion. Let me reconsider.

Could sense 2 actually be the primary sense and sense 1 be something else? No, the user provided the definitions clearly.

Actually, looking at the example for sense 2 again: "he will probably win the election" - this is interesting because "probably" here does seem to mean "likely." But the synonyms listed are "credibly, believably, plausibly." This is a bit contradictory. However, in some versions of WordNet, there might be an error or I'm misremembering.

But regardless, I must choose based on the definitions, synonyms, and context provided.

Context: Scientific reasoning about genetic material. "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."

If I substitute synonyms:
- Sense 1: "Such a piece of DNA would likely constitute a gene." / "Such a piece of DNA would in all probability constitute a gene." -> Perfect fit.
- Sense 2: "Such a piece of DNA would credibly constitute a gene." / "Such a piece of DNA would plausibly constitute a gene." -> These sound a bit off. "Plausibly constitute" suggests it's a reasonable hypothesis, but "probably" suggests higher confidence.

Given that the researchers are basing this on the logic that if it's the smallest common bit lost in all tumors, it's very likely to be the gene they're looking for (a tumor suppressor gene), sense 1 is clearly better.

Therefore: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: constitute
Target surface form: constitute
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably <t>constitute</t> a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=constitute%2:42:00:: | definition=form or compose | synonyms=represent, make up, comprise, be | examples=This money is my only income; The stone wall was the backdrop for the performance
2. sense_key=constitute%2:41:00:: | definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, name, nominate | examples=nominate a committee
3. sense_key=constitute%2:42:03:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, make | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
4. sense_key=constitute%2:36:00:: | definition=set up or lay the groundwork for | synonyms=establish, found, plant, institute | examples=establish a new department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "constitute" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The passage is about molecular biologists searching for genetic material related to colon cancer.
 - They were looking for "the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells"
 - The sentence in question: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."
 - Meaning: This piece of DNA would probably form/make up/comprise a gene.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=constitute%2:42:00:: | definition=form or compose | synonyms=represent, make up, comprise, be | examples=This money is my only income; The stone wall was the backdrop for the performance
    - This sense is about forming or composing something, being a part of a whole or being the whole itself.
    - "This money is my only income" - the money forms/comprises the income.
    - "The stone wall was the backdrop" - the wall constitutes/forms the backdrop.

 2. sense_key=constitute%2:41:00:: | definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, name, nominate | examples=nominate a committee
    - This is about appointing someone to a position.
    - Doesn't fit the context about DNA and genes.

 3. sense_key=constitute%2:42:03:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, make | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
    - This is very similar to sense 1. Both are about composition/formation.
    - Sense 1: form or compose
    - Sense 3: to compose or represent
    - The examples show physical composition: wall forming background, branches making a roof.

 4. sense_key=constitute%2:36:00:: | definition=set up or lay the groundwork for | synonyms=establish, found, plant, institute | examples=establish a new department
    - This is about establishing/instituting something.
    - Doesn't fit the context. The DNA isn't establishing a gene; it is/form the gene.

 Now, between sense 1 and sense 3, which is better?

 Sense 1: "form or compose" - examples show "This money is my only income" (the money constitutes the income) and "The stone wall was the backdrop" (the wall constitutes the backdrop).

 Sense 3: "to compose or represent" - examples show "This wall forms the background" and "The branches made a roof".

 The context: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."
 - The piece of DNA would form/make up/comprise a gene.
 - Or: The piece of DNA would be a gene.

 Looking at the glosses:
 - Sense 1: "form or compose" - This piece of DNA would form/compose a gene.
 - Sense 3: "to compose or represent" - This piece of DNA would compose/represent a gene.

 Both seem close. But let's look at the examples more carefully.

 Sense 1 examples:
 - "This money is my only income" - The money constitutes the income (is the income).
 - "The stone wall was the backdrop for the performance" - The wall constituted the backdrop.

 Sense 3 examples:
 - "This wall forms the background of the stage setting" - The wall constitutes/forms the background.
 - "The branches made a roof" - The branches constituted/made a roof.

 The key difference might be:
 - Sense 1 seems to focus on "making up" or "being" (composition of a whole from parts, or equivalence).
 - Sense 3 seems to focus on "forming" or "making" (creation or physical formation).

 But in the sentence "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene", the meaning is that this piece of DNA would be/form/make up a gene. It's about the relationship where the DNA segment is the gene (or forms the gene).

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
 - constitute%2:42:00:: is usually the sense "form, constitute, make" - to compose or represent.
 - constitute%2:42:03:: might be a different frame.

 Wait, let me reconsider the WordNet sense keys. The format is lemma%ss_type:lex_filenum:lex_id:head_word:head_id

 But the user has provided the sense keys with just the first three numbers: constitute%2:42:00:: and constitute%2:42:03::

 In WordNet:
 - constitute.v.01: form or compose
 - constitute.v.02: create and charge with a task or function
 - constitute.v.03: to compose or represent
 - constitute.v.04: set up or lay the groundwork for

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet:
 - WordNet 3.0/3.1:
   - constitute.v.01: form, constitute, make - "This money is my only income"
   - constitute.v.02: appoint, name, nominate, constitute - "nominate a committee"
   - constitute.v.03: form, constitute, make - "This wall forms the background" (wait, this seems similar)

 Let me check the actual WordNet senses for "constitute":

 Sense 1: form, constitute, make -- (compose or represent; "This wall forms the background of the stage setting"; "The branches made a roof"; "This makes a fine introduction")
 Sense 2: appoint, name, nominate, constitute -- (create and charge with a task or function; "nominate a committee")
 Sense 3: form, constitute, make -- (to compose or represent:; "This wall forms the background of the stage setting"; "The branches made a roof"; "This makes a fine introduction") -- wait, this seems like a duplicate or I'm confused.

 Actually, looking at the provided data:
 - Sense 1: constitute%2:42:00:: | definition=form or compose | examples=This money is my only income; The stone wall was the backdrop for the performance
 - Sense 3: constitute%2:42:03:: | definition=to compose or represent: | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof

 These look very similar. But note:
 - Sense 1 examples: "This money is my only income" (abstract), "The stone wall was the backdrop" (physical but used as backdrop)
 - Sense 3 examples: "This wall forms the background", "The branches made a roof" (physical composition)

 The context is about DNA and genes - biological composition. "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."

 This means: This piece of DNA would form/make up/compose a gene.

 In the context of molecular biology, a piece of DNA that is a gene means that DNA segment forms/comprises the gene.

 Between sense 1 and 3:
 - Sense 1: "form or compose" - with examples about money being income, wall being backdrop.
 - Sense 3: "to compose or represent" - with examples about wall forming background, branches making roof.

 The phrase "constitute a gene" is most similar to "constitute a roof" or "constitute a background" or "constitute an income".

 Actually, looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1: "This money is my only income" - here "constitute" means "is/amounts to"
 - Sense 3: "The branches made a roof" - here "constitute" means "form/create"

 But wait, the word "constitute" in "The branches made a roof" - if "made" is the synonym, then "constitute" here means "form/construct".

 In "This money is my only income", "constitute" means "amount to/be".

 The sentence "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene" suggests that the DNA piece would be/form a gene. It's not about appointing (sense 2) or establishing (sense 4).

 Now, is it sense 1 or 3?

 Looking at the glosses again:
 1. "form or compose"
 3. "to compose or represent"

 The key might be in the WordNet lexicographer files.
 - 2:42:00 - this is the stative sense (be, form, compose)
 - 2:42:03 - this might be a different sense

 Actually, looking at the sense keys:
 - constitute%2:42:00:: - verb (2), file 42 (stative?), sense 00
 - constitute%2:42:03:: - verb (2), file 42, sense 03

 In WordNet, file 42 is "verb.stative".

 The distinction between sense 1 and 3 in WordNet for "constitute" is subtle. Let me think about the actual usage.

 In the sentence: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."
 This means: This piece of DNA would be a gene / make up a gene.

 This is similar to: "This money constitutes my income" (sense 1).

 But also: "This wall constitutes the background" (sense 3).

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet definitions:
 - WordNet 3.1 sense 1: form, constitute, make -- (compose or represent; "This wall forms the background of the stage setting"; "The branches made a roof"; "This makes a fine introduction")
 - WordNet 3.1 sense 3: constitute, instantiate -- (represent, as in "The money constitutes a fine introduction"?) No...

 Let me reconsider. The user provided:
 1. sense_key=constitute%2:42:00:: | definition=form or compose | synonyms=represent, make up, comprise, be | examples=This money is my only income; The stone wall was the backdrop for the performance
 3. sense_key=constitute%2:42:03:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, make | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof

 Wait, these look like they might be:
 - Sense 1: comprise, be (as in "These constitute my belongings")
 - Sense 3: form, make (as in "These branches constitute a roof")

 But in the context: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."

 If the DNA constitutes the gene, it means the DNA is the gene (or forms the gene).

 Actually, looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1: "This money is my only income" - the money is the income.
 - Sense 3: "The branches made a roof" - the branches form the roof.

 Both could work. But "constitute a gene" is more like "form/compose a gene" rather than "be a gene".

 However, in molecular biology, when we say a piece of DNA constitutes a gene, we mean that piece of DNA is the gene (or comprises the gene).

 Let me look at the synonyms:
 - Sense 1: represent, make up, comprise, be
 - Sense 3: form, make

 "Comprise" and "be" suggest sense 1.
 "Form" and "make" suggest sense 3.

 The phrase "constitute a gene" - does it mean "form a gene" or "be a gene"?

 In the context: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."

 This means: This small piece of DNA would probably be a gene / make up a gene.

 Actually, reading carefully: "the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."

 This suggests that the bit of DNA they are looking for would be the gene itself. So "constitute" here means "be" or "amount to" or "form".

 Between sense 1 (form or compose, comprise, be) and sense 3 (compose or represent, form, make), sense 1 seems to fit better with "comprise" or "be".

 But let's look at the examples again:
 - Sense 1: "This money is my only income" - equivalence/identity
 - Sense 1: "The stone wall was the backdrop" - equivalence/identity
 - Sense 3: "This wall forms the background" - composition/formation
 - Sense 3: "The branches made a roof" - construction/formation

 In the DNA example, the piece of DNA is the gene. It's not that the DNA forms the gene (as in creates it), but rather the DNA segment constitutes (makes up/is) the gene.

 So sense 1 seems better: "form or compose" with synonyms "represent, make up, comprise, be".

 But wait, looking at the WordNet entry for constitute, sense 1 is usually:
 form, constitute, make -- (compose or represent; "This wall forms the background of the stage setting"; "The branches made a roof"; "This makes a fine introduction")

 And sense 3 might be:
 constitute, instantiate? No.

 Actually, I think there might be confusion in the provided sense keys. Let me assume the provided definitions are accurate.

 Sense 1: "form or compose" - synonyms: represent, make up, comprise, be
 Sense 3: "to compose or represent" - synonyms: form, make

 The difference is subtle. But "comprise" in sense 1 is key. "Such a piece of DNA would probably comprise a gene" - this makes sense. The DNA comprises the gene, or the DNA is the gene.

 "Form" in sense 3: "Such a piece of DNA would probably form a gene" - this also makes sense.

 However, looking at the example for sense 1: "The stone wall was the backdrop" - this is like "The DNA was the gene".

 Looking at the example for sense 3: "The branches made a roof" - this is like "The DNA made a gene", which is not quite right. The DNA doesn't make a gene; it is the gene.

 So sense 1 is better.

 Wait, but I should check if sense 3 is actually "constitute" as in "this constitutes a change in policy" - meaning "amount to" or "represent".

 Actually, looking at the provided data for sense 3: definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, make | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof

 This looks like the physical formation sense.

 Sense 1: form or compose | synonyms=represent, make up, comprise, be | examples=This money is my only income; The stone wall was the backdrop for the performance

 This looks like the "be/amount to" sense.

 In the context: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."

 This is saying that the piece of DNA they found would be the gene (or would amount to being the gene).

 This matches sense 1: "This money is my only income" (the money constitutes the income).

 Therefore, the answer should be sense 1.

 But let me double-check sense 4: "set up or lay the groundwork for" - no, that's about establishing institutions.
 Sense 2: "create and charge with a task or function" - no, that's about appointing people.

 So it's between 1 and 3.

 The phrase "constitute a gene" in scientific context usually means "make up/form a gene" or "be a gene".

 Given the synonyms "comprise" and "be" in sense 1, and the example "This money is my only income" (where the money is the income), sense 1 is the best fit.

 The answer is sense 1.

 Wait, I need to be careful. The user asks for the "sense_index". The options are labeled 1, 2, 3, 4. So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

 But let me reconsider sense 3 one more time. Could the DNA "compose" the gene? Yes. Could it "represent" the gene? Maybe.

 But "comprise" (sense 1) is very strong here. If a piece of DNA constitutes a gene, it comprises the gene.

 Also, looking at the WordNet sense numbering, usually sense 1 is the most common sense. "Form or compose" is the most common meaning of constitute.

 In the sentence "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene", the meaning is that this piece of DNA would be a gene.

 I think sense 1 is correct.

 Final check: The context is about finding a piece of DNA that is the gene they're looking for. "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene" = "Such a piece of DNA would probably be/comprise a gene."

 Yes, sense 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they <t>found</t> it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "found" (lemma "find") in the given context.

Let me analyze the context carefully:

The passage is about scientific research where researchers were looking for a specific gene on chromosome 17. They were "using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells." Then: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."

So the context is:
- They were actively searching for something (a gene/DNA segment)
- They were looking for it for months
- They found it after this search
- The search was a deliberate scientific investigation

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. find%2:40:02:: - come upon, as if by accident; meet with (happen, chance, bump, encounter)
   - This implies accident/chance. But they were deliberately searching. Not the best fit.

2. find%2:39:02:: - discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (detect, observe, discover, notice)
   - This is about detecting/discovering existence. While related, the context emphasizes the search and locating something lost/missed.

3. find%2:40:00:: - come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost (regain)
   - Examples: "Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!"
   - This fits well: they were searching for months and found the location of the gene.

4. find%2:32:00:: - establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (determine, find out, ascertain)
   - Examples: "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize"
   - This is also a strong candidate. They did an investigation/experiment. But "establish after a calculation, investigation..." - the example mentions a physicist finding an elusive particle. However, the context here emphasizes the physical search along the chromosome, looking for a location.

5. find%2:31:10:: - come to believe on the basis of emotion... (feel) - No.

6. find%2:39:01:: - perceive or be contemporaneous with (witness, see) - No.

7. find%2:40:01:: - get something or somebody for a specific purpose (line up, get hold, come up) - No.

8. find%2:36:00:: - make a discovery, make a new finding (discover)
   - Examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"
   - This is about making a discovery/new finding. They did discover a gene, but the context emphasizes "after searching" and the search process.

9. find%2:31:09:: - make a discovery (discover) - She found that he had lied... This is clausal. Not right.

10. find%2:40:03:: - obtain through effort or management - Not quite.

11. find%2:32:01:: - decide on and make a declaration about (rule) - No.

12. find%2:30:00:: - receive a specified treatment (abstract) - No.

13. find%2:39:05:: - perceive oneself to be in a certain condition - No.

14. find%2:40:15:: - get or find back; recover the use of (recover, retrieve, regain) - No, they didn't previously have it.

15. find%2:38:10:: - succeed in reaching; arrive at - No.

16. find%2:30:13:: - accept and make use of one's personality... - No.

The main contenders are:
- Sense 3: come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost
- Sense 4: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study
- Sense 8: make a discovery, make a new finding

Let me look more carefully at the specific context:
"For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter..."

The key elements:
- They were looking for it (searching)
- They crawled down the chromosome looking for it
- They found it after this search
- It was a specific location on the chromosome

Sense 3: "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" - synonyms=regain. Wait, the synonym is "regain" which is odd. But the definition says "find the location of something that was missed or lost". The examples are "Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!" These are about locating lost items.

But in the scientific context, they were looking for the physical location of the gene on the chromosome. The "crawled down the length of chromosome 17" suggests a spatial search for a location.

Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - This is more about establishing a fact or result through study. The examples include finding the product of two numbers, or a physicist finding a particle. But in the passage, they were literally searching along a chromosome for a physical location.

Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" - This is about the act of discovering something new. While the discovery of p53 is mentioned later ("had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform..."), the target "found" refers to finding the specific bit of DNA after searching for it.

Actually, looking at the last sentence: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

Wait, the target is "When they <t>found</t> it last winter". So "it" refers to the smallest common bit of genetic material/gene on chromosome 17.

Is this more like "find the location of something" (sense 3) or "establish after investigation" (sense 4) or "make a discovery" (sense 8)?

Let me reconsider WordNet senses for "find". In WordNet, sense 3 (find%2:40:00) is typically the "locate" sense - finding a physical object or location. Sense 4 (find%2:32:00) is the "determine/ascertain" sense. Sense 8 (find%2:36:00) is the "discover" sense (make a discovery).

In the context: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material... When they found it". The preceding verb is "looking for". This strongly parallels sense 3: "come upon after searching". The fact that they were "looking for" something and then "found" it maps very cleanly to sense 3.

However, sense 3's examples are about glasses and gloves - personal items. But the definition says "find the location of something that was missed or lost". In genetics, they were finding the location of a gene.

But sense 4's example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" seems very analogous to finding an elusive gene. And the process described is an "experiment" - they were "using gene probes, experimentally crawled...".

Let me think about how these senses are distinguished in WordNet.

find%2:40:00:: (sense 3 in the list) - This is the physical locating sense. Frames: "I found my glasses." It's about locating an object in space.

find%2:32:00:: (sense 4 in the list) - This is the "determine" sense. Frames: "find the product", "found that X". It's about establishing a fact or result.

find%2:36:00:: (sense 8 in the list) - This is the discovery/invention sense. "Roentgen discovered X-rays". It's about bringing to light something previously unknown.

In the sentence "When they found it last winter", "it" is the gene/bit of DNA. They were searching for its location. But is the emphasis on:
a) locating its position on the chromosome (spatial)
b) determining/establishing which gene it is (cognitive/epistemic)
c) discovering a new gene (scientific discovery)

The text says they were "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material... Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it..." The "search" metaphor is very strong here - "crawled down the length", "looking for". This suggests sense 3 (come upon after searching).

But wait - in WordNet, the "regain" synonym for sense 3 is interesting. Actually, looking at WordNet 3.1 data:
- find.v.01: come upon, as if by accident; meet with ("We find this idea in Plato")
- find.v.02: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of ("She detected high levels of lead")
- find.v.03: come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost ("Did you find your glasses?")
- find.v.04: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study ("find the product of two numbers")
- find.v.05: come to believe...
- find.v.06: perceive or be contemporaneous with...
- find.v.07: get something or somebody...
- find.v.08: make a discovery, make a new finding ("Roentgen discovered X-rays")
- find.v.09: make a discovery (clausal) ("She found that he had lied")
- find.v.10: obtain through effort...
- find.v.11: decide on and make a declaration about...
- find.v.12: receive a specified treatment...
- find.v.13: perceive oneself to be...
- find.v.14: get or find back; recover the use of...
- find.v.15: succeed in reaching; arrive at...
- find.v.16: accept and make use of...

Wait, the numbering in the prompt doesn't match WordNet's internal numbering exactly? Let me check:
The prompt lists:
1. find%2:40:02:: (happen/chance) - this is find.v.01 in WordNet? No, the sense key format is lemma%ss_type:lex_filenum:lex_id:head_word:head_id. The lex_id is 02 here. Actually, WordNet sense keys use the lex_id to distinguish senses within a file. The order in the prompt might not match WordNet's lexicographer file order.

Actually, looking at the sense keys:
- find%2:40:02:: - lex_id 02 in file 40 (verb.contact?)
- find%2:39:02:: - lex_id 02 in file 39 (verb.perception?)
- find%2:40:00:: - lex_id 00 in file 40
- find%2:32:00:: - lex_id 00 in file 32 (verb.cognition?)
- find%2:31:10:: - lex_id 10 in file 31
- find%2:39:01:: - lex_id 01 in file 39
- find%2:40:01:: - lex_id 01 in file 40
- find%2:36:00:: - lex_id 00 in file 36 (verb.creation?)
- find%2:31:09:: - lex_id 09 in file 31
- find%2:40:03:: - lex_id 03 in file 40
- find%2:32:01:: - lex_id 01 in file 32
- find%2:30:00:: - lex_id 00 in file 30
- find%2:39:05:: - lex_id 05 in file 39
- find%2:40:15:: - lex_id 15 in file 40
- find%2:38:10:: - lex_id 10 in file 38
- find%2:30:13:: - lex_id 13 in file 30

The prompt numbers them 1-16 for convenience.

Back to the context. The researchers were conducting an experimental search. "When they found it last winter" - the "it" is the physical genetic material they were searching for along the chromosome.

Sense 3 (find%2:40:00::): "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost". This seems very apt because:
1. They were explicitly searching ("looking for")
2. The object was "missed or lost" in the sense that it was missing from tumor cells (the text says "lost in all tumor cells")
3. They found its location on chromosome 17

Wait, the text says "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells." The genetic material is "lost" (missing) in the tumor cells. So they were looking for something that was lost! This maps perfectly to sense 3: "find the location of something that was missed or lost".

Sense 4 (find%2:32:00::) is about establishing after investigation. While they did investigate, the specific framing here is about searching for and locating something that was lost.

Sense 8 (find%2:36:00::) is about making a new discovery. But the text frames it as the culmination of a search ("When they found it"), not as the announcement of a discovery. Also, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious the search was over, suggesting the "find" was the object of the search.

Also, the very next sentence contrasts with Arnold Levine who "had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform..." - that instance of "found" might be sense 4 or 8 (establishing/discovering a fact), but our target is the physical locating of the gene.

Given the explicit mention of "looking for" and the object being "lost" genetic material, sense 3 (index 3 in the list: find%2:40:00::) seems the best fit.

Wait, let me double-check. Is there any reason to prefer sense 4? The example for sense 4: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize." An elusive particle is very similar to an elusive gene. And the process is experimental/investigative. However, the text emphasizes the spatial search: "crawled down the length of chromosome 17". This is literally looking for a location.

Also, sense 3's synonym is "regain" which might seem odd, but the definition is broader: "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost". The examples are everyday, but the definition fits.

Actually, I should reconsider whether sense 3 is only for physical objects you personally lost. WordNet examples are often prototypical but the sense extends to similar cases. Here, the genetic material is "lost" in tumor cells, and they are finding its location on the chromosome.

Let me look at sense 14: find%2:40:15:: "get or find back; recover the use of" (recover, retrieve, regain). This is about recovering something you had before. Not applicable.

Sense 3 is definitely the "locate after search" sense.

One more check: in WSD tasks, "find" in scientific contexts of gene hunting often maps to the "discover" sense or the "locate" sense. But the specific context here with "looking for" and "lost" strongly points to sense 3.

Actually, looking at the Princeton WordNet:
find.v.03: come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost
- "Did you find your glasses?"
- "I cannot find my gloves!"

find.v.04: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study
- "find the product of two numbers"
- "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize"

The "elusive particle" example in sense 4 is very close to our context. But note that sense 4 is in verb.cognition (file 32), while sense 3 is in verb.contact (file 40). The distinction is that sense 4 is about cognitive determination/establishment, while sense 3 is about physical location/contact.

In our text, they "experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17" - this is a physical/spatial search using gene probes. They were trying to physically locate the missing DNA segment. So sense 3 (physical location) seems better than sense 4 (cognitive establishment).

However, there's a subtlety: the genetic material isn't physically lost in the lab; it's missing in the tumor cells, and they're trying to identify which region is missing. This is more like detecting/determining which region is commonly deleted. But the text uses the metaphor of crawling down the chromosome looking for it.

Let me reconsider sense 2: find%2:39:02:: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" (detect, observe, discover, notice). Example: "We found traces of lead in the paint". This is about detecting presence. But they weren't just detecting presence; they were locating a specific region after a search.

I think the strongest evidence is the parallel structure:
"looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material... When they found it"

This "looking for X ... found X" pattern strongly activates sense 3. If the text had said "investigating whether... they found that..." it would be sense 4 or 9.

Also, the fact that the material was described as "lost" in the tumor cells maps to the "missed or lost" part of sense 3's definition.

Therefore, I choose sense index 3.

Wait, I need to make sure about the indexing. The user lists:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02::
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02::
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00::
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00::
...

So sense_key find%2:40:00:: is index 3.

Yes, {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: last
Target surface form: last
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it <t>last</t> winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "last" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is: "When they found it <t>last</t> winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
- The target word "last" is modifying "winter", indicating a specific time period that has recently passed.
- "Last winter" refers to the winter that immediately preceded the current time of narration.

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
   - This seems to fit. "Last winter" means the winter immediately preceding the current time. The examples include "last Thursday" which is similar temporal usage.

2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
   - This could potentially fit (the previous winter), but sense 1 is more specific for "immediately past" which is exactly what we need here. While "last winter" could be interpreted as the final winter in a sequence (if there were multiple winters), here it clearly means the winter immediately past.

3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination
   - This refers to something that concludes something, like "the last chapter". But "last winter" doesn't mean the concluding winter of something, it means the winter that just passed.

4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 - clearly doesn't fit.

5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 - clearly doesn't fit.

6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 - doesn't fit.

7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 - doesn't fit.

8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 - doesn't fit.

9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 - doesn't fit.

So the choice is between sense 1 and sense 2.

Sense 1: "immediately past" - examples: last Thursday, the last chapter we read
Sense 2: "coming after all others in time" - examples: the last time I saw Paris, the last day of the month

"Last winter" when referring to a specific recent time period (the winter immediately preceding the narrative present) is best captured by sense 1 "immediately past". This is the specific temporal sense used to refer to the most recent occurrence of a time period.

In WordNet, "last" with the meaning "immediately past" is specifically for referring to the most recent time period (last week, last year, etc.), whereas sense 2 is more about being final or terminal in a sequence.

Given the context "When they found it last winter", this clearly means the winter immediately prior to when the statement was made or written. This is the "immediately past" sense.

Therefore, the answer should be sense_index 1.

Wait, let me double-check the sense numbers. The question asks for the "single best indexed sense" and the candidates are numbered 1-9. So I should return the number corresponding to the best sense.

Sense 1: last%5:00:00:past:00 - immediately past
Sense 2: last%3:00:00:: - coming after all others...

Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
- last%3:00:00:: is the adjective "last" meaning "coming after all others"
- last%5:00:00:past:00 is the adjective "last" meaning "immediately past"

In the context, "last winter" is a time expression referring to the winter immediately preceding the narrative present. This is exactly sense 1 "immediately past".

The examples for sense 1 include "last Thursday" which is directly parallel to "last winter".

So the answer is sense_index 1.

But wait, I should verify the numbering. The user provided:
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00...
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00::...
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00...
...

So yes, sense 1 is the one with key last%5:00:00:past:00.

But I need to return {"sense_index": 1}.

Wait, I should check if there's any ambiguity. Could "last winter" mean the final winter (as in the end of a series of winters)? In this scientific context, it means "the winter that just passed" or "the previous winter", which is the "immediately past" sense, not the "final" sense.

Yes, sense 1 is correct.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dubious
Target surface form: dubious
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was <t>dubious</t> that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02 | definition=fraught with uncertainty or doubt | synonyms=doubtful | examples=they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted
2. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00 | definition=open to doubt or suspicion; ; ; ; - Karen Horney | synonyms=doubtful, dubitable, in question | examples=the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed
3. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00 | definition=not convinced | examples=they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "dubious" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - Dr. Vogelstein found a piece of DNA that would probably constitute a gene
 - When they found it, Dr. Vogelstein was "dubious" that the search was over
 - His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier, a researcher had found that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones

 So Dr. Vogelstein had doubts/uncertainty about whether the search was actually over, despite finding the DNA piece.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02 | definition=fraught with uncertainty or doubt | synonyms=doubtful | examples=they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted

 2. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00 | definition=open to doubt or suspicion; ; ; ; - Karen Horney | synonyms=doubtful, dubitable, in question | examples=the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed

 3. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00 | definition=not convinced | examples=they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious

 Let me analyze the differences:

 Sense 1 (uncertain): This describes a state of being uncertain or doubtful about something. The examples show "doubtful that..." or "doubtful whether..." indicating uncertainty about a proposition.

 Sense 2 (questionable): This describes something that is suspicious or open to doubt in terms of its quality, validity, or honesty. The examples show "doubtful past" and "dubious record" - these refer to the character/quality of something being suspect.

 Sense 3 (unconvinced): This describes a person who is not convinced by an argument or evidence. The example shows "remained dubious" after admitting the force of an argument.

 In the context:
 - Dr. Vogelstein was "dubious that the search was over"
 - This is followed by "His doubts stemmed from..."

 The structure is: [Person] was dubious that [proposition/clause]

 This matches sense 1: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt" - he was uncertain/doubtful that the search was over.

 Sense 3 could also fit because he is a person who is not convinced. However, sense 3 specifically mentions "not convinced" which often implies someone has presented an argument or evidence that the person is resisting. In this case, it's more about his own internal uncertainty/doubt about whether the search was complete.

 Let me look more carefully at the examples:
 - Sense 1 examples: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted" - these match the structure "dubious/doubtful that + clause"
 - Sense 3 examples: "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious" - this suggests a context of persuasion/argumentation

 In the given context, Dr. Vogelstein is expressing uncertainty about whether finding this DNA piece means the search is over. He has doubts. This aligns well with sense 1.

 Sense 2 is about something being questionable/suspicious in nature (like a "dubious record"), which doesn't fit here because he's not saying the search is of questionable character, but rather he doubts that it is over.

 Between sense 1 and sense 3:
 - Sense 1: fraught with uncertainty or doubt (state of being uncertain)
 - Sense 3: not convinced (state of being unpersuaded)

 The text says "His doubts stemmed from..." which directly links to sense 1's definition involving "doubt". Also, the structure "dubious that the search was over" parallels the examples in sense 1: "doubtful that the cord would hold".

 Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys to make sure I understand the indexing correctly. The user wants the "sense_index" which appears to be the number at the end of the sense key or the numbered list item.

 The candidates are numbered:
 1. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02
 2. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00
 3. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00

 So if I choose sense 1, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}

 But let me reconsider sense 3. "Not convinced" - was Dr. Vogelstein not convinced? The text says he had "doubts". While "not convinced" and "having doubts" are similar, sense 1 explicitly mentions "doubt" in the definition and the examples match the syntactic structure better.

 Also, looking at the WordNet structure:
 - dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02 - this maps to the "uncertain" adjective sense
 - dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00 - this maps to the "questionable" adjective sense
 - dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00 - this maps to the "unconvinced" adjective sense

 In standard WordNet:
 - Dubious can mean "fraught with uncertainty or doubt" (similar to doubtful)
 - Dubious can mean "open to doubt or suspicion" (questionable)
 - Dubious can mean "not convinced" (unconvinced)

 The context clearly shows Dr. Vogelstein experiencing uncertainty/doubt about whether the search was over. This is sense 1.

 Actually, looking at the specific WordNet offsets might help confirm:
 - Sense 1: uncertain:02 - this is likely the "doubtful, dubious" sense meaning "fraught with uncertainty"
 - Sense 2: questionable:00 - this is likely the "dubious, doubtful, dubitable" sense meaning "open to doubt"
 - Sense 3: unconvinced:00 - this is likely the "dubious" sense meaning "not convinced"

 In many WSD datasets, "dubious" when used to describe a person's attitude toward a proposition (dubious that X) usually maps to the "uncertain/doubtful" sense or the "unconvinced" sense.

 But given the explicit mention of "His doubts" in the following sentence, and the definition of sense 1 including "fraught with uncertainty or doubt", sense 1 is the strongest match.

 Final check: The user wants a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}. So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: search
Target surface form: search
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the <t>search</t> was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=search%1:04:00:: | definition=the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone | synonyms=hunt, hunting
2. sense_key=search%1:04:02:: | definition=an investigation seeking answers | examples=a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing; the outcome justified the search
3. sense_key=search%1:22:00:: | definition=an operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property | synonyms=lookup | examples=they wrote a program to do a table lookup
4. sense_key=search%1:09:00:: | definition=the examination of alternative hypotheses | examples=his search for a move that would avoid checkmate was unsuccessful
5. sense_key=search%1:04:01:: | definition=boarding and inspecting a ship on the high seas | examples=right of search

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "search" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about scientific research on gene losses and tumor development
 - Dr. Vogelstein and researchers were looking for a specific gene on chromosome 17
 - They were "crawling down" chromosome 17 looking for genetic material lost in tumor cells
 - When they found it, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that "the search was over"
 - This refers to the scientific investigation to find the specific gene responsible for transforming colon cells into malignant ones

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=search%1:04:00:: | definition=the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone | synonyms=hunt, hunting
    - This is a general physical searching activity, like hunting for something.

 2. sense_key=search%1:04:02:: | definition=an investigation seeking answers | examples=a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing; the outcome justified the search
    - This is an investigation, seeking answers. The example mentions searching ledgers (which is systematic investigation).

 3. sense_key=search%1:22:00:: | definition=an operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property | synonyms=lookup | examples=they wrote a program to do a table lookup
    - This is a computing/technical sense, like database lookup.

 4. sense_key=search%1:09:00:: | definition=the examination of alternative hypotheses | examples=his search for a move that would avoid checkmate was unsuccessful
    - This is about examining hypotheses or possibilities, like in chess.

 5. sense_key=search%1:04:01:: | definition=boarding and inspecting a ship on the high seas | examples=right of search
    - This is a specific legal/maritime sense.

 Context analysis:
 - The researchers were conducting a scientific investigation to find a specific gene
 - They were using gene probes to look for genetic material
 - When they found the DNA piece, Vogelstein wondered if "the search was over"
 - This is clearly a scientific investigation seeking to answer the question: which gene causes this transformation?

 Comparing sense 1 vs sense 2:
 - Sense 1 is more about the physical activity of looking (like hunting)
 - Sense 2 is about an investigation seeking answers
 - The context describes a months-long scientific investigation, not just a physical hunt. They were conducting research, analyzing data, looking for genetic material - this fits "investigation seeking answers" better than just "looking thoroughly."

 However, sense 1 could also fit because they were literally looking for genetic material. But the context emphasizes the scientific investigation aspect - "confirming evidence," "researchers," "found in experiments," etc.

 Let me look at the examples for sense 2: "a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing; the outcome justified the search"
 - This suggests a systematic examination to find information/answers, which matches the scientific context.

 The phrase "the search was over" in the context refers to the scientific quest/investigation to identify the gene.

 Actually, looking carefully at WordNet senses for "search":
 - Sense 1:04:00 is usually the physical searching (hunting)
 - Sense 1:04:02 is the investigation sense

 In scientific contexts like this, where researchers are investigating to find a gene, sense 2 (investigation seeking answers) seems most appropriate. This is a research investigation, not just a hunt.

 But wait, let me reconsider. The text says they were "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material" and "When they found it... the search was over." This could be interpreted as the physical/genetic search (hunting for the gene).

 However, the broader context is clearly scientific research - "confirming evidence," "development of a common tumor," "researcher," "experiments." This is an investigation.

 Looking at the examples again:
 - Sense 2 example: "a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing" - this is examining records to find information
 - The context is examining chromosomes to find genetic information

 Sense 1 examples would be more like "the search for the missing child continued"

 Given that this is a scientific research context involving investigation and discovery of evidence, sense 2 (investigation seeking answers) is the best fit.

 Wait, I should check if there's any other nuance. The text mentions "crawled down the length of chromosome 17" which sounds like a physical search along the chromosome, but it's metaphorical for the scientific process.

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
 - search%1:04:00:: is the act of searching (hunting)
 - search%1:04:02:: is the investigation

 In many WSD datasets, scientific research contexts usually map to the investigation sense (sense 2) rather than the hunting sense (sense 1).

 Also, the presence of "investigation" in the definition of sense 2 aligns with the research context described.

 Therefore, I choose sense index 2.