[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find_out
Target surface form: find out
Context:
A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to <t>find out</t> what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find_out%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
2. sense_key=find_out%2:31:00:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, get a line | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
3. sense_key=find_out%2:32:01:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, see, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works
4. sense_key=find_out%2:31:01:: | definition=trap; especially in an error or in a reprehensible act | synonyms=catch out | examples=He was caught out; She was found out when she tried to cash the stolen checks

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "find_out" with surface form "find out" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about genetic testing for retinoblastoma.
- "Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced."
- A test using genetic probes showed whether the baby had inherited the damaged gene.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=find_out%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize

2. sense_key=find_out%2:31:00:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, get a line | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted

3. sense_key=find_out%2:32:01:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, see, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works

4. sense_key=find_out%2:31:01:: | definition=trap; especially in an error or in a reprehensible act | synonyms=catch out | examples=He was caught out; She was found out when she tried to cash the stolen checks

The context involves a scientific test (genetic probes) to determine/discover information. It's about establishing something through investigation/experiment.

Sense 1: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - This fits well because a genetic test was used to establish what threat the baby faced.

Sense 3: "find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort" - This also fits. The key difference between sense 1 and sense 3 is subtle. Sense 1 emphasizes establishing after calculation/investigation/experiment/survey/study. Sense 3 emphasizes determining with certainty by making an inquiry or effort.

In the context, it says "A test using new 'genetic probes' showed..." - this is clearly an experiment/investigation. The isolation of the gene made it possible to find out the threat. This seems to align very closely with sense 1: establishing after an investigation or experiment.

However, let me look more carefully at the distinction. Sense 1 examples: "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize". Sense 3 examples: "I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works".

The context mentions "Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced." Then "A test using new 'genetic probes' showed..."

This is clearly a scientific/medical investigation establishing facts through experimentation. Sense 1 seems most appropriate because it explicitly mentions "experiment" and "investigation" in the definition, and the example about the physicist finding a particle is analogous to scientists finding out genetic information through research/testing.

Wait, but sense 3 also has "determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort". Is there a difference between "find out" in the sense of scientific discovery vs. checking something?

Let me reconsider. The phrase "find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced" followed by the description of a test showing results. This is about determining a specific fact about a specific case through a test.

Sense 1: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study
Sense 3: find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort

Actually, looking at WordNet structure, find_out%2:32:00:: is likely the sense grouped under cognition/communication related to finding facts through study, while find_out%2:32:01:: might be more about checking/verifying.

But wait, the sense keys:
- find_out%2:32:00:: (verb.cognition?)
- find_out%2:31:00:: (verb.cognition? or verb.perception?)
- find_out%2:32:01::
- find_out%2:31:01::

The lexicographer file numbers: 32 is usually verb.cognition, 31 might be verb.communication or verb.perception? Actually in WordNet:
- 2:32:00 - verb.cognition
- 2:31:00 - verb.cognition? No, 31 is verb.communication? Let me think... Actually WordNet lexicographer files:
- verb.cognition is 32
- verb.communication is 31? No, I think 31 is verb.social or verb.communication. Wait, the exact numbers might not matter as much.

Let me look at the definitions again carefully.

Sense 1: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study
- This is about deriving/establishing facts through systematic methods.
- Synonyms: determine, find, ascertain
- Examples: mathematical/scientific discovery

Sense 3: find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort
- This is about making an effort to learn something, checking.
- Synonyms: determine, check, see, ascertain, watch, learn
- Examples: checking whether someone speaks French, whether something works.

In the context, they used a genetic test (an experiment/investigation) to establish what threat the baby faced. The result was new factual knowledge established through scientific testing. This aligns very well with sense 1.

However, sense 3 could also fit because they made an effort (inquiry) to determine with certainty. But the emphasis on "test" and "genetic probes" and scientific context strongly suggests sense 1 - establishing through experiment/investigation.

Wait, I should check if there's any distinction in WordNet where "find out" in sense 1 is more like "discover/ascertain through research" and sense 3 is more like "check/find out by asking/looking". The examples for sense 3 ("See whether it works", "I want to see whether she speaks French") suggest a more direct, simpler inquiry or check. The examples for sense 1 involve a physicist finding a particle and finding the product of two numbers - more systematic analytical processes.

The text describes a scientific breakthrough ("Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene") enabling a test. This is clearly in the realm of scientific investigation and experiment. Therefore sense 1 seems best.

But let me double-check. Could sense 3 be better? "Determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort." The parents wanted to find out the threat. They made an effort (genetic test). But sense 1 explicitly mentions "experiment" which is exactly what a genetic test is.

Also, looking at the synonym lists:
- Sense 1: determine, find, ascertain
- Sense 3: determine, check, see, ascertain, watch, learn

"Find" as a synonym in sense 1 is interesting. The example "The physicist who found the elusive particle" is very similar to scientists finding out genetic information.

I think sense 1 is the best fit.

Wait, I need to be careful. Let me re-read: "it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new 'genetic probes' showed..."

The structure is: it became possible to [find out X]. The method was a test. This is establishing a fact through an experiment/test.

Sense 1: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study
Yes, "after an experiment" fits perfectly.

Sense 3: determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort
While a genetic test is an "effort", the schematic definition of sense 1 captures the experimental nature better.

Actually, looking at typical WordNet distinctions, sense 1 (find_out%2:32:00::) is often the primary sense for "discover/ascertain facts" while sense 3 (find_out%2:32:01::) might be more specific to "checking/verifying by inquiry". But without the exact WordNet hierarchy, I need to rely on the glosses and examples.

The examples for sense 3 are about checking whether something is the case (speaks French, works). The examples for sense 1 are about discovering/establishing through study (product of numbers, elusive particle).

The context is about discovering whether the baby had inherited the gene - it's a specific factual determination through a scientific test. Both could work, but sense 1's explicit mention of "experiment" and the scientific example make it the stronger choice.

Let me reconsider sense 2: "get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally" - definitely not, since it was intentional and through a test.

Sense 4: "trap; especially in an error" - definitely not.

So it's between 1 and 3.

One more consideration: The phrase "find out" in the context is followed by a wh-clause "what threat the Quinlan baby faced". Both senses 1 and 3 can take wh-clauses.

But sense 3's definition says "find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort". The word "inquiry" suggests asking questions. A genetic test is not really an "inquiry" in the sense of asking someone, though it is in a broader sense. But sense 1's "investigation, experiment" fits a genetic test much better.

Also, the broader context is about scientific discovery ("Emerging genetic tests", "new findings", "isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene"). This scientific framing pushes toward sense 1.

Therefore, I choose sense 1.

Wait, I want to make sure about the indexing. The user says "Choose the single best indexed sense" and "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So I need to return the index number from the candidate list.

The candidates are:
1. sense_key=find_out%2:32:00::
2. sense_key=find_out%2:31:00::
3. sense_key=find_out%2:32:01::
4. sense_key=find_out%2:31:01::

So if I choose sense 1, the index is 1.

But let me reconsider once more. Is there any reason to choose 3 over 1?

Sense 3 synonyms: determine, check, see, ascertain, watch, learn
Sense 1 synonyms: determine, find, ascertain

The word "check" in sense 3 is interesting. The test was checking whether the baby had the gene. But the overall activity is establishing the threat through an experiment.

Actually, looking at the WordNet entry for find_out, I recall that there are senses:
- find out, discover (discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of) - this might be a different synset though.
- determine, find, find out, ascertain (establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study)
- learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out, get a line, discover, see (get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally)
- determine, check, find out, see, ascertain, watch, learn (find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort)
- catch out, find out (trap; especially in an error or in a reprehensible act)

So sense 1 here corresponds to "determine, find, ascertain" (the calculation/investigation one).
Sense 3 here corresponds to "determine, check, see, ascertain, watch, learn" (the inquiry one).

In many WSD datasets, "find out" in the context of medical testing or scientific discovery is often tagged with the "determine, find, ascertain" sense (the first one). For example, if you "find out the answer" by working through a problem, it's sense 1. If you "find out by calling the office", it's sense 3.

Here, they found out by a genetic test (experiment). So sense 1.

I'm confident. The answer is index 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: threat
Target surface form: threat
Context:
A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what <t>threat</t> the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=threat%1:26:00:: | definition=something that is a source of danger | synonyms=menace | examples=earthquakes are a constant threat in Japan
2. sense_key=threat%1:10:00:: | definition=a warning that something unpleasant is imminent | examples=they were under threat of arrest
3. sense_key=threat%1:10:01:: | definition=declaration of an intention or a determination to inflict harm on another | examples=his threat to kill me was quite explicit
4. sense_key=threat%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who inspires fear or dread | synonyms=terror, scourge | examples=he was the terror of the neighborhood

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "threat" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:

 The sentence is: "Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what <t>threat</t> the Quinlan baby faced."

 The context is about genetic testing to determine cancer risk. The Quinlan baby was at risk for retinoblastoma (an eye cancer) because of family history. The test would show what "threat" the baby faced - meaning what danger or risk the baby faced regarding developing this cancer.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=threat%1:26:00:: | definition=something that is a source of danger | synonyms=menace | examples=earthquakes are a constant threat in Japan
    - This sense refers to something that poses danger or is a source of danger. In the context, the "threat" refers to the danger of developing cancer (retinoblastoma). The baby faced a threat (danger) of developing cancer.

 2. sense_key=threat%1:10:00:: | definition=a warning that something unpleasant is imminent | examples=they were under threat of arrest
    - This is about a warning or announcement of impending unpleasantness. This doesn't fit because the context isn't about a warning being issued.

 3. sense_key=threat%1:10:01:: | definition=declaration of an intention or a determination to inflict harm on another | examples=his threat to kill me was quite explicit
    - This is about a verbal threat or declaration of intent to harm. This doesn't fit because there's no person declaring intent to harm the baby.

 4. sense_key=threat%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who inspires fear or dread | synonyms=terror, scourge | examples=he was the terror of the neighborhood
    - This refers to a person who is threatening. The "threat" in the context is not a person, but the danger/risk of disease.

 The best fit is sense 1: "something that is a source of danger" or "menace". The context discusses the danger/risk of the baby developing cancer. The phrase "what threat the Quinlan baby faced" means what danger or risk the baby faced (specifically, the risk of developing retinoblastoma).

 Looking at the example for sense 1: "earthquakes are a constant threat in Japan" - this parallels the usage here, where the threat is a potential danger (cancer) rather than a verbal warning or a threatening person.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AtlasCloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: baby
Target surface form: baby
Context:
A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan <t>baby</t> faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=baby%1:18:00:: | definition=a very young child (birth to 1 year) who has not yet begun to walk or talk | synonyms=babe, infant | examples=the baby began to cry again; she held the baby in her arms
2. sense_key=baby%1:18:01:: | definition=the youngest member of a group (not necessarily young) | examples=the baby of the family; the baby of the Supreme Court
3. sense_key=baby%1:18:03:: | definition=an immature childish person | synonyms=child | examples=he remained a child in practical matters as long as he lived; stop being a baby!
4. sense_key=baby%1:18:04:: | definition=an unborn child; a human fetus | examples=I felt healthy and very feminine carrying the baby; it was great to feel my baby moving about inside
5. sense_key=baby%1:18:02:: | definition=(slang) sometimes used as a term of address for attractive young women | synonyms=babe, sister
6. sense_key=baby%1:05:00:: | definition=a very young mammal | examples=baby rabbits
7. sense_key=baby%1:04:00:: | definition=a project of personal concern to someone | examples=this project is his baby

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "baby" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:

 The sentence containing the target word is: "Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan <t>baby</t> faced."

 Looking at the surrounding context:
 - Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are a couple who knew their child had a 50% risk of retinoblastoma
 - Bonnie became pregnant in 1987
 - Mr. Quinlan lost an eye when he was two months old, after his mother suffered the same fate when she was a baby
 - The text mentions "little Will Quinlan" later, indicating this is about their child
 - The Quinlan baby refers to their child who was born (or about to be born)

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=baby%1:18:00:: | definition=a very young child (birth to 1 year) who has not yet begun to walk or talk | synonyms=babe, infant | examples=the baby began to cry again; she held the baby in her arms
    - This refers to an infant/very young child. The context suggests "the Quinlan baby" refers to their child who could be tested. Given that Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 and the test was done last January (presumably 1988 or later), and they found out about "little Will Quinlan", this seems to refer to their infant child.

 2. sense_key=baby%1:18:01:: | definition=the youngest member of a group (not necessarily young) | examples=the baby of the family; the baby of the Supreme Court
    - This is metaphorical, referring to the youngest. Not applicable here.

 3. sense_key=baby%1:18:03:: | definition=an immature childish person | synonyms=child | examples=he remained a child in practical matters as long as he lived; stop being a baby!
    - This is pejorative/figurative. Not applicable.

 4. sense_key=baby%1:18:04:: | definition=an unborn child; a human fetus | examples=I felt healthy and very feminine carrying the baby; it was great to feel my baby moving about inside
    - This refers to a fetus. The text mentions Bonnie became pregnant in 1987, and the test was done "last January" (presumably after conception). However, the text also refers to "little Will Quinlan" as the baby, and mentions genetic testing using probes. But wait - the sentence says "the Quinlan baby" in the context of finding out what threat it faced. Given the timeline (pregnant in 1987, test last January), and referring to "little Will Quinlan" later, this could be a newborn or young infant. But let's check: the test showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited the gene. So "the Quinlan baby" refers to Will Quinlan as an infant.

    Actually, looking carefully: "it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new 'genetic probes' showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited..."

    So "the Quinlan baby" = "little Will Quinlan". This is a specific young child.

 5. sense_key=baby%1:18:02:: | definition=(slang) sometimes used as a term of address for attractive young women | synonyms=babe, sister
    - Not applicable.

 6. sense_key=baby%1:05:00:: | definition=a very young mammal | examples=baby rabbits
    - Refers to animals, not humans in this context.

 7. sense_key=baby%1:04:00:: | definition=a project of personal concern to someone | examples=this project is his baby
    - Metaphorical, not applicable.

 Now comparing sense 1 and sense 4:
 - Sense 1: very young child (birth to 1 year)
 - Sense 4: unborn child/fetus

 The text mentions Bonnie became pregnant in 1987. The test was done "last January" (presumably January 1988 or later). If she became pregnant in 1987, and the test was done in January (presumably after birth or during pregnancy?), we need to see if the baby was born yet.

 The text says: "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries... The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance..."

 Then: "Because of the isolation... it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced."

 And: "A test using new 'genetic probes' showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited..."

 The phrase "little Will Quinlan" suggests he is already born and is a young child. Also, genetic tests for retinoblastoma can be done on infants. The context suggests the baby was born (referred to as "little Will Quinlan"), so sense 1 (very young child) is more appropriate than sense 4 (fetus).

 Additionally, earlier in the text: "after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby" - this refers to the mother when she was a young child, not a fetus. This usage aligns with sense 1.

 Therefore, "the Quinlan baby" refers to their infant child (Will), fitting sense 1: a very young child (birth to 1 year).

 Sense 1 is the best fit.

 Wait, let me double-check the earlier reference: "after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby." This clearly refers to a young child (she lost an eye to the tumor), so that's sense 1.

 The target "the Quinlan baby" refers to Will Quinlan, described as "little Will Quinlan", indicating a young child.

 Therefore, sense_index should be 1.

 Actually, looking at the sense keys:
 1. baby%1:18:00::
 2. baby%1:18:01::
 3. baby%1:18:03::
 4. baby%1:18:04::
 5. baby%1:18:02::
 6. baby%1:05:00::
 7. baby%1:04:00::

 The indices in the candidate list are 1-7. The question asks for "sense_index" which corresponds to the numbering in the candidate list (1-7), not the WordNet sense key.

 So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: face
Target surface form: faced
Context:
A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby <t>faced</t>. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=face%2:32:00:: | definition=deal with (something unpleasant) head on | synonyms=confront, face up | examples=You must confront your problems; He faced the terrible consequences of his mistakes
2. sense_key=face%2:33:00:: | definition=oppose, as in hostility or a competition | synonyms=confront | examples=You must confront your opponent; Jackson faced Smith in the boxing ring
3. sense_key=face%2:42:00:: | definition=be oriented in a certain direction, often with respect to another reference point; be opposite to | synonyms=front, look | examples=The house looks north; My backyard look onto the pond
4. sense_key=face%2:42:02:: | definition=be opposite | examples=the facing page; the two sofas face each other
5. sense_key=face%2:38:00:: | definition=turn so as to face; turn the face in a certain direction | examples=Turn and face your partner now
6. sense_key=face%2:32:03:: | definition=present somebody with something, usually to accuse or criticize | synonyms=confront, present | examples=We confronted him with the evidence; He was faced with all the evidence and could no longer deny his actions
7. sense_key=face%2:39:04:: | definition=turn so as to expose the face | examples=face a playing card
8. sense_key=face%2:35:00:: | definition=line the edge (of a garment) with a different material | examples=face the lapels of the jacket
9. sense_key=face%2:35:01:: | definition=cover the front or surface of | examples=The building was faced with beautiful stones

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "faced" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about genetic testing for cancer risk
 - The specific sentence: "A test using new 'genetic probes' showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer."
 - Earlier in the text: "it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced."

 So "faced" here means to be confronted with, to have to deal with, or to be in the situation of experiencing something (in this case, a threat/risk).

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=face%2:32:00:: | definition=deal with (something unpleasant) head on | synonyms=confront, face up | examples=You must confront your problems; He faced the terrible consequences of his mistakes
    - This is about actively dealing with something. But in the context, the baby is not actively dealing with the risk; the risk is something that confronts/is presented to the baby.

 2. sense_key=face%2:33:00:: | definition=oppose, as in hostility or a competition | synonyms=confront | examples=You must confront your opponent; Jackson faced Smith in the boxing ring
    - This is about opposition/competition. Not relevant here.

 3. sense_key=face%2:42:00:: | definition=be oriented in a certain direction, often with respect to another reference point; be opposite to | synonyms=front, look | examples=The house looks north; My backyard look onto the pond
    - Physical orientation. Not relevant.

 4. sense_key=face%2:42:02:: | definition=be opposite | examples=the facing page; the two sofas face each other
    - Physical positioning. Not relevant.

 5. sense_key=face%2:38:00:: | definition=turn so as to face; turn the face in a certain direction | examples=Turn and face your partner now
    - Physical turning. Not relevant.

 6. sense_key=face%2:32:03:: | definition=present somebody with something, usually to accuse or criticize | synonyms=confront, present | examples=We confronted him with the evidence; He was faced with all the evidence and could no longer deny his actions
    - This means to be presented with something, to have something confronting you. The structure "faced with" or "faced X" where X is the thing presented.
    - In the text: "faced no more risk" - the risk is what is presented to him/confronting him.
    - Also: "what threat the Quinlan baby faced" - the threat is what confronts the baby.

 7. sense_key=face%2:39:04:: | definition=turn so as to expose the face | examples=face a playing card
    - Not relevant.

 8. sense_key=face%2:35:00:: | definition=line the edge (of a garment) with a different material | examples=face the lapels of the jacket
    - Not relevant.

 9. sense_key=face%2:35:01:: | definition=cover the front or surface of | examples=The building was faced with beautiful stones
    - Not relevant.

 Now comparing sense 1 and sense 6:
 - Sense 1 (face%2:32:00::): "deal with (something unpleasant) head on" - This is the active sense where the subject actively confronts something.
 - Sense 6 (face%2:32:03::): "present somebody with something, usually to accuse or criticize" - This is the passive sense where something is presented to the subject, or the subject is confronted by something.

 In the sentence "faced no more risk", the structure is [subject] faced [object]. The baby is not actively dealing with the risk; rather, the risk is something that confronts him or that he is presented with.

 However, looking at the examples for sense 6: "He was faced with all the evidence" - this uses "faced with".
 In the text: "faced no more risk" - this doesn't use "with", it's transitive.

 Let me reconsider sense 1: "He faced the terrible consequences of his mistakes" - here "faced" is used transitively with the consequences as the object.

 But in the context of the text: "what threat the Quinlan baby faced" and "faced no more risk" - is the baby actively dealing with the risk, or is the risk something that lies before him/confronts him?

 Actually, looking at the definition of sense 1 again: "deal with (something unpleasant) head on" - this implies active confrontation.
 Sense 6: "present somebody with something" - this implies the subject is the one being presented with something, or the subject confronts someone else with something?

 Wait, looking at the examples for sense 6: "We confronted him with the evidence" - here the subject is doing the confronting.
 "He was faced with all the evidence" - here the subject is being confronted.

 But in WordNet, sense 6 is defined as "present somebody with something, usually to accuse or criticize". This seems to be the active sense where you face someone with something (like evidence).

 However, there's also the passive construction "be faced with" which might map to a different sense or the same sense.

 Let me look at the specific usage in the text again:
 1. "find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced" - here the threat is the object of faced. The baby is the subject.
 2. "faced no more risk" - risk is the object.

 Is the baby actively dealing with the risk? Or is the risk something that confronts the baby (i.e., lies in his path)?

 In the context of predictive diagnosis, the risk is something that potentially confronts the child - something the child would have to encounter or deal with in the future.

 Actually, looking at sense 1 examples: "You must confront your problems; He faced the terrible consequences of his mistakes" - these suggest actively dealing with existing problems.

 But in the text, the risk is potential, not actual. The baby hasn't actually developed cancer yet. So "faced" here means "was confronted with" in the sense of "had before him" or "was threatened by".

 Wait, I need to check if there's a sense meaning "to be confronted with" or "to have to deal with" in the sense of being at risk.

 Actually, looking at the definitions again, sense 1 is "deal with (something unpleasant) head on". This could fit if we interpret "faced no more risk" as "had to deal with no more risk" but that seems odd.

 Sense 6 is "present somebody with something". The example "He was faced with all the evidence" shows the passive usage.

 But in the text, it's active voice: "the Quinlan baby faced" and "Will Quinlan... faced no more risk".

 However, "face" in the sense of "be confronted with" or "have to encounter" is often used in active voice with the threat/risk/danger as object: "He faces a difficult decision", "We face a crisis", "The company faces bankruptcy".

 This usage is closest to sense 1: dealing with something unpleasant that lies before you. But actually, looking carefully:

 Sense 1: "deal with (something unpleasant) head on" - synonyms: confront, face up
 Sense 6: "present somebody with something, usually to accuse or criticize" - synonyms: confront, present

 The difference is:
 - Sense 1: Subject faces (deals with) Object (the problem)
 - Sense 6: Subject faces (presents to) Object (the person) [with something]

 In "He was faced with the evidence", the subject is the recipient of the presentation.

 But in "the baby faced the threat", if we mean the threat confronted the baby, that's different from the baby dealing with the threat.

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet senses for "face":
 - Sense 1: face, confront (deal with)
 - Sense 6: confront, face, present (present somebody with something)

 The usage "face a threat" or "face a risk" typically maps to sense 1 in WordNet, meaning to confront or deal with the threat/risk, or to be in a position where the threat applies to you.

 But wait, in the sentence "faced no more risk", this is saying he doesn't have the risk confronting him anymore. He is not "dealing with" the risk in the sense of actively handling it, because he doesn't have the damaged gene, so the risk doesn't apply to him.

 Actually, looking at the broader context: "find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced" - this means what threat was confronting the baby, what threat lay before the baby.

 This seems to be sense 1: "deal with (something unpleasant) head on" - but that's active dealing.

 Or is it sense 6? No, sense 6 is about presenting someone with evidence.

 Let me reconsider. Maybe I should look at the exact WordNet entries.

 WordNet 3.1 for face (verb):
 1. confront, face up, face - deal with (something unpleasant) head on; "You must confront your problems"; "He faced the terrible consequences of his mistakes"
 2. confront, face - oppose, as in hostility or a competition; "You must confront your opponent"; "Jackson faced Smith in the boxing ring"
 3. front, look, face - be oriented in a certain direction, often with respect to another reference point; be opposite to; "The house looks north"; "My backyard look onto the pond"
 4. face - be opposite; "the facing page"; "the two sofas face each other"
 5. face - turn so as to face; turn the face in a certain direction; "Turn and face your partner now"
 6. confront, face, present - present somebody with something, usually to accuse or criticize; "We confronted him with the evidence"; "He was faced with all the evidence and could no longer deny his actions"
 7. face - turn so as to expose the face; "face a playing card"
 8. face - line the edge (of a garment) with a different material; "face the lapels of the jacket"
 9. face - cover the front or surface of; "The building was faced with beautiful stones"

 Now, the usage "face a threat" or "face a risk" is most commonly sense 1. Even though the baby isn't actively "dealing with" the risk in the sense of managing it, the verb "face" in "face a risk" means to be confronted with that risk as something one must deal with or endure.

 However, there's a subtlety. In "He faced a risk", it can mean:
 a) He was in a situation where the risk applied to him (the risk confronted him)
 b) He actively confronted the risk

 But in WordNet, sense 1 covers both "deal with" and the state of having to deal with something.

 Actually, looking at the example for sense 1: "He faced the terrible consequences" - this could mean he endured them or he had to deal with them.

 In the context: "faced no more risk than other children" - this means he is confronted with no more risk, he has to deal with no more risk.

 But wait, sense 6 has the example: "He was faced with all the evidence" - this is the passive construction.

 The text uses active construction: "the Quinlan baby faced" and "Will Quinlan... faced".

 However, "face" in the sense of "be confronted with" when used actively (e.g., "he faces danger") is often considered sense 1 in WordNet.

 Let me check if there's a distinction between "face" (active) and "be faced with" (passive/stative).

 Actually, looking at the definition of sense 6 again: "present somebody with something". This is the sense where you face someone with evidence. The passive "be faced with" comes from this sense.

 But in the text, "faced no more risk" - is this the passive sense without the "with"? No, "risk" is the direct object.

 If it were sense 6 passive, it would be "was faced with risk". But it's "faced no more risk".

 So it's likely sense 1: "deal with (something unpleasant) head on" - where the risk is the unpleasant thing.

 But actually, looking at the context carefully: "find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced" - this is about identifying the threat that was present for the baby, the threat that confronted him.

 I think sense 1 is the best fit. The threat/risk is something unpleasant that the baby would have to deal with (or be subject to).

 However, let me double-check sense 6. Could "faced no more risk" mean "was presented with no more risk"? That doesn't quite fit. You don't "present" someone with a risk in the sense of accusing them. You present someone with evidence, facts, etc. But a risk is not something you present to accuse someone.

 Therefore, sense 6 is out.

 Sense 1 is the correct choice: dealing with/confronting the risk/threat.

 Wait, but looking at the first sentence of the context: "A person who is born with one defective copy... is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop." This is about risk.

 Then: "find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced" - this means what threat was confronting the baby.

 And: "faced no more risk than other children" - meaning he confronts/has to deal with no more risk.

 Yes, sense 1.

 But I want to make sure about sense 6 vs sense 1. The key difference is:
 - Sense 1: Subject confronts/deals with Object (the problem/danger)
 - Sense 6: Subject confronts/presents Object (the person) with something

 In "the baby faced the threat", the baby is the subject, the threat is the object. The baby is not presenting the threat to someone else. The threat is the thing being confronted. So it's sense 1.

 Final check: Could it be sense 3 or 4 (be opposite/oriented)? No, that's physical orientation.
 Could it be sense 9 (cover the surface)? No.

 So the answer is sense 1.

 Wait, I should reconsider the passive/active distinction. In "He was faced with a problem", this is often analyzed as sense 6 (from "present him with a problem"). But in "He faced a problem", it's sense 1.

 In the text: "what threat the Quinlan baby faced" - active voice, object is "threat".
 "faced no more risk" - active voice, object is "risk".

 Therefore, sense 1.

 One final check: Is there any chance it's sense 2 (oppose in competition)? No, there's no competition mentioned.

 So: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: using
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test <t>using</t> new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "using" in the given context. The target lemma is "use" and the surface form is "using".

 Let me analyze the context:
 "A test <t>using</t> new 'genetic probes' showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene..."

 The sentence describes a test that employs or utilizes new "genetic probes" to determine something. The test is putting the genetic probes into service for a particular purpose (detecting the damaged gene).

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home

 This seems to fit well. The test is employing/utilizing genetic probes for a particular purpose (detecting the gene).

 2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely

 This implies habitual consumption, like drug use. Doesn't fit here.

 3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions

 This means to exhaust or deplete. The test isn't using up the genetic probes in the sense of depleting them (though it uses them, it doesn't mean consume fully).

 4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections

 This implies exploiting or taking advantage of something/someone. While the test does use the probes to achieve an end, this sense seems more about exploiting people or advantages for personal gain. The examples suggest interpersonal manipulation or leveraging connections.

 5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion

 This is about applying principles or practices. While "apply" is close, this sense seems more about adopting practices or principles rather than employing tools/instruments.

 6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

 This is specifically for "used to" constructions indicating past habitual actions. The target is "using" (present participle), so this is clearly wrong.

 So the best fit is sense 1: "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose".

 The test is employing/utilizing/applying genetic probes to detect the gene. This matches the definition and synonyms (utilize, employ, apply) perfectly.

 Sense 4 might be tempting because it involves achieving an end, but the examples show it's about leveraging personal connections/advantages, not about employing technical tools or methods. Sense 1 is the standard sense for employing instruments or methods.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 1.

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using <t>new</t> "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "new" in the given context.

Context analysis:
The sentence is: "A test using <t>new</t> 'genetic probes' showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma suppressor gene..."

Here, "new" modifies "genetic probes". The context is about emerging genetic tests and new findings in genetic testing. The probes are described as "new" in the sense that they are recently developed or recently come into being.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
   - This seems to fit well. The genetic probes are recently developed/created.

2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
   - This emphasizes originality/novelty. While the probes might be novel, the context emphasizes that they are recent developments ("last January", "new findings").

3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
   - Doesn't apply to genetic probes.

4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
   - Possible, but less likely than sense 1.

5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
   - This is about replacement/different from previous. Not the best fit.

6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
   - This is about condition (not used/worn). Doesn't apply to probes in this context.

7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
   - This has a negative connotation of being unnecessarily new. Not appropriate here.

8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
   - Historical linguistic sense. Not applicable.

9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
   - Linguistic sense. Not applicable.

10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
    - Agricultural sense. Not applicable.

11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him
    - Subjective unfamiliarity. Not the best fit for describing technology.

The best fit appears to be sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered".

The context mentions "Emerging genetic tests" and "new findings" and refers to the test happening "last January". The probes are new in the sense of being recently developed or discovered. This matches the core sense of "new" as in "new cars" or "new law" - recently made/created.

While sense 2 (novel/original) is possible, the context emphasizes the recency ("last January", "emerging") more than the originality. The paragraph discusses the progression of science - isolation of the gene made the test possible last January, indicating these are recently developed tools.

Therefore, sense index 1 is the best choice.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "<t>genetic</t> probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "genetic" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about genetic tests, genes, hereditary diseases (retinoblastoma), damaged genes, genetic probes.
 - The specific phrase is "genetic probes" - these are tools used to detect specific DNA sequences or genes.
 - The context involves: genetic tests, damaged gene, retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, genetic probes, inherited genes.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00
    - Definition: occurring among members of a family usually by heredity
    - Synonyms: familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible
    - Examples: an inherited disease; familial traits
    - This sense focuses on the hereditary/inheritable aspect.

 2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02::
    - Definition: of or relating to or produced by or being a gene
    - Synonyms: genic, genetical
    - Examples: genic combinations; genetic code
    - This sense relates specifically to genes themselves.

 3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01::
    - Definition: pertaining to or referring to origin
    - Examples: genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
    - This is the etymological sense (from genesis/origin), used in contexts like "genetic history" of literature.

 4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00::
    - Definition: of or relating to the science of genetics
    - Synonyms: genetical
    - Examples: genetic research
    - This sense relates to the field/science of genetics.

 Now, the target phrase is "genetic probes". In the context:
 - They are using "genetic probes" to test for a specific gene (retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene).
 - The probes are molecular tools used to detect specific DNA sequences.
 - The context is about detecting whether a specific gene is damaged/inherited.

 "Genetic probes" are probes that relate to genes - they are used to detect genes. So this seems to fit sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene".

 However, let me consider sense 4: "of or relating to the science of genetics". Genetic probes are tools used in genetics, so they could be considered related to the science of genetics.

 But "genetic probes" specifically refers to DNA probes or gene probes - probes that hybridize with specific gene sequences. So they are literally "relating to or being a gene" or "produced by a gene" (though actually they are synthetic or derived DNA fragments used to detect genes).

 Actually, looking more carefully:
 - Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" - genetic probes are related to genes (they detect them).
 - Sense 4: "of or relating to the science of genetics" - genetic probes are used in genetics.

 But "genetic probe" is a technical term. In molecular biology, a "genetic probe" or "DNA probe" is a fragment of DNA used to detect complementary sequences. So it's directly related to genes (sense 2).

 However, looking at the broader context:
 - The text mentions "genetic tests" (tests related to genes/genetics)
 - "genetic probes" (probes for genes)
 - The focus is on hereditary transmission (the 50% chance, inherited damaged gene).

 But the specific instance is "genetic probes". Let me think about which sense is most appropriate.

 Sense 1 (hereditary/inheritable): This would apply to things like "genetic disease" meaning hereditary disease. But "genetic probes" are not inheritable - they are laboratory tools.

 Sense 2 (relating to genes): "Genetic probes" are probes for genes. This fits well.

 Sense 3 (origin): Not relevant here.

 Sense 4 (science of genetics): "Genetic probes" are used in genetics, so this could fit, but sense 2 is more specific because probes target specific genes.

 Actually, looking at WordNet's organization:
 - Sense 3:01:02 (genetic%3:01:02::) is the adjective for gene (genic).
 - Sense 3:01:00 (genetic%3:01:00::) is the adjective for genetics.

 In the phrase "genetic probes", it means probes that detect genes. So sense 2 seems best.

 But wait, let me reconsider the context. The text says:
 - "Emerging genetic tests" - tests related to genetics/genes
 - "genetic probes" - probes related to genes
 - "damaged gene" - specific mention of gene
 - "inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene"

 The word "genetic" appears in "genetic tests" and "genetic probes".

 For "genetic tests": These could be sense 1 (tests for hereditary conditions), sense 2 (tests for genes), or sense 4 (tests in the field of genetics).

 But given that the text discusses:
 - Hereditary cancer (familial)
 - Specific genes (tumor-suppressor gene)
 - Inheritance patterns

 Both sense 1 and sense 2 seem relevant.

 However, "genetic probes" are specifically DNA probes used to detect specific gene sequences. This is definitely sense 2 (relating to genes).

 But let me check if sense 1 could apply. Sense 1 is defined as "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity" with synonyms like "familial, hereditary". This is an adjective describing things that are inherited. "Genetic probes" are not inherited - they are laboratory reagents. So sense 1 doesn't fit for "genetic probes".

 Between sense 2 and 4:
 - Sense 2: relating to genes
 - Sense 4: relating to the science of genetics

 "Genetic probe" is a compound noun where "genetic" modifies "probe". The probe is for detecting genes. So sense 2 is better.

 However, I should verify the WordNet sense keys to make sure I understand the indexing correctly. The user asks for the "sense_index", which appears to be the number in the list (1, 2, 3, or 4).

 Let me double-check by looking at the examples:
 - Sense 2 examples: "genic combinations; genetic code" - "genetic code" is the system by which genes encode information.
 - Sense 4 examples: "genetic research" - research in the field of genetics.

 "Genetic probes" are similar to "genetic code" in that they are specific molecular biology terms related to genes themselves, not just the general field. So sense 2 seems correct.

 Actually, looking at the definition of sense 2 again: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene"
 - Genetic probes relate to genes (they detect them).

 Definition of sense 4: "of or relating to the science of genetics"
 - Genetic probes are used in genetics, but they are specifically gene-related.

 I think sense 2 is the best fit.

 Wait, I should consider if "genetic" in "genetic tests" earlier in the text influences the disambiguation. The target is specifically the word "genetic" in the phrase "genetic probes" (in quotes in the text).

 The context is about detecting a specific gene (retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene) using these probes. So it's definitely about genes (sense 2), not just the general science (sense 4), and certainly not about heredity in the abstract (sense 1) or origin (sense 3).

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index 2.

 But let me reconsider sense 1. Could "genetic" mean "hereditary" here? The text is about hereditary cancer. However, "genetic probes" are not hereditary - they are tools. If the text said "genetic disease", I might choose sense 1. But for "genetic probes", it's sense 2.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet entry for "genetic", I recall that:
 - Sense 1 is the "inheritable" sense (adjective)
 - Sense 2 is the "gene" sense (adjective)
 - Sense 3 is the "origin" sense (adjective)
 - Sense 4 is the "genetics" sense (adjective)

 In many WSD datasets, "genetic testing" or "genetic test" is often tagged with sense 4 (relating to genetics) or sense 2 (relating to genes). But "genetic probe" is more specific.

 Let me think about the phrase "genetic probes" in the context. The probes are used to detect the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene. They are literally probes for a gene. So sense 2.

 However, I want to make sure about the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00
 2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02::
 3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01::
 4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00::

 So index 2 corresponds to genetic%3:01:02:: (the gene-related sense).

 I should confirm that genetic%3:01:02:: is indeed the "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" sense. The user says:
 2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code

 Yes.

 And genetic%3:01:00:: is:
 4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

 So my choice is between 2 and 4.

 "Genetic probe" is a term that means a probe used to identify a specific gene or DNA sequence. Therefore, it is "of or relating to... a gene" (sense 2) rather than just "of or relating to the science of genetics" (sense 4). While both could apply, sense 2 is more specific and accurate because the probe is defined by its relationship to specific genes (it hybridizes with them), not just by being used in the field of genetics.

 Also, note that sense 2 has the synonym "genic", which is used in words like "genetic probe" (though "genic probe" is not common, "gene probe" is).

 Actually, looking at the examples for sense 2: "genic combinations; genetic code". "Genetic code" is about how genes encode proteins. "Genetic probe" is a tool for finding genes. Both are directly gene-related.

 For sense 4: "genetic research" - this is about the field.

 Therefore, sense 2 is the best choice.

 Final check: Could it be sense 1? "Genetic" meaning hereditary? No, because probes are not heritable traits. They are laboratory tools.

 Could it be sense 3? No, that's about origins/etymology.

 So the answer is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: showed
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "<t>showed</t> that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "showed" in the given context. The target lemma is "show" and the surface form is "showed".

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is: "A test using new 'genetic probes' showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer."
- The subject is "A test using new genetic probes"
- The object is a clause: "that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene..."
- The meaning is that the test provided evidence or proved that something was true (that the baby didn't have the damaged gene).

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. show%2:39:02:: - give an exhibition of to an interested audience (demo, exhibit, present)
   - This is about demonstrating or exhibiting something to an audience. Not fitting here.

2. show%2:31:00:: - establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment (prove, demonstrate, establish)
   - This involves establishing validity through experiment or proof. Close, but let's see others.

3. show%2:32:00:: - provide evidence for (testify, bear witness, prove, evidence)
   - Example: "The blood test showed that he was the father"
   - This seems very fitting. The test provided evidence for the fact that the baby didn't have the gene.

4. show%2:39:00:: - make visible or noticeable
   - Example: "She showed her talent"
   - This is about making something visible/noticeable. The test didn't make something visible in the physical sense, but revealed information.

5. show%2:36:00:: - show in, or as in, a picture (depict, render)
   - Not relevant.

6. show%2:32:02:: - give expression to (express, evince)
   - Example: "She showed her disappointment"
   - This is about expressing emotions/feelings. Not relevant.

7. show%2:32:01:: - indicate a place, direction, person, or thing (indicate, point, designate)
   - Example: "I showed the customer the glove section"
   - This is about physically showing or pointing. Not quite right.

8. show%2:39:01:: - be or become visible or noticeable (show up)
   - Example: "His good upbringing really shows"
   - Intransitive use. Here "showed" is transitive with a that-clause.

9. show%2:32:04:: - indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments (read, register, record)
   - Example: "The thermometer showed thirteen degrees"
   - This is specifically about instruments giving readings. While a test is involved, it's not exactly a gauge reading, though it's close. But sense 3 or 2 might be better.

10. show%2:32:03:: - give evidence of, as of records
    - Example: "The diary shows his distress"
    - This is about records showing something. The test is like a record/evidence.

11. show%2:38:00:: - take (someone) to their seats (usher)
    - Not relevant.

12. show%2:33:00:: - finish third or better in a horse or dog race
    - Not relevant.

Now between sense 2, 3, 9, and 10:

Sense 2 (prove/demonstrate): "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment"
- The test did establish validity, but "show" here is more about revealing/proving a fact through evidence.

Sense 3 (provide evidence for): "provide evidence for" - synonyms: testify, bear witness, prove, evidence
- Example: "The blood test showed that he was the father"
- This matches exactly! A test (blood test/genetic test) showing (providing evidence) that something is true.

Sense 9 (indicate a reading): This is more for gauges and instruments showing specific readings like temperature. While a genetic test is scientific, it's more about providing evidence/demonstrating a genetic condition rather than giving a numerical reading.

Sense 10 (give evidence of): This is similar to 3, but sense 3 specifically mentions "provide evidence for" with the example of a blood test showing paternity. Sense 10's example is "The diary shows his distress" which is more about records indicating a state.

Looking closely at sense 3 vs sense 10:
- Sense 3: show%2:32:00:: - provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
- Sense 10: show%2:32:03:: - give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening

The example in sense 3 is almost identical to our context: "The blood test showed that..." vs "A test using new genetic probes showed that..."

Sense 2 is "establish the validity" which is close but more about proving/validating through demonstration, while sense 3 is specifically about providing evidence (testifying/bearing witness).

Sense 3 seems the best fit. The index would be 3 (since it's the third one in the list).

Wait, let me check the indices:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02::
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00::
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00::
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00::
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00::
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02::
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01::
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01::
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04::
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03::
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00::
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00::

So sense 3 corresponds to index 3.

Actually, looking at sense 2 again: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" - this could fit because the test is establishing the validity of the claim about the gene.

But sense 3 with the blood test example is almost a perfect parallel. Genetic probes are providing evidence, testifying to the genetic makeup.

Also, sense 3 is "provide evidence for" which aligns with "The blood test showed that he was the father" - DNA/genetic testing showing paternity is very similar to genetic testing showing inheritance of a gene.

Therefore, the best sense is index 3.

Wait, I should also consider if sense 2 could be correct. "Establish the validity" - the test demonstrates/establishes that the baby doesn't have the gene. But the example for sense 2 is "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture". This is more about demonstration or proof in a formal sense.

Sense 3 is about evidence - "The blood test showed..." - this is exactly the type of usage.

Sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records" - "The diary shows his distress". This is different from a test showing a result.

So yes, sense 3 (index 3) is correct.

One more check: Could it be sense 4? "make visible or noticeable" - did the test make the genetic information visible? In a metaphorical sense, yes, but the specific scientific/testing context points more to sense 3.

The instructions say to use sentence context, examples, and synonyms. The example "The blood test showed that he was the father" is almost exactly parallel to the target sentence structure and meaning.

Therefore: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: little
Target surface form: little
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that <t>little</t> Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=little%3:00:01:: | definition=limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=small | examples=a little dining room; a little house
2. sense_key=little%3:00:03:: | definition=(quantifier used with mass nouns) small in quantity or degree; not much or almost none or (with `a') at least some | synonyms=slight | examples=little rain fell in May; gave it little thought
3. sense_key=little%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=(of children and animals) young, immature | synonyms=small | examples=what a big little boy you are; small children
4. sense_key=little%5:00:00:unimportant:00 | definition=(informal) small and of little importance | synonyms=fiddling, footling, lilliputian, niggling, piddling, piffling | examples=a fiddling sum of money; a footling gesture
5. sense_key=little%5:00:00:soft:04 | definition=(of a voice) faint | synonyms=small | examples=a little voice; a still small voice
6. sense_key=little%3:00:00:: | definition=low in stature; not tall | synonyms=short | examples=he was short and stocky; short in stature
7. sense_key=little%5:00:00:lowercase:00 | definition=lowercase | synonyms=minuscule, small | examples=little a; small a
8. sense_key=little%5:00:00:emotional:00 | definition=small in a way that arouses feelings (of tenderness or its opposite depending on the context) | examples=a nice little job; bless your little heart

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "little" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is about genetic testing for retinoblastoma (eye cancer)
 - Bill and Bonnie Quinlan had a baby named Will Quinlan
 - The sentence: "A test using new 'genetic probes' showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma suppressor gene..."
 - "little Will Quinlan" refers to their baby/young child

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=little%3:00:01:: - limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent (e.g., a little dining room, a little house)
    - This refers to physical size/quantity of things, not specifically age.

 2. sense_key=little%3:00:03:: - (quantifier used with mass nouns) small in quantity or degree
    - This is about amount/degree, not appropriate for describing a person by name.

 3. sense_key=little%5:00:00:young:00 - (of children and animals) young, immature (e.g., what a big little boy you are; small children)
    - This fits perfectly. "little Will Quinlan" refers to the young child/baby Will Quinlan.
    - The context mentions Bonnie became pregnant in 1987, and the test was done last January (presumably shortly after birth or during pregnancy), so Will is a baby/young child.
    - Synonyms include "small" in the sense of young.

 4. sense_key=little%5:00:00:unimportant:00 - (informal) small and of little importance
    - Doesn't fit - not talking about importance.

 5. sense_key=little%5:00:00:soft:04 - (of a voice) faint
    - Not relevant here.

 6. sense_key=little%3:00:00:: - low in stature; not tall
    - This refers to height, but when used with a name like "little Will", in this context it clearly means young, not short. Also, he's a baby, so height isn't the primary meaning - age/youth is.

 7. sense_key=little%5:00:00:lowercase:00 - lowercase
    - Not relevant.

 8. sense_key=little%5:00:00:emotional:00 - small in a way that arouses feelings
    - While "little Will" could be endearing, the primary sense here is about him being young/immature (a baby), not just emotionally "small".

 The best fit is sense 3: "(of children and animals) young, immature" with examples like "what a big little boy you are; small children".

 The context clearly indicates Will Quinlan is a baby/young child (Bonnie became pregnant in 1987, the test showed the baby hadn't inherited the gene). Referring to him as "little Will Quinlan" emphasizes his youth/immaturity.

 Therefore, the answer should be {"sense_index": 3}.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not <t>inherited</t> a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "inherited" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about genetic testing and retinoblastoma (an eye cancer)
 - Mr. Quinlan carries a damaged gene (he lost an eye to the tumor, and his mother had the same condition)
 - The test showed that little Will Quinlan had not "inherited" a damaged retinoblastoma suppressor gene
 - This is clearly about genetic transmission from parent to child

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
    - This is about inheriting property/assets after death. Not relevant here.

 2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
    - This is about receiving responsibilities, problems, or positions from a predecessor. Could be metaphorical or organizational succession. Not the right sense here.

 3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother
    - This is specifically about genetic inheritance from parents. Perfect match for the context about a child potentially inheriting a damaged gene from his father.

 The context explicitly discusses:
 - A father (Mr. Quinlan) carrying a damaged gene
 - Testing whether the baby (Will Quinlan) inherited this gene
 - Genetic transmission from parent to child

 Therefore, sense 3 is the correct choice.

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a <t>damaged</t> retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "damaged" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about genetic testing and retinoblastoma.
- "Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old"
- Later: "A test using new 'genetic probes' showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene"

So the word "damaged" is being used to describe a gene that is harmed, injured, or spoiled in some way - specifically a genetic mutation or defect that leads to disease.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Sense 1 refers to physical or material harm - something that is harmed, injured, or spoiled. In the context of a gene, this is metaphorical but clearly aligns with the concept of something being biologically harmed or defective. The gene is not functioning properly due to damage/mutation.

Sense 2 refers to reputation - being discredited or brought into disrepute. This clearly doesn't fit the context of a gene. A gene cannot have a reputation in this sense.

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

The user wants the output as a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}, but with the correct index. Since sense 1 is the best choice, I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

Wait, let me double-check the instructions: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." This means the format should be {"sense_index": <number>}. The example shows 3, but I need to put the actual index of the best sense.

The candidates are numbered 1 and 2. The best is 1.

So: {"sense_index": 1}