[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive <t>education</t> "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "education" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

The target word appears in the phrase: "Progressive <t>education</t> (as it was once called)"

Looking at the surrounding context:
- The text discusses "American education's future"
- It mentions "the education establishment"
- It contrasts "Progressive education" with "disciplined instruction"
- It mentions teachers being engaged in "personality development"
- It talks about "adolescent illiteracy" and "instruction"

The specific instance "Progressive education" refers to a pedagogical approach or philosophy of teaching. It's being contrasted with "disciplined instruction."

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity
   - This refers to the activities/process of teaching. "Progressive education" is a specific approach to teaching/educating.

2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction
   - This refers to the knowledge itself, not the system or method.

3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge
   - This refers to the process of learning/acquiring knowledge.

4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
   - This refers to the profession/career.

5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior)
   - This is about upbringing/breeding.

6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department...
   - This is the government department.

Now, "Progressive education" is a well-known pedagogical movement. It refers to a philosophy or method of teaching (the activities of educating).

Looking at sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" with synonyms including "instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity".

"Progressive education" is a specific pedagogical approach - it's about the methods and activities of teaching. It contrasts with "disciplined instruction" in the text.

Sense 4 is "the profession of teaching" - but "Progressive education" isn't referring to the profession itself, but rather the approach/method.

Sense 1 seems to fit best because:
- It encompasses pedagogical approaches (synonyms include pedagogy, didactics)
- "Progressive education" is a specific philosophy of educational activity
- The context contrasts it with "disciplined instruction" (instruction is a synonym of sense 1)
- The text discusses "educational activity" broadly

Wait, let me double-check the specific line: "Progressive education (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

Here, "Progressive education" is being compared to "disciplined instruction." Both are methods/approaches to teaching.

Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing" - this covers the methods and practices.
Sense 4: "the profession of teaching" - this would be the career/job.

"Progressive education" is not referring to the profession (the job of being a teacher), but rather to the pedagogical approach (the activities/methods).

Also, looking at the broader context: "American education's future" - this refers to the system/activities of education. "The education establishment" - refers to the institutions/system.

But the specific target is "Progressive education" which is clearly referring to the pedagogical movement/approach.

Sense 1 examples: "he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed"
- "Formal education" here could be ambiguous, but "instruction was programmed" fits with activities.

Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
- education%1:04:00:: is usually the general sense of the institution/activity of educating
- education%1:04:01:: is the profession

"Progressive education" is a specific philosophy within the field of education (the activities of teaching). It's synonymous with "progressive pedagogy."

Therefore, sense 1 (index 1) is the best fit.

Wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user lists:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00::
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00::
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01::
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01::
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01::
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00::

So index 1 is education%1:04:00:: (activities of educating)
Index 4 is education%1:04:01:: (profession)

Given the context of "Progressive education" as a pedagogical approach contrasted with "disciplined instruction," and considering that it's described as what teachers are engaged in ("personality development"), this refers to the methods and activities of teaching, not the profession per se, nor the knowledge acquired.

Therefore, the answer should be index 1.

But let me reconsider if it could be sense 3 (the gradual process of acquiring knowledge). "Education is a preparation for life" - this is about the process of being educated. But "Progressive education" refers to the supply side (teaching), not the demand side (learning). The text says it is "agreeable to teachers" and contrasts with "disciplined instruction" - this confirms it's about the teaching side.

Between sense 1 (activities of educating) and sense 4 (profession):
- "Progressive education" is not the profession itself, but a style/method within the profession.
- The profession is the job/career; "Progressive education" is the pedagogical approach.

So sense 1 is correct.

One final check: could it be sense 2 (knowledge acquired)? No, because "Progressive education" isn't a type of knowledge.

Sense 5 (upbringing)? No.

Sense 6 (federal department)? No, clearly not.

So it's between 1 and 4. Given that "Progressive education" refers to a pedagogical philosophy (activities/methods of instruction), and the synonyms for sense 1 include "pedagogy" and "didactics" which are exactly what "Progressive education" refers to, sense 1 is the best match.

The answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: once
Target surface form: once
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was <t>once</t> called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "once" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 The sentence is: ""Progressive education "(as it was <t>once</t> called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

 The phrase "as it was once called" suggests that "Progressive education" was called that at a previous time, in the past, but perhaps not now, or referring to a previous naming convention.

 Let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
 - This refers to something happening a single time (frequency). Example "once I ran into her" means on one specific occasion.
 - In the context "as it was once called", this doesn't fit because it's not about happening on one occasion, but about being called something at a previous time.

 2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
 - This is a temporal conjunction meaning "as soon as" or "whenever".
 - The context "as it was once called" doesn't mean "as soon as it was called".

 3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing
 - This refers to something that happened or existed in the past.
 - The phrase "as it was once called" means "as it was called at a previous time" or "as it was formerly called".
 - This fits perfectly with the synonyms "formerly", "at one time", "erstwhile".

 The context is talking about "Progressive education" as it was called in the past (formerly). The author is indicating that this term was used previously to describe this educational approach.

 Therefore, sense 3 is the correct choice.

 The JSON format should be: {"sense_index": 3}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once <t>called</t>) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "called" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "Progressive education "(as it was once <t>called</t>) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."
 - The phrase "as it was once called" means that "Progressive education" was once given that name/title.
 - This is about assigning a name or designation to something.

 Now let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
 - This seems to fit. It's about assigning a name "Progressive education" to a concept/educational approach.

 2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give the name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
 - This is about calling someone something (insulting or describing), like "called him a liar". Not quite right here.

 3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone
 - Not relevant.

 4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry
 - Not relevant.

 5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come
 - Not relevant.

 6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit
 - Not relevant.

 7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet
 - Not relevant.

 8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees
 - Not relevant.

 9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.
 - Not relevant.

 10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry
 - Not relevant.

 11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions
 - Not relevant.

 12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
 - This is close, but it's about greeting or addressing someone with a name. The context is about what something was named, not greeting.

 13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour
 - Not relevant.

 14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan)
 - Not relevant.

 15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands
 - Not relevant.

 16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance
 - Not relevant.

 17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to
 - Not relevant.

 18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance
 - Not relevant.

 19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation
 - Not relevant.

 20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement
 - Not relevant.

 21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee
 - Not relevant.

 22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal
 - Not relevant.

 23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for
 - Not relevant.

 24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role
 - Not relevant.

 25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce
 - Not relevant.

 26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of
 - Not relevant.

 27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
 - This is close. "I would not call her beautiful" is similar to "as it was once called". But sense 1 seems more specific to naming something.

 28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call
 - Not relevant.

 Comparing sense 1 and sense 27:
 - Sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" - examples include naming schools, naming sons.
 - Sense 27: "consider or regard as being" - example is "I would not call her beautiful"

 In the context "as it was once called", the meaning is that the term "Progressive education" was once the name assigned to this educational approach. This is clearly about naming/assigning a name.

 Sense 1 is the best fit: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to"

 Wait, let me double-check the exact wording of sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to"
 And sense 27: "consider or regard as being"

 The phrase "as it was once called" is definitely about naming. "Progressive education" is the name that was assigned to this movement/approach.

 So the answer should be sense index 1.

 Wait, I need to check if the indexing starts at 1 or if I need to map it. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=...
 2. sense_key=...
 etc.

 So I should return {"sense_index": 1}

 Let me verify once more:
 - "Progressive education" is the name being assigned
 - "as it was once called" = as it was once named
 - This matches sense 1: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

 Yes, sense 1 is correct.

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: far
Target surface form: far
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is <t>far</t> more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=far%4:02:02:: | definition=to a considerable degree; very much | examples=a far far better thing that I do; felt far worse than yesterday
2. sense_key=far%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or from a great distance in space | examples=he traveled far; strayed far from home
3. sense_key=far%4:02:04:: | definition=at or to a certain point or degree | examples=I can only go so far before I have to give up; how far can we get with this kind of argument?
4. sense_key=far%4:02:01:: | definition=remote in time | examples=if we could see far into the future; all that happened far in the past
5. sense_key=far%4:02:05:: | definition=to an advanced stage or point | examples=a young man who will go very far

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "far" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is <t>far</t> more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

 The structure here is "far more interesting and agreeable" - this is a comparative construction where "far" is modifying "more interesting" to indicate degree or extent.

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=far%4:02:02:: | definition=to a considerable degree; very much | examples=a far far better thing that I do; felt far worse than yesterday
    - This seems to fit. The example "a far far better thing" and "felt far worse" show "far" modifying comparatives to indicate degree.

 2. sense_key=far%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or from a great distance in space | examples=he traveled far; strayed far from home
    - This is about physical distance, which doesn't fit here.

 3. sense_key=far%4:02:04:: | definition=at or to a certain point or degree | examples=I can only go so far before I have to give up; how far can we get with this kind of argument?
    - This seems to be about extent or limit, often with "so far" or questions about extent.

 4. sense_key=far%4:02:01:: | definition=remote in time | examples=if we could see far into the future; all that happened far in the past
    - This is about temporal distance, doesn't fit.

 5. sense_key=far%4:02:05:: | definition=to an advanced stage or point | examples=a young man who will go very far
    - This is about progress or advancement, doesn't fit.

 The usage here is "far more interesting" - this is clearly sense 1: "to a considerable degree; very much". The examples given for sense 1 include "felt far worse than yesterday" which is structurally identical to "far more interesting... than".

 So the answer should be sense index 1.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=far%4:02:02::
 2. sense_key=far%4:02:00::
 3. sense_key=far%4:02:04::
 4. sense_key=far%4:02:01::
 5. sense_key=far%4:02:05::

 So I need to return the index number from this list, not the WordNet sense key. The first one in the list is index 1.

 The context shows "far" modifying a comparative adjective phrase "more interesting and agreeable" to intensify the degree of comparison. This matches sense 1: "to a considerable degree; very much".

 Examples from sense 1:
 - "a far far better thing that I do" (modifying "better")
 - "felt far worse than yesterday" (modifying "worse")

 This is exactly parallel to "far more interesting... than".

 Therefore, the correct answer is sense_index: 1.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far <t>more</t> interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "more" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is: "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far <t>more</t> interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."
- The structure is comparative: "more interesting and agreeable... than..."
- "More" is modifying the adjectives "interesting and agreeable"
- This is forming the comparative degree of the adjectives

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
   - This sense is specifically for forming comparatives of adjectives and adverbs
   - Example given: "more interesting" - which matches exactly with our context "more interesting"

2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should
   - This sense seems to be for when "more" is used as a determiner/quantifier (comparative of "much")
   - Examples show it modifying verbs or being used as a pronoun/determiner ("he works more", "they eat more")
   - This is not modifying an adjective in the comparative sense, but rather indicating a greater quantity/degree of an action

In the target sentence:
- "more" is followed by "interesting" (an adjective)
- It's forming the comparative: "more interesting than..."
- This matches sense 1 perfectly: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs"
- The example "more interesting" is literally given in sense 1

Sense 2 would be for cases like:
- "I need more money" (comparative of much)
- "He eats more than I do" (comparative of much)

But here we have "more interesting" - clearly forming the comparative of the adjective "interesting".

Therefore, the correct sense is index 1.

Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user lists:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00::
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01::

So I should return {"sense_index": 1}

Let me verify once more:
- "far more interesting" - "more" is functioning as a comparative marker for the adjective "interesting"
- This is exactly what sense 1 describes: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs"
- Sense 2 is for when "more" is the comparative of "much" (quantitative), as in "more food", "more time", or adverbial "he works more"

Yes, sense 1 is correct.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: agreeable
Target surface form: agreeable
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and <t>agreeable</t> to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=agreeable%3:00:00:: | definition=conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature; ; ; - Disraeli | examples=Is the plan agreeable to you?; he's an agreeable fellow
2. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:consistent:00 | definition=in keeping | synonyms=accordant, conformable, consonant, concordant | examples=salaries agreeable with current trends; plans conformable with your wishes
3. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:accordant:00 | definition=prepared to agree or consent | examples=agreeable to the plan

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "agreeable" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses "progressive education" vs "disciplined instruction"
 - It says progressive education is "far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction"
 - It mentions it's "nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'"
 - The contrast is between disciplined instruction (which is presumably less pleasant) and progressive education (which is more pleasant/nice for teachers)

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=agreeable%3:00:00:: | definition=conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature; ; ; - Disraeli | examples=Is the plan agreeable to you?; he's an agreeable fellow
    - This seems to mean "pleasant, pleasing, to one's liking"
    - Examples show "agreeable to you" (pleasing to you) and "agreeable fellow" (pleasant person)

 2. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:consistent:00 | definition=in keeping | synonyms=accordant, conformable, consonant, concordant | examples=salaries agreeable with current trends; plans conformable with your wishes
    - This means "consistent with" or "in accordance with"
    - Examples show "agreeable with current trends" (consistent with)

 3. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:accordant:00 | definition=prepared to agree or consent | examples=agreeable to the plan
    - This means "willing to agree" or "consenting"
    - Example shows "agreeable to the plan" (willing to accept the plan)

 Now, looking at the specific usage in the text:
 "Progressive education is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

 Here, "agreeable to teachers" means "pleasing to teachers" or "to the liking of teachers" - something that teachers find pleasant or enjoyable.

 This matches sense 1: "conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature"
 - The text says it's "nice for teachers" - this aligns with "conforming to your own liking"
 - The contrast with "disciplined instruction" (which is presumably less pleasant, more demanding) supports the interpretation that progressive education is more pleasant/enjoyable for teachers.

 Sense 2 would mean "consistent with teachers" which doesn't make sense here.
 Sense 3 would mean "willing to agree to teachers" which also doesn't fit.

 The phrase "agreeable to teachers" in this context clearly means "pleasing to teachers" or "enjoyable for teachers" - i.e., conforming to their liking.

 Therefore, the best sense is sense 1.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense keys. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=agreeable%3:00:00::
 2. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:consistent:00
 3. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:accordant:00

 So I should return {"sense_index": 1}

 But let me verify by looking at the actual WordNet senses to make sure I'm interpreting correctly.

 In WordNet 3.0/3.1:
 - agreeable%3:00:00:: is the adjective sense meaning "pleasant, pleasing" (as in "an agreeable manner")
 - agreeable%5:00:00:consistent:00 is the satellite adjective meaning "conforming or accordant" (as in "salaries agreeable with current trends")
 - agreeable%5:00:00:accordant:00 might be "prepared to agree or consent" - actually looking at WordNet, there might be some confusion here.

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet:
 1. agreeable (a) - pleasing to the mind or senses; "an agreeable manner"
 2. agreeable (s) - in keeping; "salaries agreeable with current trends"
 3. agreeable (s) - prepared to agree or consent

 Wait, the third sense "prepared to agree or consent" - example "agreeable to the plan" - this is different from sense 1.

 Sense 1 is about being pleasant/pleasing.
 Sense 3 is about being willing to consent.

 In the text: "agreeable to teachers" - this could potentially be ambiguous. Does it mean:
 a) pleasing to teachers (sense 1)
 b) willing to agree to teachers (sense 3) - but that would require teachers to be the object of agreement, not the experiencer of pleasantness

 Actually, "agreeable to X" can mean:
 - pleasing to X (sense 1)
 - acceptable to X/willing to be agreed to by X (sense 3)

 But in the context: "far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction"

 The parallel structure with "interesting" suggests "agreeable" here means "pleasant, enjoyable" - something teachers find pleasant to do.

 Also, the following sentence: "It is nice for teachers to think..." - this confirms that the previous sentence is talking about what is pleasant/nice for teachers.

 So sense 1 is definitely correct: "conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature"

 The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to <t>teachers</t> than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "teachers" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses American education, parents, children, and the education establishment.
 - It mentions "Progressive education" vs "disciplined instruction"
 - It says "Progressive education... is far more interesting and agreeable to <t>teachers</t> than is disciplined instruction."
 - It continues: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'..."

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
    - This refers to actual human beings who teach as a profession.

 2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher
    - This refers to abstract concepts or things that teach (like books, experience, etc.), personified as teachers.

 Analysis:
 - The context is clearly talking about people who work in education - "the education establishment", "teachers" as professionals who choose between "progressive education" and "disciplined instruction".
 - The text mentions "It is nice for teachers to think..." - this refers to actual human teachers having thoughts and preferences.
 - The contrast is between types of instruction and what actual human teachers find "interesting and agreeable".
 - This is clearly referring to professional educators, not abstract concepts like "experience" or "books".

 Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice: "a person whose occupation is teaching".

 The output should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: disciplined
Target surface form: disciplined
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is <t>disciplined</t> instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00 | definition=obeying the rules
2. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00 | definition=trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise | examples=the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "disciplined" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The passage discusses education, comparing "progressive education" with "disciplined instruction"
- It mentions that progressive education is "far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction"
- The contrast is between "progressive" (creative, personality development) vs "disciplined" (which implies structure, rules, traditional methods)
- The text mentions "adolescent illiteracy" and "common sense" vs "illusions"
- The phrase "disciplined instruction" is being contrasted with "progressive education"

Now looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00 | definition=obeying the rules
2. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00 | definition=trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise | examples: "the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind"

Let me think about which sense fits better:

Sense 1 (controlled/obeying rules): This would suggest instruction that follows rules, is controlled, structured. In the context of education, "disciplined instruction" could mean instruction that follows strict rules or methods, as opposed to the free-form "progressive education."

Sense 2 (trained): This suggests instruction that trains the students mentally or physically. While education does involve training, the specific contrast here seems to be between "progressive" (loose, creative, focused on personality) and something more rigid or rule-based.

The phrase "disciplined instruction" in this educational context seems to refer to traditional, structured, rule-based instruction as opposed to progressive education. The author is saying that progressive education is more fun for teachers than traditional, structured ("disciplined") instruction.

However, looking at the examples for sense 2: "the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind" - this suggests that "disciplined" can describe something that has been trained or developed through discipline.

But in the phrase "disciplined instruction," we're describing the instruction itself, not the students. Is the instruction itself "trained"? Or is it "controlled/rule-based"?

Actually, looking more carefully: "disciplined instruction" likely means instruction that is structured, follows rules, is systematic - as opposed to progressive education which is more free-form.

But wait, let me reconsider the WordNet senses. In WordNet, "disciplined" as an adjective has these senses:
- trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise
- obeying the rules

In the context of "disciplined instruction" vs "progressive education":
- Progressive education emphasizes creativity, personality development, minimizing tests
- Disciplined instruction would emphasize structure, rules, academic rigor

The question is whether "disciplined" here means:
1. Controlled/structured (obeying rules)
2. Training-oriented (developing skills through instruction)

Actually, looking at the examples provided for sense 2: "the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind" - this describes the RESULT of discipline/training. The muscles are disciplined because they have been trained. The mind is disciplined because it has been trained.

In "disciplined instruction," the word is modifying "instruction." Can instruction be "trained"? That seems odd. Instruction can be "controlled" or "structured" or "rule-based."

But wait, maybe I'm misunderstanding. Let me look at the definition again:
Sense 2: "trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise" - this describes something that has been subjected to discipline/training.

Sense 1: "obeying the rules" - this describes something that follows rules.

If we say "disciplined instruction," we could mean:
- Instruction that follows rules/methods (sense 1)
- Instruction that trains students (sense 2) - but this would be an unusual way to phrase it. Usually, we say the students are disciplined (trained), not the instruction.

Actually, looking at the broader context again: The author contrasts "progressive education" with "disciplined instruction." Progressive education is characterized as focusing on "creativity" and "personality development" and minimizing tests. "Disciplined instruction" would therefore be the opposite: focused on academic skills, tests, structure.

In educational discourse, "disciplined" often means structured, rigorous, following established methods - which aligns with "obeying the rules" (sense 1).

However, there's another interpretation: "disciplined" could mean relating to academic disciplines (subjects), but that's not one of the options.

Let me reconsider sense 2. If "disciplined" means "trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise," then "disciplined instruction" would be instruction that trains students mentally. This actually fits the context well because the passage is contrasting education that focuses on "creativity" and "personality development" (progressive) vs education that focuses on actual academic training/learning (disciplined).

But the examples for sense 2 focus on the physical or mental state of being trained ("disciplined muscles," "disciplined mind"), not on the process of instruction.

Sense 1 "obeying the rules" - if instruction obeys rules, it means it's structured, methodical, traditional. This contrasts with progressive education which breaks from traditional rules.

Given the contrast with "progressive," and the mention of "adolescent illiteracy" and "decent education as traditionally understood," sense 1 (controlled, obeying rules, traditional) seems more appropriate.

But let me double-check by looking at how "disciplined" is used with "instruction" or similar nouns in corpora or typical usage.

Actually, looking at the WordNet structure:
- disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00 is the first sense
- disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00 is the second sense

The "controlled" sense typically applies to behavior or systems that follow rules.
The "trained" sense applies to people or body parts that have been trained.

"Disciplined instruction" - is the instruction following rules, or is the instruction training students?

In the phrase "disciplined approach," we usually mean methodical, controlled, following rules.

Given the contrast with "progressive education" (which is portrayed as loose, creative, avoiding rigor), "disciplined instruction" most likely means structured, rigorous, rule-based instruction.

Therefore, sense 1 (obeying the rules) seems better.

Wait, but I should look at the synonyms. The user mentions to use "synonyms" but didn't provide them in the candidate senses. However, from WordNet:
- Sense 1 (controlled): synonyms might include controlled, orderly
- Sense 2 (trained): synonyms might include trained, schooled

Given that "progressive education" is described as "interesting and agreeable" while disciplined instruction is implicitly less so (but necessary for literacy), and given that "disciplined instruction" is contrasted with "personality development" and minimizing tests...

Actually, I think I need to reconsider. The text says: "Progressive education is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

If "disciplined instruction" means instruction that trains students (sense 2), that makes sense - it's harder work for teachers to train students than to just do personality development.

If "disciplined instruction" means instruction that obeys rules (sense 1), that also makes sense - following strict rules is less fun than being creative.

But which meaning is more likely?

Looking at the phrase "disciplined instruction" in educational contexts, it typically refers to instruction that is structured, rigorous, and focused on academic content rather than creative activities. This aligns with "controlled" (sense 1).

However, there's a subtlety: "disciplined" can mean "characterized by discipline" in the sense of academic discipline (rigor), or it can mean "subjected to discipline/training."

Given the examples provided for sense 2 emphasize physical or mental training ("disciplined muscles," "disciplined mind"), and the target is "disciplined instruction" (which is not a muscle or mind), sense 1 seems more applicable to inanimate things like instruction methods.

But wait, "instruction" can be "disciplined" in the sense of being systematic and rigorous.

Let me look at the exact wording of the definitions again:
1. obeying the rules
2. trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise

If instruction is "obeying the rules," it means the instruction follows educational rules/methods.
If instruction is "trained," that doesn't make semantic sense - instruction itself isn't trained; it trains.

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

But I'm not entirely sure. Let me think about whether "disciplined" could mean "characterized by discipline" where discipline means training.

Actually, looking at typical WordNet usage:
- "disciplined" as "trained" is used for troops, athletes, etc. - things that receive training.
- "disciplined" as "controlled" is used for behavior, approach, etc.

"Disciplined instruction" is closer to "disciplined approach" - meaning controlled, structured.

Therefore, I choose sense 1.

Wait, I need to be careful. The instruction could be "disciplined" meaning it instills discipline in students. But that's not exactly what the definitions say.

Definition 2 says "trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise" - this is a passive meaning (having been trained).
Definition 1 says "obeying the rules" - this is an active or stative meaning (following rules).

"Disciplined instruction" most naturally means instruction that follows rules/methods (sense 1).

Therefore: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: instruction
Target surface form: instruction
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined <t>instruction</t>. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=instruction%1:10:04:: | definition=a message describing how something is to be done | synonyms=direction | examples=he gave directions faster than she could follow them
2. sense_key=instruction%1:04:01:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
3. sense_key=instruction%1:04:00:: | definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=teaching, pedagogy | examples=he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession
4. sense_key=instruction%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program | synonyms=command, statement, program line

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "instruction" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses education, teaching, and "progressive education" vs traditional education
 - The specific sentence: "Progressive education (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."
 - The contrast is between "progressive education" and "disciplined instruction"
 - The context is about teaching methods, education, and how teachers engage with students

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=instruction%1:10:04::
    - definition: a message describing how something is to be done
    - synonyms: direction
    - examples: he gave directions faster than she could follow them
    - This seems to be about specific directions/commands, not the general concept of teaching

 2. sense_key=instruction%1:04:01::
    - definition: the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill
    - synonyms: education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity
    - examples: he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
    - This fits well with the context of comparing "progressive education" with "disciplined instruction" - both refer to the activity/process of teaching/educating

 3. sense_key=instruction%1:04:00::
    - definition: the profession of a teacher
    - synonyms: teaching, pedagogy
    - examples: he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession
    - This refers to the profession/career itself, not the activity. The context is comparing types of educational approaches/methods, not the profession itself.

 4. sense_key=instruction%1:10:02::
    - definition: (computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program
    - synonyms: command, statement, program line
    - This is clearly about computer programming, not relevant to the educational context.

 Analysis:
 The context contrasts "progressive education" with "disciplined instruction". Both terms refer to methods or approaches to education/teaching. The word "instruction" here is being used to mean the activity of teaching or educating, specifically in a disciplined/traditional way as opposed to progressive methods.

 Sense 2 (instruction%1:04:01::) matches this best because:
 - It refers to "activities of educating or instructing"
 - Synonyms include education, teaching, pedagogy
 - The example "our instruction was carefully programmed" suggests a structured approach, similar to "disciplined instruction" in the text
 - It contrasts well with "progressive education" - both are types of educational activities/methods

 Sense 3 is about the profession, which doesn't fit as well because the text is discussing methods/approaches (progressive vs disciplined), not the profession of teaching itself.

 Sense 1 is about specific directions/commands, which is too narrow.

 Sense 4 is computer science specific, irrelevant here.

 Therefore, the best sense is sense 2 (index 2 in the list provided).

 Wait, let me check the indexing. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=instruction%1:10:04::
 2. sense_key=instruction%1:04:01::
 3. sense_key=instruction%1:04:00::
 4. sense_key=instruction%1:10:02::

 So sense 2 in the list corresponds to instruction%1:04:01::.

 The output should be {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nice
Target surface form: nice
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is <t>nice</t> for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nice%3:00:00:: | definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners
2. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:respectable:00 | definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
3. sense_key=nice%5:00:02:precise:00 | definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer
4. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00 | definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow
5. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:polite:00 | definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "nice" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The passage discusses "progressive education" vs "disciplined instruction"
 - It says progressive education is "far more interesting and agreeable to teachers"
 - Then: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'"
 - The contrast is between disciplined instruction (hard work, tests with disappointing results) vs progressive education (which allows teachers to think they're doing personality development rather than just teaching basics)

 The meaning here seems to be that it's pleasant, agreeable, or pleasing for teachers to think this way. It's comfortable, enjoyable, satisfying.

 Let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=nice%3:00:00:: | definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners
    - This fits well. The context suggests that thinking of themselves as engaged in personality development is pleasant/agreeable for teachers, as opposed to the "irksome tests with often disappointing results."

 2. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:respectable:00 | definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
    - This doesn't fit. It's not about being socially correct or respectable in the sense of moral virtue.

 3. sense_key=nice%5:00:02:precise:00 | definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer
    - This doesn't fit. It's not about precision or skill.

 4. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00 | definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow
    - This doesn't fit. Not about being picky or squeamish.

 5. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:polite:00 | definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture
    - This doesn't fit. It's not about being polite or courteous.

 Sense 1 is clearly the best fit. The context emphasizes that progressive education is "agreeable" to teachers, and the sentence structure "It is nice for teachers to think..." parallels constructions like "It is nice to..." meaning pleasant or pleasing.

 The contrast with "irksome" (annoying/bothersome) tests later in the paragraph reinforces that "nice" here means pleasant/agreeable - the opposite of irksome.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for <t>teachers</t> to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "teachers" in the given context.

Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context: The passage discusses American education, the education establishment, progressive education vs disciplined instruction, and how teachers view themselves. The specific sentence is: "It is nice for <t>teachers</t> to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Analysis:
- The context is clearly about people who work in education. The passage talks about "teachers" as human beings who are part of the education establishment, who prefer progressive education over disciplined instruction, who think about personality development, who minimize tests, and who have a self-definition as a profession.
- Sense 1 refers to actual human beings whose occupation is teaching (synonym: instructor).
- Sense 2 refers to personified abstractions (like books or experience being teachers).
- The examples for sense 2 make it clear it's metaphorical/personified: "books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher."
- In this context, "teachers" refers to actual educators, people working in schools. The surrounding text mentions "education establishment," "profession," "educational psychology," etc. These all point to human professionals.

Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1.

I need to return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: think
Target surface form: think
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to <t>think</t> they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=think%2:31:01:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=believe, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
2. sense_key=think%2:31:03:: | definition=expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess | examples=I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel; I thought to find her in a bad state
3. sense_key=think%2:31:00:: | definition=use or exercise the mind or one's power of reason in order to make inferences, decisions, or arrive at a solution or judgments | synonyms=cogitate, cerebrate | examples=I've been thinking all day and getting nowhere
4. sense_key=think%2:31:02:: | definition=recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection | synonyms=remember, retrieve, recall, call back, call up, recollect | examples=I can't remember saying any such thing; I can't think what her last name was
5. sense_key=think%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine or visualize | examples=Just think--you could be rich one day!; Think what a scene it must have been!
6. sense_key=think%2:31:09:: | definition=focus one's attention on a certain state | examples=Think big; think thin
7. sense_key=think%2:31:06:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, mean | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
8. sense_key=think%2:31:12:: | definition=decide by pondering, reasoning, or reflecting | examples=Can you think what to do next?
9. sense_key=think%2:31:13:: | definition=ponder; reflect on, or reason about | examples=Think the matter through; Think how hard life in Russia must be these days
10. sense_key=think%2:31:15:: | definition=dispose the mind in a certain way | examples=Do you really think so?
11. sense_key=think%2:31:14:: | definition=have or formulate in the mind | examples=think good thoughts
12. sense_key=think%2:31:08:: | definition=be capable of conscious thought | examples=Man is the only creature that thinks
13. sense_key=think%2:30:00:: | definition=bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation | examples=She thought herself into a state of panic over the final exam

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "think" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 "It is nice for teachers to <t>think</t> they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

 The sentence is saying that teachers like to believe/consider/regard themselves as being engaged in personality development, rather than just teaching basic skills. It's about how they view or judge their own work.

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=think%2:31:01:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=believe, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
    - This seems to fit. The teachers regard themselves as engaged in personality development. "Think" here means to believe or consider something to be the case.

 2. sense_key=think%2:31:03:: | definition=expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess | examples=I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel; I thought to find her in a bad state
    - This is about expectation or supposition. The context doesn't suggest expectation, but rather a belief about their current state/activity.

 3. sense_key=think%2:31:00:: | definition=use or exercise the mind or one's power of reason in order to make inferences, decisions, or arrive at a solution or judgments | synonyms=cogitate, cerebrate
    - This is about the general act of thinking/cognitive processing. Not quite right here.

 4. sense_key=think%2:31:02:: | definition=recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection
    - Not relevant here.

 5. sense_key=think%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine or visualize
    - Not about imagination here.

 6. sense_key=think%2:31:09:: | definition=focus one's attention on a certain state
    - Not about focusing attention.

 7. sense_key=think%2:31:06:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose
    - Not about intention/purpose.

 8. sense_key=think%2:31:12:: | definition=decide by pondering, reasoning, or reflecting
    - Not about deciding.

 9. sense_key=think%2:31:13:: | definition=ponder; reflect on, or reason about
    - Not about pondering.

 10. sense_key=think%2:31:15:: | definition=dispose the mind in a certain way
    - Not quite.

 11. sense_key=think%2:31:14:: | definition=have or formulate in the mind
    - Could be close, but sense 1 seems better.

 12. sense_key=think%2:31:08:: | definition=be capable of conscious thought
    - Not relevant.

 13. sense_key=think%2:30:00:: | definition=bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation
    - Not relevant.

 The best fit is sense 1: "judge or regard; look upon; judge" with synonyms believe, consider, conceive.

 The structure "think they are engaged in..." matches the example "I think he is very smart" - it's about holding a belief or making a judgment about a state of affairs.

 So the answer should be sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: personality
Target surface form: personality
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "<t>personality</t> development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=personality%1:07:00:: | definition=the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual | examples=their different reactions reflected their very different personalities; it is his nature to help others
2. sense_key=personality%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of considerable prominence | examples=she is a Hollywood personality

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "personality" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The text discusses "Progressive education" and how teachers prefer it because it allows them to think they are engaged in "personality development" rather than disciplined instruction. The phrase is "personality development" which refers to the development of the psychological characteristics of students.

 Candidate sense analysis:
 1. sense_key=personality%1:07:00:: - This refers to the complex of attributes that characterize a unique individual (psychological/character traits). Examples: "their different reactions reflected their very different personalities" - this is about individual character/traits.

 2. sense_key=personality%1:18:00:: - This refers to a famous person/celebrity. Examples: "she is a Hollywood personality" - this is about a notable person.

 In the context "personality development", this clearly refers to the development of personal characteristics, traits, and psychological attributes of individuals (students), not about developing famous people. The sense is about the abstract concept of personality as a set of characteristics, not a specific famous person.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

 The user wants me to return only a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}

 Wait, looking at the candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=personality%1:07:00::
 2. sense_key=personality%1:18:00::

 So the index would be 1.

 Let me double-check:
 - "personality development" is an educational term referring to the development of the whole person, their character, temperament, etc. This matches sense 1 (the attributes/characteristics).
 - Sense 2 is about a famous person, which doesn't fit "personality development" in an educational context about students.

 Yes, sense 1 is correct.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality <t>development</t> "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "development" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses "progressive education" vs "disciplined instruction"
 - It mentions teachers thinking they are engaged in "personality development"
 - This is contrasted with "minimize those irksome tests"
 - The context is about education, teaching, and how teachers view their role

 The specific phrase is "personality development" - this refers to the growth, maturation, or evolution of a person's personality.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. development%1:04:01:: - act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining (e.g., development of a plan, research and development)
    - This is about creating/improving plans or products, not about personal growth.

 2. development%1:22:02:: - a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage); synonyms=evolution
    - Examples: "the development of his ideas took many years", "the evolution of Greek civilization"
    - This could fit "personality development" as it implies gradual change to a more advanced stage.

 3. development%1:22:01:: - (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level; synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis
    - Examples: "osseous development in children"
    - This is specifically biological/organic growth. While personality has biological aspects, "personality development" in an educational context is usually broader than just biological.

 4. development%1:11:01:: - a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation
    - Examples: "recent developments in Iraq"
    - This is about news/events, not relevant here.

 5. development%1:04:02:: - the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful; synonyms=exploitation
    - Examples: "development of Alaskan resources"
    - This is about land/resource development, not relevant.

 6. development%1:15:00:: - a district that has been developed to serve some purpose
    - Examples: "park developments"
    - This is about real estate/urban development, not relevant.

 7. development%1:26:00:: - a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess)
    - Examples: "after he saw the latest development he changed his mind", "in chess your should take care of your development"
    - This is about the state/result of developing, or chess development. Not quite right for personality.

 8. development%1:22:00:: - processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible; synonyms=developing
    - Examples: "development and printing of his pictures"
    - Photography, not relevant.

 9. development%1:10:00:: - (music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated
    - Music theory, not relevant.

 So it's between sense 2 and sense 3.

 Sense 2 (development%1:22:02::): "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)" - synonyms include evolution.
 Sense 3 (development%1:22:01::): biological/organic growth specifically.

 "Personality development" in educational psychology refers to the process by which personality forms and evolves over time. While it has biological aspects, it's not purely biological (like bone growth or physical maturation). It's more about the gradual evolution/formation of personality traits, behaviors, etc.

 However, looking at the examples for sense 3: "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children" - this is clearly biological.
 Examples for sense 2: "the development of his ideas took many years" - this is about ideas changing over time, "the evolution of Greek civilization" - cultural/social evolution.

 "Personality development" fits better with sense 2 - it's the process of passing by degrees to a different stage (maturation of personality). It's not strictly biological (sense 3), though related. In educational contexts, "child development" or "personality development" typically refers to the broader psychological and social maturation process, not just biological growth.

 Actually, looking more carefully at WordNet sense distinctions:
 - Sense 1:22:01 is specifically biological (growth, maturation, ontogeny)
 - Sense 1:22:02 is more general process of change/evolution

 "Personality development" is about the formation and evolution of personality - this aligns with sense 2 (evolution, gradual change to a more advanced stage).

 But wait, let me reconsider. In psychology, "development" often refers to the biological and psychological growth process. However, WordNet sense 3 is specifically marked as biological: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically"

 "Personality development" is not organic/biological in the narrow sense - it's psychological. So sense 2 seems better: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)"

 The phrase "personality development" in the context suggests teachers like to think they're helping students' personalities grow/evolve/mature, rather than just teaching discipline.

 Let me check if there's any other interpretation. Could it be sense 1 (improving/expanding)? "Personality development" as an act of improving personality? Maybe, but the examples for sense 1 are about plans, research and development (R&D), emergency plans - it's about creating or improving systems/plans, not personal growth.

 So between sense 2 and sense 3, sense 2 is the better fit because:
 1. Personality development is not purely biological (unlike sense 3 which specifies biological/organic)
 2. It fits the definition of passing by degrees to a different/more mature stage
 3. The synonym "evolution" fits well with personality development

 Therefore, the answer should be sense index 2.

 Wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=development%1:04:01::
 2. sense_key=development%1:22:02::
 3. sense_key=development%1:22:01::
 4. sense_key=development%1:11:01::
 5. sense_key=development%1:04:02::
 6. sense_key=development%1:15:00::
 7. sense_key=development%1:26:00::
 8. sense_key=development%1:22:00::
 9. sense_key=development%1:10:00::

 So:
 Index 1: development%1:04:01::
 Index 2: development%1:22:02::
 Index 3: development%1:22:01::
 Index 4: development%1:11:01::
 Index 5: development%1:04:02::
 Index 6: development%1:15:00::
 Index 7: development%1:26:00::
 Index 8: development%1:22:00::
 Index 9: development%1:10:00::

 I believe the correct answer is index 2 (development%1:22:02::).

 However, I should double-check if "personality development" could be interpreted as sense 3. In developmental psychology, "development" often encompasses biological, psychological, and social changes. But WordNet specifically tags sense 3 as biological with synonyms like ontogeny, ontogenesis, growth, maturation (in the biological sense).

 Sense 2 is more general: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)" with examples like "the development of his ideas" and "the evolution of Greek civilization."

 "Personality development" is clearly about the evolution/formation of personality over time, making sense 2 the best fit.

 Final check: The context criticizes "progressive education" for focusing on "personality development" rather than disciplined instruction. This implies a focus on the student's personal growth/evolution rather than learning specific skills. This aligns with sense 2.

 Answer: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: even
Target surface form: even
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and <t>even</t> nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to disambiguate the word "even" in the given context. Let me analyze the sentence:

"It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and <t>even</t> nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

The structure is: "It is nice ... and even nicer..."

This looks like a comparative structure. "Nice" and "nicer" are being compared, with "even" intensifying the comparative "nicer."

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
   - This is about unexpectedness. The context doesn't suggest unexpectedness, but rather an escalation/intensification of the adjective "nice" to "nicer."

2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
   - This is about concession/contrast ("even though/when"). The structure here is "and even nicer" - this isn't a concessive use.

3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
   - This looks perfect. The example "looked sick and felt even worse" parallels "It is nice ... and even nicer." The synonyms "yet" and "still" also fit comparative contexts. The definition mentions "used with comparisons" - and here we have "nicer" which is the comparative form of "nice."

4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death
   - This is about extent/until ("even unto"). Not applicable here.

So sense 3 is clearly the best fit. The word "even" here is intensifying the comparative adjective "nicer," indicating "to a greater degree or extent" - it makes the comparison stronger.

The structure "nice ... and even nicer" is a classic example of sense 3, matching the example "looked sick and felt even worse."

Therefore, the answer should be {"sense_index": 3}.