[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stage
Target surface form: stages
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in <t>stages</t>. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stage%1:28:00:: | definition=any distinct time period in a sequence of events | synonyms=phase | examples=we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected
2. sense_key=stage%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, level, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=stage%1:06:00:: | definition=a large platform on which people can stand and can be seen by an audience | examples=he clambered up onto the stage and got the actors to help him into the box
4. sense_key=stage%1:10:00:: | definition=the theater as a profession (usually `the stage') | examples=an early movie simply showed a long kiss by two actors of the contemporary stage
5. sense_key=stage%1:06:01:: | definition=a large coach-and-four formerly used to carry passengers and mail on regular routes between towns | synonyms=stagecoach | examples=we went out of town together by stage about ten or twelve miles
6. sense_key=stage%1:04:00:: | definition=a section or portion of a journey or course | synonyms=leg | examples=then we embarked on the second stage of our Caribbean cruise
7. sense_key=stage%1:15:00:: | definition=any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something; --Shakespeare | examples=All the world's a stage; it set the stage for peaceful negotiations
8. sense_key=stage%1:06:02:: | definition=a small platform on a microscope where the specimen is mounted for examination | synonyms=microscope stage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to identify the correct WordNet sense for the word "stages" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:

 The sentence is: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in <t>stages</t>."

 And then: "which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

 The context describes colon cancer developing in "stages" - meaning distinct phases or time periods in a sequence of progression. It mentions "progressing from less severe to deadly" and "identifiable stages" in the development of the disease.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=stage%1:28:00:: | definition=any distinct time period in a sequence of events | synonyms=phase | examples=we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected

 2. sense_key=stage%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, level, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?

 3. sense_key=stage%1:06:00:: | definition=a large platform on which people can stand and can be seen by an audience | examples=he clambered up onto the stage and got the actors to help him into the box

 4. sense_key=stage%1:10:00:: | definition=the theater as a profession (usually `the stage') | examples=an early movie simply showed a long kiss by two actors of the contemporary stage

 5. sense_key=stage%1:06:01:: | definition=a large coach-and-four formerly used to carry passengers and mail on regular routes between towns | synonyms=stagecoach | examples=we went out of town together by stage about ten or twelve miles

 6. sense_key=stage%1:04:00:: | definition=a section or portion of a journey or course | synonyms=leg | examples=then we embarked on the second stage of our Caribbean cruise

 7. sense_key=stage%1:15:00:: | definition=any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something; --Shakespeare | examples=All the world's a stage; it set the stage for peaceful negotiations

 8. sense_key=stage%1:06:02:: | definition=a small platform on a microscope where the specimen is mounted for examination | synonyms=microscope stage

 The context is clearly about the progression of disease - colon cancer developing through different stages/phases.

 Sense 1: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events" - This fits well. The cancer develops in distinct time periods/phases in a sequence.

 Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" - This could also fit, as cancer stages (like Stage 1, Stage 2, etc.) are specific identifiable positions in the process of the disease.

 However, I need to determine which is better. Let me look more carefully.

 In medical contexts, when we talk about cancer developing "in stages," we usually mean distinct phases or periods - the disease progresses through Stage 1, Stage 2, etc.

 Sense 1 uses the synonym "phase" and mentions "distinct time period in a sequence of events."
 Sense 2 uses synonyms like "degree, level, point" and mentions "position in a continuum."

 The context mentions: "develop in stages" and "in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly"

 The phrase "progressing from less severe to deadly" suggests a sequence of events over time, which aligns well with sense 1 (distinct time period in a sequence).

 Also, sense 2 seems more like asking "at what stage are you?" referring to a specific point, whereas the plural "stages" and the context of "develop in stages" suggests multiple phases or time periods.

 Additionally, the example for sense 1: "we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected" - this suggests a period of time, which matches the cancer context where it develops over periods of time.

 The example for sense 2: "at what stage are the social sciences?" - this is asking about a specific point/position.

 Given the context discusses the development of cancer happening in stages (plural), implying multiple phases or time periods through which it progresses, sense 1 seems like the best fit.

 However, I should double-check. In WordNet, sense 1 (stage%1:28:00::) is the "time period" sense, while sense 2 (stage%1:26:00::) is the "position/state" sense.

 Actually, looking at the definitions again:

 Sense 1: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events"
 Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process"

 In cancer terminology, we refer to "stages" of cancer (Stage I, Stage II, etc.) which are specific positions in the progression of the disease. But the text says "develop in stages" which could mean either.

 Let me look at the specific phrasing in the text again: "it often seems to develop in stages" and "become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly"

 The phrase "progressing from less severe to deadly" strongly implies a temporal sequence, which aligns with sense 1 (time period).

 Also, sense 1 has synonym "phase" which is commonly used with cancer (phases of cancer development).

 But wait, medical "stages" of cancer are typically sense 2? Let me think about the WordNet senses more carefully.

 Actually, looking at the semantic categories:
 - sense 1 is under noun.time (1:28)
 - sense 2 is under noun.state (1:26)
 - sense 3 is under noun.artifact (1:06)
 - etc.

 Cancer stages are states/conditions of the disease, which would be sense 2. But the context emphasizes the temporal progression: "develop in stages" and "progressing from less severe to deadly."

 Actually, looking at the glosses and examples:
 Sense 1 example: "we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected" - this is clearly temporal.
 Sense 2 example: "at what stage are the social sciences?" - this is about a state/level/degree.

 The text says "develop in stages" - development over time suggests temporal stages (sense 1). And "progressing from less severe to deadly" confirms the temporal aspect.

 Also, the word "phase" (synonym of sense 1) is often used interchangeably with stage in medical contexts for disease progression.

 Therefore, sense 1 (index 1) seems to be the best choice.

 Wait, let me reconsider sense 6: "a section or portion of a journey or course" - could this fit? Like stages of a journey? The text mentions "cascade of genetic damage" which is a process, but "stages" here refers to the phases of malignancy, not sections of a journey. So no.

 Sense 2 is definitely the second best candidate. But I think sense 1 is slightly better because:
 1. The context emphasizes the temporal progression ("develop", "progressing")
 2. The synonym "phase" fits better than "degree, level, point" for the plural "stages" in this developmental context
 3. The phrase "in identifiable stages" modifying the development process suggests distinct periods

 Actually, looking at the WordNet examples more carefully, and thinking about how "stage" is used in English...

 When we say something "develops in stages", we usually mean it goes through distinct phases or periods (sense 1).
 When we ask "at what stage is the cancer?" we could mean either, but typically we're asking what state/level it's at (sense 2).

 But the plural "stages" in the context of development strongly points to sense 1.

 Let me verify by looking for similar usages. "Develop in stages" - this is similar to "we are in a transitional stage" (example for sense 1).

 Also, the mention of "cascade" suggests a sequence of events over time.

 I will go with sense 1.

 Wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user asks for the index number. The senses are numbered 1-8 in the list. So if I choose sense_key=stage%1:28:00::, that is index 1.

 But let me double-check if sense 2 might actually be better.

 Actually, looking at the medical definition of "stage" as a noun - it's defined as "a distinct phase in a course of events or process" or "a specific point or period in a process of development."

 WordNet sense 1: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events"
 WordNet sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process"

 In the TNM staging system for cancer, stages are definite levels (I, II, III, IV) which are positions in the process. So sense 2 could work.

 However, the text says "develop in stages" which is more about the temporal progression through phases, and "become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly" - this describes the progression through time periods/phases.

 Also, looking at the gloss for sense 2: "position in a continuum" - while cancer stages are positions, the emphasis in the text is on the temporal development and progression, not just static positions.

 But actually, "stage" in cancer terminology is technically a classification of how far the disease has progressed - a position in the progression.

 However, given the specific context clues:
 - "develop in stages" (temporal)
 - "progressing from less severe to deadly" (temporal sequence)
 - "cascade of genetic damage" (sequence of events)

 I believe sense 1 is the intended answer.

 One more check: sense 1 has the synonym "phase", and we often talk about "phases" of cancer or disease development.

 I will go with index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It <t>often</t> is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "often" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel..."
 - The "It" refers to "colon cancer" from the previous sentence.
 - The meaning is that colon cancer is frequently/preceded by polyps, or in many cases/instances it is preceded by polyps.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
    - This suggests repetition over time, short intervals. "Many times at short intervals" implies frequency of occurrence.
    - Example: meeting frequently/regularly.

 2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
    - This seems to relate to quantity or degree ("much", "a great deal").
    - The examples show "much" used with non-count nouns (drink, travel).
    - This doesn't fit well with the context "It often is preceded by..." which is about the frequency of a relationship/occurrence, not quantity.

 3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances
    - This suggests that across many cases or instances, something happens.
    - In the context: "colon cancer... because it often seems to develop in stages" and "It often is preceded by the development of polyps..."
    - This is talking about the disease process in general - in many cases/instances of colon cancer, it is preceded by polyps.
    - This is about the statistical frequency across cases, not necessarily "many times at short intervals" (which suggests repeated actions by the same subject).

 Let me compare sense 1 and sense 3 more carefully:

 Sense 1: "many times at short intervals" - This is about habitual or repeated actions. Like "we often met" - implies multiple meetings over time.

 Sense 3: "in many cases or instances" - This is about the proportion of cases where something is true. Like "Smoking often causes cancer" meaning in many instances/cases, smoking causes cancer.

 In the given context: "It [colon cancer] often is preceded by the development of polyps..."
 This is stating a general truth about the disease: in many cases/instances of colon cancer, polyps develop first. It's not saying that the same instance of cancer is preceded by polyps many times at short intervals. It's saying that across the population of colon cancer cases, many of them are preceded by polyps.

 Also, looking at the previous sentence: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages."
 Here "often" means "in many cases" or "frequently" in the sense of being common, not "many times at short intervals."

 Actually, looking at WordNet's organization:
 - often%4:02:00:: is the "frequently" sense (temporal frequency)
 - often%4:02:02:: is the "in many cases" sense (generic/habitual)

 The distinction is subtle. Sense 1 is about events happening frequently (temporal). Sense 3 is about something being true in many cases (generic).

 In "It often is preceded by...", we're talking about a generalization: in many cases of colon cancer, it is preceded by polyps. This is sense 3.

 Let me verify with the examples:
 - Sense 1 example: "we often met over a cup of coffee" - habitual action, temporal frequency.
 - Sense 3: no example given, but "in many cases or instances" clearly points to generic statements about classes of events.

 The context is describing a biological/medical generalization about how colon cancer typically progresses. This fits "in many cases or instances" (sense 3) better than "many times at short intervals" (sense 1).

 Wait, I should check if there's any other interpretation. Could it be sense 2? "frequently or in great quantities" - synonyms "much, a great deal". This seems to be about degree/intensity. "I don't drink much" - quantity. This doesn't fit "It often is preceded by..." which is about sequential events or conditional probability, not quantity.

 So it's between sense 1 and sense 3.

 The key distinction:
 - Sense 1: temporal frequency (how frequently an event occurs over time)
 - Sense 3: frequency across cases/instances (how common something is among a class)

 "Colon cancer often is preceded by polyps" = In many cases of colon cancer, polyps come first. This is sense 3.

 If it were "He often checked the samples", that would be sense 1 (many times at short intervals).

 Therefore, the best sense is 3.

 Wait, I need to be careful. Let me look at the actual WordNet entries to make sure I understand the distinction correctly, based on standard WSD practices.

 In WordNet 3.0/3.1:
 - often%4:02:00:: - many times at short intervals; "we often met over a cup of coffee"
 - often%4:02:01:: - frequently or in great quantities; "I don't drink much"; "I don't travel much" (this is actually the "much" sense)
 - often%4:02:02:: - in many cases or instances

 The context: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps..."
 This is a generic statement about a class of events (colon cancer cases). It means "in many instances of colon cancer, it is preceded by polyps."

 This aligns perfectly with sense 3: "in many cases or instances."

 Sense 1 would imply that the same colon cancer is preceded by polyps many times, which doesn't make sense (you get cancer once, preceded by polyps once). Or it would imply that the event "being preceded by polyps" happens many times at short intervals, which is odd.

 Actually, strictly speaking, "often" in "It often is preceded by..." could be interpreted as "frequently" in the sense of "commonly" (sense 1), but WordNet distinguishes between temporal frequency (sense 1) and frequency across cases (sense 3).

 Given the medical/scientific context describing a general pattern ("in many cases"), sense 3 is the most precise fit.

 Final check: The sentence "because it often seems to develop in stages" also supports sense 3 - in many cases, it develops in stages.

 So the answer should be sense_index: 3.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Chutes

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: precede
Target surface form: preceded
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is <t>preceded</t> by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=precede%2:42:00:: | definition=be earlier in time; go back further | synonyms=predate, forego, forgo, antecede, antedate | examples=Stone tools precede bronze tools
2. sense_key=precede%2:42:01:: | definition=come before | synonyms=predate | examples=Most English adjectives precede the noun they modify
3. sense_key=precede%2:41:00:: | definition=be the predecessor of | synonyms=come before | examples=Bill preceded John in the long line of Susan's husbands
4. sense_key=precede%2:38:00:: | definition=move ahead (of others) in time or space | synonyms=lead
5. sense_key=precede%2:32:03:: | definition=furnish with a preface or introduction | synonyms=preface, premise, introduce | examples=She always precedes her lectures with a joke; He prefaced his lecture with a critical remark about the institution

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the lemma "precede" with the surface form "preceded" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel..."
 - This is talking about colon cancer development
 - Colon cancer is often preceded (comes before) by the development of polyps
 - The polyps come first, then the cancer develops
 - So "preceded" here means "comes before in time" or "is earlier in time"

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=precede%2:42:00:: | definition=be earlier in time; go back further | synonyms=predate, forego, forgo, antecede, antedate | examples=Stone tools precede bronze tools
    - This seems to fit well. The development of polyps is earlier in time than the colon cancer.
    - The example "Stone tools precede bronze tools" is analogous - stone tools came earlier in time.

 2. sense_key=precede%2:42:01:: | definition=come before | synonyms=predate | examples=Most English adjectives precede the noun they modify
    - This is about word order/position, not temporal sequence. The example shows linguistic ordering.
    - Not the right sense here.

 3. sense_key=precede%2:41:00:: | definition=be the predecessor of | synonyms=come before | examples=Bill preceded John in the long line of Susan's husbands
    - This is about being a predecessor in a sequence or line (like a line of husbands).
    - While temporal, it emphasizes the role of being a predecessor rather than just occurring earlier in time.
    - The example suggests a sequence of people or items where one comes before another in a line or series.
    - In the context, polyps are not exactly "predecessors" in the sense of a lineage or sequence of holders of a position, but rather an earlier stage in a disease process.

 4. sense_key=precede%2:38:00:: | definition=move ahead (of others) in time or space | synonyms=lead
    - This suggests actively moving ahead, like leading a race.
    - The context is passive (is preceded by), and it's about disease stages, not moving ahead physically.

 5. sense_key=precede%2:32:03:: | definition=furnish with a preface or introduction | synonyms=preface, premise, introduce
    - This is about adding a preface or introduction to something.
    - Completely wrong for this medical context.

 Between sense 1 and sense 3:
 - Sense 1: "be earlier in time; go back further" - focuses on temporal sequence
 - Sense 3: "be the predecessor of" - focuses on being a predecessor in a sequence or line

 The context is about disease progression: polyps develop first, then cancer develops. This is a temporal relationship - the polyps are earlier in time.

 Sense 1's example "Stone tools precede bronze tools" is exactly analogous - one thing comes earlier in time than another.

 Sense 3's example "Bill preceded John in the long line of Susan's husbands" suggests a sequence of individuals filling a role or position.

 The medical context describes a temporal sequence of events: first polyps, then cancer. This aligns best with sense 1.

 Also, looking at the glosses:
 - Sense 1: "be earlier in time"
 - Sense 3: "be the predecessor of"

 The text says "It [colon cancer] often is preceded by the development of polyps" - meaning the development of polyps is earlier in time than the cancer.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the best choice.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys format. The user provided:
 1. sense_key=precede%2:42:00::
 2. sense_key=precede%2:42:01::
 3. sense_key=precede%2:41:00::
 4. sense_key=precede%2:38:00::
 5. sense_key=precede%2:32:03::

 These correspond to:
 - %2:42:00:: is usually the "be earlier in time" sense
 - %2:42:01:: is usually the "come before" in word order sense
 - %2:41:00:: is usually the "be the predecessor of" sense
 - %2:38:00:: is the "move ahead" sense
 - %2:32:03:: is the "furnish with a preface" sense

 Yes, sense 1 is correct.

 The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the <t>development</t> of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "development" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about colon cancer and how it develops in stages
 - Specifically: "It often is preceded by the <t>development</t> of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

 The key clues:
 1. "development of polyps" - polyps are growths/tumors
 2. "become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages"
 3. "progressing from less severe to deadly"
 4. This is a biological/medical context about cancer progression

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: - act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining
    - This seems to be about planning/improving something (like R&D), not biological growth.

 2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: - a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)
    - Synonyms: evolution
    - Examples: "the development of his ideas took many years"
    - This is about gradual change/progression through stages.

 3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: - (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level
    - Synonyms: growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis
    - Examples: "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children"
    - This is specifically about biological growth of an organism.

 4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: - a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation
    - This is about news/events (like "recent developments in Iraq")

 5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: - the act of making some area of land or water more profitable...
    - This is about land development/exploitation.

 6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: - a district that has been developed...
    - This is about real estate/urban development.

 7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: - a state in which things are improving...
    - This is about the state/result of developing (like in chess).

 8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: - processing a photosensitive material...
    - This is about photography.

 9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: - (music) the section of a composition...
    - This is about music composition.

 Now, deciding between sense 2 and sense 3:

 Sense 3 is specifically biological: "the process of an individual organism growing organically"
 - The context is about polyps (abnormal growths of tissue) in the bowel
 - Polyps are biological growths
 - However, the text emphasizes the progression through stages: "become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly"

 Sense 2 is: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)"
 - This captures the "stages" aspect mentioned in the text
 - The text explicitly mentions "develop in stages" and "progressing from less severe to deadly"
 - The synonym "evolution" fits with the idea of progression through stages

 But wait, sense 3 is specifically biological. Polyps are biological growths. The text says "development of polyps" - polyps are tissue growths.

 However, looking closely at the context:
 - "It often seems to develop in stages"
 - "preceded by the development of polyps"
 - "become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages"
 - "progressing from less severe to deadly"

 The emphasis is on the process of change through stages (from benign polyp to malignant cancer).

 But sense 3 is defined as: "the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level"

 Are polyps considered "individual organisms"? No, polyps are growths within an organism (the human body). They are not individual organisms themselves.

 Also, sense 3 examples include "osseous development in children" - this is about normal growth of a child.

 Sense 2 examples: "the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization"

 But the context is biological/medical. However, the key aspect here is the progression through stages of the disease/cancer.

 Actually, looking at WordNet sense 1:22:01 (sense 3 in the list):
 - "growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis"
 - This is about an organism growing.

 Sense 1:22:02 (sense 2 in the list):
 - "evolution"
 - "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage"

 In the context of cancer, "development" refers to the process by which polyps form and progress through stages to become malignant. This is a biological process, but is it "growth of an individual organism"?

 Polyps are neoplasms - abnormal growths of tissue. The "development" here refers to their formation and progression.

 However, looking at the specific phrasing: "the development of polyps in the bowel" - this could mean the growth/forming of polyps.

 But the text emphasizes the staged progression: "develop in stages", "progressing from less severe to deadly".

 Let me reconsider sense 3 vs sense 2.

 Sense 3 (biology): "the process of an individual organism growing organically"
 - Polyps are not individual organisms, they are parts of an organism (the colon).
 - However, biologically, "development" can refer to the growth of tissues or organs, not just whole organisms.

 But strictly by the WordNet definition provided: "process of an individual organism growing organically"

 Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage"
 - This fits the "stages" aspect perfectly.
 - The text explicitly mentions stages multiple times.

 However, is there a sense about biological progression of disease?

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet, sense 1:22:02 is often used for the development of diseases, ideas, etc. - gradual progression.

 Sense 1:22:01 is specifically about ontogeny - the development of an organism from embryo to adult.

 Given that polyps are not individual organisms, and the emphasis is on the progression through stages (from benign to malignant), sense 2 seems more appropriate.

 But wait, let me check if there's a pattern in WordNet for "development of cancer" or "development of polyps".

 In WordNet, "development" sense 2 (1:22:02) is the general "evolution" sense - gradual progression.
 Sense 3 (1:22:01) is specifically biological growth/ontogeny.

 The context mentions "cancer suppressor genes" and "genetic damage" - this is biological. But the specific usage "development of polyps" refers to the formation and growth of these tissue masses.

 However, the key discriminator is that the text emphasizes the staged nature: "develop in stages", "identifiable stages", "progressing from less severe to deadly". This aligns with sense 2's definition: "passes by degrees to a different stage".

 Also, sense 2's synonym is "evolution", and the text describes a process similar to evolution - gradual change over stages.

 But I should check if "development" in the context of disease progression is typically sense 2 or sense 3.

 Sense 3 is specifically labeled as biology and refers to "individual organism". Polyps are not individual organisms.

 Therefore, sense 2 is the better fit: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage".

 However, looking at the example for sense 3: "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children" - this is about biological growth.

 And sense 2: "the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization" - this is about abstract or historical progression.

 But the context is clearly biological/medical. However, the "stages" aspect is dominant.

 Let me look at the sentence again: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages"

 The "development" here refers to the formation and growth of polyps, and their subsequent progression through malignant stages.

 Actually, looking carefully, "development" is referring to the polyps themselves forming and growing. This is a biological growth process.

 But given that sense 3 is restricted to "individual organism", and polyps are not organisms, sense 2 might be the intended sense for biological processes that aren't whole-organism ontogeny.

 Wait, I should check if WordNet distinguishes these. In WordNet 3.0/3.1:
 - development%1:22:01:: = growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis = "the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level"
 - development%1:22:02:: = evolution = "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)"

 The context describes cancer development as a multi-stage process: "arise from multiple 'hits'", "develop in stages", "cascade of genetic damage".

 The phrase "development of polyps" is parallel to "development of cancer" or "development of the disease".

 In medical contexts, "development" usually maps to sense 2 (gradual progression through stages) rather than sense 3 (ontogeny/growth of an organism).

 For example, "the development of the disease" would be sense 2, not sense 3, because a disease is not an individual organism.

 Polyps are growths, but they are pathological growths, not the normal development of an organism.

 Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice.

 But let me double-check: could it be sense 1 (improving/expanding)? No, that's for plans, R&D.
 Sense 4 (recent event)? No.
 Sense 5 (land development)? No.
 Sense 7 (state of improving)? No, that's a state, not a process.
 Sense 8 (photography)? No.
 Sense 9 (music)? No.

 So it's between 2 and 3.

 The key is "individual organism" in sense 3. Since polyps are not individual organisms, and the process described is the progression of cancer through stages (which is not the normal ontogeny of an organism), sense 2 is correct.

 The answer should be sense_index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of <t>polyps</t> in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "polyps" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about colon cancer research
 - It mentions "polyps in the bowel"
 - It describes them as preceding colon cancer and becoming increasingly malignant
 - This is clearly referring to medical/growth polyps in the human body, specifically in the colon/bowel

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
    - This refers to medical polyps, which are abnormal tissue growths projecting from a mucous membrane
    - This fits the context perfectly - colon polyps are growths on the mucous membrane of the colon/bowel

 2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase
    - This refers to the biological/zoological sense of polyp - the sessile stage of cnidarians (like coral, jellyfish, etc.)
    - This does not fit the context about colon cancer and bowel growths

 The context clearly indicates medical polyps in the human colon/bowel that can become cancerous. This is sense 1.

 The target surface form is "polyps" (plural), but the sense is the same as the singular "polyp".

 Therefore, the correct sense index is 1.

 I need to return a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: case
Target surface form: cases
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some <t>cases</t> become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=case%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=instance, example | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday
2. sense_key=case%1:26:00:: | definition=a special set of circumstances | synonyms=event | examples=in that event, the first possibility is excluded; it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled
3. sense_key=case%1:04:00:: | definition=a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy | synonyms=lawsuit, suit, cause, causa | examples=the family brought suit against the landlord
4. sense_key=case%1:09:00:: | definition=the actual state of things | examples=that was not the case
5. sense_key=case%1:06:00:: | definition=a portable container for carrying several objects | examples=the musicians left their instrument cases backstage
6. sense_key=case%1:18:03:: | definition=a person requiring professional services | examples=a typical case was the suburban housewife described by a marriage counselor
7. sense_key=case%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation | synonyms=subject, guinea pig | examples=the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly; the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities
8. sense_key=case%1:10:02:: | definition=a problem requiring investigation | examples=Perry Mason solved the case of the missing heir
9. sense_key=case%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument | examples=he stated his case clearly
10. sense_key=case%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity contained in a case | synonyms=caseful
11. sense_key=case%1:10:00:: | definition=nouns or pronouns or adjectives (often marked by inflection) related in some way to other words in a sentence | synonyms=grammatical case
12. sense_key=case%1:26:02:: | definition=a specific state of mind that is temporary | examples=a case of the jitters
13. sense_key=case%1:18:04:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, type | examples=a real character; a strange character
14. sense_key=case%1:10:03:: | definition=a specific size and style of type within a type family | synonyms=font, fount, typeface, face
15. sense_key=case%1:08:00:: | definition=an enveloping structure or covering enclosing an animal or plant organ or part | synonyms=sheath
16. sense_key=case%1:06:06:: | definition=the housing or outer covering of something | synonyms=shell, casing | examples=the clock has a walnut case
17. sense_key=case%1:06:07:: | definition=the enclosing frame around a door or window opening | synonyms=casing | examples=the casings had rotted away and had to be replaced
18. sense_key=case%1:06:03:: | definition=(printing) the receptacle in which a compositor has his type, which is divided into compartments for the different letters, spaces, or numbers | synonyms=compositor's case, typesetter's case | examples=for English, a compositor will ordinarily have two such cases, the upper case containing the capitals and the lower case containing the small letters
19. sense_key=case%1:06:02:: | definition=bed linen consisting of a cover for a pillow | synonyms=pillowcase, slip, pillow slip | examples=the burglar carried his loot in a pillowcase
20. sense_key=case%1:06:01:: | definition=a glass container used to store and display items in a shop or museum or home | synonyms=display case, showcase, vitrine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "cases" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about Dr. Vogelstein researching colon cancer
 - It mentions polyps in the bowel which in some "cases" become increasingly malignant
 - The phrase is "which in some cases become increasingly malignant"

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. case%1:11:00:: - an occurrence of something (instance, example)
    - Example: "it was a case of bad judgment"
    - This could fit: "in some cases" = "in some instances"

 2. case%1:26:00:: - a special set of circumstances (event)
    - Example: "in that event", "in which case"
    - This is more about conditional circumstances

 3. case%1:04:00:: - legal proceeding
    - Not relevant here

 4. case%1:09:00:: - the actual state of things
    - Not relevant

 5. case%1:06:00:: - portable container
    - Not relevant

 6. case%1:18:03:: - a person requiring professional services
    - Not relevant (medical patient sense)

 7. case%1:18:02:: - a person who is subjected to experimental procedures (subject, guinea pig)
    - Example: "the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities"
    - This is about medical/research subjects

 8. case%1:10:02:: - a problem requiring investigation
    - Not relevant

 9. case%1:10:01:: - statement of facts and reasons
    - Not relevant

 10. case%1:23:00:: - quantity contained in a case
    - Not relevant

 11. case%1:10:00:: - grammatical case
    - Not relevant

 12. case%1:26:02:: - specific state of mind
    - Not relevant

 13. case%1:18:04:: - person of specified kind (character)
    - Not relevant

 14. case%1:10:03:: - type/font
    - Not relevant

 15. case%1:08:00:: - enveloping structure
    - Not relevant

 16. case%1:06:06:: - housing/outer covering
    - Not relevant

 17. case%1:06:07:: - frame around door/window
    - Not relevant

 18. case%1:06:03:: - compositor's case
    - Not relevant

 19. case%1:06:02:: - pillowcase
    - Not relevant

 20. case%1:06:01:: - display case
    - Not relevant

 Now deciding between sense 1 and sense 7 (and possibly sense 6):

 The phrase is: "which in some cases become increasingly malignant"

 This is referring to polyps in the bowel. The word "cases" here refers to instances or occurrences where polyps become malignant.

 However, looking at sense 7: "a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation" - this is about people/patients.

 Sense 6: "a person requiring professional services" - also about people.

 Sense 1: "an occurrence of something" - this fits "in some cases" meaning "in some instances" or "in some occurrences".

 But wait, looking at the context more carefully: "polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant"

 This is talking about instances/occurrences of polyps becoming malignant. It's not talking about people (patients), but rather instances of the disease progression.

 However, in medical contexts, "cases" often refers to individual patients or instances of the disease (medical cases).

 Let me look at the examples for sense 7 again: "the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities" - this suggests medical/research subjects.

 But in the sentence "polyps... which in some cases become increasingly malignant", the "cases" refers to the polyps themselves or the instances/situations where this happens, not to people.

 Actually, looking closely: "polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant"

 The antecedent of "which" is "polyps". So it's saying "polyps... which in some cases become increasingly malignant". This means "in some instances" or "in some cases [of polyps]".

 This aligns with sense 1: "an occurrence of something" - instance, example.

 But let me check sense 2: "a special set of circumstances" - "in which case" is used for conditional circumstances. The phrase "in some cases" can mean "in some circumstances".

 However, sense 1 seems more appropriate for "in some cases" when referring to occurrences or instances of something happening.

 Wait, looking at WordNet sense 1: case%1:11:00:: - an occurrence of something
 Synonyms: instance, example
 Examples: "it was a case of bad judgment"; "another instance occurred yesterday"

 The phrase "in some cases" is a very common expression meaning "in some instances".

 But I should also consider if this is sense 7 (medical case). In medical literature, "cases" often refers to patients. However, here the subject is "polyps", not people. The polyps are what become malignant. So "cases" here refers to instances of polyps, not patients.

 Therefore, sense 1 seems correct.

 However, let me double-check sense 7's definition: "a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation"

 The example given is: "the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities"

 In our context, the text is discussing medical research, but the specific use of "cases" in "in some cases" refers to instances of the polyps becoming malignant, not to the research subjects themselves.

 Actually, looking at the broader context: Dr. Vogelstein is studying colon cancer. The sentence says polyps "in some cases become increasingly malignant". This is a general statement about the disease process, not specifically about the research subjects he is studying (though he will study them).

 The phrase "in some cases" is an idiomatic expression meaning "sometimes" or "in some instances". This maps to sense 1.

 Let me verify by looking at the other senses again to make sure I'm not missing something.

 Sense 2: "in which case" - this is used differently, like "if it rains, in which case we will cancel". The phrase "in some cases" is not using "case" in this conditional sense.

 So I believe the answer is sense 1 (index 1).

 Wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user lists the senses with numbers 1-20. I need to return the index number.

 Sense 1: case%1:11:00::
 Sense 2: case%1:26:00::
 etc.

 So if I choose sense 1, I return {"sense_index": 1}

 But let me reconsider sense 7 one more time. Could "cases" refer to medical cases (patients)? The sentence is: "polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant"

 If "cases" referred to patients, it would say something like "patients with polyps, in some cases, develop..." But here the subject is polyps. Polyps are not people. So "cases" cannot be sense 6, 7, or 13 (which all refer to people).

 Therefore, it must be sense 1: an occurrence/instance.

 Final check: Is there any other sense that could fit?
 - Sense 12: "a case of the jitters" - specific state of mind - no
 - Sense 4: "that was not the case" - actual state of things - no, that's usually "the case" not "some cases"

 So yes, sense 1 is the best choice.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: become
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases <t>become</t> increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "become" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases <t>become</t> increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."
 - The subject is "polyps in the bowel"
 - The complement is "increasingly malignant"
 - The meaning is that the polyps undergo a change from benign (or less severe) to malignant (deadly)

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
    - This sense is about entering a state or condition. "Become annoyed" is entering a state of annoyance.
    - In our context, the polyps are entering the state of being malignant. This could fit.

 2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
    - This sense emphasizes undergoing a change or transformation.
    - "The water turned into ice" - transformation from water to ice.
    - "Her former friend became her worst enemy" - transformation in relationship/status.
    - In our context, polyps are undergoing a change from benign/pre-malignant to malignant. This seems to fit well with the idea of transformation/change.

 3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
    - This is about coming into existence. The example "What becomes has duration" suggests philosophical existence.
    - This doesn't fit our context. The polyps already exist; they are changing, not coming into existence.

 4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!
    - This is the archaic/poetic sense meaning "to be suitable for" or "look good on".
    - "Mourning becomes Electra" means mourning suits/fits Electra.
    - This is clearly not the meaning in the medical context.

 Now between sense 1 and sense 2:

 Sense 1 (enter or assume a certain state or condition):
 - Examples: "He became annoyed", "It must be getting more serious"
 - Focus on entering a state

 Sense 2 (undergo a change or development):
 - Examples: "The water turned into ice", "Her former friend became her worst enemy"
 - Focus on transformation/change from one thing to another

 In the context: "polyps ... become increasingly malignant"
 - The polyps are changing from one state (benign/less severe) to another (malignant/deadly).
 - The text explicitly mentions "progressing from less severe to deadly" and "develop in stages".
 - This suggests a process of change or development, not just entering a static state.

 However, "become increasingly malignant" could also be interpreted as entering the state of being malignant (or increasingly so).

 Let me look more carefully at the distinction between sense 1 and sense 2 in WordNet.

 Sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition" - this is the most common sense, used with adjectives like "become angry", "become tired", "become dark".

 Sense 2: "undergo a change or development" - this is often used with noun phrases indicating a change of identity or form, like "become a doctor", "become an enemy", "turn into ice".

 In the sentence: "become increasingly malignant"
 - "malignant" is an adjective describing a state/condition.
 - But the context emphasizes the process: "develop in stages", "progressing from less severe to deadly", "cascade".

 Actually, looking at the examples for sense 2: "The water turned into ice" (change of state/phase), "Her former friend became her worst enemy" (change of relationship).

 Looking at sense 1 examples: "He became annoyed" (entering a state), "It must be getting more serious" (entering a more serious condition).

 The phrase "become increasingly malignant" seems to fit better with sense 1 (entering/assuming a state), where the state is "increasingly malignant".

 But wait, the definition of sense 2 is "undergo a change or development". The polyps are definitely undergoing a change - they are progressing from polyps to malignant tumors.

 Let me reconsider the WordNet senses. In WordNet:
 - become.v.01: enter or assume a certain state or condition ("He became annoyed")
 - become.v.02: undergo a change or development ("The water turned into ice")
 - become.v.03: come into existence ("What becomes has duration")
 - become.v.04: enhance the appearance of ("Mourning becomes Electra")

 The key distinction between v.01 and v.02 is:
 - v.01 is for predicative adjectives (become + ADJ) or states
 - v.02 is for predicative nouns or change of category (become + NOUN)

 But "become increasingly malignant" has an adjective phrase "increasingly malignant".

 However, looking at the context more carefully: "which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly"

 The dash explains the process: progressing from one stage to another. This is clearly a developmental change.

 But syntactically, "become malignant" is ambiguous between the two senses. However, in WordNet classification:
 - "become angry" -> sense 1
 - "become an enemy" -> sense 2
 - "become ice" -> sense 2

 "Become malignant" - malignant is an adjective, but it describes a type/state of the polyp. The polyp is becoming (transforming into) a malignant growth.

 Actually, looking at medical contexts, when we say a polyp "becomes malignant", we mean it undergoes a transformation/metamorphosis from a benign polyp to a malignant tumor. This is a change in kind or character.

 But "become" + adjective typically maps to sense 1.

 Let me check if there are any examples in WordNet that might clarify. The user provided:
 Sense 1: "He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious"
 Sense 2: "The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy"

 "Become her worst enemy" - here "enemy" is a noun.
 "Become annoyed" - here "annoyed" is an adjective.

 In our target: "become increasingly malignant" - "malignant" is an adjective.

 So syntactically, it looks like sense 1.

 However, the semantic content emphasizes the developmental process: "progressing from less severe to deadly", "develop in stages". This suggests sense 2 (undergo a change or development).

 But wait, sense 1 also covers "getting more serious" which implies a progression.

 Let me think about this differently. In WordNet:
 - Sense 1 (become%2:30:00::) is the "copular" sense with adjectives - linking the subject to a state.
 - Sense 2 (become%2:42:01::) is the "transformative" sense - changing from one thing to another.

 The phrase "become increasingly malignant" is describing the polyps taking on the property of malignancy. This is a state change.

 But the context mentions "develop in stages" and "progressing from less severe to deadly". This progression language might suggest sense 2.

 Actually, looking at the definition of sense 2 again: "undergo a change or development". The polyps are undergoing development (malignant transformation).

 I think the key is that "become" in this context is being used to describe a process of transformation (from benign to malignant), which aligns with sense 2, even though it takes an adjectival complement.

 But I'm not entirely sure. Let me reconsider.

 In WordNet:
 - become.v.01: enter or assume a certain state or condition
 - become.v.02: undergo a change or development

 The examples for v.02 include "turn" as a synonym. "Turn malignant" is a common phrase. "Turn" implies a change/transformation.

 "Become malignant" is very similar to "turn malignant".

 Also, the phrase "become increasingly malignant" suggests a process of change over time, which fits "undergo a change or development".

 However, "become annoyed" is also a change, but it's classified as sense 1.

 The distinction might be:
 - Sense 1: entering a temporary or permanent state (emotional states, physical conditions like "become wet", "become dark")
 - Sense 2: transformation into a different kind of thing or a different role/category

 But "malignant" is a classification of the polyp. The polyp transforms from benign to malignant. This is a categorical change in medical terms.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet hierarchy:
 - Sense 1 is under verb.change (specifically verb.state?)
 - Sense 2 is under verb.change

 Both are change verbs.

 But sense 2 specifically mentions "turn" as a synonym. "Turn malignant" is definitely appropriate here.

 Also, the progression described ("progressing from less severe to deadly") emphasizes the transformational aspect.

 I think sense 2 is the best fit.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense keys:
 1. become%2:30:00:: - this is the sense for "go, get" as in "get angry", "go crazy"
 2. become%2:42:01:: - this is the sense for "turn" as in "turn into", "turn traitor"

 In the context: "become increasingly malignant"
 - This is not like "get angry" (sense 1) because it's a fundamental cellular transformation.
 - It's more like "turn malignant" (sense 2).

 Also, the word "progressing" in the context clue ("progressing from less severe to deadly") aligns with "undergo a change or development".

 Therefore, I choose sense 2.

 But I want to be careful. Is there any reason to choose sense 1?
 - "Become" + adjective is usually sense 1.
 - But "become malignant" specifically refers to the process of malignant transformation, which is a developmental change.

 Let me see if I can find how WordNet distinguishes these. In WordNet:
 - "become" sense 1: enter or assume a certain state or condition
   - Examples: "He became annoyed", "It must be getting more serious"
   - These are about entering states.

 - "become" sense 2: undergo a change or development
   - Examples: "The water turned into ice", "Her former friend became her worst enemy"
   - These are about transformation into something else.

 A polyp becoming malignant is transforming from a benign growth to a malignant tumor. It's becoming a different kind of thing (medically speaking).

 Also, the synonym "turn" fits well: "which in some cases turn increasingly malignant..."

 I think sense 2 is correct.

 One more check: sense 3 is "come into existence" - clearly wrong.
 Sense 4 is "suit" - clearly wrong.

 So it's between 1 and 2.

 Given the context emphasizes the developmental process ("develop in stages", "progressing"), and the transformation from one state to another (less severe to deadly), sense 2 (undergo a change or development) is the best fit.

 Final decision: sense_index 2.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stage
Target surface form: stages
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable <t>stages</t> -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stage%1:28:00:: | definition=any distinct time period in a sequence of events | synonyms=phase | examples=we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected
2. sense_key=stage%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, level, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=stage%1:06:00:: | definition=a large platform on which people can stand and can be seen by an audience | examples=he clambered up onto the stage and got the actors to help him into the box
4. sense_key=stage%1:10:00:: | definition=the theater as a profession (usually `the stage') | examples=an early movie simply showed a long kiss by two actors of the contemporary stage
5. sense_key=stage%1:06:01:: | definition=a large coach-and-four formerly used to carry passengers and mail on regular routes between towns | synonyms=stagecoach | examples=we went out of town together by stage about ten or twelve miles
6. sense_key=stage%1:04:00:: | definition=a section or portion of a journey or course | synonyms=leg | examples=then we embarked on the second stage of our Caribbean cruise
7. sense_key=stage%1:15:00:: | definition=any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something; --Shakespeare | examples=All the world's a stage; it set the stage for peaceful negotiations
8. sense_key=stage%1:06:02:: | definition=a small platform on a microscope where the specimen is mounted for examination | synonyms=microscope stage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "stages" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about cancer research, specifically colon cancer
 - It mentions that colon cancer "often seems to develop in stages"
 - It talks about polyps becoming "increasingly malignant in identifiable stages"
 - It describes progression "from less severe to deadly"
 - It mentions "a cascade of genetic damage"

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. stage%1:28:00:: - "any distinct time period in a sequence of events" - synonyms: phase
    - This could fit, as it refers to distinct periods in the progression of cancer.

 2. stage%1:26:00:: - "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" - synonyms: degree, level, point
    - This also fits well. The text mentions "identifiable stages" and progression from less severe to deadly, suggesting specific positions in a continuum of disease severity.

 3. stage%1:06:00:: - physical platform for performances - clearly wrong.

 4. stage%1:10:00:: - theater profession - clearly wrong.

 5. stage%1:06:01:: - stagecoach - clearly wrong.

 6. stage%1:04:00:: - section of a journey - doesn't fit the medical context of disease progression.

 7. stage%1:15:00:: - scene/setting - metaphorical usage, not fitting here.

 8. stage%1:06:02:: - microscope stage - clearly wrong.

 So it's between sense 1 and sense 2.

 Sense 1 (1:28:00) emphasizes "time period" and "sequence of events" with synonym "phase".
 Sense 2 (1:26:00) emphasizes "position in a continuum or series or process" with synonyms "degree, level, point".

 The context emphasizes:
 - "develop in stages"
 - "increasingly malignant in identifiable stages"
 - "progressing from less severe to deadly"
 - "cascade of genetic damage"

 This suggests a progression through levels or degrees of severity - a continuum. The text is talking about the cancer progressing through identifiable levels/degrees of malignancy.

 However, sense 1 is also plausible because it mentions "distinct time period in a sequence of events."

 Let me look more carefully at the examples:
 - Sense 1 example: "we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected"
 - Sense 2 example: "a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?"

 The phrase "at what stage are the social sciences?" suggests a point/level in a process, similar to the medical context.

 But the phrase "develop in stages" is very commonly used with sense 1 (time periods/phases).

 Wait, let me reconsider the specific usage in the text: "increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly"

 This describes a graded progression through levels of severity. This aligns very well with sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series".

 In medical contexts, "stage" usually refers to the extent/severity of disease (e.g., Stage I, Stage II, Stage III cancer), which maps to sense 2 (position in a continuum/series).

 Sense 1 is more about temporal phases or periods.

 The text mentions "develop in stages" which could be temporal, but then clarifies "increasingly malignant" and "progressing from less severe to deadly" which emphasizes the graded nature - positions on a scale of severity.

 Also, looking at the synonym "degree" for sense 2 - the text mentions "increasingly malignant" which relates to degrees of malignancy.

 I think sense 2 (1:26:00) is the best fit because:
 1. It emphasizes identifiable positions in a continuum/series/process
 2. The context describes progression through levels of severity (less severe to deadly)
 3. Medical staging (Stage I, II, III, IV) is about position in the progression of disease severity
 4. Synonyms include "degree" and "level" which fit the "increasingly malignant" description

 Actually, looking at WordNet more carefully:
 - Sense 1 (1:28:00) is the "phase" sense - distinct time periods
 - Sense 2 (1:26:00) is the "level, point, degree" sense - positions in a continuum

 The text says: "become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly"

 This is describing distinct steps or levels in the progression of the disease. This could arguably be either, but given the emphasis on "increasingly" and the progression from less severe to deadly (a continuum), and the medical context of cancer staging, sense 2 seems more appropriate.

 However, looking at the example for sense 1: "we are in a transitional stage" - this is similar to saying "it develops in stages."

 But the key phrase is "in identifiable stages" modifying how polyps become malignant. In oncology, "stage" refers to the extent of cancer (Stage 1, Stage 2, etc.), which is sense 2.

 Let me verify the WordNet senses:
 - 1:28:00 - time period (phase)
 - 1:26:00 - position in continuum (degree, level)

 In the sentence: "which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly"

 This describes a progression through distinct levels or degrees of severity. This is sense 2.

 The phrase "develop in stages" earlier in the text might suggest sense 1, but the specific target word is in the phrase "in identifiable stages" describing the progression of malignancy.

 Given the clarification "progressing from less severe to deadly", this indicates a graded scale (continuum), making sense 2 the better choice.

 Actually, looking at the examples again:
 - Sense 1: "we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected"
 - Sense 2: "at what stage are the social sciences?"

 The sense 2 example "at what stage are the social sciences?" implies a position in a development process, similar to "at what stage is the cancer?"

 Also, the synonym "degree" in sense 2 aligns with "increasingly malignant" (increasing in degree).

 I choose sense 2 (index 2).

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=stage%1:28:00::
 2. sense_key=stage%1:26:00::
 3. sense_key=stage%1:06:00::
 etc.

 So sense 2 corresponds to index 2.

 But let me double-check if sense 1 could be correct. "Develop in stages" - stages as phases or time periods. But the specific instance is "in identifiable stages" with the progression explanation. In medical contexts, cancer has "stages" (Stage I, II, III, IV) which are classifications of severity/extent, not just time periods. These are positions in a classification system (continuum/series).

 Therefore, sense 2 is correct.

 JSON output should be: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: progress
Target surface form: progressing
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- <t>progressing</t> from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=progress%2:30:00:: | definition=develop in a positive way | synonyms=come on, come along, advance, get on, get along, shape up | examples=He progressed well in school; My plants are coming along
2. sense_key=progress%2:38:00:: | definition=move forward, also in the metaphorical sense | synonyms=advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on | examples=Time marches on
3. sense_key=progress%2:30:01:: | definition=form or accumulate steadily | synonyms=build up, work up, build | examples=Resistance to the manager's plan built up quickly; Pressure is building up at the Indian-Pakistani border

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "progressing" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about cancer research, specifically colon cancer
 - It describes how colon cancer develops in stages
 - It mentions polyps becoming increasingly malignant in identifiable stages
 - The key phrase is: "progressing from less severe to deadly"
 - This describes a developmental process where the condition gets worse over time, moving through stages

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=progress%2:30:00:: | definition=develop in a positive way | synonyms=come on, come along, advance, get on, get along, shape up | examples=He progressed well in school; My plants are coming along
    - This sense implies positive development/improvement
    - But in the context, cancer is progressing from less severe to deadly - this is not positive development
    - However, "develop" is the key aspect here

 2. sense_key=progress%2:38:00:: | definition=move forward, also in the metaphorical sense | synonyms=advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on | examples=Time marches on
    - This is about moving forward in space or time
    - While cancer does "move forward" in a sense, this seems more about literal or metaphorical movement/progression through time

 3. sense_key=progress%2:30:01:: | definition=form or accumulate steadily | synonyms=build up, work up, build | examples=Resistance to the manager's plan built up quickly; Pressure is building up at the Indian-Pakistani border
    - This is about accumulation or building up
    - The context mentions "cascade of genetic damage" and stages of development
    - But "progressing from less severe to deadly" seems more about moving through stages rather than accumulating

 Wait, let me reconsider sense 1. The definition says "develop in a positive way" but the example "He progressed well in school" shows positive development. However, in medical contexts, diseases can "progress" meaning they develop or advance, even if negatively.

 Actually, looking at WordNet sense 2:30:00 - this is typically the sense used when talking about situations developing or improving, but it can also be used for diseases progressing (getting worse).

 But let me look more carefully at the specific context: "progressing from less severe to deadly" - this indicates movement through stages or development over time.

 Sense 2:38:00 is "move forward, also in the metaphorical sense" - this could fit as the cancer is moving forward through stages.

 However, looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1: "He progressed well in school; My plants are coming along" - these are about development/growth
 - Sense 2: "Time marches on" - this is about continuing forward
 - Sense 3: "Resistance to the manager's plan built up quickly; Pressure is building up" - these are about accumulation

 In the medical context, when we say a disease is "progressing," we usually mean it is developing or advancing to worse stages. This aligns most closely with sense 1 (develop) or sense 2 (move forward).

 But sense 1 specifically mentions "develop in a positive way" which seems contradictory to cancer progressing negatively. However, WordNet senses can be used metaphorically or in broader ways.

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet usage:
 - progress%2:30:00 usually means to develop, improve, or make progress (positive connotation)
 - progress%2:38:00 means to move forward, advance, continue

 In the context of disease progression, we typically use the "move forward/advance" sense rather than the "develop positively" sense. The disease is advancing to worse stages.

 But wait, looking at the synonyms for sense 1: come on, come along, advance, get on, get along, shape up
 And sense 2: advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on

 Both have "advance" as a synonym.

 The key difference is:
 - Sense 1: develop in a positive way (improvement)
 - Sense 2: move forward (continue, advance)

 In medical terminology, disease "progression" refers to the advancement of the disease to more severe stages - moving forward through the stages of severity. This aligns with sense 2:38:00.

 However, I should check if there's a sense that means simply "develop" without the positive connotation. Looking at the candidates provided, sense 1 explicitly says "positive way" which doesn't fit cancer getting worse.

 But actually, looking at the phrase "progressing from less severe to deadly" - this is describing a process of development through stages.

 Let me reconsider sense 3: "form or accumulate steadily" - this doesn't fit well because it's not about accumulation but about moving through stages.

 Between sense 1 and 2:
 - Sense 1 focuses on development/improvement
 - Sense 2 focuses on moving forward/continuing

 In the context: "become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly"

 This is describing the disease moving through stages, advancing from one stage to the next. This fits sense 2 (move forward, advance) better than sense 1 (develop in a positive way), since getting worse is not positive development.

 However, I need to be careful. In WordNet, sense 2:30:00 (the first one) is often used for general development/progression, and the "positive way" might be the typical but not exclusive usage.

 Let me think about the examples again:
 - Sense 1: "He progressed well in school" - development over time
 - Sense 2: "Time marches on" - continuous forward movement

 The cancer context is about development through stages over time. But "progressing from less severe to deadly" emphasizes the movement through a sequence (from X to Y).

 Actually, looking at standard WSD for "progress" in medical contexts:
 - When a disease progresses, it typically maps to sense 2:38:00 (move forward, advance) or sometimes sense 2:30:00 if the focus is on development.

 But given that sense 1 explicitly mentions "positive way" and cancer progressing to deadly stages is negative, sense 2 seems more appropriate.

 Wait, I should look at the exact wording of sense 1 again: "develop in a positive way". If the gloss explicitly says "positive way", then a disease getting worse cannot be this sense.

 Therefore, it must be sense 2: "move forward, also in the metaphorical sense" - the disease is moving forward through its stages, advancing from less severe to deadly.

 Or could it be sense 3? "form or accumulate steadily" - no, that doesn't fit the "from less severe to deadly" which indicates a directional change through stages, not accumulation.

 So sense 2 seems best.

 But let me double-check. The phrase is: "become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly"

 The dash suggests "progressing" is explaining what happens in these stages - moving from one stage to the next.

 Sense 2:38:00 synonyms: advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on
 These fit well with moving from less severe to deadly.

 Sense 2:30:00 synonyms: come on, come along, advance, get on, get along, shape up
 "Come along" and "shape up" definitely suggest improvement, which doesn't fit.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense 2.

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=progress%2:30:00::
 2. sense_key=progress%2:38:00::
 3. sense_key=progress%2:30:01::

 So sense 2 is progress%2:38:00:: - move forward, also in the metaphorical sense.

 Actually, looking at the context again, I want to make sure. Is there any chance sense 1 is correct despite the "positive way" definition?

 In some dictionaries, "progress" simply means to move forward or develop, without the positive connotation. But according to the provided glosses, sense 1 specifically says "positive way".

 The context describes a negative progression (to deadly stages), so sense 1 is inappropriate.

 Sense 3 is about accumulation/building up, which doesn't match the "from X to Y" structure indicating movement through stages.

 Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice.

 Final check: The JSON should be {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: less
Target surface form: less
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from <t>less</t> severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=less%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a lesser extent | examples=less interesting; less expensive
2. sense_key=less%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of little | examples=she walks less than she should; he works less these days

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "less" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The sentence is: "progressing from <t>less</t> severe to deadly"
 - This is describing the progression of polyps in the bowel becoming increasingly malignant
 - The structure is "less severe to deadly" - comparing degrees of severity
 - "Less" is modifying the adjective "severe"
 - This is forming the comparative degree of the adjective "severe"

 Candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=less%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a lesser extent | examples=less interesting; less expensive
 2. sense_key=less%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of little | examples=she walks less than she should; he works less these days

 Analysis:
 - Sense 1 is about forming the comparative of adjectives and adverbs (like "less interesting", "less expensive")
 - Sense 2 is the comparative of "little" used as an adverb or determiner (like "less than", "works less")

 In the context "less severe":
 - "Severe" is an adjective
 - "Less" is modifying "severe" to form the comparative
 - This matches sense 1: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs"
 - The examples for sense 1 include "less interesting" and "less expensive" - exactly parallel to "less severe"

 Sense 2 examples show "less" as a standalone comparative adverb/determiner meaning "a smaller amount" (comparative of little), not as a modifier forming the comparative of another adjective.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

 The user wants only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3} but the indices here are 1 and 2. So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense keys:
 - less%4:02:00:: - this is sense 1 in the list
 - less%4:02:01:: - this is sense 2 in the list

 So the index would be 1.

 Actually, looking at the format requested: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

 This suggests I should return the index number of the sense in the candidate list (1-indexed).

 So for sense 1 (less%4:02:00::), I return {"sense_index": 1}.

 Let me verify once more:
 - "less severe" = forming comparative of adjective "severe"
 - Sense 1: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs" - matches
 - Sense 2: "comparative of little" - this would be "less [noun]" or "less [adverb]" as in "less walking", not "less [adjective]"

 Actually, wait. "Less" can be the comparative of "little" when used as a determiner (less money) or adverb (walks less). But when used to form the comparative of another adjective (like "less severe", "less expensive"), it's a different usage.

 In WordNet:
 - less%4:02:00:: is the adverb sense "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs"
 - less%4:02:01:: is the adverb sense "comparative of 'little'"

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
 - less%4:02:00:: is the adverb sense for forming comparatives of adjectives/adverbs (e.g., less rapid, less rapidly)
 - less%4:02:01:: is the adverb sense meaning "to a lesser extent" or comparative of little (e.g., he works less)

 In "less severe", "less" is modifying the adjective "severe" to indicate a lower degree of severity. This is exactly sense 1.

 So the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: ModelRun