[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three <t>years</t> to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "years" in the given context.

 Target lemma: year
 Target surface form: years
 Context: "...pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three <t>years</t> to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change..."

 Candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
 2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
 3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
 4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

 Analysis:
 The phrase is "over the next three years" - referring to a duration of time covering three calendar years (365/366 days each). This is about providing money annually over a period of three years.

 Sense 1: "a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days" - This fits. "Three years" means three periods of 365/366 days. The examples include "she is 4 years old" which is similar usage (age measured in years).

 Sense 2: "a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity" - This is for specific types of years like "school year", "fiscal year", "academic year". The context here is just regular calendar years, not a specific activity-based year.

 Sense 3: "the period of time that it takes for a planet to make a complete revolution around the sun" - This is the astronomical definition. While technically related, in common parlance when we say "three years" in the context of "over the next three years", we're referring to calendar years (sense 1), not the astronomical orbital period. Also, the example mentions Martian years vs Earth years, suggesting this is for distinguishing planetary years.

 Sense 4: "a body of students who graduate together" - Clearly wrong. Not about students.

 So it's between sense 1 and sense 3.

 Sense 1 (year%1:28:01::) is the standard sense for counting years in general contexts like "three years", "four years old", "in the year 1920".

 Sense 3 (year%1:28:00::) is more specific to astronomical/technical contexts emphasizing the orbital period.

 The phrase "over the next three years" refers to three consecutive periods of 365/366 days (calendar years). This matches sense 1.

 The examples for sense 1 include "she is 4 years old" which uses "years" as a plural count of 365-day periods, exactly matching our target usage.

 Therefore, the correct sense is index 1.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense numbering. Sometimes the indices can be tricky.

 The user lists:
 1. sense_key=year%1:28:01::
 2. sense_key=year%1:28:02::
 3. sense_key=year%1:28:00::
 4. sense_key=year%1:14:00::

 So index 1 corresponds to year%1:28:01:: (365/366 days).
 Index 3 corresponds to year%1:28:00:: (orbital period).

 In WordNet 3.0/3.1:
 - year%1:28:00:: is usually the astronomical year (orbital period)
 - year%1:28:01:: is usually the calendar year (365 days)
 - year%1:28:02:: is the academic/fiscal year

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet:
 - year%1:28:00:: - the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun
 - year%1:28:01:: - a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days; "she is 4 years old"; "in the year 1920"
 - year%1:28:02:: - a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity; "a school year"

 So yes, for "three years" in the context of "over the next three years" (meaning three calendar years), sense 1 (year%1:28:01::) is correct.

 The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: StreamLake


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer <t>countries</t> adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "countries" in the given context. The target lemma is "country" and the surface form is "countries" (plural).

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about climate change negotiations and agreements
 - It mentions "developed and major emerging economies"
 - It mentions "industrial nations" and "major developing countries"
 - It mentions "poorer countries" in the specific sentence: "The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer <t>countries</t> adapt to the impact of climate change"

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
    - This refers to the political entity/government aspect.

 2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
    - This refers to the geographical territory.

 3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
    - This refers to the people/citizens.

 4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
    - This is the "countryside" sense, rural vs urban.

 5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country
    - This is a general region/area sense.

 In the context, "poorer countries" refers to nations/states in the geopolitical sense - specifically developing or less economically developed nations. The text is discussing international climate negotiations where different nations/countries are making pledges.

 The phrase "poorer countries" here refers to nation-states or political entities. It's talking about providing financial aid to nation-states (governments/territories) to help them adapt to climate change.

 Between sense 1 and sense 2:
 - Sense 1 focuses on the political organization/government aspect ("a politically organized body of people under a single government")
 - Sense 2 focuses on the territory ("the territory occupied by a nation")

 In international relations and climate talks contexts, "countries" usually refers to the political entities (sense 1) or sometimes the territory (sense 2). However, when we talk about "poorer countries" receiving aid to "adapt to the impact of climate change", we're referring to the nations as political/economic entities.

 Looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1 examples: "the state has elected a new president; African nations"
 - Sense 2 examples: "he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries"

 The context "poorer countries" aligns well with sense 1 (politically organized body of people under a single government) because:
 1. It's discussing international negotiations between governments
 2. It's about financial aid to nations
 3. The parallel structure mentions "industrial nations" and "developing countries" earlier - these refer to the political/economic entities

 However, sense 2 could also work as it refers to the territory occupied by a nation. But in the context of providing money to help them adapt, it's more about the political entity (the government/state) receiving the aid.

 Actually, looking more carefully at WordNet senses for "country":
 - Sense 1:14:00 is usually the primary sense - the nation-state as a political entity
 - Sense 1:15:00 is the territory/land

 In the phrase "poorer countries", in the context of international climate finance, this clearly refers to nation-states (political entities). The EU is giving money to poorer nation-states.

 But let me double-check the distinction between sense 1 and sense 3:
 - Sense 1: "a politically organized body of people under a single government" - the state/government entity
 - Sense 3: "the people who live in a nation or country" - the populace/citizens

 "Poorer countries" in this context refers to the nations as economic/political units, not specifically the people (though the people are affected). The aid goes to the government/state apparatus.

 However, looking at the examples for sense 1: "the state has elected a new president; African nations" - this confirms it's about the political entity.

 For sense 2: "he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries" - this is more about the place/territory as a location.

 In the given context, "poorer countries" are entities receiving financial aid in international negotiations. This is clearly sense 1 (the political entity).

 Wait, I should also consider if it could be sense 2. When we say "European countries" in the example for sense 2, that's similar to "poorer countries". But the key is that in the climate change context, we're talking about the nations as actors in the negotiations.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet hierarchy:
 - 1:14:00 - noun.group - a politically organized body...
 - 1:15:00 - noun.location - the territory occupied by a nation

 In the sentence: "help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change"

 This is ambiguous between the political entity (the government) and the territory. But given that:
 1. The surrounding context talks about "industrial nations", "developing countries", "major emerging economies" - these are all political/economic entities
 2. The EU is providing money to these entities
 3. The examples for sense 1 include "African nations" which is parallel to "poorer countries"

 I believe sense 1 is the best fit.

 But let me reconsider sense 2. The examples include "he visited several European countries". If I substitute "poorer" for "European", we get "poorer countries" which could fit sense 2. However, the context of receiving aid and being part of international negotiations pushes toward sense 1.

 Actually, looking at standard WSD for "country" in similar contexts:
 - When referring to nation-states in political contexts, sense 1 is typically used.
 - Sense 2 is more about the land/territory itself.

 The phrase "poorer countries" refers to economically poor nation-states.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 1.

 Wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=country%1:14:00::
 2. sense_key=country%1:15:00::
 3. sense_key=country%1:14:01::
 4. sense_key=country%1:15:01::
 5. sense_key=country%1:15:02::

 So index 1 is country%1:14:00:: (politically organized body...)
 Index 2 is country%1:15:00:: (territory...)
 Index 3 is country%1:14:01:: (the people...)
 Index 4 is country%1:15:01:: (rural area)
 Index 5 is country%1:15:02:: (particular geographical region...)

 Given the context of international climate negotiations where "countries" are political actors (receiving aid, cutting emissions), sense 1 (index 1) is the correct choice.

 Double-check: Could it be index 3 (the people)? "Help poorer people adapt..." - but no, it says "poorer countries", and the aid is for the nations to implement adaptation strategies, not directly to the people as a collective in the sense of "the nation" as a population. Also, the examples for sense 3 focus on mood, news announced to the people, etc., which doesn't fit.

 Could it be index 2 (territory)? While countries do have territory, the focus here is on the political entity receiving funds and implementing policies.

 Therefore, index 1 is correct.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: ModelRun

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the <t>impact</t> of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "impact" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is: "The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the <t>impact</t> of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation."
- The context is about climate change and its effects/consequences on poorer countries.
- The phrase is "impact of climate change" - referring to the effects or consequences of climate change.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
   - This is the physical collision sense. Not appropriate here because climate change isn't physically striking against something in this context.

2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
   - This refers to consequences or effects. "Impact of climate change" refers to the effects/consequences of climate change. This fits well.
   - The example "the book had an important impact on my thinking" shows this is about effects/influence.

3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
   - This seems to be about the act of influencing or encroaching. The example shows "impingement" which is about intrusion or encroachment.
   - In the context, we're talking about the result/effect of climate change, not the act of influencing or encroaching.

4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle
   - This is about military combat/clashing. Not relevant to climate change effects.

So sense 2 is the best fit: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect" - referring to the consequences/effects of climate change (floods, droughts, etc.).

The context mentions "adapt to the impact of climate change" and lists specific effects like "flood and drought" and "deforestation" - these are consequences/effects of climate change.

Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 2.

Wait, let me double-check the sense keys and indices:
- The user lists them as 1, 2, 3, 4
- Sense 2 is impact%1:19:00:: with definition "a forceful consequence; a strong effect"

Yes, that's the correct one.

The output should be: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flood
Target surface form: flood
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with <t>flood</t> and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flood%1:19:00:: | definition=the rising of a body of water and its overflowing onto normally dry land | synonyms=inundation, deluge, alluvion | examples=plains fertilized by annual inundations
2. sense_key=flood%1:23:00:: | definition=an overwhelming number or amount | synonyms=inundation, deluge, torrent | examples=a flood of requests; a torrent of abuse
3. sense_key=flood%1:06:00:: | definition=light that is a source of artificial illumination having a broad beam; used in photography | synonyms=floodlight, flood lamp, photoflood
4. sense_key=flood%1:04:01:: | definition=a large flow | synonyms=overflow, outpouring
5. sense_key=flood%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of flooding; filling to overflowing | synonyms=flowage
6. sense_key=flood%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of incoming water (between a low tide and the following high tide);  -Shakespeare | synonyms=flood tide, rising tide | examples=a tide in the affairs of men which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "flood" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with <t>flood</t> and drought to avoiding deforestation."

 The word "flood" appears in a list of climate change impacts: "coping with flood and drought". This is referring to natural disasters or environmental phenomena related to water.

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=flood%1:19:00:: | definition=the rising of a body of water and its overflowing onto normally dry land | synonyms=inundation, deluge, alluvion | examples=plains fertilized by annual inundations
 - This refers to the actual physical event of water rising and overflowing onto dry land. This fits the context of climate change impacts (flooding due to rising sea levels or extreme weather).

 2. sense_key=flood%1:23:00:: | definition=an overwhelming number or amount | synonyms=inundation, deluge, torrent | examples=a flood of requests; a torrent of abuse
 - This is metaphorical (a flood of something). The context here is literal environmental impacts, not metaphorical.

 3. sense_key=flood%1:06:00:: | definition=light that is a source of artificial illumination having a broad beam; used in photography | synonyms=floodlight, flood lamp, photoflood
 - This is about lighting equipment. Not relevant to climate change and drought.

 4. sense_key=flood%1:04:01:: | definition=a large flow | synonyms=overflow, outpouring
 - This could potentially fit, but sense 1 is more specific to the natural disaster/event of flooding.

 5. sense_key=flood%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of flooding; filling to overflowing | synonyms=flowage
 - This refers to the act/process of flooding. While close, sense 1 refers to the event/occurrence itself (the rising of water), which is more appropriate for "coping with flood" (coping with the event).

 6. sense_key=flood%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of incoming water (between a low tide and the following high tide); -Shakespeare | synonyms=flood tide, rising tide | examples=a tide in the affairs of men which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune
 - This is specifically about tides (flood tide), not general flooding.

 The context pairs "flood" with "drought" - both are natural disasters/climate events related to water. The text discusses helping poorer countries adapt to climate change impacts. This clearly refers to the natural phenomenon of flooding (water overflowing onto dry land).

 Therefore, sense 1 is the best choice: "the rising of a body of water and its overflowing onto normally dry land".

 The index for this sense in the candidate list is 1.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense keys to make sure I'm mapping correctly:
 - Candidate 1: flood%1:19:00:: (noun, natural phenomenon)
 - Candidate 2: flood%1:23:00:: (noun, quantity)
 - Candidate 3: flood%1:06:00:: (noun, artifact)
 - Candidate 4: flood%1:04:01:: (noun, act)
 - Candidate 5: flood%1:04:00:: (noun, act)
 - Candidate 6: flood%1:11:00:: (noun, event)

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
 - %1:19:00:: is usually "natural phenomenon" (flooding as a natural disaster)
 - %1:23:00:: is usually "quantity" (metaphorical)
 - %1:06:00:: is usually "artifact" (floodlight)
 - %1:04:01:: and %1:04:00:: are "act" or "event"
 - %1:11:00:: is "event" (specifically tide)

 The context "coping with flood and drought" clearly refers to the natural phenomenon of flooding (water overflowing land). This is sense 1.

 The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: drought
Target surface form: drought
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and <t>drought</t> to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=drought%1:26:00:: | definition=a shortage of rainfall | synonyms=drouth | examples=farmers most affected by the drought hope that there may yet be sufficient rain early in the growing season
2. sense_key=drought%1:28:00:: | definition=a prolonged shortage | synonyms=drouth | examples=when England defeated Pakistan it ended a ten-year drought

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "drought" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
The passage is about climate change negotiations, carbon emissions, and helping poorer countries adapt to climate change impacts. The specific sentence mentions: "coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation."

The context is clearly about climate change and environmental impacts. The phrase "coping with flood and drought" refers to natural disasters or weather-related phenomena that are consequences of climate change.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=drought%1:26:00:: | definition=a shortage of rainfall | synonyms=drouth | examples=farmers most affected by the drought hope that there may yet be sufficient rain early in the growing season
   - This sense refers to a shortage of rainfall, specifically a meteorological drought.
   - The example mentions farmers and rain, indicating the weather/climate phenomenon.

2. sense_key=drought%1:28:00:: | definition=a prolonged shortage | synonyms=drouth | examples=when England defeated Pakistan it ended a ten-year drought
   - This sense is more abstract, referring to a prolonged shortage of anything (not necessarily rain).
   - The example mentions England defeating Pakistan, suggesting a sports context where "drought" means a long period without success/victory.
   - This is a metaphorical extension.

In the context provided: "coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation" - this is clearly referring to the environmental/climate impacts. Floods and droughts are both weather/climate phenomena. Deforestation is also an environmental issue.

The context is about climate change adaptation, specifically helping poorer countries deal with natural disasters and environmental changes caused by climate change. Therefore, "drought" here refers to the meteorological phenomenon - a shortage of rainfall.

Sense 1 (drought%1:26:00::) is the correct choice because it refers to the weather phenomenon (shortage of rainfall), which fits with "flood" (another weather/natural disaster phenomenon) and the broader context of climate change impacts.

Sense 2 would be used in contexts like "a championship drought" or "goal drought" in sports, or other metaphorical uses indicating a shortage of something non-meteorological.

Therefore, the answer should be sense index 1.

Wait, let me double-check the sense indices provided:
- The first one is labeled as sense_key=drought%1:26:00::
- The second one is labeled as sense_key=drought%1:28:00::

The user asks for the "sense_index" in the JSON output. Looking at the format, it seems they want the number corresponding to the position in the list (1 or 2), or possibly the specific WordNet offset. But looking at the example {"sense_index": 3}, it seems they want the index number from the list provided.

The candidates are numbered:
1. sense_key=drought%1:26:00::
2. sense_key=drought%1:28:00::

So if I choose the first one, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

Let me verify once more:
Context: "coping with flood and drought" - flood and drought are paired as climate/weather disasters. This is definitely the meteorological sense (shortage of rainfall), not the metaphorical sense (prolonged shortage of something else).

Yes, sense 1 is correct.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sort
Target surface form: sort
Context:
It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same <t>sort</t> of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sort%1:09:00:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, form, variety | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
2. sense_key=sort%1:07:00:: | definition=an approximate definition or example | examples=she wore a sort of magenta dress; she served a creamy sort of dessert thing
3. sense_key=sort%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of a particular character or nature | examples=what sort of person is he?; he's a good sort
4. sense_key=sort%1:22:00:: | definition=an operation that segregates items into groups according to a specified criterion | synonyms=sorting | examples=the bottleneck in mail delivery is the process of sorting

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "sort" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is: "Still, Friday featured the same <t>sort</t> of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week."
- The phrase is "the same sort of verbal fireworks"
- This means "the same kind/type of verbal fireworks"

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=sort%1:09:00:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, form, variety | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
   - This fits well. "Sort" here means "kind" or "variety" - referring to a category of verbal fireworks (metaphorically speaking about arguments/disputes).

2. sense_key=sort%1:07:00:: | definition=an approximate definition or example | examples=she wore a sort of magenta dress; she served a creamy sort of dessert thing
   - This is used when something is "sort of" something else, meaning "somewhat" or "approximately". The context here is "the same sort of", which doesn't fit the "approximate" meaning.

3. sense_key=sort%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of a particular character or nature | examples=what sort of person is he?; he's a good sort
   - This refers to a person. The context is about "verbal fireworks" (not people), so this doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=sort%1:22:00:: | definition=an operation that segregates items into groups according to a specified criterion | synonyms=sorting | examples=the bottleneck in mail delivery is the process of sorting
   - This is the action of sorting/organizing. The context is not about an operation or process of sorting items.

The phrase "the same sort of" clearly means "the same kind/type of", which matches sense 1 (category of things distinguished by some common characteristic).

The answer should be sense_index: 1.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: week
Target surface form: week
Context:
It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past <t>week</t>. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=week%1:28:00:: | definition=any period of seven consecutive days | synonyms=hebdomad | examples=it rained for a week
2. sense_key=week%1:28:01:: | definition=hours or days of work in a calendar week | synonyms=workweek | examples=they worked a 40-hour week
3. sense_key=week%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday | synonyms=calendar week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "week" in the given context.

First, let me analyze the context:
- The text is about climate change negotiations at the UN
- The specific sentence is: "Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past <t>week</t>."
- This refers to a period of time during which the talks have been happening
- "for the past week" suggests a period of seven consecutive days ending recently/including now

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=week%1:28:00:: | definition=any period of seven consecutive days | synonyms=hebdomad | examples=it rained for a week
   - This is the general sense of a 7-day period
   - Example "it rained for a week" matches the temporal duration usage
   - "for the past week" fits this general 7-day period definition

2. sense_key=week%1:28:01:: | definition=hours or days of work in a calendar week | synonyms=workweek | examples=they worked a 40-hour week
   - This refers specifically to working hours/days
   - The context is about climate talks/negotiations, not specifically about work schedules or working hours
   - "dominated the talks for the past week" refers to the temporal period of the talks, not specifically a workweek

3. sense_key=week%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday | synonyms=calendar week
   - This is specifically a calendar week starting on Sunday
   - While possible, the phrase "for the past week" usually refers to any 7-day period ending now, not necessarily a calendar week starting Sunday
   - The context doesn't suggest we're talking about a specific calendar week (Sunday-Saturday), but rather a duration of approximately 7 days up to the present

Comparing the senses:
- Sense 1 (any period of seven consecutive days) is the most general and fits "for the past week" best, as it refers to the last 7 days regardless of when they start
- Sense 3 is too specific (requires starting on Sunday)
- Sense 2 is about work schedules, which doesn't fit the context of diplomatic talks dominating a time period

The phrase "for the past week" clearly indicates a duration of seven consecutive days ending at the present time (or the narrative present, which is Friday in this text). This aligns with sense 1.

Therefore, the best sense is sense 1 (index 1).

Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists:
1. sense_key=week%1:28:00::
2. sense_key=week%1:28:01::
3. sense_key=week%1:28:02::

So the indices are 1, 2, 3 as listed.

Sense 1 is "any period of seven consecutive days"
Sense 2 is "hours or days of work..."
Sense 3 is "starting on Sunday"

The context: "dominated the talks for the past week" - this is clearly referring to a time period of approximately 7 days. It's not referring to a workweek (sense 2) because it's about diplomatic talks happening over a period, not about working hours. It's not specifically referring to a calendar week starting on Sunday (sense 3) because "the past week" in news contexts usually means the last 7 days, not necessarily Sunday-Saturday.

Therefore, sense 1 is correct.

JSON output should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: climate
Target surface form: climate
Context:
Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special <t>climate</t> envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=climate%1:26:00:: | definition=the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time | synonyms=clime | examples=the dank climate of southern Wales; plants from a cold clime travel best in winter
2. sense_key=climate%1:26:01:: | definition=the prevailing psychological state | synonyms=mood | examples=the climate of opinion; the national mood had changed radically since the last election

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "climate" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about Michael Zammit Cutajar drafting a document about negotiations
 - It mentions "U.N.'s top climate official" - referring to someone who deals with climate issues
 - It mentions "impact of climate change" - referring to changes in weather patterns/environmental conditions
 - The target word appears in "U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern" - this refers to an envoy (representative) dealing with climate issues
 - The context discusses emissions cuts, greenhouse-gas emissions, industrialized countries, developing countries, etc.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=climate%1:26:00:: | definition=the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time | synonyms=clime | examples=the dank climate of southern Wales; plants from a cold clime travel best in winter
    - This is the meteorological sense - referring to weather patterns over time.

 2. sense_key=climate%1:26:01:: | definition=the prevailing psychological state | synonyms=mood | examples=the climate of opinion; the national mood had changed radically since the last election
    - This is the figurative sense - referring to atmosphere, mood, or prevailing conditions in a social/psychological context.

 In the phrase "U.S. special climate envoy", the word "climate" is modifying "envoy". This is a compound noun or noun adjunct construction. The envoy is a representative dealing with climate issues.

 Looking at the broader context:
 - "U.N.'s top climate official" - official dealing with climate (meteorological/environmental)
 - "impact of climate change" - clearly meteorological/environmental
 - "climate envoy" - envoy dealing with climate issues (environmental/meteorological)

 The context is clearly about environmental climate change, global warming, emissions, etc. This is the meteorological sense (sense 1).

 Sense 2 would be used in contexts like "the political climate" or "the climate of fear", referring to social/psychological atmosphere.

 Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1 (climate%1:26:00::).

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user asks for the sense_index. Looking at the candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=climate%1:26:00::
 2. sense_key=climate%1:26:01::

 So sense_index would be 1.

 But let me double-check. In "climate envoy", is it possible it's sense 2? No, because the context is clearly about environmental issues: greenhouse-gas emissions, climate change, etc. The "climate envoy" is a diplomatic position dealing with environmental climate issues.

 Also, earlier in the text: "U.N.'s top climate official" - this refers to Yvo de Boer who was the Executive Secretary of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This is definitely the meteorological/environmental sense.

 So the answer is sense_index: 1.

 The user wants JSON format: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: envoy
Target surface form: envoy
Context:
Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate <t>envoy</t> Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=envoy%1:18:00:: | definition=a diplomat having less authority than an ambassador | synonyms=envoy extraordinary, minister plenipotentiary
2. sense_key=envoy%1:18:01:: | definition=someone sent on a mission to represent the interests of someone else | synonyms=emissary
3. sense_key=envoy%1:10:00:: | definition=a brief stanza concluding certain forms of poetry | synonyms=envoi

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "envoy" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- "U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern"
- Todd Stern is representing the U.S. in climate negotiations
- He is a diplomat/official sent to represent the interests of the U.S.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=envoy%1:18:00:: | definition=a diplomat having less authority than an ambassador | synonyms=envoy extraordinary, minister plenipotentiary
2. sense_key=envoy%1:18:01:: | definition=someone sent on a mission to represent the interests of someone else | synonyms=emissary
3. sense_key=envoy%1:10:00:: | definition=a brief stanza concluding certain forms of poetry | synonyms=envoi

Sense 3 is clearly wrong - it's a poetic term, not relevant here.

Between sense 1 and sense 2:
- Sense 1 is specifically about a diplomat with less authority than an ambassador, with synonyms "envoy extraordinary, minister plenipotentiary" - these are specific diplomatic ranks/titles.
- Sense 2 is broader: "someone sent on a mission to represent the interests of someone else" with synonym "emissary".

In the context, Todd Stern is described as "U.S. special climate envoy". This is a specific diplomatic appointment, but is it specifically the rank of "envoy extraordinary/minister plenipotentiary"?

Actually, looking at real-world knowledge, Todd Stern was indeed the U.S. Special Envoy for Climate Change. The title "special envoy" in U.S. government usage typically refers to someone appointed to represent the U.S. on a specific mission or issue.

However, I need to be careful. WordNet sense 1 is very specific: "a diplomat having less authority than an ambassador" with synonyms "envoy extraordinary, minister plenipotentiary". This refers to a specific diplomatic rank in the traditional diplomatic hierarchy.

Sense 2 is broader: "someone sent on a mission to represent the interests of someone else" with synonym "emissary".

In modern usage, "special envoy" (like "U.S. special climate envoy") typically fits sense 2 better - someone sent on a mission to represent interests. But wait, is a "special climate envoy" a diplomat? Yes, but the question is whether WordNet sense 1 or 2 is more appropriate.

Let me think about how WordNet distinguishes these. Sense 1 is specifically about the diplomatic rank (envoy extraordinary, minister plenipotentiary). Sense 2 is the general sense of a representative/emissary.

In the context, Todd Stern is a U.S. official representing the U.S. in climate talks. The phrase "special climate envoy" suggests a special representative, which aligns well with sense 2 (someone sent on a mission to represent interests).

However, I should consider whether "envoy" in diplomatic titles automatically maps to sense 1. In WordNet, sense 1 seems to be the specific diplomatic title/rank, while sense 2 is the general agent noun.

Actually, looking at typical WSD for "envoy":
- "The president sent an envoy to the peace talks" → likely sense 2 (emissary)
- "The envoy presented his credentials" → likely sense 1 (diplomatic rank)

In this case, "U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern" - this is an official title. But "special envoy" positions in the U.S. government are often at the level of sense 2 - they are representatives/emissaries for specific issues, not necessarily holding the specific diplomatic rank of "envoy extraordinary" (which is sense 1).

Wait, I need to be more careful. Let me reconsider. In WordNet, sense 1 (envoy%1:18:00::) is under noun.person and has the specific meaning of a diplomat ranking below ambassador. Sense 2 (envoy%1:18:01::) is also under noun.person and means someone sent on a mission.

The question is: is Todd Stern being described as holding a specific diplomatic rank (sense 1), or as someone sent to represent interests (sense 2)?

Given that he's called "U.S. special climate envoy", and given that "special envoy" is a role/title representing the U.S. on climate issues, and considering that the text discusses him negotiating and representing the U.S. position ("rejected language requiring binding cuts..."), this emphasizes his role as a representative/emissary (sense 2).

But actually, looking at the synonyms might help. Sense 1 synonyms: envoy extraordinary, minister plenipotentiary. These are very specific diplomatic titles. Sense 2 synonym: emissary.

Is Todd Stern an "emissary"? Yes, he's representing the U.S. government. Is he an "envoy extraordinary"? Not necessarily - that's a specific diplomatic classification.

Also, the definition of sense 1 says "having less authority than an ambassador." While this might be true of a special envoy, the key distinction is that sense 1 refers to the specific diplomatic corps rank.

I think sense 2 is the better fit here because:
1. The context emphasizes representation ("U.S. special climate envoy" - representing the U.S. on climate)
2. The activity described (rejecting language, signaling administration policy) is about representing interests
3. "Special envoy" in modern political usage is closer to "emissary" than to the specific rank of "envoy extraordinary"

However, I want to double-check. Could this be sense 1? In many dictionaries, "envoy" as a diplomatic official of the second class is the primary sense. But WordNet has split them.

Let me think about the examples that typically accompany these senses in WordNet (even though I can't see them, I can infer):
- Sense 1 likely has examples like "the French envoy to the court of St. James"
- Sense 2 likely has examples like "the president's envoy to the negotiations"

Given "U.S. special climate envoy", this is very similar to "special representative" or "emissary." The word "special" modifies "envoy" to indicate a specific mission, which aligns with sense 2's "sent on a mission."

Actually, looking at the phrase structure: "U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern" - this is an appositive giving his title. In journalistic usage, "envoy" in titles like "special envoy" almost always maps to the general representative sense rather than the specific diplomatic rank.

I think the answer is sense 2.

Wait, let me reconsider once more. The user said "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense."

Synonyms for sense 1: envoy extraordinary, minister plenipotentiary
Synonyms for sense 2: emissary

Is Todd Stern an "emissary"? Yes.
Is he an "envoy extraordinary"? Probably not in the technical sense.

Also, the definition of sense 2: "someone sent on a mission to represent the interests of someone else." This fits perfectly - he was sent on a mission (to the climate talks) to represent the interests of the U.S. (specifically the Obama administration).

Therefore, sense 2 (index 2) is the best choice.

Wait, I need to make sure about the indexing. The user lists:
1. sense_key=envoy%1:18:00::
2. sense_key=envoy%1:18:01::
3. sense_key=envoy%1:10:00::

So the indices are 1, 2, 3. I should return {"sense_index": 2}.

Let me verify once more. Could there be an argument for sense 1?
- He is a diplomat (U.S. government official)
- He is at international talks
- He has diplomatic authority

But the specific synonyms "envoy extraordinary, minister plenipotentiary" suggest sense 1 is about accredited diplomats to foreign courts/governments with a specific protocol rank. A "special climate envoy" is not typically an "envoy extraordinary" in the technical diplomatic sense; rather, it's a special representative role. The word "emissary" (sense 2) captures the general idea of someone sent as a representative much better.

Also, note that in the context, he's described as "U.S. special climate envoy" - the word "special" indicates a specific mission, which strongly supports sense 2 ("sent on a mission").

I'm confident the answer is 2.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cut
Target surface form: cuts
Context:
Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding <t>cuts</t> of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cut%1:21:00:: | definition=a share of the profits | examples=everyone got a cut of the earnings
2. sense_key=cut%1:10:00:: | definition=(film) an immediate transition from one shot to the next | examples=the cut from the accident scene to the hospital seemed too abrupt
3. sense_key=cut%1:06:00:: | definition=a trench resembling a furrow that was made by erosion or excavation | synonyms=gash
4. sense_key=cut%1:26:01:: | definition=a step on some scale | examples=he is a cut above the rest
5. sense_key=cut%1:26:00:: | definition=a wound made by cutting | synonyms=gash, slash, slice | examples=he put a bandage over the cut
6. sense_key=cut%1:13:00:: | definition=a piece of meat that has been cut from an animal carcass | synonyms=cut of meat
7. sense_key=cut%1:10:02:: | definition=a remark capable of wounding mentally | synonyms=stinger | examples=the unkindest cut of all
8. sense_key=cut%1:10:04:: | definition=a distinct selection of music from a recording or a compact disc | synonyms=track | examples=he played the first cut on the cd; the title track of the album
9. sense_key=cut%1:10:01:: | definition=the omission that is made when an editorial change shortens a written passage | synonyms=deletion, excision | examples=an editor's deletions frequently upset young authors; both parties agreed on the excision of the proposed clause
10. sense_key=cut%1:09:00:: | definition=the style in which a garment is cut | examples=a dress of traditional cut
11. sense_key=cut%1:06:01:: | definition=a canal made by erosion or excavation
12. sense_key=cut%1:04:03:: | definition=a refusal to recognize someone you know | synonyms=snub, cold shoulder | examples=the snub was clearly intentional
13. sense_key=cut%1:04:07:: | definition=in baseball; a batter's attempt to hit a pitched ball | synonyms=baseball swing, swing | examples=he took a vicious cut at the ball
14. sense_key=cut%1:04:08:: | definition=(sports) a stroke that puts reverse spin on the ball | synonyms=undercut | examples=cuts do not bother a good tennis player
15. sense_key=cut%1:04:09:: | definition=the division of a deck of cards before dealing | synonyms=cutting | examples=he insisted that we give him the last cut before every deal; the cutting of the cards soon became a ritual
16. sense_key=cut%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of penetrating or opening open with a sharp edge | synonyms=cutting | examples=his cut in the lining revealed the hidden jewels
17. sense_key=cut%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of cutting something into parts | synonyms=cutting | examples=his cuts were skillful; his cutting of the cake made a terrible mess
18. sense_key=cut%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of shortening something by chopping off the ends | synonyms=cutting, cutting off | examples=the barber gave him a good cut
19. sense_key=cut%1:04:05:: | definition=the act of reducing the amount or number | examples=the mayor proposed extensive cuts in the city budget
20. sense_key=cut%1:04:06:: | definition=an unexcused absence from class | examples=he was punished for taking too many cuts in his math class

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "cuts" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about climate change negotiations and emissions reductions.
 - The specific sentence is: "U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding <t>cuts</t> of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world."

 The word "cuts" here refers to reductions in greenhouse-gas emissions. It's talking about reducing the amount of emissions.

 Now let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. cut%1:21:00:: - a share of the profits (financial share) - doesn't fit
 2. cut%1:10:00:: - film transition - doesn't fit
 3. cut%1:06:00:: - trench/furrow - doesn't fit
 4. cut%1:26:01:: - a step on some scale - doesn't fit
 5. cut%1:26:00:: - a wound - doesn't fit
 6. cut%1:13:00:: - piece of meat - doesn't fit
 7. cut%1:10:02:: - remark capable of wounding - doesn't fit
 8. cut%1:10:04:: - music track - doesn't fit
 9. cut%1:10:01:: - editorial omission - doesn't fit
 10. cut%1:09:00:: - style of garment - doesn't fit
 11. cut%1:06:01:: - canal - doesn't fit
 12. cut%1:04:03:: - refusal to recognize someone - doesn't fit
 13. cut%1:04:07:: - baseball swing - doesn't fit
 14. cut%1:04:08:: - sports stroke with spin - doesn't fit
 15. cut%1:04:09:: - division of deck of cards - doesn't fit
 16. cut%1:04:02:: - act of penetrating/opening with sharp edge - doesn't fit
 17. cut%1:04:01:: - act of cutting something into parts - doesn't fit
 18. cut%1:04:00:: - act of shortening by chopping off ends - doesn't fit
 19. cut%1:04:05:: - the act of reducing the amount or number - examples: "the mayor proposed extensive cuts in the city budget"
 20. cut%1:04:06:: - unexcused absence from class - doesn't fit

 Sense 19 (cut%1:04:05::) is defined as "the act of reducing the amount or number" with the example "the mayor proposed extensive cuts in the city budget". This matches perfectly with "cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions" - it's about reducing the amount of emissions.

 The context is about industrial nations cutting (reducing) their emissions by certain percentages. This is clearly about reduction in amount/number.

 So the answer should be sense index 19.

 Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=cut%1:21:00::
 2. sense_key=cut%1:10:00::
 ...
 19. sense_key=cut%1:04:05::
 20. sense_key=cut%1:04:06::

 So sense 19 is the one about "the act of reducing the amount or number".

 Yes, that's the correct sense. The word "cuts" in "binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions" means reductions - the act of reducing the amount of emissions.

 The JSON should be: {"sense_index": 19}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emission
Target surface form: emissions
Context:
Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas <t>emissions</t> for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emission%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of emitting; causing to flow forth | synonyms=emanation
2. sense_key=emission%1:27:00:: | definition=a substance that is emitted or released | synonyms=discharge
3. sense_key=emission%1:22:00:: | definition=the release of electrons from parent atoms
4. sense_key=emission%1:22:01:: | definition=any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body | synonyms=discharge, expelling | examples=the discharge of pus
5. sense_key=emission%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "emissions" in the given context. Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses.

 Context analysis:
 The text is about climate change negotiations. Key phrases:
 - "industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020"
 - "greenhouse-gas emissions"
 - "binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions"

 The word "emissions" here refers to substances (greenhouse gases) that are released into the atmosphere, particularly in the context of climate change and pollution.

 Candidate sense analysis:

 1. sense_key=emission%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of emitting; causing to flow forth | synonyms=emanation
    - This refers to the act/process of emitting, not the substance itself.

 2. sense_key=emission%1:27:00:: | definition=a substance that is emitted or released | synonyms=discharge
    - This refers to the substance that is emitted. In the context of "greenhouse-gas emissions" and cutting emissions, this fits well because they are talking about reducing the amount of substances (gases) released.

 3. sense_key=emission%1:22:00:: | definition=the release of electrons from parent atoms
    - This is a physics term, likely referring to electron emission. Not relevant to greenhouse gases.

 4. sense_key=emission%1:22:01:: | definition=any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body | synonyms=discharge, expelling | examples=the discharge of pus
    - This is about bodily functions. Not relevant to climate change/industrial emissions.

 5. sense_key=emission%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe)
    - This is about water flow. Not relevant.

 Now, between sense 1 and sense 2:
 - Sense 1 is about the act of emitting (the process)
 - Sense 2 is about the substance that is emitted

 In the phrase "greenhouse-gas emissions", "emissions" refers to the gases themselves - the substances being released. When they say "cut their emissions", they mean cut the amount of greenhouse gases (substances) being released.

 However, I need to check if "emissions" in this context could be referring to the act. But typically in environmental contexts, "emissions" refers to the pollutants/substances themselves.

 Let me verify WordNet senses. In WordNet:
 - emission%1:04:00:: is the act (event)
 - emission%1:27:00:: is the substance (substance/substance meronym?)

 Actually, looking at the WordNet structure:
 - 1:04 is "act, human action, human activity"
 - 1:27 is "substance, matter"

 In the context: "cut their emissions" - you cut the amount of substances being released, not the act itself. Also "greenhouse-gas emissions" - here emissions are the gases (substances) being emitted.

 The definition for sense 2: "a substance that is emitted or released" matches perfectly with greenhouse gases being substances released into the atmosphere.

 Therefore, the best sense is sense 2.

 Wait, let me double-check the indices. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=emission%1:04:00::
 2. sense_key=emission%1:27:00::
 3. sense_key=emission%1:22:00::
 4. sense_key=emission%1:22:01::
 5. sense_key=emission%1:11:00::

 So sense index 2 is the one with definition "a substance that is emitted or released".

 Actually, looking carefully at the context: "cut their emissions" - in climate policy, this refers to reducing the quantity of greenhouse gases (substances) released. "Greenhouse-gas emissions" treats emissions as the substances (greenhouse gases) being emitted.

 Yes, sense 2 is correct.

 Wait, I should verify if there's any ambiguity. Could it be sense 1 (the act)? If it were the act, it would emphasize the process of emitting. But "cutting emissions" is about reducing the output quantity - the substances. Also, "greenhouse-gas emissions" is a compound where emissions = the gases.

 So the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary <t>ones</t> by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "ones" (lemma "one") in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is: "U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary <t>ones</t> by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world."

The word "ones" here is a pronoun referring back to "cuts" or "emissions cuts" mentioned earlier in the sentence. It's being used to avoid repetition: "binding cuts ... compared with voluntary ones."

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
- This is the numeric sense, referring to the number 1. This doesn't fit here because "ones" is not referring to the number 1.

2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered
- This sense refers to "a single person or thing." In the context, "ones" is referring to "cuts" (emissions cuts), which are things. The phrase "voluntary ones" means "voluntary cuts." This is using "one" as a pronoun to substitute for a previously mentioned noun to avoid repetition.

Wait, let me check if there are other senses I should consider. The user only provided 2 candidate senses. Let me verify if sense 2 fits.

In the sentence: "binding cuts ... compared with voluntary ones"
- "ones" refers back to "cuts"
- It's plural
- It's substituting for a noun (cuts)
- It means "voluntary cuts"

Sense 2 definition: "a single person or thing"
- While the definition says "single", the example "this is the one I ordered" shows it can be used as a pronoun substituting for a noun.
- The plural "ones" would then refer to multiple things.

Actually, looking at WordNet, "one" as a pronoun (substituting for a noun phrase) is typically sense 1:09:00 or similar. The definition "a single person or thing" might seem singular, but "ones" is the plural form used as a pronoun.

Let me double-check if there's a specific sense for "one" as a pronoun referring to previously mentioned items. In WordNet, one%1:09:00:: is indeed the pronoun sense: "a single person or thing" - used to refer to a person or thing that has been previously mentioned or is understood from the context.

In this context:
- "binding cuts" vs "voluntary ones"
- "ones" = cuts (emissions cuts)

So sense 2 is correct.

Sense 1 is clearly wrong because it's the numeral sense (the number 1).

Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 2.

Wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user provided:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00::
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00::

So index 1 is the number sense, index 2 is the "single person or thing" sense.

The context clearly uses "ones" as a pronoun referring back to "cuts" (or "emissions cuts"), meaning "voluntary cuts." This matches sense 2.

Therefore: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: move
Target surface form: move
Context:
It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The <t>move</t> signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=move%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of deciding to do something | examples=he didn't make a move to help; his first move was to hire a lawyer
2. sense_key=move%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of changing your residence or place of business | synonyms=relocation | examples=they say that three moves equal one fire
3. sense_key=move%1:04:03:: | definition=a change of position that does not entail a change of location | synonyms=motion, movement, motility | examples=the reflex motion of his eyebrows revealed his surprise; movement is a sign of life
4. sense_key=move%1:04:04:: | definition=the act of changing location from one place to another | synonyms=motion, movement | examples=police controlled the motion of the crowd; the movement of people from the farms to the cities
5. sense_key=move%1:04:02:: | definition=(game) a player's turn to take some action permitted by the rules of the game

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "move" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about climate change negotiations
 - Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts
 - "The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China..."
 - So "move" here refers to the action/decision of rejecting that language/taking a harder stance

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=move%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of deciding to do something | examples=he didn't make a move to help; his first move was to hire a lawyer
    - This seems to fit. The "move" is the act of deciding to reject the language/take a harder line. It's a strategic decision/action.

 2. sense_key=move%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of changing your residence or place of business | synonyms=relocation
    - This is about physical relocation/moving house. Not relevant here.

 3. sense_key=move%1:04:03:: | definition=a change of position that does not entail a change of location | synonyms=motion, movement, motility
    - This is about physical movement (like eyebrows moving, etc.). Not relevant.

 4. sense_key=move%1:04:04:: | definition=the act of changing location from one place to another | synonyms=motion, movement
    - This is about physical movement from place to place. Not relevant.

 5. sense_key=move%1:04:02:: | definition=(game) a player's turn to take some action permitted by the rules of the game
    - This is about games like chess. While climate talks might be metaphorically like a game, this is specifically about game rules. The context here is diplomatic negotiations, not a game with formal rules in the sense of chess/checkers.

 So sense 1 is the best fit: "the act of deciding to do something" - referring to the decision/action of rejecting the language and taking a harder line.

 The example "his first move was to hire a lawyer" is very similar in structure to the usage here - a strategic decision/action taken by an entity (the Obama administration/Todd Stern).

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: china
Target surface form: China
Context:
It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with <t>China</t> than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=china%1:15:00:: | definition=a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world | synonyms=People's Republic of China, mainland China, Communist China, Red China, PRC, Cathay
2. sense_key=china%1:06:00:: | definition=high quality porcelain originally made only in China
3. sense_key=china%1:15:01:: | definition=a government on the island of Taiwan established in 1949 by Chiang Kai-shek after the conquest of mainland China by the Communists led by Mao Zedong | synonyms=Taiwan, Nationalist China, Republic of China
4. sense_key=china%1:06:01:: | definition=dishware made of high quality porcelain | synonyms=chinaware

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "China" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about climate change talks and emissions reductions
 - It mentions "industrial nations" and "major developing countries"
 - It mentions the European Union, U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern
 - It specifically mentions: "The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with <t>China</t> than Bush administration officials did just two years ago."
 - It mentions "major developing countries" in relation to the U.S. stance
 - The context is clearly geopolitical/diplomatic, referring to a nation/country

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=china%1:15:00:: | definition=a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world | synonyms=People's Republic of China, mainland China, Communist China, Red China, PRC, Cathay
    - This refers to the People's Republic of China (mainland China)
    - In the context of climate talks and "major developing countries," this is the most likely referent
    - The text mentions "major developing countries" and specifically names China as one of them (along with the context of U.S. relations)

 2. sense_key=china%1:06:00:: | definition=high quality porcelain originally made only in China
    - This is the material/porcelain sense
    - Clearly not relevant to the diplomatic context about climate emissions

 3. sense_key=china%1:15:01:: | definition=a government on the island of Taiwan established in 1949 by Chiang Kai-shek after the conquest of mainland China by the Communists led by Mao Zedong | synonyms=Taiwan, Nationalist China, Republic of China
    - This refers to Taiwan (Republic of China)
    - While Taiwan is sometimes called "China" in certain diplomatic contexts, in the context of "major developing countries" and climate talks involving the Obama administration vs. Bush administration, and given that the PRC is the one usually considered a "major developing country" in contrast to "industrialized nations," this is less likely
    - Also, the text mentions "major developing countries" stepping up - the PRC is typically classified as a major developing country/emerging economy in climate talks, while Taiwan is not usually grouped this way in international climate negotiations (due to its political status)

 4. sense_key=china%1:06:01:: | definition=dishware made of high quality porcelain | synonyms=chinaware
    - This is dishware
    - Not relevant to the political context

 The context is clearly about international relations, climate negotiations, and the Obama administration's stance toward a major developing country. The reference is to the People's Republic of China (mainland China), which is sense 1.

 The key clues:
 - "U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern"
 - "Obama administration is taking a harder line with China"
 - "major developing countries"
 - "Bush administration officials"

 This is clearly referring to the nation-state, specifically the People's Republic of China (PRC), which is sense index 1.

 Wait, I need to check the sense indices carefully. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=china%1:15:00:: (PRC/mainland)
 2. sense_key=china%1:06:00:: (porcelain material)
 3. sense_key=china%1:15:01:: (Taiwan/ROC)
 4. sense_key=china%1:06:01:: (dishware)

 So sense 1 is the PRC, sense 3 is Taiwan.

 In the context of climate change negotiations and "major developing countries," the reference is almost certainly to the People's Republic of China (mainland China), not Taiwan. The PRC is one of the world's largest emitters and a key player in climate negotiations, often grouped with other major developing economies like India, Brazil, etc.

 Therefore, the correct sense is index 1.

 But let me double-check: could it be Taiwan? Taiwan is sometimes referred to as "China" in certain contexts, but in the context of U.S. diplomatic relations and climate change talks in 2009 (when Obama was president and Todd Stern was envoy), the "China" being referred to in climate negotiations is the PRC. The text mentions "major developing countries" - the PRC fits this description in international climate negotiations (as a non-Annex I country under the UNFCCC), while Taiwan is not a party to the UNFCCC due to its political status.

 So yes, sense 1 is correct.

 The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bush_administration
Target surface form: Bush administration
Context:
It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than <t>Bush administration</t> officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bush_administration%1:14:00:: | definition=the executive under President George H. W. Bush
2. sense_key=bush_administration%1:14:01:: | definition=the executive under President George W. Bush

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the target lemma "bush_administration" in the given context.

 Target surface form: "Bush administration"
 Context: The text discusses climate change talks comparing the Obama administration's stance with the Bush administration's stance from "just two years ago."

 Key contextual clues:
 1. "Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago"
 2. The text mentions "U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern" representing the Obama administration
 3. The comparison is between Obama administration (current at the time of writing) and Bush administration (two years prior)
 4. Obama was elected in 2008, so "two years ago" from when this was likely written (around 2009-2010 contextually) would be around 2007-2008, which is George W. Bush's presidency.

 Candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=bush_administration%1:14:00:: | definition=the executive under President George H. W. Bush (41st President, 1989-1993)
 2. sense_key=bush_administration%1:14:01:: | definition=the executive under President George W. Bush (43rd President, 2001-2009)

 Analysis:
 - George H.W. Bush was president from 1989-1993
 - George W. Bush was president from 2001-2009
 - The text mentions "just two years ago" relative to the Obama administration (which began in January 2009)
 - "Two years ago" from 2009 would be 2007, which falls within George W. Bush's presidency (2001-2009)
 - The context is about climate change policy, which was a major issue during George W. Bush's presidency (he rejected the Kyoto Protocol, etc.)
 - The Obama administration began in 2009 and took a different approach to climate change than George W. Bush

 Therefore, the correct sense is the one referring to George W. Bush (sense 2).

 However, I need to check the format. The user wants only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}. But the senses are indexed 1 and 2 in the candidate list.

 The candidate senses are:
 1. sense_key=bush_administration%1:14:00:: (George H.W. Bush)
 2. sense_key=bush_administration%1:14:01:: (George W. Bush)

 So the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

 Wait, let me double-check the wording: "just two years ago" - if this article is from around 2009/2010 when Obama was newly in office, then two years ago would be 2007/2008, which is definitely George W. Bush's administration.

 Also, the context mentions climate change talks and binding cuts - George W. Bush was notorious for rejecting the Kyoto Protocol and taking a softer line on climate change compared to Europe, while Obama was seen as taking a harder line. This fits the George W. Bush administration.

 George H.W. Bush was president from 1989-1993, so "just two years ago" from the Obama era (2009+) would not refer to him.

 Therefore, sense 2 is correct.

 The output should be: {"sense_index": 2}