[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if <t>damaged</t>, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "damaged" in the given context. The target lemma is "damage", surface form is "damaged", and there are two candidate senses provided.

 Let me analyze the context:

 "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop."
 "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if <t>damaged</t>, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."

 The target word "damaged" appears in the phrase "if damaged" referring to a gene.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 Sense 1: sense_key=damage%2:30:00::
 - definition: inflict damage upon
 - examples: The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
 - This is a transitive verb: something/someone damages something. The subject is the agent causing damage.

 Sense 2: sense_key=damage%2:30:01::
 - definition: suffer or be susceptible to damage
 - examples: These fine china cups damage easily
 - This is an intransitive verb: something damages (easily). The subject is the thing being affected.

 Now, in the context: "the gene that, if <t>damaged</t>, flipped a colon cell..."

 Here, "damaged" is in a passive construction (or participial adjective). The structure is "if [subject] were damaged" or "if damaged" (elliptical).

 Actually, looking closely: "the gene that, if damaged, flipped..."

 This is a relative clause: "the gene that... flipped". The "if damaged" is a conditional clause modifying "the gene".

 If we expand it: "the gene that, if [it were] damaged, flipped..."

 So the gene is the thing being damaged. But is this sense 1 or sense 2?

 Sense 1 "inflict damage upon" is transitive. When used in passive voice, it would be "was damaged" meaning someone/something inflicted damage upon it.
 Sense 2 "suffer or be susceptible to damage" is intransitive. When used with the gene as subject, it would mean the gene suffers damage.

 Wait, but "damaged" in "if damaged" is functioning as a participial modifier or passive verb form.

 Let's look at the semantics:
 - Sense 1 implies an agent causing damage (transitive)
 - Sense 2 implies the subject undergoing damage (intransitive, but the examples show "damage easily" meaning they are susceptible to damage)

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
 - damage%2:30:00:: is the transitive sense (to harm something)
 - damage%2:30:01:: is the intransitive sense (to be harmed, to suffer damage)

 In the sentence: "the gene that, if damaged..."
 This is equivalent to "if the gene was damaged" or "if the gene suffered damage".

 But let's check: Is this passive of sense 1 or an instance of sense 2?

 In the passive voice construction "if damaged", this is derived from the transitive verb (sense 1). However, in WSD, we usually map to the underlying lexical sense.

 But wait: "damaged" as a past participle can be ambiguous between:
 1. The result of someone/something damaging it (transitive)
 2. The state of having suffered damage (intransitive?)

 Actually, let's look at the WordNet entries more carefully. Damage as a verb:

 WordNet typically has:
 - damage (v) Sense 1: inflict damage upon (transitive)
 - damage (v) Sense 2: suffer or be susceptible to damage (intransitive)

 Example for sense 2: "These fine china cups damage easily" - here "damage" means "be damaged" or "get damaged" or "suffer damage".

 In our sentence: "if damaged" modifies "gene". The gene is the entity affected by damage.

 But is it: "if [someone/something damaged] the gene" (transitive passive) OR "if the gene suffered damage" (intransitive)?

 In biological contexts, genes can be "damaged" by mutations, environmental factors, etc. This is typically viewed as something (like radiation, chemicals, errors) inflicting damage upon the gene (transitive), or the gene being in a damaged state.

 However, looking at the distinction between the two senses:
 - Sense 1: The agent is important. "The snow damaged the roof" - snow is agent, roof is patient.
 - Sense 2: The susceptibility or suffering. "These cups damage easily" - cups undergo damage easily.

 In "if damaged", the gene is the patient. Is the sense about "inflicting damage"[patient usage] or "suffering damage"?

 Actually, WordNet sense 2:30:01:: "suffer or be susceptible to damage" is intransitive. The subject is the thing that suffers damage.

 But "if damaged" is passive voice or participial adjective. In "if the gene were damaged", this is clearly passive of the transitive verb (sense 1).

 However, we need to check if "damage" can be intransitive in the sense of "become damaged" or "be damaged" without implying an agent.

 Example from sense 2: "These fine china cups damage easily" - This means they are easily damaged (passive interpretation) or they easily get damaged (intransitive/unaccusative use).

 In many languages, "damage" as an intransitive means "to become damaged" or "to suffer damage". In English, "The cups damage easily" is parallel to "This dress washes well" - it's a middle construction or intransitive use indicating susceptibility.

 So:
 - Sense 1: transitive - X damages Y (X=agent, Y=patient)
 - Sense 2: intransitive - Y damages (Y=subject, undergoes change)

 In our sentence: "the gene that, if damaged,..."
 Here "damaged" is modifying "gene". The gene is the thing undergoing the damage.

 If we consider "if damaged" = "if it [the gene] was damaged", this is passive, which derives from transitive sense 1.
 If we consider "if damaged" = "if it suffered damage", this could be intransitive sense 2.

 But in WordNet, the passive use of a transitive verb is still sense 1. The intransitive sense 2 is specifically for uses like "damage easily" where the subject is the thing that suffers/can suffer damage without specifying an agent.

 Let's look at the previous sentence: "more than one gene had to be damaged"
 This is also passive: "had to be damaged" = had to undergo damage inflicted by something.

 Both instances seem to be passive uses: "be damaged" (passive voice).

 If the text said "genes damage easily", that would be sense 2.
 But "genes are damaged" or "genes were damaged" or "if damaged" (referring to genes) is the passive of the transitive verb (sense 1).

 Wait, let me reconsider the WordNet senses. Let me check actual WordNet entries for "damage.v".

 In WordNet 3.0 or 3.1:
 - damage, harm (cause damage to) - "The snow damaged the roof"
 - suffer damage (be susceptible to damage) - "These fine china cups damage easily"

 The first is transitive (frames: Somebody ----s something; Something ----s something).
 The second is intransitive (frames: Something ----s).

 In the phrase "if damaged", we're looking at the participle form. When a participle modifies a noun like "the damaged gene", or when used in passive construction "was damaged", it's the participle of the verb.

 But which sense?

 "If damaged" = "If [it is] damaged"

 In "it is damaged", this is passive voice of transitive sense 1 (something damages it).

 However, could it be sense 2? "If it damages" would be conditional of sense 2, but that would mean "if it suffers damage". But the form is "damaged" not "damages".

 "Damaged" is the past participle and past tense.
 - Past tense: The storm damaged the car (transitive)
 - Past participle: The damaged car...

 For sense 2 (intransitive), the past tense would be: "The china cup damaged last night"? No, that doesn't work. The intransitive sense "suffer or be susceptible to damage" is typically used in generic contexts: "Baize damages easily" (present tense), and maybe "The material has damaged" is odd or ungrammatical in standard English?

 Actually, "damage" as an intransitive verb meaning "become damaged" or "suffer damage" is rare in the past tense. "The cups damaged easily when we moved" - this means they got damaged easily.

 But in "if damaged", this is almost certainly a reduced passive clause: "if [it were] damaged".

 In biological English, "a gene is damaged" means the gene has been altered/harmed by some agent (mutation, etc.).

 Therefore, this should be sense 1: inflict damage upon (the gene is the recipient/patient of the damaging action).

 Sense 2 is about the inherent property of being susceptible to damage, which doesn't fit here. The context is about the causal chain: genes need to be altered/damaged (by whatever mechanism) to cause cancer.

 Let's verify with the examples:
 - Sense 1: "The snow damaged the roof" - agent (snow) damages patient (roof).
   - Similarly: Something (UV radiation, carcinogens, replication errors) damages the gene.
 - Sense 2: "These fine china cups damage easily" - cups have the property of being easily damaged.
   - Not applicable here.

 The sentence "if damaged" refers to the state/condition of the gene having undergone damage, which is derived from the transitive sense.

 However, I should be careful. Let me look at the actual WordNet sense keys provided:
 1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon
 2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage

 WordNet verb frames:
 Sense 1 frames usually include: Somebody ----s something; Something ----s something
 Sense 2 frames usually include: Something ----s

 In "if damaged", the subject is "gene" (implied).
 "If the gene damaged" - this would be grammatical only if "damaged" is past tense intransitive. But "if the gene damaged" means something like "if the gene suffered damage" which is odd.

 The standard form is "if the gene was damaged" (passive).

 So the sense is 1.

 But wait, let me double-check with the distinction between "damage" as a transitive vs intransitive verb in WordNet.

 Actually, looking at WordNet online:
 Verb
 1. damage (inflict damage upon) "The snow damaged the roof"; "She damaged the car when she hit the tree"
 2. damage (suffer or be susceptible to damage) "These fine china cups damage easily"

 Yes.

 Now, in the sentence: "the gene that, if <t>damaged</t>, flipped..."

 The relative clause is "if damaged, flipped..."
 The subject of "flipped" is "gene".
 "if damaged" is a conditional modifier of the verb "flipped".

 Structure: [The gene] flipped... if [the gene was] damaged.

 This is clearly passive.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

 The other option would be if the text said something like "genes that damage easily", which would be sense 2.

 So answer: {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flip
Target surface form: flipped
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, <t>flipped</t> a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flip%2:38:00:: | definition=lightly throw to see which side comes up | synonyms=toss | examples=I don't know what to do--I may as well flip a coin!
2. sense_key=flip%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation | synonyms=throw, switch | examples=switch on the light; throw the lever
3. sense_key=flip%2:39:10:: | definition=look through a book or other written material | synonyms=flick, thumb, riffle, leaf, riff | examples=He thumbed through the report; She leafed through the volume
4. sense_key=flip%2:38:02:: | definition=toss with a sharp movement so as to cause to turn over in the air | synonyms=twitch
5. sense_key=flip%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move with a flick | synonyms=flick | examples=he flicked his Bic
6. sense_key=flip%2:35:00:: | definition=throw or toss with a light motion | synonyms=toss, sky, pitch | examples=flip me the beachball; toss me newspaper
7. sense_key=flip%2:35:05:: | definition=move with a flick or light motion
8. sense_key=flip%2:35:03:: | definition=turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse | synonyms=flip over, turn over | examples=flip over the pork chop; turn over the pancakes
9. sense_key=flip%2:31:00:: | definition=react in an excited, delighted, or surprised way | synonyms=flip out | examples=he flipped when he heard that he was accepted into Princeton University
10. sense_key=flip%2:30:13:: | definition=go mad, go crazy | synonyms=flip out | examples=He flipped when he heard that he was being laid off
11. sense_key=flip%2:30:00:: | definition=reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action) | synonyms=interchange, tack, switch, alternate, flip-flop

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "flipped" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is about molecular biology and colon cancer development
 - It discusses genes being knocked out/deleted and how this leads to polyps developing and progressing to malignancy
 - The specific sentence: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, <t>flipped</t> a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."
 - The meaning here is about causing a change in state - specifically causing a colon cell to change from a benign/pre-malignant state to full-blown malignancy
 - This is metaphorical usage - the gene damage causes the cell to "flip" from one state to another

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. flip%2:38:00:: - lightly throw to see which side comes up (coin toss) - doesn't fit
 2. flip%2:35:01:: - cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation (switch on) - doesn't fit
 3. flip%2:39:10:: - look through a book - doesn't fit
 4. flip%2:38:02:: - toss with sharp movement to turn over in air - physical tossing, doesn't fit
 5. flip%2:38:01:: - cause to move with a flick - physical movement, doesn't fit
 6. flip%2:35:00:: - throw or toss with light motion - physical throwing, doesn't fit
 7. flip%2:35:05:: - move with a flick or light motion - physical movement, doesn't fit
 8. flip%2:35:03:: - turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse - physical turning over, could be metaphorical but "turn upside down" isn't quite right
 9. flip%2:31:00:: - react in an excited way (flip out) - emotional reaction, doesn't fit
 10. flip%2:30:13:: - go mad, go crazy - doesn't fit
 11. flip%2:30:00:: - reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action) - synonyms: interchange, tack, switch, alternate, flip-flop

 Sense 11 seems closest: "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)" - but actually, looking at the context, it's about causing a change from one state to another (benign/pre-malignant to malignant).

 Wait, let me reconsider. The phrase is "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy." This suggests causing the cell to change state, to switch from one condition to another.

 Sense 11: "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)" - this is about reversing or changing course.

 But actually, looking at sense 8: "turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse" - this has "reverse" in the definition.

 However, the context is about a cell changing from one state (benign/polyp) to another (malignancy). This is like a switch being flipped - causing a change in state.

 Sense 2: "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation" - this is about activating or switching on. But the text says "flipped... into full-blown malignancy" which suggests a transformation or change of state.

 Actually, looking more carefully at sense 11: "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)" - this seems to be about changing direction or course.

 But the usage here is similar to "flip a switch" - causing something to change from one state to another.

 Let me look at sense 2 again: "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation" - synonyms: throw, switch. Examples: "switch on the light; throw the lever"

 This could work - "flipped a colon cell into malignancy" = caused the cell to switch into malignancy.

 But sense 11 "reverse" also could work - the cell reverses from normal to malignant? No, that doesn't quite fit.

 Actually, looking at the phrase "flipped into", this is often used metaphorically to mean "changed suddenly into" or "switched into".

 Sense 8: "turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse" - this is physical.

 Sense 11: "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)" - this is more abstract.

 But wait, there's also the possibility that this is sense 2: "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation" - like flipping a switch.

 However, looking at the specific phrase "flipped... into", and considering that the cell is changing from one state to another (from benign/polyp to malignant), this seems like a metaphorical extension of the physical "turn over" or "switch" meaning.

 Actually, looking at WordNet sense 11 (flip%2:30:00::): "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)" - this is the "flip-flop" sense, like changing one's position.

 But in this context, it's not about reversing direction, it's about transitioning from one state to another.

 Let me reconsider sense 2: "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation" - this is flip as in "flip the switch". If you flip a switch, you cause something to go from off to on. Here, flipping a gene damage causes the cell to go from benign to malignant.

 But the specific wording is "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy" - this suggests the cell itself is being flipped (changed) into a different state.

 Sense 8: "turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse" - if we interpret "reverse" broadly as change state...

 Actually, looking at the examples for sense 8: "flip over the pork chop; turn over the pancakes" - this is physical turning.

 But sense 11 has "reverse" and synonyms like "switch", "alternate", "flip-flop".

 Wait, I think I need to look at this differently. The phrase "flip into" is often used with sense 11? Or is it a different sense?

 Let me check if there's a sense about "changing state" or "converting".

 Actually, looking at the list again, sense 11 is the only one that deals with abstract change: "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)".

 But the context is about a cell becoming malignant - it's changing its nature or state.

 However, looking at the specific wording: "if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy" - this is like saying the gene damage causes the cell to switch/change into malignancy.

 Sense 2 (switch on) doesn't quite fit because malignancy isn't something you "switch on" like a light, though metaphorically it's close.

 Sense 11 (reverse) doesn't fit because it's not reversing, it's progressing to a worse state.

 Wait, I should look at sense 8 again: "turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse". The word "reverse" here might mean to turn over, not to go backwards.

 Actually, looking at the synonyms for sense 8: "flip over, turn over".

 For sense 11: "interchange, tack, switch, alternate, flip-flop".

 The phrase "flipped into" suggests a sudden change or transition.

 In biological contexts, "flip" is often used metaphorically to mean "switch" or "convert". For example, "the cell flips from one state to another".

 Between sense 2 (switch on) and sense 11 (reverse/change direction), sense 2 seems closer because it involves activation or engagement.

 But actually, looking at the definition of sense 2: "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation" - this is about activating a device or mechanism.

 The cell is not a device being activated... or is it? In molecular biology, genes can be "switched on".

 However, the specific phrase is "flipped... into full-blown malignancy" - this is about the cell entering a state of malignancy.

 I think the best fit is sense 11: "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)" - but interpreted as "change" or "switch". The cell changes its course from benign growth to malignant growth.

 But let me reconsider sense 8. If something is "flipped into" something, it could mean turned over into... but that's physical.

 Actually, looking at the word "flip" in WordNet, there is a sense that means "to cause to change or convert".

 Wait, looking at sense 11 again: "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)". This is the only sense that deals with abstract change of state or direction.

 The example "flip-flop" suggests changing back and forth, but the definition says "reverse".

 In the context, the cell is reversing from a normal/benign course to a malignant course? That could work.

 But I think there's a better interpretation. The phrase "flip into" is often used with the sense of "suddenly change into" or "convert into".

 Looking at the candidates, sense 2 "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation" with synonyms "throw, switch" seems to capture the "switch" aspect.

 But the object is "a colon cell", not "the switch". The cell is being flipped, not doing the flipping (though it's passive voice).

 "flipped a colon cell into..." = caused the cell to flip into...

 So what sense is "flip into" when used intransitively? Like "the cell flipped into malignancy"?

 That would be sense 11: reverse course.

 Or sense 8: turn over (metaphorically).

 But given the options, and the fact that sense 11 specifically mentions "switch" as a synonym and deals with abstract changes (direction, attitude, course of action), while sense 2 is more about mechanical activation (switch on the light), sense 11 seems more appropriate for a biological state change.

 However, I'm uncertain. Let me think about the phrase "flip a switch". That's sense 2.

 "Flip the cell into malignancy" - is this like flipping a switch, or like flipping something over?

 If I say "I flipped the car into reverse", that's sense 11 (reverse direction).

 If I say "I flipped the switch", that's sense 2.

 Here, the gene damage flips the cell into malignancy. It's causing the cell to enter a malignant state.

 This is most similar to "switch" - sense 2.

 But wait, sense 11 includes "switch" as a synonym: "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)" - synonyms: interchange, tack, switch, alternate, flip-flop.

 So both senses 2 and 11 have "switch" connections.

 Sense 2: "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation" - this is about starting/activating.
 Sense 11: "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)" - this is about changing direction.

 In cancer biology, when a cell becomes malignant, it's often described as a "switch" to malignancy, or the cell "flips" from one state to another.

 Given that sense 11 explicitly mentions "course of action" and "reverse" (which can mean to turn into a different state), and has "flip-flop" as a synonym (which implies changing states), while sense 2 is specifically about turning devices on, I think sense 11 is better.

 But actually, looking at the definition of sense 8: "turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse" - this could metaphorically mean to drastically change.

 However, sense 11 is the only one that explicitly deals with abstract concepts like "attitude" and "course of action", making it more suitable for the abstract domain of cell states.

 Let me verify by looking at the index numbers. The user wants the sense index (1-11).

 Sense 11: flip%2:30:00:: - reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)

 I think this is the answer.

 Wait, I should double-check if there's any other sense that could fit.

 Sense 10: go mad - "He flipped" - intransitive, about people going crazy.
 Sense 9: react excitedly - also intransitive, emotional.

 The target is transitive: "flipped a colon cell into..."

 So it's either 2, 8, or 11 (the transitive abstract ones).

 Between 2 (switch on), 8 (turn over), and 11 (reverse/change):

 "Switch on a colon cell into malignancy" - doesn't quite work grammatically.
 "Turn over a colon cell into malignancy" - possible, but "turn over into" is not idiomatic.
 "Reverse a colon cell into malignancy" - no.

 But "flipped... into" is the structure.

 Actually, looking at it again, "flipped" here might be used in the sense of "caused to change suddenly", which is closest to sense 11 (reverse/change direction) or sense 8 (turn over).

 But given the biological context of "switching" states, and that sense 2 is specifically about switches...

 I think I need to reconsider sense 2. "Cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation" - if we think of malignancy as a process that is engaged or set in operation when the gene is damaged, then "flipped the cell into malignancy" = caused the cell to engage in malignancy.

 But "flipped the cell" is the structure, not "flipped the switch of the cell".

 Actually, the sentence is: "the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy"

 This is equivalent to: "the gene that, when damaged, caused a colon cell to flip into full-blown malignancy"

 So the cell is doing the flipping (changing state), and the gene damage causes it.

 So the intransitive sense of "flip" would be: to change state suddenly.

 Which intransitive sense is that?

 Sense 11 is transitive: "reverse (a direction...)"
 Sense 8 is transitive: "turn upside down..."

 Wait, are there intransitive senses listed?

 Looking at the definitions:
 1. lightly throw (transitive)
 2. cause to go on (transitive)
 3. look through (transitive/intransitive?)
 4. toss so as to cause to turn over (transitive)
 5. cause to move with a flick (transitive)
 6. throw or toss (transitive)
 7. move with a flick (intransitive?) - "move with a flick or light motion"
 8. turn upside down (transitive)
 9. react (intransitive) - "react in an excited..."
 10. go mad (intransitive) - "go mad..."
 11. reverse (transitive) - "reverse (a direction...)"

 Sense 7: "move with a flick or light motion" - this could be intransitive.

 But for the cell "flipping into" malignancy, we need a sense that allows "flip into X" meaning "change into X".

 This is most likely sense 11 used intransitively? But the definition says "reverse (a direction...)" which is transitive.

 Actually, WordNet senses often don't specify transitivity clearly in the gloss, but the examples help.

 Sense 11 examples: none given, but synonyms include "flip-flop" which can be intransitive (he flip-flopped on the issue).

 Sense 2 examples: "switch on the light; throw the lever" - transitive.

 Given that the subject is "gene" (or "damage") and object is "cell", it's transitive.

 "Damaged [gene] flipped cell into malignancy"

 This is like "X flipped Y into Z".

 This structure suggests sense 11 (reverse/change) or sense 2 (switch on).

 Between these, sense 11 is more general about changing course or state, while sense 2 is specifically about activation.

 Since malignancy is a state or condition, and the cell is changing from one state to another, sense 11 seems best.

 But I'm still drawn to sense 2 because of the "switch" synonym and the biological usage of "switch" for genes.

 However, looking at the exact wording of sense 2: "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation". This implies starting a process or device. While cancer is a process, "set in operation" doesn't quite fit with "into full-blown malignancy".

 Sense 11: "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)". Here, the cell reverses its course (from benign to malignant). This fits well.

 Also, "flip-flop" implies a binary change between states, which fits the biological context (benign vs malignant).

 Therefore, I choose sense 11.

 Index: 11

 Wait, I need to make sure about the indexing. The user lists them 1-11.

 1. flip%2:38:00::
 2. flip%2:35:01::
 3. flip%2:39:10::
 4. flip%2:38:02::
 5. flip%2:38:01::
 6. flip%2:35:00::
 7. flip%2:35:05::
 8. flip%2:35:03::
 9. flip%2:31:00::
 10. flip%2:30:13::
 11. flip%2:30:00::

 Yes, sense 11 is the last one.

 Final check: Is there any chance it's sense 8? "turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse". If we interpret "reverse" as change completely, and "flipped into" as turned into... but "turn upside down into malignancy" doesn't make sense.

 Sense 11 is definitely the best fit.

 One final thought: Could it be sense 10 or 9 used metaphorically? "The gene flipped [out] the cell into malignancy"? No, that doesn't make sense. The cell doesn't go crazy in the sense of becoming mentally unstable; it becomes cancerous.

 So, sense 11.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Chutes

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: colon
Target surface form: colon
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a <t>colon</t> cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=colon%1:08:00:: | definition=the part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum; it extracts moisture from food residues before they are excreted
2. sense_key=colon%1:23:01:: | definition=the basic unit of money in El Salvador; equal to 100 centavos | synonyms=El Salvadoran colon
3. sense_key=colon%1:23:00:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Costa Rica; equal to 100 centimos | synonyms=Costa Rican colon
4. sense_key=colon%1:15:00:: | definition=a port city at the Caribbean entrance to the Panama Canal | synonyms=Aspinwall
5. sense_key=colon%1:10:00:: | definition=a punctuation mark (:) used after a word introducing a series or an example or an explanation (or after the salutation of a business letter)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "colon" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about molecular biology, genes, cancer development
 - It mentions "colon cancer" explicitly
 - It talks about "colon cell" in the target sentence: "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy"
 - The context is clearly biological/medical, discussing the large intestine

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=colon%1:08:00:: - definition: the part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum; it extracts moisture from food residues before they are excreted
    - This is the anatomical sense, referring to the large intestine/colon organ
    - Context mentions "colon cancer" and "colon cell" - this fits perfectly with the anatomical organ

 2. sense_key=colon%1:23:01:: - definition: the basic unit of money in El Salvador
    - Currency sense, clearly not relevant to biological context about cancer

 3. sense_key=colon%1:23:00:: - definition: the basic unit of money in Costa Rica
    - Currency sense, clearly not relevant

 4. sense_key=colon%1:15:00:: - definition: a port city at the Caribbean entrance to the Panama Canal
    - Geographic location, not relevant to biological/medical context

 5. sense_key=colon%1:10:00:: - definition: a punctuation mark (:)
    - Punctuation mark, not relevant to biological context

 The context is clearly about biology, specifically about colon cancer and colon cells. The word "colon" here refers to the part of the large intestine.

 Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1 (colon%1:08:00::).

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}

 Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=colon%1:08:00::
 2. sense_key=colon%1:23:01::
 3. sense_key=colon%1:23:00::
 4. sense_key=colon%1:15:00::
 5. sense_key=colon%1:10:00::

 So sense_index should be 1.

 The context: "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy" - this is definitely referring to a cell from the colon (the organ), not a punctuation mark, currency, or city.

 Yes, sense 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon <t>cell</t> into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "cell" in the given context.

Context analysis:
- The text is about molecular biology, genes, colon cancer, malignancy, chromosomes.
- The specific sentence: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon <t>cell</t> into full-blown malignancy."
- "colon cell" refers to a biological cell in the colon.
- The surrounding context discusses genes, tumors, molecular biologists, organisms, etc.

Candidate senses:
1. cell%1:06:03:: - any small compartment (e.g., honeycomb cells)
2. cell%1:03:00:: - (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms...
3. cell%1:06:00:: - electric cell
4. cell%1:14:00:: - political cell/cadre
5. cell%1:06:04:: - cellular telephone
6. cell%1:06:01:: - monk's/nun's room
7. cell%1:06:02:: - prison cell (wait, let me check the numbering)

Wait, looking at the candidate senses:
- 1: cell%1:06:03:: small compartment
- 2: cell%1:03:00:: biology unit
- 3: cell%1:06:00:: electric cell
- 4: cell%1:14:00:: political movement
- 5: cell%1:06:04:: cellphone
- 6: cell%1:06:02:: monk/nun room
- 7: cell%1:06:01:: prison cell

The context is clearly biological. "colon cell" means a cell in the colon (large intestine), which is the basic structural and functional unit of organisms. This matches sense 2: cell%1:03:00::.

The user asks to return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. Note that the index refers to the numbered list provided (1-7), not the WordNet offset. The biological sense is number 2 in the list.

Wait, let me double-check the numbering:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03::
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00::
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00::
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00::
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04::
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02::
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01::

Yes, the biology sense is index 2.

The user says "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." and "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

So I should return {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: full-blown
Target surface form: full-blown
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into <t>full-blown</t> malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=full-blown%5:00:00:mature:01 | definition=fully ripe; at the height of bloom | synonyms=matured | examples=a full-blown rose
2. sense_key=full-blown%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=having or displaying all the characteristics necessary for completeness | examples=a full-blown financial crisis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "full-blown" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is about colon cancer development
 - It mentions benign polyps progressing to malignancy
 - It talks about genes being damaged/knocked out
 - The specific phrase is "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy"
 - This refers to cancer progressing from an early stage to a complete, fully developed stage of malignancy

 Candidate senses:
 1. full-blown%5:00:00:mature:01 - "fully ripe; at the height of bloom" - synonyms: matured - examples: "a full-blown rose"
    - This sense relates to biological maturity, like flowers being in full bloom

 2. full-blown%5:00:00:complete:00 - "having or displaying all the characteristics necessary for completeness" - examples: "a full-blown financial crisis"
    - This sense relates to something being complete, total, or fully developed in a non-biological sense (or extended biological sense)

 Analysis:
 - The context is about cancer/malignancy becoming fully developed
 - "Full-blown malignancy" means complete, fully developed cancer, not just precancerous polyps
 - Sense 1 (mature) is more about biological ripening (like a rose), but "malignancy" here refers to the disease state being complete/fully developed
 - Sense 2 (complete) fits better because it emphasizes having all characteristics necessary for completeness - the malignancy is fully developed, not just beginning
 - However, looking closely at sense 1: "fully ripe; at the height of bloom" - this could apply to diseases too (full-blown AIDS, etc.)
 - But the examples and synonyms matter: sense 1 has "matured" and example "a full-blown rose" - this is about biological maturity/ripeness
 - Sense 2 has example "a full-blown financial crisis" - this is about something being complete/total

 In medical contexts, "full-blown" usually means fully developed or complete (sense 2), not necessarily "ripe" in the botanical sense. While cancer is biological, "full-blown" when applied to diseases typically maps to the "complete" sense - meaning the disease has all the characteristics of the complete condition, as opposed to being incipient or partial.

 The phrase "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy" suggests a transition from a lesser state (polyps) to the complete state (malignancy).

 Comparing:
 - Sense 1: matured, fully ripe (like a rose)
 - Sense 2: having all characteristics necessary for completeness (like a crisis)

 "Full-blown malignancy" is parallel to "full-blown financial crisis" - both mean the complete, fully developed form of the condition.

 Therefore, sense 2 (index 2) is the correct choice.

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=full-blown%5:00:00:mature:01
 2. sense_key=full-blown%5:00:00:complete:00

 So sense_index should be 2.

 But let me double-check if there's any ambiguity. Could "full-blown" in "full-blown malignancy" mean "mature" in sense 1?

 In WordNet:
 - Sense 1 is under the adjective "mature" (full-blown%5:00:00:mature:01)
 - Sense 2 is under the adjective "complete" (full-blown%5:00:00:complete:00)

 The word "malignancy" is a disease state. When we say "full-blown cancer" or "full-blown malignancy," we mean it has developed all the characteristics of cancer, as opposed to being precancerous or benign. This aligns with sense 2 (complete).

 Sense 1 is specifically for biological maturity like flowers (the example is "a full-blown rose").

 Therefore, sense 2 is correct.

 The output should be: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: malignancy
Target surface form: malignancy
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown <t>malignancy</t>. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=malignancy%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death | synonyms=malignance
2. sense_key=malignancy%1:07:00:: | definition=quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will | synonyms=malignity, malignance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "malignancy" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about colon cancer development
 - It mentions "benign polyps" progressing to "malignancy"
 - It discusses genes being damaged and colon cells flipping into "full-blown malignancy"
 - This is clearly a medical/biological context about cancer

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=malignancy%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death | synonyms=malignance
    - This is the medical sense referring to a malignant state (cancer)
    - Domain: medicine
    - Characteristics: progressive, resistant to treatment, tending to cause death

 2. sense_key=malignancy%1:07:00:: | definition=quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will | synonyms=malignity, malignance
    - This is the moral/ethical sense referring to evil intent or ill will
    - Domain: morality/ethics/psychology
    - Characteristics: evil disposition, ill will

 Context analysis:
 - The text discusses colon cancer, polyps, genes, tumors, cells
 - "Benign polyps would develop... progress to malignancy"
 - "Flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy"
 - This is clearly referring to the medical condition of cancer/malignant tumors, not moral evil

 The context is purely medical/biological. It's talking about the progression from benign (non-cancerous) to malignant (cancerous) states in colon cells.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}

 Wait, let me double-check the sense keys:
 - sense_key=malignancy%1:26:00:: - this is the medical sense (noun.state or noun.attribute? 1:26 seems to be noun.state based on WordNet lexicographer file numbers)
 - sense_key=malignancy%1:07:00:: - this would be noun.attribute (07) referring to the quality of being malignant (evil)

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
 - 1:26 usually refers to noun.state
 - 1:07 usually refers to noun.attribute

 But regardless of the exact lexicographer file numbers, the definitions clearly distinguish between:
 1. Medical: malignant state (cancer)
 2. Moral: quality of being disposed to evil

 The context is clearly medical (colon cancer, polyps, cells, genes), so sense 1 is correct.

 The user asks for the "sense_index" which appears to be the number in the list (1 or 2).

 So the answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For <t>months</t> the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "months" in the given context. The target lemma is "month" and the surface form is "months".

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about molecular biology research on colon cancer
 - Dr. Vogelstein and Johns Hopkins researchers were looking for a specific gene on chromosome 17
 - "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17..."

 The two candidate senses are:
 1. month%1:28:01:: - one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year (calendar month)
 2. month%1:28:00:: - a time unit of approximately 30 days

 Let me think about the difference:
 - Sense 1 refers to specific named months (January, February, etc.) as divisions of the calendar year
 - Sense 2 refers to a duration of approximately 30 days, a time period

 In the context "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers...", this is referring to a duration of time that lasted multiple months (approximately 30-day periods), not specifically referring to named calendar months like "January and February".

 The phrase "for months" indicates a duration of time spanning several month-length periods. This aligns with sense 2: "a time unit of approximately 30 days".

 Sense 1 would be used when referring to specific months by name or as calendar divisions (e.g., "in the month of January", "last month" - though "last month" could arguably be either, the example given for sense 1 is "he paid the bill last month" which refers to a specific calendar month, while sense 2's example "he was given a month to pay the bill" refers to a duration).

 In "For months...", it's clearly about a duration of time ("for [a period of] months"), not about specific calendar divisions. The researchers spent a duration of time (multiple 30-day periods) working on this.

 Therefore, sense 2 (month%1:28:00::) is the correct choice.

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=month%1:28:01::
 2. sense_key=month%1:28:00::

 So index 1 is the calendar month sense, index 2 is the time unit sense.

 I should return {"sense_index": 2} since sense 2 is the approximately 30 days duration sense.

 Actually, looking carefully at the candidate senses:
 - Candidate 1: month%1:28:01:: (calendar year division)
 - Candidate 2: month%1:28:00:: (approximately 30 days)

 The context "For months..." refers to a duration, not specific named months. So it's sense 2.

 But wait, I should double-check WordNet's actual organization. In WordNet:
 - month%1:28:00:: is typically the "calendar month" sense (one of the twelve divisions)
 - month%1:28:01:: is typically the "time unit" sense (30 days)

 Actually, looking at the provided keys:
 1. month%1:28:01:: - one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year
 2. month%1:28:00:: - a time unit of approximately 30 days

 This seems reversed from what I might expect, but I must go by what the user provided. The user explicitly mapped:
 - Index 1: calendar month (twelve divisions)
 - Index 2: time unit (approximately 30 days)

 In "For months...", we are talking about a period of time lasting several months (duration), not referring to specific calendar months like "January through March". So this is the time unit sense (approximately 30 days).

 Therefore, the answer is sense_index: 2.

 Wait, I should reconsider. "For months" can be ambiguous. But typically:
 - "For months" = for a period of several months (duration) → sense 2
 - "In the months of..." = specific calendar divisions → sense 1

 The example for sense 2 is "he was given a month to pay the bill" - this is a duration.
 The example for sense 1 is "he paid the bill last month" - this refers to a specific calendar month (the previous one).

 "For months the researchers..." clearly parallels the duration usage. They worked for a duration consisting of multiple month-long periods.

 So yes, index 2.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: using
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, <t>using</t> gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "using" in the given context.

 Target lemma: use
 Target surface form: using
 Context: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, <t>using</t> gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

 Let me analyze the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home

 2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely

 3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions

 4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections

 5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion

 6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

 Now, looking at the context: "using gene probes" - this means the researchers are employing or utilizing gene probes as a tool/method to perform their research (crawling down chromosome 17).

 The meaning here is clearly about employing a tool or instrument (gene probes) for a particular purpose (looking for genetic material). This matches sense 1: "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose."

 Synonyms like "utilize", "employ", and "apply" fit well here. The researchers are employing gene probes.

 Sense 2 is about habitual consumption (like drugs), which doesn't fit.
 Sense 3 is about using up/consuming fully (expending), which doesn't fit because they aren't exhausting the gene probes.
 Sense 4 is about using something to one's advantage in a manipulative or beneficial way (using friends to get jobs), which doesn't fit the scientific context of using tools.
 Sense 5 is about availing oneself to something (practicing a religion, applying a principle), which is not quite right for using physical tools.
 Sense 6 is about past habitual actions ("used to"), which is grammatically and semantically different.

 So the best sense is sense 1 (index 1).

 Wait, let me double-check the sense keys and indices. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=use%2:34:01::
 2. sense_key=use%2:34:02::
 3. sense_key=use%2:34:00::
 4. sense_key=use%2:41:14::
 5. sense_key=use%2:41:04::
 6. sense_key=use%2:41:03::

 So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

 Let me verify the WordNet sense for "use" in this context. The verb "use" in the sense of utilizing a tool or instrument is indeed the most common sense (use%2:34:01:: in WordNet 3.0/3.1).

 The phrase "using gene probes" means employing gene probes as instruments/tools to accomplish the task of searching chromosome 17.

 Yes, sense 1 is correct.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: down
Target surface form: down
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled <t>down</t> the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=down%4:02:00:: | definition=spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position | synonyms=downwards, downward, downwardly | examples=don't fall down; rode the lift up and skied down
2. sense_key=down%4:02:02:: | definition=away from a more central or a more northerly place | examples=was sent down to work at the regional office; worked down on the farm
3. sense_key=down%4:02:03:: | definition=paid in cash at time of purchase | examples=put ten dollars down on the necklace
4. sense_key=down%4:02:06:: | definition=from an earlier time | examples=the story was passed down from father to son
5. sense_key=down%4:02:05:: | definition=to a lower intensity | examples=he slowly phased down the light until the stage was completely black
6. sense_key=down%4:02:04:: | definition=in an inactive or inoperative state | examples=the factory went down during the strike; the computer went down again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "down" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The sentence is: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled <t>down</t> the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."
 - The researchers are moving along chromosome 17, specifically "down the length" of it.
 - This is a spatial/metaphorical movement from one end to the other, or along the length.
 - "Crawled down" suggests movement along the length of the chromosome.

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=down%4:02:00:: | definition=spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position | synonyms=downwards, downward, downwardly | examples=don't fall down; rode the lift up and skied down
    - This is the general "downward" direction sense. While "down the length" could imply direction, this is usually about vertical descent or hierarchical descent.

 2. sense_key=down%4:02:02:: | definition=away from a more central or a more northerly place | examples=was sent down to work at the regional office; worked down on the farm
    - This is about moving away from a center or north. "Down the length" doesn't fit this well.

 3. sense_key=down%4:02:03:: | definition=paid in cash at time of purchase | examples=put ten dollars down on the necklace
    - Financial context, not relevant.

 4. sense_key=down%4:02:06:: | definition=from an earlier time | examples=the story was passed down from father to son
    - Temporal, not relevant.

 5. sense_key=down%4:02:05:: | definition=to a lower intensity | examples=he slowly phased down the light until the stage was completely black
    - Intensity reduction, not relevant.

 6. sense_key=down%4:02:04:: | definition=in an inactive or inoperative state | examples=the factory went down during the strike; the computer went down again
    - Inoperative state, not relevant.

 Now, looking more carefully at sense 1: "spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position"
 - "Crawled down the length" - this could be interpreted as moving along the chromosome. But "down" here is being used in the sense of "along" or "throughout the length" but with a directional component.
 - Actually, looking at the phrase "crawled down the length", this is similar to "walked down the street" or "crawled down the tunnel".
 - In "walked down the street", "down" means along the length of the street, often implying away from the speaker or from a starting point toward an end.
 - But in WordNet, sense 1 (down%4:02:00::) is the primary sense for directional movement from higher to lower, but it's also used for "along" in certain contexts?
 - Wait, let me reconsider. "Down the length" is an idiom meaning "along the entire length" or "throughout the length".
 - However, looking at the WordNet senses provided, none explicitly mention "along" or "throughout".
 - Sense 1 is "spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position" - this is the most general spatial sense.
 - Sense 2 is "away from a more central or a more northerly place" - this could potentially fit if we think of the chromosome as having a "north" end (telomere) and "south" end, but that's a stretch.

 Actually, looking at the example for sense 1: "rode the lift up and skied down" - this is vertical.
 But "crawled down the length" - is this vertical? Chromosomes are often depicted horizontally, but "down" here likely means "along the length toward the end" or "throughout the length".

 Wait, I need to look at how "down" is used with "length". The phrase is "crawled down the length of chromosome 17".
 This means they moved along the chromosome, examining it section by section from one end to the other.

 In WordNet, the sense "down%4:02:00::" (spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position) is the most general sense and can cover movement along a path when there's a directional component, but it's primarily about vertical descent.

 However, looking at sense 2: "away from a more central or a more northerly place" - this is about direction away from a center. "Down" can mean "toward the south" or "away from the center".

 But actually, "down the length" is a specific construction. Let me think about similar uses:
 - "walk down the aisle"
 - "crawl down the tunnel"
 - "move down the line"

 These uses of "down" often correspond to sense 1 in WordNet when they imply a progression from one end to another, treating the path as having a "downward" orientation metaphorically, or simply using "down" to mean "along".

 But wait, looking carefully at the provided senses again:
 - Sense 1: spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position (downwards)
 - Sense 2: away from a more central or a more northerly place

 In the context of chromosomes, geneticists often refer to "downstream" or specific directions, but "down the length" is more likely using "down" in the sense of "along" or "throughout".

 However, given the options, sense 1 is the most likely candidate because:
 1. It's the primary spatial sense
 2. "Crawled down" implies movement along a path with directionality
 3. The other senses are clearly wrong (financial, temporal, intensity, inoperative)

 But let me double-check if there's a better fit. The phrase "down the length" specifically means "along the entire length". In WordNet, is there a sense for "along"? Not explicitly listed here.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet entry for "down" (adverb), sense 1 is the most general and includes uses like "walk down the street" even if the street is horizontal. The "higher to lower" can be metaphorical or simply directional along a path.

 Sense 2 specifically mentions "away from a more central or a more northerly place". If we consider the chromosome, moving "down" it could mean moving toward the telomere or away from the centromere (which is more central). This is actually plausible in genetics terminology - "down" the chromosome often means away from the centromere toward the telomere.

 However, the phrase is "down the length", not just "down". "Down the length" emphasizes traversing the entire extent.

 Let me reconsider the examples:
 - Sense 1 examples: "don't fall down" (vertical), "rode the lift up and skied down" (vertical)
 - Sense 2 examples: "was sent down to work at the regional office" (away from center/capital), "worked down on the farm" (south/away)

 In the context of "crawled down the length of chromosome 17", the researchers are moving along the chromosome from one end to the other. This is a linear progression.

 If I have to choose between sense 1 and sense 2:
 - Sense 1 is about vertical or hierarchical descent
 - Sense 2 is about moving away from a center or north

 Neither is perfect, but sense 1 is more general and can accommodate "along a path" interpretations, especially when the path is conceived as having a direction (from top to bottom, or start to end).

 Actually, looking at standard WSD for "down", when we say "walk down the road", it's typically sense 1 (downwards, along) or sometimes sense 2 if it means toward the south. But without specific geographic orientation, sense 1 is the default.

 Moreover, in the context of chromosomes, geneticists do use "down" to mean along the chromosome in a specific direction (e.g., 5' to 3' or toward the telomere), but this is metaphorical spatial movement.

 Given that sense 1 explicitly mentions "metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position", and the chromosome can be metaphorically oriented (with one end being "up" and the other "down" in a diagram), sense 1 fits best.

 The other senses are clearly irrelevant:
 - 3: financial (cash down)
 - 4: temporal (passed down)
 - 5: intensity (phased down)
 - 6: state (went down = stopped working)

 So it's between 1 and 2. Sense 2 requires a "central" or "northerly" reference point, which isn't explicitly mentioned. Sense 1 is the general directional sense.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 1.

 Wait, I should verify the exact WordNet sense keys. The user provided:
 1. down%4:02:00::
 2. down%4:02:02::
 3. down%4:02:03::
 4. down%4:02:06::
 5. down%4:02:05::
 6. down%4:02:04::

 These correspond to:
 - 00: spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level (downward)
 - 02: away from a more central or more northerly place
 - 03: paid in cash
 - 06: from an earlier time
 - 05: to a lower intensity
 - 04: in an inactive state

 Yes, so index 1 is the correct choice.

 Final check: "crawled down the length" - this is movement along the extent of something. In WordNet, this falls under the general "downward" spatial sense (sense 1) when used with "length", as in "measured down the length of the room" or similar. The word "down" here indicates progression along the dimension.

 Answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: length
Target surface form: length
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the <t>length</t> of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=length%1:07:00:: | definition=the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place | examples=the length of the table was 5 feet
2. sense_key=length%1:07:01:: | definition=continuance in time | synonyms=duration | examples=the ceremony was of short duration; he complained about the length of time required
3. sense_key=length%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of being the extent of something from beginning to end | examples=the editor limited the length of my article to 500 words
4. sense_key=length%1:07:03:: | definition=size of the gap between two places | synonyms=distance | examples=the distance from New York to Chicago; he determined the length of the shortest line segment joining the two points
5. sense_key=length%1:06:00:: | definition=a section of something that is long and narrow | examples=a length of timber; a length of tubing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "length" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about molecular biologists studying colon cancer
 - They are looking for a gene on chromosome 17
 - They are "crawling down the length of chromosome 17"
 - They are looking for genetic material using gene probes
 - Chromosomes are physical structures with linear extent

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=length%1:07:00:: | definition=the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place | examples=the length of the table was 5 feet
    - This refers to physical linear extent/dimension
    - Chromosomes have physical length, linear extent from one end to the other
    - "Crawling down the length" suggests moving along the physical extent of the chromosome

 2. sense_key=length%1:07:01:: | definition=continuance in time | synonyms=duration | examples=the ceremony was of short duration; he complained about the length of time required
    - This is about time duration
    - The context is about physical chromosome structure, not time

 3. sense_key=length%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of being the extent of something from beginning to end | examples=the editor limited the length of my article to 500 words
    - This could apply to abstract things like articles, but also physical things?
    - However, sense 1 is more specific about physical linear extent in space

 4. sense_key=length%1:07:03:: | definition=size of the gap between two places | synonyms=distance | examples=the distance from New York to Chicago; he determined the length of the shortest line segment joining the two points
    - This is about distance between two points
    - While related, "crawling down the length" suggests traversing the entire extent from end to end, not just the gap/distance measurement

 5. sense_key=length%1:06:00:: | definition=a section of something that is long and narrow | examples=a length of timber; a length of tubing
    - This is a count noun referring to a piece/section of something
    - The context uses "the length" not "a length", and refers to the whole chromosome's extent, not a section of it

 The phrase "crawled down the length of chromosome 17" clearly refers to the linear physical extent of the chromosome from one end to the other. Chromosomes are physical structures with spatial dimensions. The researchers are moving along the physical structure.

 Sense 1 (length%1:07:00::) is the best fit: "the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place"

 While chromosomes aren't necessarily "fixed in place" in the sense of furniture, they are physical structures with linear extent. The definition mentions "linear extent in space from one end to the other" which perfectly describes a chromosome.

 Sense 3 could be a contender as "extent from beginning to end" but sense 1 is more specific about the spatial/physical dimension which is appropriate for a chromosome.

 Sense 4 is about distance between two places, which is different from the extent of an object itself.

 Therefore, the best sense is index 1.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense indices provided:
 1. sense_key=length%1:07:00::
 2. sense_key=length%1:07:01::
 3. sense_key=length%1:07:02::
 4. sense_key=length%1:07:03::
 5. sense_key=length%1:06:00::

 So I should return {"sense_index": 1}

 Actually, looking carefully at sense 3: "the property of being the extent of something from beginning to end" - this could apply to the chromosome as well. But sense 1 specifically mentions "linear extent in space" which is more appropriate for a physical object like a chromosome.

 Also, the example for sense 1 mentions "the length of the table" - a physical object. The chromosome is being treated as a physical object that researchers are crawling down (metaphorically).

 Sense 3's example is about an article (text), which is more abstract.

 So yes, sense 1 is best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: look_for
Target surface form: looking for
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, <t>looking for</t> the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=look_for%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=search, seek | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. sense_key=look_for%2:37:00:: | definition=be excited or anxious about | synonyms=anticipate, look to

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "look_for" with the surface form "looking for" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about scientific research on colon cancer and genes
 - The specific sentence is: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, <t>looking for</t> the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."
 - The researchers are actively searching for something specific (the gene/material)
 - They are using gene probes and experimental methods to locate/find this genetic material

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=look_for%2:35:00::
    - definition: try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of
    - synonyms: search, seek
    - examples: The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
    - This seems to fit: the researchers are trying to locate/discover the specific genetic material

 2. sense_key=look_for%2:37:00::
    - definition: be excited or anxious about
    - synonyms: anticipate, look to
    - examples: (none provided, but typically used as in "I'm looking forward to the party" or similar anticipation)
    - This doesn't fit the context. The researchers aren't excited/anxious about the genetic material in the sense of anticipation; they are actively searching for it.

 The context clearly describes an active search process ("using gene probes", "experimentally crawled down", "for months"), which aligns with sense 1 (search/seek), not sense 2 (anticipate/be excited about).

 The researchers are trying to locate or discover the smallest common bit of genetic material. This matches definition 1 perfectly.

 Therefore, the correct sense is index 1.

 I need to return only: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest <t>common</t> bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "common" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is about molecular biology and colon cancer research
 - The specific sentence is: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."
 - The phrase is "smallest common bit of genetic material"
 - This refers to genetic material that is shared among all tumor cells (common to all of them)

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: - belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public
    - Examples: "for the common good", "common lands"
    - This is about public/shared by community, but the context is about shared by tumor cells, not necessarily a community in the social sense.

 2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: - having no special distinction; widely known; average
    - Examples: "the common man", "a common sailor"
    - This doesn't fit - they're not looking for an "average" or "ordinary" bit of genetic material.

 3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 - common to or shared by two or more parties
    - Synonyms: mutual
    - Examples: "a common friend", "the mutual interests of management and labor"
    - This fits well! The genetic material is shared by (common to) all tumor cells. "Common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells" means shared by all tumor cells.

 4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 - commonly encountered
    - Synonyms: usual
    - Examples: "a common complaint"
    - This suggests frequency of occurrence, not shared ownership/characteristic.

 5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 - everyday language
    - Not relevant to genetic material.

 6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 - of the masses
    - Not relevant.

 7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 - low quality
    - Not relevant.

 8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 - lacking refinement
    - Not relevant.

 9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 - to be expected; standard
    - Not quite right. They're looking for something shared, not necessarily standard/expected.

 The key phrase is "common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells." This means the genetic material is shared by/mutual to all tumor cells. Sense 3 specifically mentions "common to or shared by two or more parties" with synonyms including "mutual."

 The context indicates they are looking for genetic material that is present (or lost) in all tumor cells - i.e., shared among them. This is the "shared" sense.

 Therefore, sense index 3 is the best choice.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense keys and indices. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=common%3:00:02::
 2. sense_key=common%3:00:01::
 3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00
 4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02
 5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02
 6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00
 7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02
 8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01
 9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00

 So index 3 corresponds to "common to or shared by two or more parties".

 Yes, this is correct. The genetic material is shared by (common to) all tumor cells.

 The answer should be: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bit
Target surface form: bit
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common <t>bit</t> of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bit%1:23:01:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=spot | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
2. sense_key=bit%1:17:00:: | definition=a small fragment of something broken off from the whole | synonyms=chip, flake, fleck, scrap | examples=a bit of rock caught him in the eye
3. sense_key=bit%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinitely short time | synonyms=moment, mo, minute, second | examples=wait just a moment; in a mo
4. sense_key=bit%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance of some kind | synonyms=piece | examples=it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck
5. sense_key=bit%1:06:01:: | definition=piece of metal held in horse's mouth by reins and used to control the horse while riding | examples=the horse was not accustomed to a bit
6. sense_key=bit%1:23:00:: | definition=a unit of measurement of information (from binary + digit); the amount of information in a system having two equiprobable states | examples=there are 8 bits in a byte
7. sense_key=bit%1:13:00:: | definition=a small amount of solid food; a mouthful | synonyms=morsel, bite | examples=all they had left was a bit of bread
8. sense_key=bit%1:10:01:: | definition=a small fragment | synonyms=snatch | examples=overheard snatches of their conversation
9. sense_key=bit%1:10:00:: | definition=a short theatrical performance that is part of a longer program | synonyms=act, routine, number, turn | examples=he did his act three times every evening; she had a catchy little routine
10. sense_key=bit%1:06:02:: | definition=the part of a key that enters a lock and lifts the tumblers
11. sense_key=bit%1:06:00:: | definition=the cutting part of a drill; usually pointed and threaded and is replaceable in a brace or bitstock or drill press | examples=he looked around for the right size bit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "bit" in the given context.

Context analysis:
- The text is about molecular biology, colon cancer, genes, chromosomes.
- "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells"
- "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."

So "bit" here refers to a small piece or quantity of genetic material/DNA.

Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=bit%1:23:01:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=spot | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
   - This seems very general. "a small piece or quantity of something". The example "a bit of paper" is close to "a bit of genetic material".

2. sense_key=bit%1:17:00:: | definition=a small fragment of something broken off from the whole | synonyms=chip, flake, fleck, scrap | examples=a bit of rock caught him in the eye
   - This implies something broken off, fragment. While DNA could be fragmented, the context emphasizes "smallest common bit of genetic material lost" - it's more about a piece/quantity than a fragment broken off.

3. sense_key=bit%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinitely short time | synonyms=moment, mo, minute, second
   - Not relevant.

4. sense_key=bit%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance of some kind | synonyms=piece | examples=it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck
   - This is more abstract. "an instance of some kind". Not quite right for physical genetic material.

5. sense_key=bit%1:06:01:: | definition=piece of metal held in horse's mouth...
   - Not relevant.

6. sense_key=bit%1:23:00:: | definition=a unit of measurement of information...
   - Not relevant to biological genetic material in this context.

7. sense_key=bit%1:13:00:: | definition=a small amount of solid food...
   - Not relevant.

8. sense_key=bit%1:10:01:: | definition=a small fragment | synonyms=snatch | examples=overheard snatches of their conversation
   - This is for conversation/auditory fragments.

9. sense_key=bit%1:10:00:: | definition=a short theatrical performance...
   - Not relevant.

10. sense_key=bit%1:06:02:: | definition=the part of a key...
    - Not relevant.

11. sense_key=bit%1:06:00:: | definition=the cutting part of a drill...
    - Not relevant.

So it's between sense 1 and sense 2, possibly 4.

Sense 1: "a small piece or quantity of something" - very general, mass noun or count. Examples: "a spot of tea; a bit of paper". "A bit of genetic material" fits perfectly here. It's a quantity or piece of something.

Sense 2: "a small fragment of something broken off from the whole" - synonyms: chip, flake, fleck, scrap. This implies a physical fragment that has broken off. While DNA can be fragmented, the context doesn't emphasize breaking off. It emphasizes looking for the smallest common region/segment/piece.

Sense 4: "an instance of some kind" - synonyms: piece. Examples: "a nice piece of work", "a bit of good luck". This is more about events/works/luck. Not for physical material.

Sense 1 seems best. The phrase "smallest common bit of genetic material" parallels "a bit of paper". It's a small piece or quantity of something (genetic material).

Wait, let me double-check WordNet sense distinctions. In WordNet, "bit" has:
- bit#1: a small piece or quantity of something (e.g., a bit of paper)
- bit#2: a small fragment of something broken off (e.g., a bit of rock caught him in the eye)
- bit#3: moment
- bit#4: piece (an instance of some kind)
- etc.

The context: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA..."

The word "piece" is used in the next sentence to describe the same thing: "Such a piece of DNA". This suggests "bit" is being used similarly to "piece". But sense 4 is "an instance of some kind" which is different.

Actually, looking at sense 4: "an instance of some kind" with synonym "piece". Example: "it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck". This is like "a bit of luck" or "a piece of work". But "genetic material" is a physical substance.

Sense 1 is definitely the best fit. "a small piece or quantity of something" - this covers "a bit of genetic material" just like "a bit of paper" or "a spot of tea".

The instruction says: "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

Wait, I need to make sure about the indexing. The candidate senses are numbered 1 through 11. I need to choose the index number. Sense 1 is the first one listed.

Let me re-read carefully:
1. sense_key=bit%1:23:01:: ... small piece or quantity
2. sense_key=bit%1:17:00:: ... fragment broken off

Yes, index 1.

But let me consider if sense 2 could be better. "a small fragment of something broken off from the whole". The genetic material is "lost" from the tumor cells. So it is broken off/lost from the whole chromosome. However, the phrase is "smallest common bit of genetic material lost". The "bit" itself is the material that is lost, not necessarily the fragment that broke off. Actually, in cancer biology, allelic loss or loss of heterozygosity involves losing a piece of chromosome. So it is a fragment. But the question is about the word "bit" in this context.

The examples for sense 2: "a bit of rock caught him in the eye" - this is a physical chip of rock.
The examples for sense 1: "a bit of paper", "a spot of tea".

"Genetic material" is more like a quantity or mass, similar to "paper" (in the sense of a piece of paper) or "tea". You say "a bit of genetic material" in the same pattern as "a bit of paper". Sense 1 is the unmarked, general sense for "a bit of [substance/material]".

Also, the gloss for sense 1 explicitly says "a small piece or quantity of something". The next sentence calls it "a piece of DNA". This aligns with "piece" in the gloss.

Therefore, sense_index: 1 is correct.

One final check: Is there any chance sense 8 (small fragment, snatch) applies? No, that's for conversation.

Sense 4? "an instance of some kind" - no, genetic material is not an instance.

So the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.