[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: made
Context:
This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja <t>made</t> his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "made" (lemma "make") in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 "Dr. Dryja <t>made</t> his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."

 The sentence is about Dr. Dryja making a discovery. The discovery is the "initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth" mentioned earlier in the text.

 Now let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. engage in - examples: make love, make an effort. Not fitting.
 2. give certain properties to something - examples: get someone mad. Not fitting.
 3. make or cause to be or to become - synonyms: create. examples: make a mess, create a furor. This could work - making a discovery.
 4. cause to do; cause to act - examples: induce me to buy. Not fitting.
 5. give rise to; cause to happen - examples: cause a commotion. Possible, but "make a discovery" is more about creating/finding something.
 6. create or manufacture a man-made product - examples: produce cars, make toys. This is about physical manufacturing.
 7. make, formulate, or derive in the mind - examples: draw a conclusion. This is close - making a discovery involves formulating/deriving in the mind.
 8. compel or make somebody act - not fitting.
 9. create by artistic means - examples: create a poem. Not quite right for a scientific discovery.
 10. earn on some commercial transaction - not fitting.
 11. create or design, often in a certain way - examples: do my room in blue. Not fitting.
 12. to compose or represent - examples: form, constitute. Not quite.
 13. reach a goal - not fitting.
 14. be or be capable of being changed - not fitting.
 15. make by shaping or bringing together constituents - examples: make a dress. Physical creation.
 16. perform or carry out - examples: make a decision, make a move. This is possible - "make a discovery" could be seen as performing/carrying out the discovery.
 17. make by combining materials - physical construction.
 18. change from one form into another - not fitting.
 19. act in a certain way so as to acquire - examples: make friends. Not fitting.
 20. charge with a function - examples: made president. Not fitting.
 21. achieve a point or goal - not fitting.
 22. reach a destination - not fitting.
 23. institute, enact, or establish - examples: make laws. Not quite.
 24. carry out or commit - examples: make a mistake. Possible, but "commit a discovery" doesn't work well.
 25. form by assembling - not fitting.
 26. organize or be responsible for - examples: make a party. Not fitting.
 27. put in order or neaten - not fitting.
 28. head into a specified direction - not fitting.
 29. have a bowel movement - not fitting.
 30. undergo fabrication - not fitting.
 31. be suitable for - not fitting.
 32. add up to - not fitting.
 33. amount to - not fitting.
 34. constitute the essence of - not fitting.
 35. appear to begin an activity - not fitting.
 36. proceed along a path - not fitting.
 37. reach in time - not fitting.
 38. gather and light materials - not fitting.
 39. prepare for eating - not fitting.
 40. induce to have sex - not fitting.
 41. assure the success of - not fitting.
 42. represent fictitiously - not fitting.
 43. consider as being - not fitting.
 44. calculate as being - not fitting.
 45. cause to be enjoyable - not fitting.
 46. favor the development of - not fitting.
 47. develop into - not fitting.
 48. behave in a certain way - not fitting.
 49. eliminate urine - not fitting.

 Now between the top candidates:
 - Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" (create) - examples include "create a furor"
 - Sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" - examples: "draw a conclusion"
 - Sense 16: "perform or carry out" - examples: "make a decision"

 "Make a discovery" is a common collocation. Let me think about which sense this maps to in WordNet.

 In WordNet, "make a discovery" typically maps to sense 3 or sense 16 or sense 7.

 Looking at sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" - this is a very general sense of creation/causation. Examples: "make a mess in one's office; create a furor"

 Looking at sense 16: "perform or carry out" - examples: "make a decision; make a move"

 Looking at sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" - examples: "draw a line here; draw a conclusion"

 Actually, "make a discovery" is often considered to be sense 16 (perform or carry out) or sense 3. But let me look more carefully.

 In the context: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."

 This means he discovered it. He performed the action of discovering.

 Sense 16: "perform or carry out" - this fits well with "make a decision", "make a move", "make a discovery".

 Sense 3 is more about creating something physical or abstract like "make a mess", "create a furor".

 But actually, looking at WordNet standards, "make a discovery" is often mapped to sense 3 or sense 16.

 Wait, let me look at sense 7 again: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" - with example "draw a conclusion". A discovery is similar to drawing a conclusion - it's an intellectual act.

 However, sense 16 "perform or carry out" with examples "make a decision" seems very appropriate for "make a discovery".

 But I need to check if there's a specific sense for discoveries. Looking at the list, I don't see one specifically for discoveries.

 Let me reconsider sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" with synonym "create". A discovery is creating new knowledge.

 But sense 16 seems more like performing an action: "make a decision", "make a move", "make a discovery".

 Actually, looking at standard WSD for "make", when it's used with "discovery", it's often sense 16 or sense 3.

 But let me look at the exact wording of sense 16: "perform or carry out" - examples: "make a decision; make a move"

 And sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" - examples: "make a mess in one's office; create a furor"

 "Make a discovery" is more like performing the act of discovering, similar to "make a decision". It's an accomplishment/achievement.

 However, looking at the broader context, the discovery is something that was created/found.

 Actually, looking at WordNet 3.0 or 3.1 data, "make a discovery" is typically mapped to sense 3 (create) or sense 16 (perform).

 But I need to be careful. Let me look at the specific sense keys:

 Sense 3: make%2:36:00:: (create)
 Sense 16: make%2:36:12:: (perform or carry out)

 The verb class (2:36) is "creation" or "action".

 Actually, looking at the examples for sense 3: "make a mess in one's office; create a furor"
 And sense 16: "make a decision; make a move"

 "Make a discovery" is similar to "make a decision" - it's performing/carrying out the action. But it's also similar to "create a furor" - bringing something into existence.

 However, in linguistic terms, a discovery is not exactly a creation (the thing discovered already existed), but the act of discovering is the performance.

 But wait, sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" - with examples "draw a conclusion". This seems very appropriate because a discovery is derived in the mind based on evidence.

 Let me check: "draw a line here; draw a conclusion" - these are about formulating/deriving.

 A discovery is definitely something derived in the mind or formulated based on research.

 But "make a discovery" is a very fixed collocation. In many lexical databases, it's treated as a performative use.

 Let me think about the alternatives again:

 Sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen" - "cause a commotion; make a stir". This is about causing something to happen. A discovery doesn't quite fit here.

 Sense 16 seems the strongest: "perform or carry out" - "make a decision", "make a move". Making a discovery is performing the act of discovering.

 But I should verify if there's any other sense. What about sense 3?

 Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" - "make a mess", "create a furor". This is about bringing into existence. While knowledge is brought into existence (in the sense of being known), the physical thing (the gene) already existed.

 Actually, looking at the sentence again: "the initial discovery of the gene... made by a Boston doctor"

 This is a passive construction in the previous sentence: "made by a Boston doctor"

 And then: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."

 So "make a discovery" is the collocation.

 In WordNet, "make a discovery" is most commonly mapped to sense 16 (perform or carry out) or sense 3.

 But looking at the specific examples provided in the candidate list:
 - Sense 16: "make a decision; make a move"
 - Sense 3: "make a mess in one's office; create a furor"

 "Make a discovery" is more like "make a decision" than "make a mess". A mess is created physically, a decision is performed/executed. A discovery is an achievement/action performed.

 However, sense 7 "draw a conclusion" is also very tempting because discovering is an intellectual act.

 But "make" in "make a discovery" is a light verb or delexical verb, where the noun "discovery" carries the main semantic content, and "make" simply indicates the performance of the action.

 This is characteristic of sense 16: "perform or carry out".

 Let me verify by looking at similar collocations:
 - make a decision (sense 16)
 - make a move (sense 16)
 - make a discovery (likely sense 16)
 - make a mistake (sense 24: carry out or commit)

 Wait, sense 24 is "carry out or commit" with examples "make a mistake; commit a faux-pas". This is also performative.

 But sense 16 is specifically "perform or carry out".

 Actually, looking at the sense keys:
 - Sense 16: make%2:36:12::
 - Sense 24: make%2:41:13::

 The difference is in the lexicographer file numbers. 2:36 is "creation" or similar, 2:41 is "communication" or "social".

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet organization:
 - 2:36 is "create, make" - creation verbs
 - 2:41 is "communicate" - communication verbs

 Sense 16 (2:36:12) is under the creation class but specifically for performing/carrying out.
 Sense 24 (2:41:13) is under communication for mistakes.

 For "make a discovery", the most appropriate sense is likely sense 16: "perform or carry out".

 However, I should also consider sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" which is the general creation sense.

 But given the examples for sense 16 include "make a decision", and "make a discovery" is parallel to that (both are accomplishments that involve cognitive acts but are treated as actions performed), sense 16 seems best.

 Wait, I should also look at sense 7 again: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" (2:31:00). The examples are "draw a line here; draw a conclusion".

 Is making a discovery more like drawing a conclusion or making a decision?

 Drawing a conclusion is the end result of reasoning.
 Making a discovery is finding something new.

 In the context, Dr. Dryja discovered the gene. This is a scientific discovery.

 In WordNet, "discovery" is related to "find" or "detect".

 The verb "make" here is functioning as a light verb with "discovery".

 After careful consideration, I believe sense 16 is the best fit: "perform or carry out" - as in performing the action of discovering, similar to making a decision or making a move.

 But let me double-check if there's any other sense that might fit better.

 Sense 3: "create" - but he didn't create the gene, he discovered it. However, he created the knowledge of the gene.

 Actually, in many dictionaries, "make a discovery" is listed under the general sense of "make" meaning to perform or execute (an action).

 Given the options and the parallel with "make a decision", I will go with sense 16.

 Wait, I need to be more careful. Let me look at the exact wording of sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" with examples "draw a line here; draw a conclusion".

 A discovery is definitely derived in the mind based on evidence. This is very close to "draw a conclusion".

 But "make a discovery" is such a common phrase that it might have its own treatment.

 Let me reconsider sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" with synonym "create". The discovery (as an event/result) is brought into being.

 Actually, looking at the sentence structure: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery"

 This is similar to "Dr. Dryja made a decision" or "Dr. Dryja made a contribution".

 Sense 16 covers "make a decision, make a move".
 Sense 3 covers "make a mess, create a furor".

 I think sense 16 is the correct choice.

 But I want to check one more thing. Is there a sense about "achieving" or "reaching"?

 Sense 13: "reach a goal" - examples: "make the first team; We made it!" - not quite.
 Sense 21: "achieve a point or goal" - examples: "Nicklaus had a 70" - this is about scores.

 No, those don't fit.

 So it's between sense 3, 7, and 16.

 Sense 7 is specifically about mental formulation: "draw a conclusion". While a discovery involves mental work, "make a discovery" emphasizes the action/achievement aspect more than the mental derivation aspect.

 Sense 3 is very general creation.

 Sense 16 is performing/carrying out specific actions.

 I think sense 16 is the best fit.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet entry for "make", sense 16 is:
 "16. make -- (perform or carry out; "make a decision"; "make a move")"

 This seems perfect for "make a discovery".

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index 16.

 Wait, I need to make sure about the indexing. The user lists the senses with numbers 1-49. I need to return the index number as listed.

 Sense 16 is: "16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move"

 So the index is 16.

 But let me reconsider sense 3 one more time. Sense 3 is "make or cause to be or to become" with examples "make a mess in one's office; create a furor".

 In some WSD systems, "make a discovery" is mapped to the creation sense because the discovery (as a piece of knowledge) is created.

 However, the parallel with "make a decision" is very strong, and that's clearly sense 16.

 Also, looking at the context, it's about performing the act of discovery in 1986.

 I'll go with 16.

 Actually, one more check: sense 24 is "carry out or commit" with examples "make a mistake; commit a faux-pas". This is also performative but for negative actions usually, or "commit".

 Sense 16 is neutral/positive performative.

 So 16 is better than 24.

 Final decision: sense_index 16.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discovery
Context:
This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma <t>discovery</t> in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "discovery" in the given context. I need to choose the best sense from the 4 candidate senses provided.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text talks about a scientific/medical context
 - "the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth"
 - "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986"
 - It's about finding something new in scientific research

 Now let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
    - This refers to the act/process of discovering (the action)

 2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
    - This refers to the thing/result that was discovered (the object)

 3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
    - This refers to an insight or breakthrough (cognitive act)

 4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure...
    - Legal context - clearly not applicable here

 Now, let's look at the specific context:
 "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986"

 Here, "discovery" is something that was "made" (like making a discovery). The question is: is it referring to the act of discovering or the thing discovered?

 Looking at the broader context:
 - "the initial discovery of the gene" - here it's the act or the result?
 - "made his retinoblastoma discovery" - this suggests the thing that was discovered or the act?

 Actually, looking carefully:
 - "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986" - this is similar to "making a discovery"
 - However, in scientific contexts, "discovery" can refer to:
   a) The act of finding (sense 1)
   b) The thing found (sense 2)
   c) The breakthrough/insight (sense 3)

 Let me check the examples and nuances:

 Sense 1 (the act): "the act of discovering something" - this would focus on the process/action
 Sense 2 (something discovered): "something that is discovered" - the actual finding/gene
 Sense 3 (productive insight): "a productive insight" - synonymous with breakthrough

 In the text: "the initial discovery of the gene" - this could be the act of discovering the gene, or the gene itself as a discovery.

 But "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery" - when someone "makes a discovery" in science, it usually means they discover something (the act), but the discovery itself (the thing) is what results.

 However, looking at sense 3: "a productive insight" with synonyms "breakthrough, find". This seems to fit scientific breakthroughs well.

 Sense 2 is "something that is discovered" - could be the gene itself.
 Sense 1 is "the act of discovering something" - the process.

 In the sentence: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986"

 Compare to:
 - "The discovery of America" (usually act - sense 1, or the event)
 - "This fossil is an important discovery" (thing - sense 2)
 - "The discovery that genes control growth" (insight - sense 3)

 Wait, looking at WordNet structure:
 - 1:04 is the act/event (noun.event or noun.act?)
 - 1:10 is the thing/cognitive (noun.artifact or noun.cognition?)
 - 1:09 is cognition (insight)

 Actually, WordNet sense keys:
 - %1:04 usually refers to acts/actions
 - %1:10 usually refers to cognitive things, artifacts, etc.?
 - %1:09 usually refers to cognition/insights

 Let me think about the specific usage:
 "the initial discovery of the gene" - here it seems like the act of finding.
 "made his retinoblastoma discovery" - here it's what he produced/achieved.

 But looking at the context about "cancer-suppressors" and scientific research, this is clearly about scientific discovery.

 Between sense 1 (act) and sense 3 (insight):
 - Sense 3 has synonyms "breakthrough, find" and definition "a productive insight"
 - Sense 1 has "find, uncovering" as synonyms for the act

 In scientific writing, when we say "make a discovery", it could be ambiguous, but "discovery" as a breakthrough or insight (sense 3) seems to fit the emphasis on the importance of the finding ("productive insight").

 However, looking at "the initial discovery of the gene", this is the act of discovering (sense 1).

 But wait, the target is "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."

 If we look at similar constructions:
 - "He made a discovery" - usually refers to the act (he discovered something)
 - OR it could mean he produced a discovery (the thing)

 But in the context: "scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."

 Here, the "discovery" is being equated with findings/results. The cancer-suppressors are the discoveries (sense 2 - things discovered).

 Actually, looking at the flow:
 1. Scientists have fingered two cancer-suppressors.
 2. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986.
 3. Then researchers reported finding p53.

 So "discovery" here refers to the specific finding of the retinoblastoma gene (the thing discovered).

 But wait, let's look at the first occurrence too: "the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth"

 Is "discovery" here the act or the thing? "The discovery of X" usually means the act of discovering X.

 However, in the sentence "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery", if it were the act, we might expect "Dr. Dryja made his discovery of retinoblastoma" or "Dr. Dryja made the discovery of retinoblastoma". But "retinoblastoma discovery" suggests "discovery" is modified by "retinoblastoma", making it the thing discovered or the type of discovery.

 Actually, "retinoblastoma discovery" likely means "the discovery regarding retinoblastoma" or "the discovery of the retinoblastoma gene".

 Given the options:
 Sense 2: "something that is discovered" - the gene itself as a discovery
 Sense 3: "a productive insight" - the breakthrough finding
 Sense 1: "the act of discovering something" - the process

 In scientific contexts, important discoveries are often referred to as "breakthroughs" or "findings".

 But let's look at the gloss for sense 3: "a productive insight" - synonyms: breakthrough, find.
 This seems to emphasize the cognitive aspect - the realization or the finding as an achievement.

 Sense 2: "something that is discovered" - the object itself.

 When Dr. Dryja "made" his discovery, did he make an act or a thing? He performed the act, but the result is the discovery (thing).

 However, looking at typical WordNet disambiguation:
 - "act of discovering" vs "thing discovered"

 Example for sense 1: "the discovery of America by Columbus"
 Example for sense 2: "the discovery was a fossil from the Cretaceous period"

 In our text: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986"
 This is similar to "the discovery was made in 1986" - referring to the event/act or the finding?

 Actually, checking similar usage patterns:
 - "Newton's discovery of gravity" - usually sense 1 (act)
 - "Newton's discovery was important" - could be sense 2 (thing) or sense 3 (insight)

 But "make a discovery" - this verb collocation strongly suggests sense 1 (the act) or possibly sense 3.

 Wait, I should reconsider sense 3. The gloss is "a productive insight". An insight is an understanding. But here, they discovered a gene (physical thing) or the fact about the gene?

 The text says: "the initial discovery of the gene" and "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery"

 The gene is a physical thing that was discovered. But the discovery is also the act of finding it.

 However, looking at the candidate senses again carefully:
 1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
 2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
 3. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: wait, sense 3 is %1:09:00::
 4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law)...

 Lexicographer IDs:
 - %1:04:00:: is likely the act (noun.act)
 - %1:10:00:: (sense 2) is likely noun.artifact or noun.cognition - the thing
 - %1:09:00:: (sense 3) is likely noun.cognition - the insight
 - %1:10:01:: (sense 4) is noun.communication or noun.act (legal)

 Now, "retinoblastoma discovery" - given it's a medical/scientific breakthrough about finding a gene, and it's described as opening a field of study, and being an important finding...

 But look at the text again: "the initial discovery of the gene". This is followed by "made by a Boston doctor". So the discovery (act) was made by the doctor.

 And "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986." This parallels the previous sentence structure.

 Actually, looking at the synonym for sense 3: "breakthrough". The text emphasizes this was important and opened a field. "productive insight" also fits.

 But sense 2 "something that is discovered" would mean the gene itself is the discovery.

 Actually, in scientific literature:
 - "The discovery of the gene" (sense 1 - act)
 - "The gene was a major discovery" (sense 2 or 3 - thing/achievement)

 But "make a discovery" is most commonly sense 1 (the act).

 However, there's a subtle difference. Let me check WordNet examples if I can infer them.

 Actually, looking at the target word in context:
 "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."

 If I substitute:
 1. "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma act of discovering in 1986" - awkward
 2. "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma thing that was discovered in 1986" - possible, "he made the discovery" = he produced the finding
 3. "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma productive insight in 1986" - possible, "he made the breakthrough"

 Actually, "make a discovery" is an idiomatic expression. When you "make a discovery", you perform the act of discovering.

 But wait, in "Ben made a discovery yesterday", is Ben performing an action (sense 1) or creating an object (sense 2)? In English, "make" here means "to bring about, to accomplish". So it's the act.

 However, looking at sense 3: "a productive insight" with synonym "find".
 "Find" can be both the act and the thing.
 - "The act of finding" (sense 1)
 - "A valuable find" (sense 2 or 3)

 I think the key is in the first sentence: "the initial discovery of the gene... has opened a field".
 Does an act open a field? Or does a thing open a field? Or does an insight open a field?

 "The discovery... has opened a field" - could be the act/event or the finding itself.

 But given "productive insight" and "breakthrough" are synonyms for sense 3, and this is clearly described as a breakthrough ("opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded"), sense 3 seems very appropriate.

 However, sense 2 is also possible - the thing discovered (the gene) enabled the new field.

 Let me look at the exact wording: "the initial discovery of the gene... has opened a field"

 If I paraphrase: "The [act of discovering/insight about] the gene has opened a field..."

 Actually, scientific discoveries that open fields are usually the insights/findings (sense 3).

 But there's a clearer indicator: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery"

 In WordNet, sense 2 is "something that is discovered". Sense 3 is "a productive insight".

 The phrase "made his discovery" suggests he produced it. In scientific contexts, discoveries are often treated as accomplishments/insights (sense 3) rather than just physical objects (sense 2).

 But actually, looking at standard WSD for "discovery":
 - When referring to the event of finding: sense 1
 - When referring to the thing found: sense 2
 - When emphasizing the breakthrough nature: sense 3

 Here, the text emphasizes the importance: "Equally important", "opened a field", "fundamental insights". This suggests sense 3 (productive insight/breakthrough).

 Also, the synonym "find" appears in both sense 1 and sense 3.
 Sense 1: find (as in uncovering)
 Sense 3: find (as in breakthrough discovery)

 Given the emphasis on the scientific breakthrough and productive insight, and that it "made possible some fundamental insights", sense 3 (productive insight) seems the best fit.

 Wait, I should check if sense 2 or 1 is more common for "make a discovery".

 Actually, looking at the structure "his retinoblastoma discovery" - this is similar to "his discovery", which is possessive. The discovery belongs to him as his achievement. Achievements are often sense 3 (insight/breakthrough) or sense 1 (act).

 But "retinoblastoma" modifies "discovery". If sense 1 (act), it's the act of discovering retinoblastoma (but he discovered the gene, not the disease itself, though he discovered the gene related to it).
 If sense 2, it's the thing discovered about retinoblastoma.
 If sense 3, it's the breakthrough regarding retinoblastoma.

 Given that two lines later it says "scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors" and then "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery", the "discovery" is being used as a countable noun referring to the specific finding/instance. This aligns with sense 2 (something that is discovered) or sense 3 (a productive insight).

 Between 2 and 3:
 - Sense 2 treats it as an object/thing discovered.
 - Sense 3 treats it as a cognitive achievement/insight.

 In the context of "fundamental insights" mentioned later, and "productive insight" being the definition, and given this is a scientific breakthrough, sense 3 is strongest.

 However, let me reconsider sense 1. "The act of discovering something" - could "his discovery" mean "his act of discovering"?
 "Dr. Dryja made his discovery in 1986" -> Dr. Dryja performed his act of discovery in 1986. This is grammatical and makes sense.

 But the text flow: "scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."

 If sense 1: Scientists have identified two suppressors. Dr. Dryja performed the act of discovering retinoblastoma in 1986.
 But wait, "fingered two of these cancer-suppressors" means they've identified the genes. Then mentioning Dr. Dryja's discovery in 1986 suggests the discovery is the thing found (the gene), not just the act. The discovery from 1986 is one of the cancer suppressors.

 Actually: "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."

 This suggests:
 - Scientists have found two suppressors so far.
 - The first was Dr. Dryja's discovery in 1986.
 - The second was last spring (p53).

 So "discovery" here refers to the specific finding/gene discovered. This is sense 2 (something that is discovered) or sense 3 (productive insight/result).

 Between sense 2 and 3 for this usage: "the discovery in 1986" - is it the object or the insight?

 I think in WordNet, sense 2 ("something that is discovered") would cover the gene as the discovery. Sense 3 ("productive insight") would cover the breakthrough finding.

 But "retinoblastoma discovery" - if it's the gene, it's a thing (sense 2). But genes are discovered, and they are "somethings that are discovered".

 However, the definition of sense 3 includes "find" as a synonym, and "a productive insight". The finding of the gene is indeed a productive insight that opened a field.

 I thinkSense 3 fits best because:
 1. The text emphasizes the breakthrough nature ("opened a field", "exploded", "fundamental insights")
 2. "Productive insight" matches the context of enabling further research
 3. While the gene is a thing, the "discovery" in "made his discovery" emphasizes the achievement/accomplishment aspect, which is sense 3.

 Actually, checking WordNet online or standard examples:
 Discovery%1:09:00:: - a productive insight
 Example: "it was a real find"
 Synonyms: breakthrough, find

 Discovery%1:10:00:: - something that is discovered
 Example: ?

 Discovery%1:04:00:: - the act of discovering something
 Example: "the discovery of America"

 In "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery", if we consider it as "his discovery = his finding", and given the list context (two cancer suppressors have been fingered, one was Dryja's discovery), it's likely sense 2 or 3.

 But "discovery" with years ("in 1986") often refers to the event/act (sense 1) or the achievement (sense 3).

 However, I notice that sense 2 and sense 3 are both relevant. But sense 3 specifically mentions "breakthrough" which is explicitly the connotation here.

 Wait, I should look at whether "something that is discovered" (sense 2) includes abstract things like findings. Yes, it would.

 But let me look at the previous sentence: "the initial discovery of the gene... has opened a field"
 Can "something that is discovered" (a physical gene) open a field? Not really, the knowledge/insight opens the field.
 Can "the act of discovering" open a field? Maybe.
 Can "a productive insight" open a field? Yes, perfectly.

 Therefore, "the initial discovery" is sense 3.
 And "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery" refers to the same thing - the productive insight/breakthrough.

 So sense 3 is the answer.

 Actually, one more check: could sense 1 work for "the initial discovery"?
 "The act of discovering the gene has opened a field" - possible, but less likely than the insight/finding itself enabling the field.

 Sense 3 is the best choice.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DigitalOcean

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: Then
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. <t>Then</t> last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "then" in the given context. Let me analyze the context:

1. Context: The paragraph discusses cancer research developments in chronological order.
2. Key sequence:
   - "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."
   - "<t>Then</t> last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53..."

The word "Then" here is connecting two events in time sequence:
- Event 1: Dryja's discovery in 1986
- Event 2: Last spring, researchers reported finding p53

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right

2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to

3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Analysis:
- Sense 3 ("at that time") typically refers back to a specific time mentioned earlier or implies "at that specific moment." It doesn't typically introduce a subsequent event in a sequence. Example: "I was young then" - "then" refers to a previously mentioned time.

- Sense 2 ("in that case or as a consequence") is about logical consequence or conditionals. The context isn't saying "if X, then Y" or implying logical consequence. It's describing a sequence of events in time.

- Sense 1 ("subsequently or soon afterward") fits perfectly here. It indicates temporal sequence - one thing happened, THEN another thing happened afterward. The examples given ("then he left; go left first, then right") show sequential ordering, which matches the scientific narrative: first Dryja made discovery in 1986, THEN last spring researchers reported another finding.

The temporal sequence is:
1. 1986: Dryja's discovery
2. Then (subsequently/afterward): Last spring, researchers found p53

This is clearly Sense 1: subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors).

Wait, let me double-check the sense keys and indices provided in the candidates:

1. sense_key=then%4:02:00::
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02::
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01::

The user asks to return {"sense_index": 3} format, where the number corresponds to the position in the candidate list (1, 2, or 3).

So if I choose Sense 1 (subsequently...), I should return {"sense_index": 1}
If I choose Sense 2 (in that case...), I should return {"sense_index": 2}
If I choose Sense 3 (at that time), I should return {"sense_index": 3}

My analysis confirms Sense 1 is correct: "subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)" - this describes the usage where "Then" connects two chronological events in the narrative.

Sense 3 "at that time" would be used if the sentence was something like "I was working there then" pointing back to 1986. But here "Then" is at the beginning of a sentence introducing what happened next in the sequence.

Sense 2 "in that case" would require a conditional structure.

Therefore: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: last
Target surface form: last
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then <t>last</t> spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "last" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The sentence is: "Then <t>last</t> spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53..."
 - This is referring to a specific time period: "last spring"
 - "Last spring" means the spring that immediately preceded the current time of speaking/writing, or a specific past spring being referenced in the narrative.

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
    - This seems to fit perfectly. "Last spring" refers to the spring that is immediately past relative to the narrative time or the time of writing.
    - Examples include "last Thursday" which is similar temporal usage.

 2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
    - This is the "final" sense - the ultimate one in a sequence.
    - "Last spring" doesn't mean the final spring ever, or the last in a sequence of springs in this context. It means the most recent past spring.

 3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
    - This is about endings/terminations. Not applicable to "last spring" as a temporal reference.

 4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable
    - Not applicable.

 5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death
    - Not applicable.

 6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression
    - Not applicable to temporal "last spring".

 7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree
    - Not applicable.

 8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone
    - Not applicable.

 9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance
    - Not applicable.

 The correct sense is clearly sense 1: "immediately past" - used to refer to the most recent occurrence of a time period (spring) before the current or narrative present.

 The example "last Thursday" in sense 1 is directly analogous to "last spring".

 Therefore, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spring
Target surface form: spring
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last <t>spring</t>, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spring%1:28:00:: | definition=the season of growth | synonyms=springtime | examples=the emerging buds were a sure sign of spring; he will hold office until the spring of next year
2. sense_key=spring%1:06:00:: | definition=a metal elastic device that returns to its shape or position when pushed or pulled or pressed | examples=the spring was broken
3. sense_key=spring%1:17:00:: | definition=a natural flow of ground water | synonyms=fountain, outflow, outpouring, natural spring
4. sense_key=spring%1:15:00:: | definition=a point at which water issues forth
5. sense_key=spring%1:07:00:: | definition=the elasticity of something that can be stretched and returns to its original length | synonyms=give, springiness
6. sense_key=spring%1:04:00:: | definition=a light, self-propelled movement upwards or forwards | synonyms=leap, leaping, saltation, bound, bounce

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "spring" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about cancer research and gene discovery
 - "Then last <t>spring</t>, researchers reported finding a gene called p53..."
 - This is referring to a time period - "last spring" meaning the season that occurred most recently

 Looking at the candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=spring%1:28:00:: | definition=the season of growth | synonyms=springtime | examples=the emerging buds were a sure sign of spring; he will hold office until the spring of next year
 2. sense_key=spring%1:06:00:: | definition=a metal elastic device...
 3. sense_key=spring%1:17:00:: | definition=a natural flow of ground water...
 4. sense_key=spring%1:15:00:: | definition=a point at which water issues forth
 5. sense_key=spring%1:07:00:: | definition=the elasticity...
 6. sense_key=spring%1:04:00:: | definition=a light, self-propelled movement...

 The context clearly uses "spring" to refer to the season of the year. The phrase "last spring" indicates a time reference to the season between winter and summer. This matches sense 1, which is defined as "the season of growth" with synonyms including "springtime" and examples mentioning "sign of spring" and "spring of next year."

 The other senses refer to:
 - Mechanical springs (metal devices)
 - Water springs (natural water flows)
 - Elasticity properties
 - Physical jumping movements

 None of these fit the temporal context of "last spring" referring to when researchers reported findings.

 Therefore, the correct sense is index 1.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense indexing. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=spring%1:28:00::
 2. sense_key=spring%1:06:00::
 3. sense_key=spring%1:17:00::
 4. sense_key=spring%1:15:00::
 5. sense_key=spring%1:07:00::
 6. sense_key=spring%1:04:00::

 So I need to return {"sense_index": 1}

 Actually, looking carefully at the format, the user wants the index number from the list provided (1-6), not the WordNet offset or anything else. The first one in the list is the season sense, which is correct.

 The context: "Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene..." - definitely referring to the season.

 So the answer is sense_index: 1.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: reported
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers <t>reported</t> finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%2:32:00:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
2. sense_key=report%2:32:04:: | definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research
3. sense_key=report%2:32:03:: | definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock
4. sense_key=report%2:32:01:: | definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal
5. sense_key=report%2:32:13:: | definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City
6. sense_key=report%2:32:02:: | definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "reported" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "Then last spring, researchers <t>reported</t> finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous."
 - This is about scientific research. Researchers are announcing or making known their findings about a gene.
 - The context is about scientific discovery and publication of results.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=report%2:32:00:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account
    - This is a general sense of describing something. While researchers did describe their findings, this seems too general.

 2. sense_key=report%2:32:04:: | definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research
    - This fits very well. The researchers are announcing the result of their investigation (finding the gene p53). The example "The team reported significant advances in their research" is almost exactly parallel to the context.

 3. sense_key=report%2:32:03:: | definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock
    - This is about reporting for duty/work. Doesn't fit.

 4. sense_key=report%2:32:01:: | definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal
    - This is about reporting to authorities, like reporting a crime. Doesn't fit the scientific context.

 5. sense_key=report%2:32:13:: | definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City
    - This is about journalism/reporting as a profession. While researchers can "report" findings, this sense specifically mentions journalism and covering news stories.

 6. sense_key=report%2:32:02:: | definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor
    - This is about making a complaint. Doesn't fit.

 The best fit is sense 2: "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding". The context explicitly mentions researchers announcing their discovery of a gene, which is the result of scientific investigation. The example provided for sense 2 ("The team reported significant advances in their research") directly supports this interpretation.

 Sense 1 is too general. Sense 2 specifically captures the meaning of announcing scientific findings or investigation results.

 Therefore, the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: finding
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported <t>finding</t> a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "finding" (lemma: find) in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about scientific research, specifically about discovering cancer-related genes.
 - The specific sentence is: "Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous."
 - This is about researchers discovering/existing a gene called p53.
 - The word "finding" here means discovering or determining the existence of something (the gene).

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: - come upon, as if by accident; meet with (happen, chance, bump, encounter)
    - This implies accidental discovery, but the context suggests systematic research.

 2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: - discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (detect, observe, discover, notice)
    - Examples: "She detected high levels of lead...", "We found traces of lead..."
    - This seems close - discovering the existence of the gene.

 3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: - come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost (regain)
    - This is about locating something lost, not discovering something new.

 4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: - establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (determine, find out, ascertain)
    - Examples: "find the product of two numbers", "The physicist who found the elusive particle..."
    - This is about establishing something through study/investigation.

 5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: - come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions... (feel)
    - Not relevant here.

 6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: - perceive or be contemporaneous with (witness, see)
    - Not quite right for discovering a gene.

 7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: - get something or somebody for a specific purpose (line up, get hold, come up)
    - Not about obtaining a physical object for a purpose.

 8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: - make a discovery, make a new finding (discover)
    - Examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays", "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"
    - This looks very relevant - making a scientific discovery.

 9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: - make a discovery (discover)
    - Examples: "She found that he had lied to her", "The story is false, so far as I can discover"
    - This seems more about discovering facts/information rather than physical/scientific entities.

 10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: - obtain through effort or management
     - Not quite right.

 11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: - decide on and make a declaration about (rule)
     - Legal context, not relevant.

 12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: - receive a specified treatment (abstract)
     - Not relevant.

 13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: - perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place
     - Not relevant.

 14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: - get or find back; recover the use of
     - Not relevant.

 15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: - succeed in reaching; arrive at
     - Not relevant.

 16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: - accept and make use of one's personality...
     - Not relevant.

 Now comparing the top candidates:
 - Sense 2 (find%2:39:02::): discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of
 - Sense 4 (find%2:32:00::): establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study
 - Sense 8 (find%2:36:00::): make a discovery, make a new finding

 The context is about researchers reporting the discovery of a gene. This is a scientific breakthrough/discovery.

 Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" - examples include "Roentgen discovered X-rays" and "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle". This matches perfectly with researchers finding/discovering a new gene.

 Sense 2 is about detecting existence or presence, which could work, but Sense 8 is specifically about making a discovery (new finding), which fits the scientific context of discovering a new gene (p53) better.

 Sense 4 is about establishing something after calculation/study, which is close, but the examples are more about determining values or finding particles, whereas Sense 8 emphasizes "make a new finding" which aligns with "finding a gene" in the sense of discovering it for the first time.

 Actually, looking closely at the examples for Sense 4: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" - this is very similar to finding a gene.

 But Sense 8: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" - also very similar.

 Let me check the WordNet sense keys more carefully. The sense keys follow the format: word%pos:lex_filenum:lex_id:head_word:head_id

 But the user has provided simplified sense keys like find%2:40:02:: etc.

 Looking at the definitions:
 - Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" - synonyms: discover
 - Sense 9: "make a discovery" - synonyms: discover - but examples suggest finding out information/truth

 Sense 8 seems to be about discovering new things/entities (X-rays, elementary particles), while Sense 9 is about discovering facts/truths (that he lied).

 In the context, researchers are discovering a gene (an entity), not just detecting its existence. They are reporting the discovery of the gene p53.

 Between Sense 2 (detect/discover existence) and Sense 8 (make a discovery/make a new finding):
 - Sense 2 examples: "detected high levels of lead", "found traces of lead" - this is about detecting presence of known substances
 - Sense 8 examples: "discovered X-rays", "found a new elementary particle" - this is about discovering new entities

 Since p53 is being presented as a specific gene that was discovered (likely newly identified in this context), Sense 8 seems most appropriate.

 However, I should also consider Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"
 - This emphasizes the process of research leading to the finding.
 - Example: "The physicist who found the elusive particle..."

 But "finding a gene" in scientific literature usually maps to the sense of discovering or identifying it.

 Let me reconsider the indexing. The user lists them as 1-16. I need to return the index number.

 Sense 8 is index 8.
 Sense 2 is index 2.
 Sense 4 is index 4.

 Looking at the context again: "researchers reported finding a gene called p53"
 This is clearly a scientific discovery of a biological entity.

 In WordNet, the sense "make a discovery, make a new finding" (find%2:36:00::) is specifically for discovering new things, as opposed to "discover or determine the existence" (find%2:39:02::) which is more about detecting/ob noticing.

 Actually, looking at typical WSD for "find" in scientific discovery contexts:
 - "find a gene" usually maps to the sense of discovering or determining existence.

 But let's look at the gloss for sense 8 again: "make a discovery, make a new finding"
 And sense 9: "make a discovery"

 The distinction between 8 and 9 in WordNet is subtle. Sense 8 (find%2:36:00::) is often for discovering tangible things or new phenomena, while sense 9 (find%2:31:09::) is for discovering facts/information.

 The gene p53 is a tangible biological entity, so sense 8 seems right.

 However, sense 2 (find%2:39:02::) "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" is also very strong. The examples include "We found traces of lead" and "She detected high levels..."

 But in the context of "finding a gene" in a research paper, it's typically about identifying/discovering the gene's existence or role.

 Wait, looking at the sentence: "researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous."

 This is about the discovery of the gene's role or the gene itself. Given that Dryja made a "discovery" earlier in the text ("the initial discovery of the gene"), and now researchers reported "finding" another gene, this parallels the "make a discovery" sense.

 I think Sense 8 is the best fit: "make a discovery, make a new finding" with the example "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" being almost identical in structure to "researchers reported finding a gene".

 Actually, looking at the sense keys provided:
 8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle

 This is clearly the best match.

 Let me double-check if there's any other sense that could fit better.
 Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation..." - this is also possible, but the examples are more about determining values or specific results of calculations, whereas discovering a gene is more about identifying its existence/location in the genome.

 Sense 2 is about detecting existence/presence, which is close, but Sense 8 emphasizes the novelty (new finding), which fits the context of scientific research reporting breakthroughs.

 The text mentions "initial discovery" earlier and then "finding" - suggesting these are parallel terms. Therefore, the sense that means "make a discovery" (Sense 8) is the correct choice.

 Index: 8


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene <t>called</t> p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "called" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
"Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous."

Here, "called" is being used to assign a name (p53) to a gene. The gene is given the specific proper name "p53".

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
- This matches perfectly. The gene is being assigned the name "p53". The examples show naming things: son David, school named after... This is about assigning proper names.

2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
- This is about calling someone a name (like "bastard") or ascribing a quality. Not applicable here. "p53" is a proper name/designation, not a descriptive common noun.

3. Telephone sense - not applicable.

4. Shouting - not applicable.

5. Summoning - not applicable.

6. Visiting - not applicable.

... and so on.

The key is sense 1: assigning a specified (usually proper) proper name to something. The gene is given the name "p53".

So the answer should be sense_index: 1.

Wait, I need to check the exact format. The user wants a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}. So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

Let me double-check if there are any other senses that could fit.

Sense 27: "consider or regard as being" - examples: "I would not call her beautiful"
This is close, but usually implies a judgment or description. "Called" in "a gene called p53" is definitely about naming, not about considering/regarding as. It's about the actual name of the gene.

Sense 12: "greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name" - examples: "He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister"
This is about forms of address, not about naming an object.

So sense 1 is definitely correct. The gene is being assigned the proper name "p53".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impair
Target surface form: impaired
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if <t>impaired</t>, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impair%2:30:00:: | definition=make worse or less effective | examples=His vision was impaired
2. sense_key=impair%2:30:01:: | definition=make imperfect | synonyms=mar, spoil, deflower, vitiate | examples=nothing marred her beauty

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "impaired" in the given context.

Target lemma: impair
Target surface form: impaired
Context: "...researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if <t>impaired</t>, turns healthy colon cells cancerous."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impair%2:30:00:: | definition=make worse or less effective | examples=His vision was impaired
2. sense_key=impair%2:30:01:: | definition=make imperfect | synonyms=mar, spoil, deflower, vitiate | examples=nothing marred her beauty

Let me analyze the context. The sentence says: "researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous."

This means if the gene is damaged or not functioning properly, it causes cancer. The gene's function is being made worse or less effective.

Sense 1: "make worse or less effective" - This fits well. If the gene is impaired, its function is made worse or less effective. The example "His vision was impaired" shows a reduction in function/quality.

Sense 2: "make imperfect" with synonyms mar, spoil, deflower, vitiate. This seems more about damaging the physical perfection or integrity of something, like beauty. "Nothing marred her beauty" - this is about aesthetic damage or spoiling perfection.

In the biological context of a gene, "impaired" means its function is diminished or made less effective. The gene's ability to suppress cancer is compromised - it's made worse or less effective. This aligns with sense 1.

Sense 2 seems more about introducing flaws or defects that ruin perfection, often used in contexts of beauty, purity, or structural perfection. While a gene can be "damaged," the specific sense of "impair" here is about functional reduction - the gene's function is less effective, leading to cancer.

Also, looking at the examples: "His vision was impaired" is about a function (vision) being reduced in effectiveness. Similarly, the gene's function (tumor suppression) is reduced in effectiveness.

Therefore, sense 1 (impair%2:30:00::) is the best fit.

Wait, I need to be careful. Let me reconsider. The instruction says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." But the candidate senses are numbered 1 and 2. So I should return {"sense_index": 1} or {"sense_index": 2}.

The user says "Choose the single best indexed sense" and the candidates are labeled 1 and 2. So the index would be 1 or 2.

Let me double-check WordNet senses for impair.
impair%2:30:00:: usually means "make worse or less effective"
impair%2:30:01:: usually means "make imperfect"

In the context: "if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous" - this is about the gene being damaged such that it no longer functions properly. Is this "make worse or less effective" or "make imperfect"?

Actually, looking at WordNet:
- impair (v) (1) - make worse or less effective; "His vision was impaired"
- impair (v) (2) - make imperfect; "nothing marred her beauty"

In biomedical contexts, when we say a gene is "impaired," we typically mean its function is compromised - made less effective. The gene p53 is a tumor suppressor. If its function is impaired (made less effective), it can't suppress tumors effectively.

Sense 2 with synonyms "mar, spoil, deflower, vitiate" seems to imply damaging the quality or perfection of something. While "vitiate" can mean make faulty, the cluster with "mar, spoil, deflower" suggests a different nuance.

Also, the example "His vision was impaired" is very close to the biological function context - both involve a faculty or function being reduced.

So sense 1 is definitely the better choice.

Wait, I should make sure about the indexing. The user lists:
1. sense_key=impair%2:30:00::
2. sense_key=impair%2:30:01::

So sense_index should be 1.

Let me verify once more. Could it be 2? "if impaired" - could this mean "if made imperfect"? A gene that is made imperfect (mutated) turns cells cancerous. But "make imperfect" with synonyms like "mar" and "spoil" seems less apt for a gene's functional capacity. "Make worse or less effective" captures the functional decline better. The phrase "impaired glucose tolerance" or "impaired function" in medicine always aligns with sense 1.

Yes, sense 1.

provider: SiliconFlow