[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sound
Target surface form: sound
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells <t>sound</t> without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sound%2:39:06:: | definition=appear in a certain way | examples=This sounds interesting
2. sense_key=sound%2:39:00:: | definition=make a certain noise or sound | synonyms=go | examples=She went `Mmmmm'; The gun went `bang'
3. sense_key=sound%2:39:03:: | definition=give off a certain sound or sounds | examples=This record sounds scratchy
4. sense_key=sound%2:39:02:: | definition=announce by means of a sound | examples=sound the alarm
5. sense_key=sound%2:32:00:: | definition=utter with vibrating vocal chords | synonyms=voice, vocalize, vocalise
6. sense_key=sound%2:39:01:: | definition=cause to sound | examples=sound the bell; sound a certain note
7. sense_key=sound%2:30:00:: | definition=measure the depth of (a body of water) with a sounding line | synonyms=fathom

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "sound" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about church bells and change-ringing in England
 - The specific sentence: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells <t>sound</t> without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
 - The bells are making noise/ringing
 - The subject is "bells" (inanimate objects producing noise)
 - The context describes the bells producing sound as part of the ringing process

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=sound%2:39:06:: | definition=appear in a certain way | examples=This sounds interesting
    - This is about seeming or appearing (e.g., "that sounds good"). Not about physical noise production.

 2. sense_key=sound%2:39:00:: | definition=make a certain noise or sound | synonyms=go | examples=She went `Mmmmm'; The gun went `bang'
    - This is about making a noise. The examples show "go" used for making sounds. Bells making noise fits here.

 3. sense_key=sound%2:39:03:: | definition=give off a certain sound or sounds | examples=This record sounds scratchy
    - This is about emitting sound. The example "This record sounds scratchy" suggests a quality of sound perception. But bells giving off sound fits.

 4. sense_key=sound%2:39:02:: | definition=announce by means of a sound | examples=sound the alarm
    - This is transitive - causing a sound to announce something. "Sound the alarm" is transitive. Our context is intransitive - the bells sound.

 5. sense_key=sound%2:32:00:: | definition=utter with vibrating vocal chords | synonyms=voice, vocalize, vocalise
    - This is about speaking/vocalizing. Bells don't have vocal chords.

 6. sense_key=sound%2:39:01:: | definition=cause to sound | examples=sound the bell; sound a certain note
    - This is transitive - causing something to make noise. "Sound the bell" means to ring it. But in our sentence, the bells themselves are the subject doing the sounding, not being caused to sound by someone else (though ringers are mentioned, the structure is "bells sound").

 7. sense_key=sound%2:30:00:: | definition=measure the depth of (a body of water) with a sounding line | synonyms=fathom
    - This is a completely different meaning (nautical). Not relevant.

 Now between sense 2 and 3:
 - Sense 2: "make a certain noise or sound" - synonyms include "go" (as in "the gun went bang")
 - Sense 3: "give off a certain sound or sounds" - example "This record sounds scratchy"

 The context: "the bells sound" - this is about bells producing noise.

 Looking at the examples:
 - Sense 2 examples: "She went `Mmmmm'; The gun went `bang'" - these are about producing specific noises
 - Sense 3 examples: "This record sounds scratchy" - this is about the quality of the sound produced

 Actually, looking more carefully at WordNet structure:
 - Sound%2:39:00:: is typically the intransitive "make a sound" sense (like "the bell sounds")
 - Sound%2:39:03:: is often the sense used for "give off a certain sound" in terms of acoustic properties

 But let me think about the specific context. The sentence says "the bells sound" - meaning the bells produce sound/ring.

 In WordNet:
 - sound%2:39:00:: "make a certain noise or sound" - this is the general intransitive verb for producing sound
 - sound%2:39:03:: "give off a certain sound or sounds" - this might be more about the quality or emission

 Actually, looking at the examples provided:
 - Sense 2: "She went `Mmmmm'; The gun went `bang'" - these are verbs of sound emission where "go" can be used
 - Sense 3: "This record sounds scratchy" - this is copular or about perceived quality

 Wait, "This record sounds scratchy" is actually a different construction - it's similar to "this sounds interesting" (which is sense 1).

 Let me reconsider the WordNet senses more carefully:

 Sense 1: appear in a certain way (copular) - "This sounds interesting"
 Sense 2: make a certain noise or sound - "The gun went 'bang'" (where "go" is a synonym)
 Sense 3: give off a certain sound or sounds - "This record sounds scratchy"
 Sense 4: announce by means of a sound - "sound the alarm"
 Sense 5: utter with vibrating vocal chords - "voice"
 Sense 6: cause to sound - "sound the bell"
 Sense 7: measure depth

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet 3.0 or 3.1:
 - sound.v.01: make a certain noise or sound (as in "the bell sounded")
 - sound.v.02: give off a certain sound or sounds (as in "this record sounds scratchy")
 - sound.v.03: announce by means of a sound (transitive)
 - sound.v.04: appear in a certain way (copular)
 - sound.v.05: cause to sound (transitive)
 - sound.v.06: measure depth
 - sound.v.07: utter with vibrating vocal chords

 But the indices in the candidate list seem to be:
 1. sound%2:39:06:: - appear in a certain way
 2. sound%2:39:00:: - make a certain noise or sound
 3. sound%2:39:03:: - give off a certain sound or sounds
 4. sound%2:39:02:: - announce by means of a sound
 5. sound%2:32:00:: - utter with vibrating vocal chords
 6. sound%2:39:01:: - cause to sound
 7. sound%2:30:00:: - measure depth

 The context: "the bells sound" - the bells are producing noise. This is intransitive.

 Between sense 2 (make a certain noise) and sense 3 (give off a certain sound):
 - Sense 2 is typically for specific noises (the bell sounded, the gun went bang)
 - Sense 3 might be more about the acoustic quality or general emission

 But looking at the example for sense 3: "This record sounds scratchy" - this is actually about the perceived quality, similar to sense 1.

 Actually, I think sense 2 is the best fit: "make a certain noise or sound" - this is the general verb for when something produces sound. The bells are making noise.

 Sense 6 is "cause to sound" which is transitive (someone sounds the bell), but here the bells are the subject.

 Sense 2 with synonym "go" - "the bells go" (make noise) - this fits the pattern.

 So I think the answer is sense 2 (index 2).

 Wait, let me double-check the indices. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=sound%2:39:06::
 2. sense_key=sound%2:39:00::
 3. sense_key=sound%2:39:03::
 4. sense_key=sound%2:39:02::
 5. sense_key=sound%2:32:00::
 6. sense_key=sound%2:39:01::
 7. sense_key=sound%2:30:00::

 So index 2 corresponds to sound%2:39:00:: "make a certain noise or sound".

 But let me reconsider sense 3: "give off a certain sound or sounds" with example "This record sounds scratchy".

 Actually, "This record sounds scratchy" is ambiguous - it could mean the record emits scratchy sounds, or it seems scratchy (copular).

 But "the bells sound" in the context of ringing is clearly about the physical act of producing sound, not about appearing a certain way.

 Between sense 2 and 3, sense 2 seems more appropriate for the specific action of bells ringing/making noise.

 However, looking at WordNet documentation:
 - sound.v.01 (sound%2:39:00::): make a certain noise or sound
 - sound.v.02 (sound%2:39:01::?): give off a certain sound or sounds

 Actually, the lexicographer file numbers (39) suggest these are all perception/sound verbs.

 Let me think about the specific context again: "the order in which the bells sound" - this means the sequence in which the bells ring/produce sound.

 This is clearly the intransitive use meaning "to make a noise".

 Sense 2: "make a certain noise or sound" - fits perfectly.
 Sense 3: "give off a certain sound or sounds" - also fits, but the example "This record sounds scratchy" suggests it's more about the quality of the sound produced.

 Actually, looking at standard WSD for "sound":
 - When a bell sounds, it's usually sense "make a noise" (sound%2:39:00::)
 - When something sounds good, it's sense "appear in a certain way" (sound%2:39:06::)

 The bells are physical objects producing acoustic waves. This is the prototypical "make a sound" sense.

 Therefore, the answer should be index 2.

 But wait, I should check if sense 3 could be correct. "Give off a certain sound" - bells give off sounds. But the example "This record sounds scratchy" is about the perceived quality, not the emission.

 Actually, looking at WordNet 3.1:
 - sound.v.01: make a certain noise or sound - "She went `Mmmmm'"; "The gun went `bang'"
 - sound.v.02: give off a certain sound or sounds - "This record sounds scratchy"

 The difference is subtle. Sound.v.01 is about the action of making noise (often with specific onomatopoeia or manner), while sound.v.02 is about the acoustic properties.

 In the context of church bells ringing in a specific order, it's about the action of producing the sound (ringing), not about the acoustic quality of the bells.

 Therefore, sense 2 (index 2) is correct.

 Final check: The sentence is "the bells sound" - intransitive, meaning the bells ring/make noise. This matches sense 2.

 Answer: {"sense_index": 2}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: alter
Target surface form: altering
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without <t>altering</t> the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=alter%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to change; make different; cause a transformation | synonyms=change, modify | examples=The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city; The discussion has changed my thinking about the issue
2. sense_key=alter%2:30:00:: | definition=become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence | synonyms=change, vary | examples=her mood changes in accordance with the weather; The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season
3. sense_key=alter%2:36:00:: | definition=make an alteration to | examples=This dress needs to be altered
4. sense_key=alter%2:30:04:: | definition=insert words into texts, often falsifying it thereby | synonyms=interpolate, falsify
5. sense_key=alter%2:29:00:: | definition=remove the ovaries of | synonyms=neuter, spay, castrate | examples=Is your cat spayed?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "altering" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about English church bells and "change-ringing"
 - It describes how ringers vary the order in which bells sound
 - The specific sentence: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without <t>altering</t> the steady rhythm of the striking."

 So "altering" here means changing/modifying the rhythm. The ringers vary the order of bells but do NOT change/modify the steady rhythm.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=alter%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to change; make different; cause a transformation | synonyms=change, modify | examples=The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city; The discussion has changed my thinking about the issue
    - This seems to fit. It means causing something to change or making it different. In the context, they are not causing the rhythm to change/modify.

 2. sense_key=alter%2:30:00:: | definition=become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence | synonyms=change, vary | examples=her mood changes in accordance with the weather; The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season
    - This is about becoming different (intransitive), but here "altering" is used transitively with "the steady rhythm" as the object. So this doesn't fit.

 3. sense_key=alter%2:36:00:: | definition=make an alteration to | examples=This dress needs to be altered
    - This is about making alterations to clothes/tailoring. The context is about rhythm, not clothing.

 4. sense_key=alter%2:30:04:: | definition=insert words into texts, often falsifying it thereby | synonyms=interpolate, falsify
    - This is about text/documents. Not relevant here.

 5. sense_key=alter%2:29:00:: | definition=remove the ovaries of | synonyms=neuter, spay, castrate | examples=Is your cat spayed?
    - This is about spaying/neutering animals. Not relevant.

 So sense 1 is the best fit: "cause to change; make different; cause a transformation" - the ringers are not causing the steady rhythm to change.

 Wait, let me double-check sense 1 vs sense 2. Sense 1 is transitive (cause to change), sense 2 is intransitive (become different). The construction is "without altering the steady rhythm" - this is clearly transitive, taking "the steady rhythm" as the direct object. So sense 1 is correct.

 The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Novita

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: steady
Target surface form: steady
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the <t>steady</t> rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=steady%3:00:00:: | definition=not subject to change or variation especially in behavior | examples=a steady beat; a steady job
2. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:stable:00 | definition=not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall | synonyms=firm, unfluctuating | examples=stocks are still firm
3. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:secure:03 | definition=securely in position; not shaky | examples=held the ladder steady
4. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:resolute:00 | definition=marked by firm determination or resolution; not shakable | synonyms=firm, steadfast, stiff, unbendable, unfaltering, unshakable | examples=firm convictions; a firm mouth
5. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:frequent:00 | definition=relating to a person who does something regularly | synonyms=regular | examples=a regular customer; a steady drinker
6. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:unexcitable:00 | definition=not easily excited or upset | examples=steady nerves

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "steady" in the given context.

Context analysis:
The sentence is: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the <t>steady</t> rhythm of the striking."

The word "steady" modifies "rhythm of the striking". It describes the rhythm of the bell ringing. The context is about change-ringing where ringers vary the order of bells but do not alter the steady rhythm.

Candidate senses:
1. steady%3:00:00:: - not subject to change or variation especially in behavior | examples: a steady beat; a steady job
2. steady%5:00:00:stable:00 - not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall | synonyms: firm, unfluctuating | examples: stocks are still firm
3. steady%5:00:00:secure:03 - securely in position; not shaky | examples: held the ladder steady
4. steady%5:00:00:resolute:00 - marked by firm determination or resolution; not shakable | synonyms: firm, steadfast... | examples: firm convictions
5. steady%5:00:00:frequent:00 - relating to a person who does something regularly | synonyms: regular | examples: a regular customer
6. steady%5:00:00:unexcitable:00 - not easily excited or upset | examples: steady nerves

Looking at the context: "steady rhythm of the striking"
- This refers to a rhythm that is constant, not changing, regular, unvarying.
- Sense 1: "not subject to change or variation especially in behavior" - example "a steady beat". This fits very well. A rhythm is like a beat.
- Sense 2: "not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall" - this is more about financial/market stability or physical stability (not falling). While rhythm could be stable, the example "stocks are still firm" suggests this sense is more about numerical/positional stability.
- Sense 3: physical stability, not shaky. Not applicable to rhythm.
- Sense 4: resolute, determined. Not applicable to rhythm.
- Sense 5: frequent/regular in habits. Not applicable to rhythm.
- Sense 6: unexcitable nerves. Not applicable.

Sense 1 seems the best fit. The example "a steady beat" is almost exactly parallel to "steady rhythm". The definition "not subject to change or variation" matches "without altering the steady rhythm" - meaning the rhythm doesn't change.

Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys and indices. The user lists them as:
1. sense_key=steady%3:00:00::
2. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:stable:00
3. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:secure:03
4. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:resolute:00
5. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:frequent:00
6. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:unexcitable:00

So the indices are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

Sense 1 is the adjective sense (3:00:00) meaning not subject to change or variation. The example "a steady beat" strongly supports this for "steady rhythm".

Sense 2 (5:00:00:stable:00) is a satellite adjective linked to "stable". Definition: not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall. This could potentially apply to rhythm (not fluctuating), but the example "stocks are still firm" and synonyms "firm, unfluctuating" suggest it's more about values/positions remaining constant rather than temporal patterns. However, "unfluctuating" could apply to rhythm.

But Sense 1 has the exact example "a steady beat" which is semantically very close to "steady rhythm". Also, in WordNet, sense 1 is usually the most common/core sense. The phrase "steady rhythm" is extremely common and means a rhythm that is constant and unvarying, which aligns perfectly with sense 1's definition "not subject to change or variation".

Let me verify if there's any subtle distinction. In change-ringing, the rhythm must remain constant (the time between strikes stays the same) while the order of bells changes. This is precisely "not subject to change or variation" - the rhythm doesn't vary.

Sense 2 focuses on "not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall" - this has a connotation of not dropping or varying in level (like prices, temperature). While rhythm could be described this way, sense 1 is more directly about behavior/pattern consistency.

Also, note that sense 1's definition says "especially in behavior" but that doesn't restrict it only to behavior; it's the primary sense of steady meaning constant/unvarying. The "especially in behavior" might be part of the gloss but the example "a steady beat" shows it applies to temporal patterns.

Therefore, sense_index: 1 is the best choice.

The user wants only a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}

I should not hedge, just return the JSON.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rhythm
Target surface form: rhythm
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady <t>rhythm</t> of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:01:: | definition=the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music | synonyms=beat, musical rhythm | examples=the piece has a fast rhythm; the conductor set the beat
2. sense_key=rhythm%1:07:01:: | definition=recurring at regular intervals | synonyms=regular recurrence
3. sense_key=rhythm%1:28:00:: | definition=an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, round | examples=the never-ending cycle of the seasons
4. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:00:: | definition=the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements | synonyms=speech rhythm | examples=the rhythm of Frost's poetry
5. sense_key=rhythm%1:04:00:: | definition=natural family planning in which ovulation is assumed to occur 14 days before the onset of a period (the fertile period would be assumed to extend from day 10 through day 18 of her cycle) | synonyms=rhythm method of birth control, rhythm method, calendar method of birth control, calendar method

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "rhythm" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about change-ringing (ringing church bells in England)
 - It describes how bells are rung: started in "rounds" from highest to lowest pitch
 - Then ringers vary the order but keep the "steady rhythm of the striking"
 - The rhythm here refers to the regular timing/pattern of the bell strikes

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:01:: | definition=the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music | synonyms=beat, musical rhythm | examples=the piece has a fast rhythm; the conductor set the beat
 - This is about music specifically. While bells make music, the context emphasizes the "steady" nature and timing of the striking, not necessarily musical rhythm in the artistic sense.

 2. sense_key=rhythm%1:07:01:: | definition=recurring at regular intervals | synonyms=regular recurrence
 - This seems to fit well. The text mentions "steady rhythm" and talks about the regular timing of the bell strikes. "Recurring at regular intervals" matches "steady rhythm of the striking."

 3. sense_key=rhythm%1:28:00:: | definition=an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, round | examples=the never-ending cycle of the seasons
 - This refers to a time period or cycle. The text mentions "rounds" earlier, but the specific use of "rhythm" here is about the steady beat/timing, not the cycle itself.

 4. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:00:: | definition=the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements | synonyms=speech rhythm | examples=the rhythm of Frost's poetry
 - This is about poetry/speech. Not relevant here.

 5. sense_key=rhythm%1:04:00:: | definition=natural family planning... | synonyms=rhythm method...
 - This is a specific technical term for birth control. Not relevant.

 Between sense 1 and sense 2:
 - Sense 1 is specifically about music (musical rhythm, beat)
 - Sense 2 is about recurring at regular intervals (more general)

 The context mentions "steady rhythm of the striking" - this emphasizes the regular, steady timing of the bell strikes. While bells are musical instruments, the specific usage here focuses on the temporal regularity and steadiness of the striking pattern, not necessarily the musical quality.

 However, looking closely at sense 1: "the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music" - bells are musical, and the striking creates a beat.

 But sense 2 "recurring at regular intervals" seems more general and fits "steady rhythm" better in this physical/mechanical context. The text emphasizes that the timing remains steady even as the order of bells changes.

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
 - rhythm%1:10:01 is the musical sense (hypernym: musical time)
 - rhythm%1:07:01 is the general pattern/recurrence sense (hypernym: regularity)

 The phrase "steady rhythm of the striking" suggests the regular, periodic nature of the bell strikes. This aligns with sense 2 (recurring at regular intervals).

 But wait, let me reconsider. In change-ringing, the "rhythm" refers to the steady beat - the time interval between strikes remains constant. This is indeed about regular recurrence.

 However, looking at the examples for sense 1: "the piece has a fast rhythm; the conductor set the beat" - this could apply to bell ringing too.

 But the key is "without altering the steady rhythm" - this emphasizes the regularity and steadiness of the temporal pattern. Sense 2 focuses on "recurring at regular intervals" which captures the temporal regularity aspect.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet hierarchy:
 - Sense 1 (rhythm%1:10:01) is under noun.time -> musical time
 - Sense 2 (rhythm%1:07:01) is under noun.attribute -> regularity

 The context describes a physical activity (bell ringing) where the timing must remain steady and regular. This seems closer to sense 2.

 But I should check if there's a pattern. In change-ringing terminology, "rhythm" refers to the even spacing of the strikes - the regular temporal pattern.

 Sense 2: "recurring at regular intervals" - this is a noun referring to the pattern of recurrence.
 Sense 1: "the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music" - this is also a noun.

 Actually, looking at the gloss for sense 2 again: "recurring at regular intervals" - this is somewhat vague. Let me think about what this sense actually means. It's the abstract concept of rhythm as regular recurrence.

 In the sentence: "without altering the steady rhythm of the striking" - the rhythm here is the pattern of the strikes occurring at regular intervals.

 I think sense 2 is the best fit because:
 1. It emphasizes the regular, steady nature (recurring at regular intervals)
 2. It's not specifically about music (sense 1) or speech (sense 4) or cycles (sense 3)
 3. The context emphasizes the physical timing and regularity

 Wait, I should double-check sense 1. Is bell-ringing considered music? Yes. But is the "rhythm" here referring to the musical beat or the regular timing?

 The text says "steady rhythm of the striking" - striking is the physical act of hitting the bell. The rhythm is the temporal pattern.

 Actually, looking at typical WSD for "rhythm":
 - When referring to heart rhythm, it's usually sense 2 (regular recurrence)
 - When referring to music, it's sense 1
 - When referring to poetry, it's sense 4

 In this case, while bells produce music, the specific mention of "steady" and the context of physical coordination (dexterity, concentration) suggests the regular timing aspect is paramount.

 However, I recall that in WordNet, sense 1 is the most common musical sense. But sense 2 is "recurring at regular intervals" which is a more general sense.

 Let me look at the examples again:
 - Sense 1: "the piece has a fast rhythm; the conductor set the beat"
 - Sense 2: no examples given, just synonyms "regular recurrence"
 - Sense 3: "the never-ending cycle of the seasons"

 The phrase "steady rhythm" is very common with sense 2 (regular recurrence).

 Also, note that sense 3 is about "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs" - that's a time period, not the pattern itself.

 I think the answer is sense 2.

 But let me reconsider sense 1 one more time. The bells are making music. The rhythm is the beat of that music. The ringers are varying the order but keeping the rhythm steady. This is exactly like a conductor keeping the beat while changing the notes.

 However, the specific gloss for sense 1 says "the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music" - this could be interpreted as the meter or beat pattern.

 But sense 2 "recurring at regular intervals" captures the "steady" aspect better.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet entry for rhythm:
 - 1. (music) the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music
 - 2. recurring at regular intervals
 - 3. an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs
 - 4. the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements
 - 5. rhythm method of birth control

 Sense 2 is the general sense of temporal regularity.

 In this context, "steady rhythm of the striking" - the striking is the event that recurs at regular intervals. So sense 2 fits.

 I think sense 2 is the correct answer.

 Wait, I should check if there's any reason to prefer sense 1. The text mentions "playing tunes on bells" and "carillons" which are musical. But the specific sentence about "rhythm" is about the mechanical aspect of change-ringing - keeping the time between strikes even.

 Actually, looking at the sentence structure: "without altering the steady rhythm of the striking"

 If it were sense 1 (musical rhythm), it might be phrased as "without altering the rhythm" in the musical sense. But the addition of "of the striking" and "steady" suggests the temporal regularity.

 Also, note that sense 2 has the synonym "regular recurrence" which matches "steady rhythm" perfectly.

 I will go with sense 2.

 But wait, I need to be careful. The user asks for the "single best indexed sense" and wants the output as {"sense_index": 2}.

 Let me double-check the indexing. The senses are listed as:
 1. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:01::
 2. sense_key=rhythm%1:07:01::
 3. sense_key=rhythm%1:28:00::
 4. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:00::
 5. sense_key=rhythm%1:04:00::

 So sense 2 is rhythm%1:07:01::.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet sense keys:
 - %1:10:01 is the first sense under noun.time (music)
 - %1:07:01 is under noun.attribute (regularity)
 - %1:28:00 is under noun.time (cycle)
 - %1:10:00 is under noun.time (prosody)
 - %1:04:00 is under noun.act (birth control)

 Yes, sense 2 is the correct index.

 Final check: Could it be sense 3? "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs" - this would mean the rhythm is a time period, like "the rhythm of the day" or something. But here "rhythm" is the pattern of the striking, not the interval itself. So no.

 Therefore, the answer is sense 2.

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: striking
Target surface form: striking
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the <t>striking</t>. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=striking%1:11:00:: | definition=the physical coming together of two or more things | synonyms=contact, impinging | examples=contact with the pier scraped paint from the hull
2. sense_key=striking%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of contacting one thing with another | synonyms=hit, hitting | examples=repeated hitting raised a large bruise; after three misses she finally got a hit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "striking" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is about church bells and bell-ringing (change-ringing).
 - The specific sentence is: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the <t>striking</t>."
 - Here, "striking" refers to the bells being struck/hit to produce sound.
 - The "steady rhythm of the striking" refers to the rhythmic hitting/contact of the bells.

 Candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=striking%1:11:00:: | definition=the physical coming together of two or more things | synonyms=contact, impinging | examples=contact with the pier scraped paint from the hull
 2. sense_key=striking%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of contacting one thing with another | synonyms=hit, hitting | examples=repeated hitting raised a large bruise; after three misses she finally got a hit

 Let me analyze the differences:
 - Sense 1 (striking%1:11:00::): "the physical coming together of two or more things" - seems more general, about collision/contact between objects.
 - Sense 2 (striking%1:04:00::): "the act of contacting one thing with another" - seems more active, about the act of hitting.

 Wait, let me check WordNet senses for "striking" more carefully.

 In WordNet:
 - striking%1:04:00:: is "the act of contacting one thing with another" - synonyms: hit, hitting
 - striking%1:11:00:: is "the physical coming together of two or more things" - synonyms: contact, impinging

 The context is about bells being rung (struck). The "striking" here refers to the bells being hit to produce sound, maintaining a steady rhythm.

 Looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1 example: "contact with the pier scraped paint from the hull" - this is about collision/contact.
 - Sense 2 examples: "repeated hitting raised a large bruise; after three misses she finally got a hit" - this is about the act of hitting.

 In bell-ringing terminology, "striking" refers to the action of the bell being hit (by the clapper) or the sound produced by that action. The phrase "steady rhythm of the striking" suggests the regular pattern of hits/impacts.

 However, looking at the definitions:
 - Sense 1: "physical coming together" - noun, event
 - Sense 2: "act of contacting" - noun, act

 Both could potentially fit, but let's look more carefully.

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
 - striking%1:04:00:: is under noun.act (act of contacting)
 - striking%1:11:00:: is under noun.event (physical coming together)

 In the context of bells, "striking" usually refers to the impact of the clapper on the bell, or the sound produced thereby. The "rhythm of the striking" would be the rhythm of the impacts/hits.

 Sense 2 ("the act of contacting one thing with another") with synonyms "hit, hitting" seems more appropriate because:
 1. It emphasizes the act/action (the ringers are performing an action)
 2. The synonyms "hit, hitting" fit better with bells being hit/struck
 3. The example "repeated hitting raised a large bruise" suggests a rhythmic action, similar to the rhythmic striking of bells

 Sense 1 ("physical coming together") with synonyms "contact, impinging" seems more about the state or event of contact/collision rather than the repeated action of ringing bells.

 However, I need to be careful. In change-ringing terminology, "striking" specifically refers to the sound of the bells or the action of the clapper hitting the bell.

 Let me reconsider the definitions:
 - Sense 1: "the physical coming together of two or more things" - this is a noun referring to the event of contact.
 - Sense 2: "the act of contacting one thing with another" - this is a noun referring to the action.

 In the sentence: "without altering the steady rhythm of the striking"
 - This refers to the rhythm of the bell being hit/struck.
 - "Striking" here is the action of the bell being struck (or the clapper striking the bell).

 Between the two:
 - Sense 2 seems more like an individual act of hitting (like a hit in baseball, or hitting someone).
 - Sense 1 seems more like the physical contact event.

 But wait, looking at the hypernyms might help:
 - striking%1:04:00:: (hit, hitting) -> act, deed, human action, human activity? No, actually hitting can be non-human.
 - striking%1:11:00:: (contact, impinging) -> contact -> interaction -> natural event?

 Actually, looking at the examples again:
 - Sense 1: "contact with the pier scraped paint from the hull" - this is about two objects touching/colliding.
 - Sense 2: "repeated hitting raised a large bruise; after three misses she finally got a hit" - this is about the action of striking.

 In bell-ringing, the "striking" refers to the bell being struck. The rhythm of the striking is the pattern of impacts.

 I think Sense 2 is better because:
 1. It involves the "act" - and bell ringing is an activity involving repeated acts of striking
 2. The synonyms "hit, hitting" are more appropriate for bells being struck than "contact, impinging" which suggest more accidental or static contact

 But let me double-check by looking at actual WordNet entries if I can recall them.

 WordNet 3.1:
 - S: (n) strike, hitting, hitting (the act of contacting one thing with another) "repeated hitting raised a large bruise"; "after three misses she finally got a hit"
 - S: (n) contact, impinging, striking (the physical coming together of two or more things) "contact with the pier scraped paint from the hull"

 Wait, looking at the sense keys provided:
 1. striking%1:11:00:: -> 1:11 usually refers to noun.event (the physical coming together...)
 2. striking%1:04:00:: -> 1:04 usually refers to noun.act (the act of contacting...)

 So:
 - Sense 1 (1:11:00) = contact, impinging = the event of physical contact
 - Sense 2 (1:04:00) = hit, hitting = the act of hitting

 In the context: "steady rhythm of the striking"
 - This is about the rhythmic pattern of the bells being hit.
 - "Striking" as "hitting" (Sense 2) fits better because it refers to the percussive action.
 - "Striking" as "contact" (Sense 1) is too general and suggests the state of being in contact rather than the repeated impacts.

 However, there's a subtlety. In bell-ringing terminology, "striking" can refer to the sound or the timing of the bells. But given the two options, Sense 2 (the act of hitting) seems more aligned with the physical action of the clapper hitting the bell to produce sound.

 But wait, looking carefully at the sentence: "without altering the steady rhythm of the striking"
 - This means they vary the order of bells but keep the rhythm of the striking the same.
 - The "striking" here refers to the impact events occurring at regular intervals.

 Actually, I think I need to reconsider. In change-ringing, "striking" often refers to the blows of the bells - the individual strikes. The rhythm of these strikes must remain steady even as the order changes.

 Between "contact/impinging" (Sense 1) and "hit/hitting" (Sense 2):
 - "Hitting" implies a more forceful, deliberate action
 - "Contact/impinging" is more neutral about the physical collision

 Bells are struck (hit) by clappers. So the act is hitting.

 But looking at the WordNet hierarchy:
 - Sense 1 (striking%1:11:00::) is synonymous with "contact" and "impinging"
 - Sense 2 (striking%1:04:00::) is synonymous with "hit" and "hitting"

 The phrase "rhythm of the striking" suggests a sequence of strikes/hits.

 I believe Sense 2 (index 2) is the correct answer.

 Wait, I should verify the indices. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=striking%1:11:00::
 2. sense_key=striking%1:04:00::

 So index 1 is the contact sense, index 2 is the hitting sense.

 I choose index 2.

 But let me reconsider one more time. Could "striking" here refer to the physical coming together (Sense 1)?

 "The physical coming together of two or more things" - this could describe the clapper hitting the bell. However, "contact" and "impinging" suggest a more general contact event, while "hit/hitting" suggests the specific action of striking a bell.

 Also, the examples for Sense 2 ("repeated hitting", "got a hit") suggest a rhythmic or repeated action, which fits "steady rhythm of the striking" better than the Sense 1 example about a single contact event with a pier.

 Therefore, the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: variation
Target surface form: variation
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each <t>variation</t>, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=variation%1:11:01:: | definition=an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change | synonyms=fluctuation
2. sense_key=variation%1:04:00:: | definition=an activity that varies from a norm or standard | synonyms=variance | examples=any variation in his routine was immediately reported
3. sense_key=variation%1:10:00:: | definition=a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished
4. sense_key=variation%1:09:01:: | definition=something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=version, variant, edition | examples=an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word
5. sense_key=variation%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that deviates from a norm or standard | examples=he patented a variation on the sandal
6. sense_key=variation%1:25:00:: | definition=the angle (at a particular location) between magnetic north and true north | synonyms=magnetic declination, magnetic variation
7. sense_key=variation%1:22:00:: | definition=the process of varying or being varied
8. sense_key=variation%1:19:00:: | definition=(astronomy) any perturbation of the mean motion or orbit of a planet or satellite (especially a perturbation of the earth's moon)
9. sense_key=variation%1:18:00:: | definition=(biology) an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration | synonyms=mutant, mutation, sport
10. sense_key=variation%1:04:02:: | definition=(ballet) a solo dance or dance figure | synonyms=pas seul
11. sense_key=variation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard | examples=who is responsible for these variations in taxation?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "variation" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about change-ringing (English bell ringing)
 - It describes how ringers vary the order in which bells sound
 - "Each <t>variation</t>, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."
 - The context mentions "varying the order" and refers to "patterns of changes"
 - It mentions "methods" which are patterns of changes

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. variation%1:11:01:: - an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change (synonyms: fluctuation)
    - This seems to refer to the act or instance of changing. In the context, "Each variation, or change" suggests this could fit, as it refers to an instance of changing the order.

 2. variation%1:04:00:: - an activity that varies from a norm or standard (synonyms: variance)
    - Example: "any variation in his routine was immediately reported"
    - This seems to be about an activity that deviates. The context is about specific instances of changing bell orders.

 3. variation%1:10:00:: - a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished
    - This is musical, but the context is about bell ringing patterns, not musical themes per se.

 4. variation%1:09:01:: - something a little different from others of the same type (synonyms: version, variant, edition)
    - Example: "an experimental version of the night fighter"
    - This refers to a type or version of something. The context refers to "Each variation" as an instance of change in the sequence.

 5. variation%1:06:00:: - an artifact that deviates from a norm or standard
    - Example: "he patented a variation on the sandal"
    - This is about physical objects/artifacts.

 6. variation%1:25:00:: - magnetic declination
    - Not relevant.

 7. variation%1:22:00:: - the process of varying or being varied
    - This is about the process itself. But the context says "Each variation" suggesting a countable instance, not the abstract process.

 8. variation%1:19:00:: - astronomy perturbation
    - Not relevant.

 9. variation%1:18:00:: - biology mutant
    - Not relevant.

 10. variation%1:04:02:: - ballet solo dance
    - Not relevant.

 11. variation%1:04:01:: - the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard
    - Example: "who is responsible for these variations in taxation?"
    - This is about the act of changing.

 Now, looking closely at the context: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once"

 The word "change" here is synonymous with "variation". In change-ringing, a "change" is a specific permutation of the order of bells. So "variation" here refers to an instance of change - a specific ordering or permutation.

 Sense 1: "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change" - this fits well because it refers to an instance of change (each specific ordering).

 Sense 11: "the act of changing..." - this is about the act, but the context suggests a countable noun (each variation), referring to the result or instance, not the act itself.

 Sense 2: "an activity that varies from a norm" - not quite right.

 Sense 4: "something a little different from others of the same type" - this could work, but sense 1 seems more specific to the "instance of change" meaning.

 Actually, looking at the gloss for sense 1: "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change" - the first part "an instance of change" fits perfectly. In change-ringing, each specific permutation is called a "change" or "variation".

 The text explicitly says "Each variation, or change" - equating the two. In change-ringing terminology, a "change" is a specific arrangement of the bells. So "variation" here means an instance of change (a specific permutation).

 Therefore, sense 1 (variation%1:11:01::) seems to be the best fit.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet senses. Sometimes the numbering/indexing can be tricky.

 The user lists:
 1. sense_key=variation%1:11:01::
 2. sense_key=variation%1:04:00::
 ...
 11. sense_key=variation%1:04:01::

 So index 1 is variation%1:11:01:: (instance of change)
 Index 11 is variation%1:04:01:: (act of changing)

 The context: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once"

 In change-ringing, a "change" is a specific permutation. The text is saying each specific permutation (variation/change) can only occur once in a method.

 This aligns with "an instance of change" (sense 1).

 Sense 11 is "the act of changing" which would be uncountable or refer to the action, but here we have "Each variation" (countable instances).

 Also, sense 1 has synonym "fluctuation" which might not fit perfectly, but the definition "an instance of change" is what matters.

 Let me reconsider sense 4: "something a little different from others of the same type" - this could refer to each different ordering being a variation. But sense 1 is more specific about being an "instance of change" which matches the apposition "or change" in the text.

 Actually, looking at the examples for sense 4: "an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word" - this suggests different types or versions. But in the bell ringing context, it's not about different types of something, but about instances in a sequence of changes.

 Sense 2: "an activity that varies from a norm" - example "any variation in his routine" - this is close, but the bell ringing context is about specific permutations in a mathematical/sequential sense.

 I think sense 1 is correct: "an instance of change"

 But let me look at sense 7: "the process of varying or being varied" - this is too abstract.

 Sense 1 (index 1) is the best fit.

 Wait, I should check if there's a specific sense for mathematics or permutations. Looking at the list, I don't see one specifically for mathematics.

 Sense 1: variation%1:11:01:: - noun.state (11 usually refers to state or condition, or maybe noun.attribute?)
 Actually, in WordNet, the second number is the lexicographer file number:
 04 = noun.act
 09 = noun.cognition
 10 = noun.communication
 11 = noun.attribute
 18 = noun.animal
 19 = noun.artifact? No, 19 is noun.artifact? Let me recall:
 Actually:
 00 = adj.all
 01 = adj.pert
 ...
 For nouns:
 01 = noun.person
 02 = noun.location
 03 = noun.animal? No...

 Standard WordNet lexicographer file numbers:
 01: noun.person
 02: noun.location
 03: noun.animal
 04: noun.act
 05: noun.artifact
 06: noun.attribute
 07: noun.body
 08: noun.cognition
 09: noun.communication
 10: noun.event
 11: noun.feeling? No...

 Actually, looking at the sense keys:
 variation%1:11:01:: - 11 is noun.attribute
 variation%1:04:00:: - 04 is noun.act
 variation%1:10:00:: - 10 is noun.communication? No, 10 is usually noun.cognition or noun.communication depending on version...

 Actually, standard Princeton WordNet 3.0/3.1 lexicographer file numbers:
 00: adj.all
 01: adj.pert
 02: adv.all
 03: noun.Tops
 04: noun.act
 05: noun.animal
 06: noun.artifact
 07: noun.attribute
 08: noun.body
 09: noun.cognition
 10: noun.communication
 11: noun.event
 12: noun.feeling
 13: noun.food
 14: noun.group
 15: noun.location
 16: noun.motive
 17: noun.object
 18: noun.person
 19: noun.phenomenon
 20: noun.plant
 21: noun.possession
 22: noun.process
 23: noun.quantity
 24: noun.relation
 25: noun.shape
 26: noun.state
 27: noun.substance
 28: noun.time
 29: verb.body
 ...

 Wait, the user has:
 1: 11 - which would be noun.event? No, if 04 is noun.act, then:
 04 = noun.act
 09 = noun.cognition?
 10 = noun.communication?
 11 = noun.event?
 22 = noun.process?

 Actually, looking at the user's list:
 7. sense_key=variation%1:22:00:: | definition=the process of varying or being varied
 22 is likely noun.process.

 6. sense_key=variation%1:25:00:: - 25 might be noun.relation or noun.shape?

 Actually, standard mapping:
 03: noun.Tops
 04: noun.act
 05: noun.animal
 06: noun.artifact
 07: noun.attribute
 08: noun.body
 09: noun.cognition
 10: noun.communication
 11: noun.event
 12: noun.feeling
 13: noun.food
 14: noun.group
 15: noun.location
 16: noun.motive
 17: noun.object
 18: noun.person
 19: noun.phenomenon
 20: noun.plant
 21: noun.possession
 22: noun.process
 23: noun.quantity
 24: noun.relation
 25: noun.shape
 26: noun.state
 27: noun.substance
 28: noun.time
 29: verb.body
 ...

 So:
 1. variation%1:11:01:: = noun.event - "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change"
 2. variation%1:04:00:: = noun.act - "an activity that varies from a norm or standard"
 3. variation%1:10:00:: = noun.communication - "a repetition of a musical theme..."
 4. variation%1:09:01:: = noun.cognition - "something a little different from others of the same type"
 5. variation%1:06:00:: = noun.artifact - "an artifact that deviates from a norm"
 6. variation%1:25:00:: = noun.shape? No, 25 is noun.shape? Or noun.state?
 Actually, magnetic declination is usually noun.phenomenon or noun.attribute...

 Let me not get bogged down in the lexicographer file numbers. The definitions are what matter.

 Context analysis:
 - "Each variation, or change" - apposition with "change"
 - In change-ringing, a "change" is a specific permutation of the bells
 - The text mentions "varying the order" and then "Each variation"
 - So a variation is a specific instance of the order being changed

 Sense 1: "an instance of change" - this matches perfectly.
 Sense 11: "the act of changing" - this would be the action, not the instance/result.
 Sense 2: "an activity that varies from a norm" - close, but "activity" suggests the act of varying, not the specific instance/state.
 Sense 4: "something a little different from others of the same type" - this suggests a variant/version, like "this is a variation of that". But here, each variation is a step in a sequence, an instance of change.

 The phrase "can occur only once" suggests it's an event or instance (sense 1) rather than an act (sense 11).

 Also, the synonym "fluctuation" for sense 1 suggests change over time or instances of change.

 I believe sense 1 (index 1) is the correct answer.

 But let me double-check sense 11: "the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard" - example about taxation. This is about deviations from a standard. In bell ringing, the "rounds" (descending scale) might be the standard, and the variations are changes from that. But the text says they vary the order "without altering the steady rhythm", and "Each variation, or change" - the word "change" here is the technical term in change-ringing for a specific permutation.

 Actually, looking up change-ringing terminology: a "change" is a specific ordering of the bells. The process is called "change ringing". Each specific permutation is a "change" or "row".

 So "variation" = "change" = a specific permutation = an instance of change.

 Therefore, sense 1.

 One more check: could it be sense 4 (variant/version)? "something a little different from others of the same type" - each permutation is different from others, so this could fit. But sense 1 is more specific to the dynamic nature of the change process described. Also, sense 4 examples ("experimental version", "variant of the same word") suggest static types rather than sequential events.

 The context emphasizes the process: "begin varying the order", "Each variation... can occur only once", "memorize patterns of changes". This is about the sequence of changes (instances).

 I'll go with index 1.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: occur
Target surface form: occur
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can <t>occur</t> only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=occur%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
2. sense_key=occur%2:31:00:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=come | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
3. sense_key=occur%2:42:03:: | definition=to be found to exist | examples=sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "occur" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
"Each variation, or change, can <t>occur</t> only once, the rules state."

This is talking about change-ringing (bell ringing). The rules state that each variation or change can happen/take place only once during the ringing.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=occur%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
   - This sense means "to happen" or "take place". In the context, each variation can happen/take place only once. This fits well.

2. sense_key=occur%2:31:00:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=come | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
   - This is the "it occurs to me" sense. The subject here is "Each variation, or change" - not an idea coming to mind. So this doesn't fit.

3. sense_key=occur%2:42:03:: | definition=to be found to exist | examples=sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil
   - This sense means "to be found to exist" or "be present". Examples show things existing in locations. Here, "Each variation... can occur only once" - this isn't about existing in a place, but about happening/taking place during the ringing sequence.

So sense 1 is the best fit. The sentence means each variation can happen/take place only once during the performance.

Wait, let me double-check sense 3. Could it mean "be found to exist"? "Each variation can exist only once"? That doesn't quite fit the rules of change-ringing. The rules are about the sequence of ringing - each change can happen only once in the sequence. It's an event sense, not an existential sense.

The example for sense 1: "The meeting took place off without an incidence" (awkward but means "happen"). The synonyms are all eventive: happen, go on, pass off, pass, fall out.

So the answer should be sense_index: 1.

The user wants only a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur <t>only</t> once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "only" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
"Each variation, or change, can occur <t>only</t> once, the rules state."

The sentence is saying that each variation or change can happen one time and not more than that - it can occur exclusively once, without any others being included.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
   - This sense seems to be about "merely" or "simply" - used to minimize or limit the scope. Example: "I was only asking."

2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
   - This sense is about exclusivity - "without any others being included." The example "can occur only once" fits here because it means "can occur once and no other times" or "exclusively once."

3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
   - This is the "only to" construction indicating an unexpected or disappointing result.

4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
   - This seems to be about the ultimate effect or result.

5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
   - This is a conjunction usage meaning "but" or "except."

6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
   - This is conditional - "only if/when."

7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago
   - This indicates recency.

Now, looking at the target sentence: "Each variation, or change, can occur <t>only</t> once, the rules state."

This means each variation can occur one time and not more than one time. It's about exclusivity - without any other occurrences being allowed. "Only once" = "exclusively once" = "solely once."

Sense 2 (only%4:02:01::) has the definition "without any others being included or involved" and synonyms like "exclusively, solely, alone." This fits perfectly with "only once" meaning "once and no other times."

Sense 1 (only%4:02:02::) is "and nothing more" with synonyms "merely, simply, just." While "only once" could potentially fit here in some contexts, the sense of exclusivity and "without any others being included" is stronger in this context. The phrase "can occur only once" emphasizes that no repetition is allowed - it's an exclusive constraint.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Only once" could be interpreted as:
- "Merely once" (sense 1) - minimizing the frequency
- "Exclusively once" (sense 2) - restricting to one occurrence

In the context of rules for change-ringing, the rule states that each variation can occur once (and not more than once). This is a restriction - "without any others [occurrences] being included." This is about exclusivity.

Also, looking at the WordNet sense numbering:
- only%4:02:01:: typically corresponds to the "exclusively" sense
- only%4:02:02:: typically corresponds to the "merely/simply" sense

The examples for sense 2 include "was entirely to blame" and "devoted entirely to" - these show the "solely/exclusively" meaning.

The examples for sense 1 include "I was merely asking" - showing the "simply/just" meaning.

In "can occur only once," the word "only" is restricting the number of occurrences to exactly one, excluding any additional occurrences. This aligns with sense 2: "without any others being included or involved."

Therefore, the best sense is index 2 (sense_key=only%4:02:01::).

Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02::
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01::
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00::
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04::
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06::
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03::
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05::

So index 2 corresponds to only%4:02:01:: (the exclusively sense).
Index 1 corresponds to only%4:02:02:: (the merely sense).

I believe the correct answer is index 2.

Let me double-check by looking at standard WordNet mappings:
- only%4:02:01:: - without any others being included or involved; "was entirely to blame"; "a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children"; "he works for Mr. Smith exclusively"; "did it solely for money"; "the burden of proof rests on the prosecution alone"; "a privilege granted only to him"
- only%4:02:02:: - and nothing more; "I was merely asking"; "it is simply a matter of time"; "just a scratch"; "he was only a child"; "hopes that last but a moment"

"Can occur only once" - here "only" modifies "once" to mean "not more than once." This is restrictive/exclusive. It means the occurrence is limited to one time, excluding further occurrences.

This matches sense 2 (index 2) better than sense 1. Sense 1 would be more like "It was only a child" (merely a child), while sense 2 is "granted only to him" (exclusively to him).

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: once
Target surface form: once
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only <t>once</t>, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "once" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about change-ringing (bell ringing)
 - "Each variation, or change, can occur only <t>once</t>, the rules state."
 - This means each variation can happen only one time - on one occasion.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
    - This fits: "Each variation... can occur only once" means it can occur only on one occasion, one time.

 2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
    - This is temporal, meaning "as soon as" or "when". Doesn't fit here. The sentence isn't saying "Each variation can occur only as soon as..."

 3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing
    - This refers to something happening in the past, formerly. Doesn't fit. The sentence is about a rule/constraint on how many times a variation can occur, not about something happening in the past.

 So sense 1 is clearly the best fit. The word "once" here means "one time" or "on one occasion" - each variation is allowed to happen only one time in the sequence.

 The JSON output should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rule
Target surface form: rules
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the <t>rules</t> state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rule%1:09:00:: | definition=a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior | synonyms=regulation | examples=it was his rule to take a walk before breakfast; short haircuts were the regulation
2. sense_key=rule%1:09:01:: | definition=something regarded as a normative example | synonyms=convention, normal, pattern, formula | examples=the convention of not naming the main character; violence is the rule not the exception
3. sense_key=rule%1:10:00:: | definition=prescribed guide for conduct or action | synonyms=prescript
4. sense_key=rule%1:10:01:: | definition=(linguistics) a rule describing (or prescribing) a linguistic practice | synonyms=linguistic rule
5. sense_key=rule%1:09:03:: | definition=a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct | synonyms=principle | examples=their principles of composition characterized all their works
6. sense_key=rule%1:28:00:: | definition=the duration of a monarch's or government's power | examples=during the rule of Elizabeth
7. sense_key=rule%1:26:00:: | definition=dominance or power through legal authority | synonyms=dominion | examples=France held undisputed dominion over vast areas of Africa; the rule of Caesar
8. sense_key=rule%1:10:02:: | definition=directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted | examples=he knew the rules of chess
9. sense_key=rule%1:10:03:: | definition=any one of a systematic body of regulations defining the way of life of members of a religious order | examples=the rule of St. Dominic
10. sense_key=rule%1:09:02:: | definition=a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system | synonyms=principle | examples=the principle of the conservation of mass; the principle of jet propulsion
11. sense_key=rule%1:09:04:: | definition=(mathematics) a standard procedure for solving a class of mathematical problems | synonyms=formula | examples=he determined the upper bound with Descartes' rule of signs; he gave us a general formula for attacking polynomials
12. sense_key=rule%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring stick consisting of a strip of wood or metal or plastic with a straight edge that is used for drawing straight lines and measuring lengths | synonyms=ruler

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "rules" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about change-ringing (bell ringing)
 - It mentions: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the <t>rules</t> state."
 - This is referring to the regulations or guidelines that govern how change-ringing is performed
 - The rules state that each variation can occur only once

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. rule%1:09:00:: - a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior | synonyms=regulation | examples=it was his rule to take a walk before breakfast; short haircuts were the regulation
    - This seems close. It's about a principle governing behavior/conduct.

 2. rule%1:09:01:: - something regarded as a normative example | synonyms=convention, normal, pattern, formula
    - Not quite right. This is about what is normal/standard, not specific regulations.

 3. rule%1:10:00:: - prescribed guide for conduct or action | synonyms=prescript
    - This is very close. It's about prescribed guides for how to do something.

 4. rule%1:10:01:: - (linguistics) a rule describing (or prescribing) a linguistic practice
    - Too specific to linguistics. Not applicable here.

 5. rule%1:09:03:: - a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct | synonyms=principle
    - This is more about general principles/truths, not specific game/mechanics rules.

 6. rule%1:28:00:: - the duration of a monarch's or government's power
    - Not applicable.

 7. rule%1:26:00:: - dominance or power through legal authority
    - Not applicable.

 8. rule%1:10:02:: - directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted | examples=he knew the rules of chess
    - This is very close! Change-ringing is described as an exercise/game-like activity with specific methods. The text mentions it requires physical dexterity and mental concentration, and mentions "methods" with names like "Kent Treble Bob Major". This sounds like a game or sport with rules.

 9. rule%1:10:03:: - any one of a systematic body of regulations defining the way of life of members of a religious order
    - Not applicable (religious order).

 10. rule%1:09:02:: - a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system | synonyms=principle
    - This is about natural laws/scientific principles, not human-made rules for a game.

 11. rule%1:09:04:: - (mathematics) a standard procedure for solving a class of mathematical problems
    - Not applicable.

 12. rule%1:06:00:: - measuring stick consisting of a strip of wood or metal or plastic with a straight edge
    - Physical object, not applicable.

 Now comparing sense 1, 3, and 8:

 Sense 1 (rule%1:09:00::): "a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior" - This is more general, about behavior in general.

 Sense 3 (rule%1:10:00::): "prescribed guide for conduct or action" - This is very general, any prescribed guide.

 Sense 8 (rule%1:10:02::): "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted" - This is specific to games/sports.

 The context describes change-ringing as "a mind-boggling exercise" with "methods" that have specific names. It mentions "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state." This sounds like the rules of a game or sport - specific directions for how the activity is conducted.

 However, looking closely at sense 3 vs sense 8:
 - Sense 3 is "prescribed guide for conduct or action" (very broad)
 - Sense 8 is specifically about "game or sport"

 Is change-ringing a game or sport? The text calls it an "exercise" and mentions "physical dexterity" and "mental concentration". It mentions "methods" with names like "Kent Treble Bob Major". This is very similar to games/sports.

 But let's look at sense 1 again: "a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior" with synonym "regulation". The example "short haircuts were the regulation" suggests this can be about customs/norms.

 Actually, looking at the specific sentence: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."

 This is referring to the formal regulations of change-ringing. Change-ringing is often considered a mathematical exercise or a performing art, but it has strict rules.

 Between sense 1 and sense 8:
 - Sense 1 is more about general behavior/customs (it was his rule to take a walk)
 - Sense 8 is specifically about games/sports (rules of chess)

 Change-ringing is not exactly a game or sport, though it shares characteristics. However, WordNet sense 8 might be too narrow if change-ringing isn't classified as a game.

 But wait, looking at sense 3: "prescribed guide for conduct or action" - this is very broad and would cover any set of instructions.

 However, looking at the examples for sense 1: "it was his rule to take a walk before breakfast" - this is a personal habit.
 For sense 8: "he knew the rules of chess" - this is about a game.

 The context mentions "rules state" which implies formal written or established regulations governing the practice.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet hierarchy:
 - Sense 1 (rule%1:09:00::) is under noun.cognition (1:09)
 - Sense 3 (rule%1:10:00::) is under noun.communication (1:10)
 - Sense 8 (rule%1:10:02::) is under noun.communication (1:10)

 Sense 3 is the more general "prescribed guide for conduct or action" while sense 8 is the specific "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted".

 Given that change-ringing is described as an "exercise" with "methods", and the specific constraint mentioned (each variation can occur only once) is a formal constraint of the system, this could fit sense 8 if we consider it a game-like activity.

 However, I should check if there's a better fit. Sense 1 is "a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior". The "rules" here are governing the technical execution of the bell ringing, not general behavior.

 Let me reconsider sense 3 vs sense 8. The key difference is that sense 8 is specifically for games/sports. Is change-ringing a sport? It's often called an "art" or "exercise". The text calls it "the ancient art" and "a mind-boggling exercise".

 If it's not a game/sport, then sense 8 might not be right.

 But sense 3 "prescribed guide for conduct or action" is very broad and would definitely fit.

 However, looking at the example for sense 3... wait, I don't see an example listed for sense 3 in the candidates. Let me check:
 - Sense 3: definition=prescribed guide for conduct or action | synonyms=prescript | (no example given)

 Sense 1 has examples about personal habits and regulations (haircuts).

 Actually, looking carefully at the context, the rules being referred to are the formal regulations of change-ringing as a practice. They dictate what can and cannot be done (each variation can occur only once).

 In WordNet, sense 1 (rule%1:09:00::) is often used for general regulations ("school rules", "traffic rules"), while sense 8 is specifically for games.

 But sense 1's definition says "customarily governs behavior" - the bell ringing rules govern the technical execution, not necessarily "behavior" in the social sense.

 Let me look at sense 3 again: "prescribed guide for conduct or action". This seems to fit well - these are prescribed guides for how to conduct the bell ringing.

 But actually, looking at standard WordNet usage, sense 1 is the most common for "rules" in the sense of regulations or laws of an organization or activity.

 Wait, I need to be careful. The user provided specific sense keys and definitions. Let me map them:

 1. rule%1:09:00:: - principle/condition governing behavior (regulation)
 2. rule%1:09:01:: - normative example (convention)
 3. rule%1:10:00:: - prescribed guide for conduct or action (prescript)
 4. rule%1:10:01:: - linguistics
 5. rule%1:09:03:: - basic generalization/principle
 6. rule%1:28:00:: - duration of power
 7. rule%1:26:00:: - dominion/power
 8. rule%1:10:02:: - directions for game/sport
 9. rule%1:10:03:: - religious order regulations
 10. rule%1:09:02:: - natural phenomenon
 11. rule%1:09:04:: - mathematics
 12. rule%1:06:00:: - measuring stick

 Now, "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."

 This is referring to the regulations of change-ringing. Change-ringing is a mathematical/technical exercise with strict rules.

 Between sense 1 and sense 3:
 - Sense 1 emphasizes "customarily governs behavior" and has synonym "regulation"
 - Sense 3 emphasizes "prescribed guide" and has synonym "prescript"

 "Prescript" is a rare word, but means a prescribed rule or direction.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet hierarchy online (in my knowledge), sense 1 is the hypernym of sense 3, 8, 9, etc. Sense 1 is the general "rule" as regulation, while sense 3 is more specific to communication/prescription.

 But in the list provided, sense 3 is "prescribed guide for conduct or action" which is quite general.

 However, sense 8 "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted" is very specific.

 Given that change-ringing is competitive and methodical, and the text mentions "methods" with specific names, it resembles a game or sport. But is it one?

 The text calls it an "art" and an "exercise".

 If I have to choose between sense 1 and sense 8, I think sense 1 is safer because it's broader and covers any regulation, while sense 8 requires it to be a game/sport.

 But wait, looking at the example for sense 1: "short haircuts were the regulation" - this is about social norms/fashion.
 And "it was his rule to take a walk before breakfast" - personal habit.

 These don't seem to fit as well as sense 3 or 8.

 Sense 3: "prescribed guide for conduct or action" - this fits the technical rules of bell ringing.

 But actually, looking at standard WSD for "rules" in contexts like "the rules of chess", "the rules of the game", sense 8 is typically used.

 For "school rules", "traffic rules", sense 1 is used.

 For "rules of grammar", sense 4 (linguistics) or sense 10.

 For "rules of a religious order", sense 9.

 Change-ringing rules are technical regulations of a specific practice. They are closer to game rules than to general behavioral regulations.

 However, I notice that sense 3 is "prescribed guide for conduct or action" without the game restriction.

 Let me check if there's any other clue. The text mentions "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds'... Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order... Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."

 This is describing the formal structure of the activity. It's a constraint of the system.

 I think sense 8 is the best fit if we consider change-ringing as a game-like activity with methods and constraints. But if not, sense 3.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet 3.1 or similar versions, sense 1 (rule%1:09:00::) is defined as "a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior" and examples include "it was his rule to take a walk before breakfast".

 Sense 3 (rule%1:10:00::) is "prescribed guide for conduct or action".

 Sense 8 (rule%1:10:02::) is "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted".

 Given that change-ringing is often considered a mathematical recreation or exercise, and the text emphasizes the complexity and methods, sense 8 seems appropriate.

 But to be safe, let me consider if sense 1 could be right. "Customarily governs behavior" - the rules govern how the ringers act, but more specifically, they govern the technical execution.

 I think sense 3 is actually the best general fit for "prescribed guide for conduct or action" in a technical activity.

 However, looking at the provided candidates, sense 8 has the example "he knew the rules of chess" which is very similar to knowing the rules of change-ringing.

 I think I'll go with sense 8.

 Wait, I should double-check the indices. The user wants the "sense_index" which corresponds to the number in the list (1-12).

 So if I choose sense 8, the answer is {"sense_index": 8}.

 But let me reconsider sense 1 vs 8 one more time.

 The text says "the rules state". This is similar to "the rules of chess state that the king cannot move into check".

 Change-ringing is a structured activity with specific constraints, much like a game.

 Therefore, sense 8 is appropriate.

 Actually, looking at the definition of sense 3 again: "prescribed guide for conduct or action". This is very broad. It could apply to anything.

 But sense 8 is more specific and captures the nature of the activity better.

 However, I want to make sure about sense 1. The synonym is "regulation". Are these "regulations"? Yes, they are regulations of the practice.

 But the examples for sense 1 suggest personal habits or social norms ("his rule to take a walk", "short haircuts were the regulation").

 The examples for sense 8 suggest formal games ("rules of chess").

 Change-ringing is formal and game-like.

 I think sense 8 is the best choice.

 Final check: Is there any chance it's sense 3? Sense 3 is a hypernym of sense 8, 9, etc. in WordNet. But sense 8 is more specific and accurate.

 The instruction says "Choose the single best indexed sense". Between a general sense (3) and a specific sense (8) that fits the context of a structured exercise/game, the specific one is better.

 So: {"sense_index": 8}

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: state
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules <t>state</t>. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=say, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=state%2:32:01:: | definition=put before | synonyms=submit, put forward, posit | examples=I submit to you that the accused is guilty
3. sense_key=state%2:32:02:: | definition=indicate through a symbol, formula, etc. | synonyms=express | examples=Can you express this distance in kilometers?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "state" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about change-ringing (bell ringing in England)
 - The specific sentence is: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules <t>state</t>."
 - Here, "state" is used to mean that the rules declare, specify, or say that each variation can occur only once.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=state%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=say, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
    - This sense means to express something verbally or in words.
    - "The rules state..." fits here - the rules express or say that each variation can occur only once.
    - Synonyms "say" and "tell" fit: "the rules say that..." or "the rules tell us that..."

 2. sense_key=state%2:32:01:: | definition=put before | synonyms=submit, put forward, posit | examples=I submit to you that the accused is guilty
    - This seems to be about presenting an argument or proposition, often in a formal setting like a debate or legal context.
    - "Put before" suggests presenting something for consideration.
    - This doesn't fit "the rules state" - rules don't "put before" or "submit" in this context.

 3. sense_key=state%2:32:02:: | definition=indicate through a symbol, formula, etc. | synonyms=express | examples=Can you express this distance in kilometers?
    - This is about expressing something through symbols, formulas, or mathematical representations.
    - The example is about converting units or expressing numerically.
    - This doesn't fit the context of rules stating something about bell ringing variations.

 The best fit is sense 1: "express in words" with synonyms "say, tell".

 In the sentence "the rules state", it means the rules declare, specify, or say something. This aligns with sense 1.

 Sense 2 is about submitting or positing (like in an argument), which is different.
 Sense 3 is about symbolic/mathematical representation.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 1.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys to make sure I understand the numbering correctly.

 The user provides:
 1. sense_key=state%2:32:00::
 2. sense_key=state%2:32:01::
 3. sense_key=state%2:32:02::

 So index 1 corresponds to state%2:32:00::, index 2 to state%2:32:01::, and index 3 to state%2:32:02::.

 The context: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."
 This is clearly the sense of "to say, declare, or express verbally" - which matches sense 1.

 Sense 2 (put before/submit) would be used in contexts like "He stated his case" or "I state this proposition..."
 Sense 3 (indicate through symbol/formula) would be used in mathematical or scientific contexts.

 So yes, sense 1 is correct.

 The output should be: {"sense_index": 1}