[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: head
Target surface form: head
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful <t>head</t>. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=head%1:08:00:: | definition=the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains | synonyms=caput | examples=he stuck his head out the window
2. sense_key=head%1:05:00:: | definition=a single domestic animal | examples=200 head of cattle
3. sense_key=head%1:09:00:: | definition=that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason | synonyms=mind, brain, psyche, nous | examples=his mind wandered; I couldn't get his words out of my head
4. sense_key=head%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who is in charge | synonyms=chief, top dog | examples=the head of the whole operation
5. sense_key=head%1:14:00:: | definition=the front of a military formation or procession | examples=the head of the column advanced boldly; they were at the head of the attack
6. sense_key=head%1:19:00:: | definition=the pressure exerted by a fluid | examples=a head of steam
7. sense_key=head%1:15:00:: | definition=the top of something | examples=the head of the stairs; the head of the page
8. sense_key=head%1:15:01:: | definition=the source of water from which a stream arises | synonyms=fountainhead, headspring | examples=they tracked him back toward the head of the stream
9. sense_key=head%1:10:03:: | definition=(grammar) the word in a grammatical constituent that plays the same grammatical role as the whole constituent | synonyms=head word
10. sense_key=head%1:26:00:: | definition=the tip of an abscess (where the pus accumulates)
11. sense_key=head%1:23:00:: | definition=the length or height based on the size of a human or animal head | examples=he is two heads taller than his little sister; his horse won by a head
12. sense_key=head%1:20:00:: | definition=a dense cluster of flowers or foliage | synonyms=capitulum | examples=a head of cauliflower; a head of lettuce
13. sense_key=head%1:18:01:: | definition=the educator who has executive authority for a school | synonyms=principal, school principal, head teacher | examples=she sent unruly pupils to see the principal
14. sense_key=head%1:18:03:: | definition=an individual person | examples=tickets are $5 per head
15. sense_key=head%1:18:02:: | definition=a user of (usually soft) drugs | examples=the office was full of secret heads
16. sense_key=head%1:17:02:: | definition=a natural elevation (especially a rocky one that juts out into the sea) | synonyms=promontory, headland, foreland
17. sense_key=head%1:17:01:: | definition=a rounded compact mass | examples=the head of a comet
18. sense_key=head%1:17:00:: | definition=the foam or froth that accumulates at the top when you pour an effervescent liquid into a container | examples=the beer had a large head of foam
19. sense_key=head%1:15:02:: | definition=the part in the front or nearest the viewer | synonyms=forefront | examples=he was in the forefront; he was at the head of the column
20. sense_key=head%1:11:01:: | definition=a difficult juncture | synonyms=pass, straits | examples=a pretty pass; matters came to a head yesterday
21. sense_key=head%1:11:00:: | definition=forward movement | synonyms=headway | examples=the ship made little headway against the gale
22. sense_key=head%1:10:01:: | definition=a V-shaped mark at one end of an arrow pointer | synonyms=point | examples=the point of the arrow was due north
23. sense_key=head%1:10:02:: | definition=the subject matter at issue | synonyms=question | examples=the question of disease merits serious discussion; under the head of minor Roman poets
24. sense_key=head%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of text serving to indicate what the passage below it is about | synonyms=heading, header | examples=the heading seemed to have little to do with the text
25. sense_key=head%1:08:01:: | definition=the rounded end of a bone that fits into a rounded cavity in another bone to form a joint | examples=the head of the humerus
26. sense_key=head%1:08:02:: | definition=that part of a skeletal muscle that is away from the bone that it moves
27. sense_key=head%1:06:05:: | definition=(computer science) a tiny electromagnetic coil and metal pole used to write and read magnetic patterns on a disk | synonyms=read/write head
28. sense_key=head%1:06:04:: | definition=(usually plural) the obverse side of a coin that usually bears the representation of a person's head | examples=call heads or tails!
29. sense_key=head%1:06:03:: | definition=the striking part of a tool | examples=the head of the hammer
30. sense_key=head%1:06:02:: | definition=(nautical) a toilet on board a boat or ship
31. sense_key=head%1:06:00:: | definition=a projection out from one end; , | examples=the head of the nail; a pinhead is the head of a pin
32. sense_key=head%1:06:01:: | definition=a membrane that is stretched taut over a drum | synonyms=drumhead
33. sense_key=head%1:04:00:: | definition=oral stimulation of the genitals | synonyms=oral sex | examples=they say he gives good head

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "head" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is discussing schools and education
 - It mentions: "schools should have principals with a large measure of authority..."
 - Then: "Study after study... tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful <t>head</t>."
 - The context is clearly about school leadership and principals.

 Now let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. head%1:08:00:: - upper part of human body (anatomical)
 2. head%1:05:00:: - single domestic animal
 3. head%1:09:00:: - mind/brain (seat of reason)
 4. head%1:18:00:: - a person who is in charge (chief, top dog)
 5. head%1:14:00:: - front of military formation
 6. head%1:19:00:: - pressure exerted by fluid
 7. head%1:15:00:: - top of something
 8. head%1:15:01:: - source of water
 9. head%1:10:03:: - grammar term
 10. head%1:26:00:: - tip of abscess
 11. head%1:23:00:: - length/height measurement
 12. head%1:20:00:: - cluster of flowers/foliage
 13. head%1:18:01:: - educator who has executive authority for a school (principal, school principal, head teacher)
 14. head%1:18:03:: - individual person (per head)
 15. head%1:18:02:: - drug user
 16. head%1:17:02:: - natural elevation/promontory
 17. head%1:17:01:: - rounded compact mass
 18. head%1:17:00:: - foam on beer
 19. head%1:15:02:: - front/nearest viewer
 20. head%1:11:01:: - difficult juncture
 21. head%1:11:00:: - forward movement
 22. head%1:10:01:: - V-shaped mark on arrow
 23. head%1:10:02:: - subject matter at issue
 24. head%1:10:00:: - line of text/heading
 25. head%1:08:01:: - rounded end of bone
 26. head%1:08:02:: - part of skeletal muscle
 27. head%1:06:05:: - computer read/write head
 28. head%1:06:04:: - side of coin with head
 29. head%1:06:03:: - striking part of tool
 30. head%1:06:00:: - projection out from end
 31. head%1:06:01:: - drumhead
 32. head%1:04:00:: - oral sex (vulgar slang)

 The context specifically mentions "principals" and "schools" and "governed by a powerful head". This is clearly referring to a school principal or head teacher.

 Looking at sense 13: "the educator who has executive authority for a school" with synonyms "principal, school principal, head teacher" - this matches perfectly.

 Sense 4 is "a person who is in charge" which is more general, but sense 13 is specifically about schools and education, which fits the context better since the text is explicitly discussing schools, principals, and educational governance.

 The text says: "schools should have principals... governed by a powerful head"

 So sense 13 (head%1:18:01::) is the best fit.

 Wait, let me check the indexing. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=head%1:08:00::
 2. sense_key=head%1:05:00::
 3. sense_key=head%1:09:00::
 4. sense_key=head%1:18:00::
 5. sense_key=head%1:14:00::
 6. sense_key=head%1:19:00::
 7. sense_key=head%1:15:00::
 8. sense_key=head%1:15:01::
 9. sense_key=head%1:10:03::
 10. sense_key=head%1:26:00::
 11. sense_key=head%1:23:00::
 12. sense_key=head%1:20:00::
 13. sense_key=head%1:18:01::
 14. sense_key=head%1:18:03::
 15. sense_key=head%1:18:02::
 16. sense_key=head%1:17:02::
 17. sense_key=head%1:17:01::
 18. sense_key=head%1:17:00::
 19. sense_key=head%1:15:02::
 20. sense_key=head%1:11:01::
 21. sense_key=head%1:11:00::
 22. sense_key=head%1:10:01::
 23. sense_key=head%1:10:02::
 24. sense_key=head%1:10:00::
 25. sense_key=head%1:08:01::
 26. sense_key=head%1:08:02::
 27. sense_key=head%1:06:05::
 28. sense_key=head%1:06:04::
 29. sense_key=head%1:06:03::
 30. sense_key=head%1:06:00::
 31. sense_key=head%1:06:01::
 32. sense_key=head%1:04:00::

 So sense 13 corresponds to head%1:18:01:: which is "the educator who has executive authority for a school".

 This is definitely the correct answer. The context is about school governance, mentioning principals specifically, and "head" is used as a synonym for principal/head teacher in British English educational contexts.

 Actually, looking at the text again: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority... governed by a powerful head."

 The word "head" here is clearly referring to the school principal/head teacher. In British English, "head" or "head teacher" is commonly used, and the text seems to be contrasting American and British/French/German/Japanese education systems earlier, so this usage fits.

 Therefore, the answer is index 13.

provider: Chutes


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: authority
Target surface form: authority
Context:
They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that <t>authority</t>, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=authority%1:07:00:: | definition=the power or right to give orders or make decisions | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, potency, dominance, say-so | examples=he has the authority to issue warrants; deputies are given authorization to make arrests
2. sense_key=authority%1:18:01:: | definition=(usually plural) persons who exercise (administrative) control over others | examples=the authorities have issued a curfew
3. sense_key=authority%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert whose views are taken as definitive | examples=he is an authority on corporate law
4. sense_key=authority%1:09:00:: | definition=freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities | synonyms=assurance, self-assurance, confidence, self-confidence, sureness | examples=his assurance in his superiority did not make him popular; after that failure he lost his confidence
5. sense_key=authority%1:14:00:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, office | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
6. sense_key=authority%1:07:02:: | definition=official permission or approval | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, sanction | examples=authority for the program was renewed several times
7. sense_key=authority%1:10:00:: | definition=an authoritative written work | examples=this book is the final authority on the life of Milton

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "authority" in the given context. I need to choose from 7 candidate senses.

Let me analyze the context:
The sentence is: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."
Then later: "With that <t>authority</t>, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability."

The context is discussing principals having power/control over faculty, curriculum, and student discipline. It's about the power or right to make decisions, give orders, and control aspects of the school.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=authority%1:07:00:: | definition=the power or right to give orders or make decisions | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, potency, dominance, say-so | examples=he has the authority to issue warrants; deputies are given authorization to make arrests
   - This fits well. The principal has the power/right to make decisions about faculty, curriculum, and discipline.

2. sense_key=authority%1:18:01:: | definition=(usually plural) persons who exercise (administrative) control over others | examples=the authorities have issued a curfew
   - This refers to people (authorities), not the abstract concept of power. The context uses "authority" as a mass noun/abstract concept, not plural people.

3. sense_key=authority%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert whose views are taken as definitive | examples=he is an authority on corporate law
   - This would mean the principal is an expert, but the context is about power/control, not expertise.

4. sense_key=authority%1:09:00:: | definition=freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities | synonyms=assurance, self-assurance, confidence, self-confidence, sureness | examples=his assurance in his superiority did not make him popular; after that failure he lost his confidence
   - This is about self-confidence, not administrative power.

5. sense_key=authority%1:14:00:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, office | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
   - This refers to an organization/institution, not the power a principal has.

6. sense_key=authority%1:07:02:: | definition=official permission or approval | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, sanction | examples=authority for the program was renewed several times
   - This is about permission/approval for a specific program or action, not the general power to govern/make decisions.

7. sense_key=authority%1:10:00:: | definition=an authoritative written work | examples=this book is the final authority on the life of Milton
   - This refers to a book or written work, not relevant here.

Between sense 1 and sense 6:
Sense 1: "the power or right to give orders or make decisions" - This matches "authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline" - it's about having control and decision-making power.
Sense 6: "official permission or approval" - This is more about authorization for a specific thing, like "authority to proceed."

The phrase "authority over" suggests power/control/dominance over something, which aligns with sense 1 (potency, dominance, say-so). The context emphasizes that principals should have power to make decisions without outside interference.

Also, the phrase "With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability" suggests that the authority is the power/responsibility being referred to, which aligns with sense 1.

Therefore, the best sense is sense 1.

Wait, let me double-check the sense keys to make sure I'm indexing correctly.
The user lists them as:
1. sense_key=authority%1:07:00::
2. sense_key=authority%1:18:01::
3. sense_key=authority%1:18:00::
4. sense_key=authority%1:09:00::
5. sense_key=authority%1:14:00::
6. sense_key=authority%1:07:02::
7. sense_key=authority%1:10:00::

So sense 1 is the first one in the list.

Actually, looking carefully at the WordNet sense keys:
- authority%1:07:00:: is the "power or right to give orders" sense
- authority%1:07:02:: is the "official permission or approval" sense

Yes, sense 1 is definitely the correct choice.

The context mentions "a large measure of authority over..." which clearly indicates the power to control or make decisions, not a group of people, not an expert, not self-confidence, not a government agency, not permission for a specific thing, and not a book.

So the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DigitalOcean

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: go_with
Target surface form: goes
Context:
They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, <t>goes</t> an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=go_with%2:42:01:: | definition=be present or associated with an event or entity | synonyms=attach to, accompany, come with | examples=French fries come with the hamburger; heart attacks are accompanied by distruction of heart tissue
2. sense_key=go_with%2:42:00:: | definition=go or occur together | synonyms=collocate with, construe with, cooccur with | examples=The word 'hot' tends to cooccur with 'cold'

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "go_with" with the surface form "goes" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "With that authority, of course, <t>goes</t> an unambiguous accountability."
 - This is an inverted sentence structure. The normal order would be: "An unambiguous accountability goes with that authority."
 - The meaning is that accountability accompanies or is associated with authority.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=go_with%2:42:01:: | definition=be present or associated with an event or entity | synonyms=attach to, accompany, come with | examples=French fries come with the hamburger; heart attacks are accompanied by distruction of heart tissue

 2. sense_key=go_with%2:42:00:: | definition=go or occur together | synonyms=collocate with, construe with, cooccur with | examples=The word 'hot' tends to cooccur with 'cold'

 Analysis:
 - Sense 1 is about accompaniment or association - one thing comes with another, is attached to another, or accompanies another.
 - Sense 2 is about co-occurrence, specifically linguistic co-occurrence (collocation).

 In the context: "With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability."
 - This means that accountability accompanies authority.
 - Authority and accountability go together in the sense that where there is authority, there is also accountability.
 - This is about one thing being present or associated with another (authority and accountability are associated/concomitant).

 The examples for sense 1 fit well:
 - "French fries come with the hamburger" - similar to "accountability comes with authority"
 - "heart attacks are accompanied by distruction of heart tissue" - similar to "accountability accompanies authority"

 Sense 2 is about linguistic co-occurrence (words appearing together), which doesn't fit here. We're talking about concepts/conditions (authority and accountability), not linguistic patterns.

 Therefore, sense 1 (go_with%2:42:01::) is the correct choice.

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}

 Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=go_with%2:42:01::
 2. sense_key=go_with%2:42:00::

 So sense 1 is the first one listed (be present or associated with...), and sense 2 is the second one (go or occur together...).

 Yes, sense 1 is correct.

 The structure "With X goes Y" is a common inversion of "Y goes with X" meaning Y accompanies X or Y is associated with X.

 So the answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unambiguous
Target surface form: unambiguous
Context:
They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an <t>unambiguous</t> accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unambiguous%3:00:00:: | definition=having or exhibiting a single clearly defined meaning; - Mario Vargas Llosa | examples=As a horror, apartheid...is absolutely unambiguous
2. sense_key=unambiguous%3:00:04:: | definition=admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to only one conclusion | synonyms=unequivocal, univocal | examples=unequivocal evidence; took an unequivocal position

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "unambiguous" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The passage discusses school governance and accountability
 - The specific sentence is: "With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability."
 - The context is about principals having authority over faculty, curriculum, and discipline, and with that authority comes accountability that is clear and direct.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=unambiguous%3:00:00:: | definition=having or exhibiting a single clearly defined meaning; - Mario Vargas Llosa | examples=As a horror, apartheid...is absolutely unambiguous
    - This sense seems to focus on semantic clarity - having a single clearly defined meaning (like a word or concept).
    - The example talks about apartheid being "absolutely unambiguous" - meaning the concept/meaning is clear.

 2. sense_key=unambiguous%3:00:04:: | definition=admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to only one conclusion | synonyms=unequivocal, univocal | examples=unequivocal evidence; took an unequivocal position
    - This sense focuses on admitting no doubt or misunderstanding, leading to only one conclusion.
    - Synonyms: unequivocal, univocal
    - Examples: unequivocal evidence, took an unequivocal position

 In the context: "With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability."
 - This means the accountability is clear, leaves no room for doubt, is direct and unmistakable.
 - It's not about the semantic meaning of a word, but about the nature of the accountability itself - it admits no doubt, is clear and direct.
 - The synonyms "unequivocal" and "univocal" fit well here - the accountability is unequivocal (leaving no doubt).

 Sense 1 seems more about linguistic/semantic ambiguity (having a single clearly defined meaning), while Sense 2 is about being clear, leaving no doubt, admitting no misunderstanding (which fits accountability).

 The phrase "unambiguous accountability" means accountability that is clear, direct, and leaves no room for doubt or evasion - this aligns with sense 2.

 Therefore, the best sense is sense 2 (unambiguous%3:00:04::).

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=unambiguous%3:00:00::
 2. sense_key=unambiguous%3:00:04::

 So sense_index should be 2.

 Let me double-check:
 - Sense 1: "having or exhibiting a single clearly defined meaning" - this is about semantic unambiguity (like a word having one meaning).
 - Sense 2: "admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to only one conclusion" - this is about general clarity and lack of doubt.

 In the sentence "goes an unambiguous accountability", we're talking about accountability that is clear and leaves no doubt - not about the semantic meaning of a word. So sense 2 is correct.

 The answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: Schools
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. <t>Schools</t> that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "Schools" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses American students, math tests, textbooks, teaching methods
 - It mentions "schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline"
 - It mentions "the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head"
 - The target sentence: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
    - This refers to the institution itself. The context talks about schools having principals, being governed, producing students, etc. This seems like a strong candidate.

 2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
    - This refers to the physical building. The context is talking about organizational structure (principals, faculty, curriculum, governance), not physical buildings. So this is unlikely.

 3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
    - This refers to the process/education itself. The context says "Schools that are structured in this way" - "structured" implies an organization or institution, not a process. Also, schools (plural) produce students - this suggests the institution.

 4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
    - This is about artistic/intellectual movements. Not relevant here.

 5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
    - This refers to time periods. "Schools that are structured" - you don't structure a time period in this way. Not relevant.

 6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
    - This refers to the people (faculty and students) collectively. The context mentions "schools should have principals" - principals are part of the faculty/administration, but the sense says "faculty and students". However, the context emphasizes governance structure, authority over faculty, curriculum, etc. This suggests the institution as a whole rather than just the people.

 7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by
    - Obviously not relevant.

 Now comparing sense 1 and sense 6:
 - Sense 1: "an educational institution" - the organization/institution itself
 - Sense 6: "an educational institution's faculty and students" - the people within it

 The context:
 - "schools should have principals" - principals are part of the institution
 - "authority over the faculty" - faculty are part of the institution
 - "governed by a powerful head" - governance of the institution
 - "Schools that are structured in this way" - organizational structure
 - "produce students" - institutions produce students (graduates)

 While sense 6 focuses on the faculty and students as a collective body, sense 1 is the broader institution. The mention of principals, governance, curriculum, and being "structured" points more toward the institution (sense 1) rather than just the faculty and students (sense 6).

 Also, looking at the examples for sense 6: "the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game" - these emphasize the people (faculty and students) acting as a group. The context here is more about the organizational entity with authority and governance.

 Therefore, sense 1 (school%1:14:00:: - an educational institution) is the best fit.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys to make sure I have the right indices:
 - sense_key=school%1:14:00:: is listed as definition 1 in the candidates
 - sense_key=school%1:06:00:: is listed as definition 2
 - sense_key=school%1:09:00:: is listed as definition 3
 - sense_key=school%1:14:02:: is listed as definition 4
 - sense_key=school%1:28:00:: is listed as definition 5
 - sense_key=school%1:14:03:: is listed as definition 6
 - sense_key=school%1:14:01:: is listed as definition 7

 So sense 1 in the list corresponds to sense_key=school%1:14:00::.

 The user asks for the "sense_index" which appears to be the number in the list (1-7), not the WordNet offset or sense key.

 So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

 Let me verify once more:
 - The context is about educational institutions having principals, curriculum control, etc.
 - "Schools" here refers to educational institutions (like high schools, elementary schools, etc.)
 - It's not the building (sense 2), not the process (sense 3), not the artistic movement (sense 4), not the time period (sense 5), not just the faculty/students (sense 6), and not fish (sense 7).

 Yes, sense 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this <t>way</t> produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "way" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is discussing school structure and governance
- The specific sentence is: "Schools that are structured in this <t>way</t> produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."
- The phrase "in this way" refers to the manner or method of structuring schools (specifically having principals with authority, being free of outside interference, etc.)

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion
   - This seems to fit well. "In this way" means "in this manner" or "by this method". The context is about how schools are structured (the manner/method of organization).

2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency
   - This is about means/agency. While related, "structured in this way" is more about the manner/style of structure rather than the means to an end.

3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction
   - This is about physical direction/path. Not relevant here.

4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is
   - This is about general state/condition. "In this way" could work, but the specific context is about the manner of structuring, not just the general condition.

5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life
   - This is about life paths or conduct. Not quite right for school structure.

6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage
   - Physical path. Not relevant.

7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage
   - Not relevant.

8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room
   - Not relevant.

9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general
   - Not relevant.

10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses
    - Not relevant.

11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of'
    - This is specific to the phrase "in the way of", not "in this way".

12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares
    - Not relevant.

The best fit is sense 1: "how something is done or how it happens" with synonyms manner, mode, style, fashion.

The phrase "structured in this way" clearly refers to the manner or mode in which the schools are structured/organized. This matches definition 1 perfectly.

Let me double-check sense 4: "the condition of things generally". While "that's the way it is" is a common phrase, "structured in this way" is more specific about the method/manner of structuring rather than just the general state.

Sense 1 is definitely the best choice. The context is about teaching methods and school organization methods earlier in the text, and this continues that theme - the manner/mode in which schools are structured.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: produce
Target surface form: produce
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way <t>produce</t> students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=produce%2:36:02:: | definition=bring forth or yield | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The tree would not produce fruit
2. sense_key=produce%2:36:00:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=make, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
3. sense_key=produce%2:36:03:: | definition=cause to happen, occur or exist | synonyms=bring about, give rise | examples=This procedure produces a curious effect; The new law gave rise to many complaints
4. sense_key=produce%2:39:01:: | definition=bring out for display | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The proud father produced many pictures of his baby; The accused brought forth a letter in court that he claims exonerates him
5. sense_key=produce%2:36:05:: | definition=cultivate by growing, often involving improvements by means of agricultural techniques | synonyms=grow, raise, farm | examples=The Bordeaux region produces great red wines; They produce good ham in Parma
6. sense_key=produce%2:39:00:: | definition=bring onto the market or release | synonyms=bring on, bring out | examples=produce a movie; bring out a book
7. sense_key=produce%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, develop, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "produce" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 "Schools that are structured in this way <t>produce</t> students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

 The sentence is talking about schools (the subject) producing/creating/resulting in students with certain characteristics (higher morale and superior academic performance).

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=produce%2:36:02:: | definition=bring forth or yield | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The tree would not produce fruit
    - This is about natural production, like trees producing fruit. Not quite right for schools producing students.

 2. sense_key=produce%2:36:00:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=make, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
    - This is about manufacturing products. Schools don't manufacture students like cars or toys.

 3. sense_key=produce%2:36:03:: | definition=cause to happen, occur or exist | synonyms=bring about, give rise | examples=This procedure produces a curious effect; The new law gave rise to many complaints
    - This seems promising. Schools cause/bring about students with higher morale. The example "This procedure produces a curious effect" is similar - a procedure (like school structure) produces an outcome (effect/students with qualities).

 4. sense_key=produce%2:39:01:: | definition=bring out for display | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The proud father produced many pictures of his baby; The accused brought forth a letter in court that he claims exonerates him
    - This is about presenting/showing something. Not relevant here.

 5. sense_key=produce%2:36:05:: | definition=cultivate by growing, often involving improvements by means of agricultural techniques | synonyms=grow, raise, farm | examples=The Bordeaux region produces great red wines; They produce good ham in Parma
    - This is agricultural. While "raise" could apply to children, the agricultural context makes it less likely for schools producing educated students.

 6. sense_key=produce%2:39:00:: | definition=bring onto the market or release | synonyms=bring on, bring out | examples=produce a movie; bring out a book
    - This is about releasing products to market. Not quite right.

 7. sense_key=produce%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, develop, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
    - This is about personal growth/change, not what schools do to students.

 The best fit seems to be sense 3: "cause to happen, occur or exist" with synonyms "bring about, give rise".

 The context shows that schools with certain structures cause/bring about students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a causal relationship where the school structure produces (causes) a certain outcome in students.

 The example "This procedure produces a curious effect" parallels "Schools... produce students with higher morale" - both show a process or system causing a result.

 Sense 1 is about natural yield (fruit).
 Sense 2 is about manufacturing.
 Sense 3 is about causing/bringing about.
 Sense 4 is about displaying.
 Sense 5 is about agriculture.
 Sense 6 is about releasing to market.
 Sense 7 is about personal development.

 Therefore, sense 3 is the best choice.

 Wait, let me reconsider sense 2. Could "produce" mean creating/manufacturing students? In an educational context, we sometimes say schools "produce" graduates, but that's metaphorical manufacturing. However, looking at the examples for sense 2: "We produce more cars than we can sell" - this is physical manufacturing. The students aren't being manufactured like cars.

 Sense 3 "cause to happen, occur or exist" with "bring about, give rise" fits better because the school structure causes the students to have higher morale and better performance. It's about the causal effect of the organizational structure on the student outcomes.

 Actually, looking more carefully at sense 1: "bring forth or yield" - this could work metaphorically, but the example "The tree would not produce fruit" suggests biological/natural production.

 Sense 3 seems most appropriate for the abstract causal relationship described.

 The answer should be: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: students
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce <t>students</t> with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "students" in the given context. The target lemma is "student" and the surface form is "students".

Let me analyze the context:

The text is discussing American students doing poorly in math tests compared to students from other countries. It mentions "students who cannot add or subtract" and talks about schools producing "students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Analysis:
- Sense 1 refers to learners enrolled in educational institutions (pupils, educatees). This fits the context of "American students" taking math tests, "students who cannot add or subtract", and schools producing "students with higher morale."
- Sense 2 refers to learned persons, scholars, people who have gained mastery through long study. This would be more like a "scholar" or "expert," not typically used for people currently enrolled in school taking tests.

The context clearly refers to pupils/learners in educational institutions (schools), not to learned scholars or experts. The text mentions "math tests," "schools," "textbooks," "teaching methods," and "academic performance" - all pointing to enrolled learners, not established scholars.

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}

Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user provided:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00::
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01::

So sense 1 is the first one (index 1), sense 2 is the second one (index 2).

The correct sense is the first one: "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution"

So the answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: high
Target surface form: higher
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with <t>higher</t> morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=high%3:00:02:: | definition=greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount | examples=a high temperature; a high price
2. sense_key=high%3:00:01:: | definition=(literal meaning) being at or having a relatively great or specific elevation or upward extension (sometimes used in combinations like `knee-high') | examples=a high mountain; high ceilings
3. sense_key=high%5:00:00:superior:01 | definition=standing above others in quality or position | synonyms=eminent | examples=people in high places; the high priest
4. sense_key=high%3:00:03:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency | synonyms=high-pitched
5. sense_key=high%5:00:00:elated:00 | definition=happy and excited and energetic | synonyms=in high spirits
6. sense_key=high%5:00:00:malodorous:00 | definition=(used of the smell of meat) smelling spoiled or tainted | synonyms=gamey, gamy
7. sense_key=high%5:00:00:intoxicated:00 | definition=slightly and pleasantly intoxicated from alcohol or a drug (especially marijuana) | synonyms=mellow

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "higher" (lemma: high) in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
The sentence is: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with <t>higher</t> morale and superior academic performance."

Key context clues:
- "higher morale" - referring to the state of mind/spirits of students
- "superior academic performance" - parallel structure suggesting positive qualities
- The overall context is about schools producing better outcomes for students

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=high%3:00:02:: | definition=greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount | examples=a high temperature; a high price
   - This is a general sense of "high" meaning elevated in degree/intensity. "High morale" could fit here as "greater than normal in degree" (morale being a degree/intensity of spirit).

2. sense_key=high%3:00:01:: | definition=(literal meaning) being at or having a relatively great or specific elevation or upward extension | examples=a high mountain; high ceilings
   - This is the spatial/literal sense. Not applicable to "morale" which is abstract.

3. sense_key=high%5:00:00:superior:01 | definition=standing above others in quality or position | synonyms=eminent | examples=people in high places; the high priest
   - This refers to rank/position/status. "High morale" isn't about rank or position.

4. sense_key=high%3:00:03:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency | synonyms=high-pitched
   - Not applicable to morale.

5. sense_key=high%5:00:00:elated:00 | definition=happy and excited and energetic | synonyms=in high spirits
   - This is about emotional state. "High morale" is very close to "in high spirits" - both refer to positive emotional/psychological states. The gloss says "happy and excited and energetic" which describes high morale.

6. sense_key=high%5:00:00:malodorous:00 | definition=(used of the smell of meat) smelling spoiled or tainted
   - Not applicable.

7. sense_key=high%5:00:00:intoxicated:00 | definition=slightly and pleasantly intoxicated from alcohol or a drug
   - Not applicable.

Between sense 1 and sense 5:
- Sense 1 is the general "greater in degree/intensity" sense (high temperature, high price)
- Sense 5 is specifically about being happy/excited/energetic (in high spirits)

"Higher morale" refers to a psychological/emotional state of being more positive, confident, and enthusiastic. This aligns closely with sense 5 (elated, in high spirits).

However, I need to check if WordNet actually maps "high morale" to sense 5 or sense 1. In WordNet, "morale" is a noun referring to a state of mind. When we say "high morale", we mean elevated spirits.

Looking at the gloss for sense 5: "happy and excited and energetic" - this describes the state of someone with high morale.

But wait, let me reconsider sense 1: "greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount". Morale can be seen as a degree/intensity of confidence/enthusiasm.

However, sense 5 specifically mentions "in high spirits" as a synonym, and "high spirits" is very close to "high morale". In fact, "morale" and "spirits" are often synonymous in this context.

Also, the structure "in high spirits" vs "high morale" - both use "high" to describe the positive emotional state.

But I should verify: in WordNet, does "high" in "high morale" map to the "elated" sense or the general "elevated degree" sense?

Actually, looking carefully at the sense keys:
- Sense 5 has the pointer %5:00:00:elated:00 - this means it's an adjective satellite (indicated by the 5) linked to the adjective "elated"
- The gloss "happy and excited and energetic" with synonym "in high spirits" strongly suggests this is about emotional state.

"High morale" means elevated spirits/confidence. This fits sense 5 best.

Wait, but I need to be careful. In some lexicographic traditions, "high morale" might be considered under the general "elevated degree" sense (sense 1). But given that sense 5 specifically covers "in high spirits" and emotional states, and morale is exactly about the mental/emotional state (especially of confidence, enthusiasm, discipline), sense 5 seems more precise.

Let me double-check by looking at the phrase "in high spirits". If someone is in high spirits, they have high morale. The concepts are directly related.

Therefore, the best sense is 5.

Actually, looking at the sense index numbers provided:
1. high%3:00:02::
2. high%3:00:01::
3. high%5:00:00:superior:01
4. high%3:00:03::
5. high%5:00:00:elated:00
6. high%5:00:00:malodorous:00
7. high%5:00:00:intoxicated:00

So sense 5 is indeed the one with "happy and excited and energetic" / "in high spirits".

Therefore, the answer should be {"sense_index": 5}.

But let me reconsider once more. Could it be sense 1?

Sense 1 examples: "a high temperature; a high price" - these are measurable quantities.
Sense 5 examples: implied by "in high spirits" - emotional states.

Morale is an emotional/psychological state, not a physical measurement like temperature. So sense 5 is more appropriate.

Also, the parallel structure with "superior academic performance" suggests "higher" here means "better" in a qualitative sense related to well-being, which aligns with the "elated" sense.

Final decision: sense_index 5.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: morale
Target surface form: morale
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher <t>morale</t> and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=morale%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of individual psychological well-being based upon a sense of confidence and usefulness and purpose
2. sense_key=morale%1:07:00:: | definition=the spirit of a group that makes the members want the group to succeed | synonyms=esprit de corps, team spirit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "morale" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses schools and students
 - Specifically: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher <t>morale</t> and superior academic performance."
 - The context is about students (plural, group) in schools
 - It's comparing schools with principals having authority vs those without
 - The result is students with higher morale and better academic performance

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=morale%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of individual psychological well-being based upon a sense of confidence and usefulness and purpose
    - This refers to individual psychological well-being
    - "individual" is key here

 2. sense_key=morale%1:07:00:: | definition=the spirit of a group that makes the members want the group to succeed | synonyms=esprit de corps, team spirit
    - This refers to group spirit
    - "spirit of a group" is key here
    - Synonyms: esprit de corps, team spirit

 Now, looking at the context again: "students with higher morale"
 - Are we talking about individual students each having their own morale, or the collective spirit of the student body?
 - The phrase "students with higher morale" could be interpreted either way, but let's look closer.

 The sentence says: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

 However, looking at the broader context about school governance, principals, authority, and the structure of schools, this seems to be about the collective atmosphere or spirit of the school/student body.

 But wait, "students" is plural. If it were individual morale, it might say "student morale" (as a collective) or refer to individuals. But "students with higher morale" suggests individual students possessing the quality.

 However, let's look at the definitions more carefully:

 Sense 1: "a state of individual psychological well-being" - focuses on the individual
 Sense 2: "the spirit of a group" - focuses on the group

 In the context: "Schools... produce students with higher morale"
 This could mean:
 1. Each individual student has higher morale (sense 1)
 2. The students as a group have higher morale/group spirit (sense 2)

 But the word "morale" when referring to students in a school context often refers to the collective spirit or mood of the student body. However, it can also refer to individual psychological states.

 Let me check the examples and typical usage:
 - "troop morale" - usually sense 2 (group spirit)
 - "employee morale" - can be ambiguous, but often sense 2 in organizational contexts
 - "student morale" - likely sense 2 when referring to the school environment

 But the specific phrasing here is "students with higher morale" - this treats morale as a property of individual students (each student has their own morale).

 However, looking at the definition of sense 1: "a state of individual psychological well-being based upon a sense of confidence and usefulness and purpose"
 And sense 2: "the spirit of a group that makes the members want the group to succeed"

 In educational contexts, when we say students have good morale, do we mean:
 A) Each student feels confident and purposeful (individual)
 B) The students feel a team spirit and want the school to succeed (group)

 Given the context about school structure, principals, and academic performance, and the fact that it's discussing the organizational structure of schools, sense 2 (group spirit) seems more appropriate. The "esprit de corps" or team spirit of the student body would be affected by school governance.

 However, "students with higher morale" is ambiguous. Let me reconsider.

 Actually, looking at WordNet:
 - Sense 1 (morale%1:26:00::) is under noun.state - "a state of individual psychological well-being..."
 - Sense 2 (morale%1:07:00::) is under noun.attribute - "the spirit of a group..."

 The phrase "students with higher morale" parallels "soldiers with high morale" or "workers with low morale".

 In typical usage:
 - "The morale of the troops" -> sense 2 (group)
 - "The soldiers' morale" -> could be either, but usually sense 2
 - "He has good morale" -> sense 1 (individual)

 Here, "students" is plural, suggesting a group, but "with higher morale" could be distributive (each has it) or collective (the group has it).

 But looking at the synonyms for sense 2: "esprit de corps, team spirit" - these clearly don't fit if we're talking about individual psychological well-being. Students don't have "team spirit" individually in this context; team spirit is a group property.

 If the text meant individual psychological well-being, it might have used words like "self-esteem", "confidence", or "motivation" instead of "morale".

 Also, the context emphasizes school structure, governance, and the environment created by principals - these are collective/organizational factors that would affect group morale (sense 2) rather than just individual psychological states.

 However, I need to be careful. Let me look at the exact wording again: "produce students with higher morale"

 If I substitute the definitions:
 1. "produce students with a higher state of individual psychological well-being..." - makes sense
 2. "produce students with a higher spirit of a group..." - doesn't make grammatical sense because "students" is the subject possessing the morale, not the group being referred to.

 Wait, if sense 2 is "the spirit of a group", then "students with [the spirit of a group]" is odd. You wouldn't say "students with team spirit" to mean the morale of the school; you'd say "the school has high morale" or "student morale is high".

 But "students with high morale" is a standard way to say that the individuals have high morale.

 Let me check actual WordNet examples if I recall them... I don't have the examples here, just the glosses.

 Actually, looking at the gloss for sense 1: "a state of individual psychological well-being based upon a sense of confidence and usefulness and purpose"
 This clearly applies to individuals.

 Sense 2: "the spirit of a group that makes the members want the group to succeed"
 This applies to the group.

 Now, "students with higher morale" - if we interpret "students" as a group noun, then sense 2 applies. If we interpret it as plural individuals, sense 1 applies.

 But grammatically, "students" is a plural count noun referring to multiple individuals. When we say "students with high morale", we typically mean each student has high morale (sense 1), or we're using "morale" as a property that can be distributed among group members.

 However, in WSD tasks, "morale" in educational or organizational contexts referring to students, employees, or soldiers usually maps to sense 2 when it's about the collective mood, and sense 1 when it's about individual psychological states.

 Let me reconsider the context clues:
 - "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale"
 - This is about the output/product of the school structure
 - It's paired with "superior academic performance"
 - The previous sentence talks about "accountability" and "governance"

 In management and organizational studies, "morale" almost always refers to sense 2 (group spirit/esprit de corps) when discussing organizational outcomes. However, it can be tricky.

 Let me think about the phrase "student morale" vs "students' morale".
 - "Student morale" (compound) usually refers to the collective morale of the student body (sense 2).
 - "Students with morale" is less common, but suggests individual possession.

 But wait, looking at the target: "students with higher <t>morale</t>"

 If the author meant sense 2 (group spirit), they might have said "higher student morale" or "a higher morale among students". The phrasing "students with higher morale" emphasizes the individuals having the property.

 However, I should look at whether sense 1 or 2 is more common for "students".

 Actually, looking at the WordNet sense keys:
 - morale%1:26:00:: - this is the "individual" sense
 - morale%1:07:00:: - this is the "group" sense

 In many WSD datasets, when "morale" is used with plural nouns like "troops", "workers", "students", it often maps to the group sense (sense 2) because it's about the collective spirit of that group.

 But the gloss for sense 2 says "the spirit of a group" - it's a singular noun referring to a collective property. You can't really have "higher morale" distributed among individuals if it's defined as "the spirit of a group". The group has one morale.

 So "students with higher morale" would be odd for sense 2 because it suggests multiple students each have their own "spirit of the group", which doesn't make sense. Unless "students" is being used as a collective noun for the student body.

 Actually, "students" can be used collectively: "The students are demanding change." But "students with higher morale" suggests individual characteristics.

 Let me reconsider sense 1: "a state of individual psychological well-being..."
 This makes perfect sense for "students with higher morale" - each student has a state of well-being.

 But is this the intended meaning in the context of school governance and structure? The text argues that school structure (strong principals, accountability) leads to better outcomes. This could affect individual student well-being (sense 1) or group cohesion (sense 2).

 However, the pairing with "superior academic performance" suggests that "morale" here is a psychological state conducive to learning - which aligns with sense 1 (confidence, usefulness, purpose).

 Also, sense 2 (esprit de corps, team spirit) is more about wanting the group to succeed, which is less directly tied to academic performance in the way described. While team spirit might help, individual psychological well-being (feeling confident, purposeful) is more directly linked to academic achievement.

 But I'm torn because organizational contexts often use "morale" as a group concept.

 Let me look for disambiguating clues in the text:
 - "Schools... produce students with higher morale"
 - The subject is "Schools" (plural)
 - The verb is "produce"
 - The object is "students with higher morale"

 If the author meant the collective spirit of the school, they might have said "Schools... have higher morale" or "Schools... foster higher morale". But they said the schools produce students with this quality.

 This suggests the quality is a characteristic of the students themselves as they leave the school, not a characteristic of the school environment during their time there (though it could be both).

 Actually, reading carefully: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

 This is saying that the output of these schools is students who possess high morale and high academic performance. This strongly suggests sense 1 (individual psychological state), because the students take this with them, and it's a property of the individuals.

 If it were sense 2, it would be about the spirit of the student body while at school, not necessarily a property the students "have" in a distributive way after being "produced" by the school.

 Therefore, I lean toward sense 1.

 But let me double-check by considering if sense 2 could work. Could "students with higher morale" mean students who possess a strong team spirit? Yes, that's possible. "He has good team spirit" makes sense. So "students with higher [team spirit/morale]" could work for sense 2.

 However, the definition of sense 2 emphasizes "the spirit of a group" and "makes the members want the group to succeed". If individual students have this, they want their group (the school? the class?) to succeed. This is plausible.

 But sense 1 seems more general and applicable. The "New Math" discussion earlier is about individual learning and understanding. The contrast is between conceptual theory and basic skills. The discussion of principals and authority is about creating an environment where students feel confident and purposeful (sense 1).

 Also, the phrase "psychological well-being" fits well with the educational psychology context.

 Let me check if there are any other clues. The text mentions "student discipline" earlier. This is about individual behavior. "Faculty", "curriculum" - these affect individual students.

 I think sense 1 is the better fit because:
 1. "Students with higher morale" treats morale as a property of individuals
 2. The context is about educational outcomes for individuals (academic performance)
 3. Sense 2 would typically be used as "student morale" (collective) or "the morale of the students"

 However, I recall that in WordNet, sense 2 is actually the more common sense for "morale" in many contexts. Let me reconsider.

 Actually, looking at standard WSD practice:
 - "troop morale" -> sense 2
 - "employee morale" -> sense 2
 - "student morale" -> likely sense 2

 But the syntax here is "students with higher morale", not "student morale".

 If I look at the examples that might accompany these senses in WordNet (which I should simulate):
 Sense 1 examples might include: "His morale improved after the therapy."
 Sense 2 examples might include: "The morale of the team was low."

 Given "students with higher morale", it's ambiguous, but the distributive reading (each student has individual morale) is more natural than the collective reading (the group of students has team spirit) when using "with".

 Wait, "students with high team spirit" is perfectly grammatical and makes sense. So sense 2 is grammatically possible.

 But which is more likely intended?

 The text is from a conservative educational policy perspective (American Spectator, mention of Brookings but focused on authority and discipline). The argument is that structure and authority create better psychological outcomes for students (confidence, purpose) and better performance.

 "Esprit de corps" (sense 2 synonym) seems less relevant to the argument than individual psychological well-being (sense 1). The author isn't arguing that students feel more team spirit; they're arguing that students feel better about themselves and their learning (confidence, purpose).

 Therefore, I choose sense 1.

 Wait, I should verify the sense indices. The user provided:
 1. sense_key=morale%1:26:00:: ...
 2. sense_key=morale%1:07:00:: ...

 So sense_index 1 is the individual one, sense_index 2 is the group one.

 I will go with sense_index 1.

 But let me reconsider one more time. Is there any chance "morale" here refers to the school's morale? No, it says "students with higher morale".

 Is it possible that "students" is a typo for "student" in my reading? No, it's "students".

 Actually, looking at the text again: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher <t>morale</t> and superior academic performance."

 This could mean that the schools produce (educate) students who have high morale (as individuals) and high academic performance.

 Or it could mean that these schools have students who exhibit high group spirit.

 Given that academic performance is an individual metric (usually), and it's paired with morale, and both are properties of the students produced, I think individual sense (sense 1) is correct.

 Final decision: sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: superior
Target surface form: superior
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and <t>superior</t> academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=superior%3:00:02:: | definition=of high or superior quality or performance | examples=superior wisdom derived from experience; superior math students
2. sense_key=superior%3:00:01:: | definition=of or characteristic of high rank or importance | examples=a superior ruler
3. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:dominant:01 | definition=(sometimes followed by `to') not subject to or influenced by | examples=overcome by a superior opponent; trust magnates who felt themselves superior to law
4. sense_key=superior%3:00:00:: | definition=written or printed above and to one side of another character | synonyms=superscript
5. sense_key=superior%3:00:03:: | definition=having an orbit farther from the sun than the Earth's orbit | examples=Mars and Jupiter are the closest in of the superior planets
6. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:senior:00 | definition=having a higher rank | synonyms=ranking, higher-ranking | examples=superior officer
7. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:unaffected:00 | definition=(often followed by `to') above being affected or influenced by | examples=he is superior to fear; an ignited firework proceeds superior to circumstances until its blazing vitality fades

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "superior" in the given context.

 First, let's look at the context: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and <t>superior</t> academic performance."

 The phrase is "superior academic performance" - this means better/higher quality academic performance.

 Now let's examine the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=superior%3:00:02:: | definition=of high or superior quality or performance | examples=superior wisdom derived from experience; superior math students
    - This seems to fit. The example "superior math students" is similar to "superior academic performance". It's about quality/performance.

 2. sense_key=superior%3:00:01:: | definition=of or characteristic of high rank or importance | examples=a superior ruler
    - This is about rank/importance. While academic performance can be ranked, the specific sense here seems more about quality.

 3. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:dominant:01 | definition=(sometimes followed by `to') not subject to or influenced by | examples=overcome by a superior opponent; trust magnates who felt themselves superior to law
    - This requires "superior to" structure usually, and means dominant or above influence. Doesn't fit "superior academic performance".

 4. sense_key=superior%3:00:00:: | definition=written or printed above and to one side of another character | synonyms=superscript
    - This is a typography sense. Doesn't fit.

 5. sense_key=superior%3:00:03:: | definition=having an orbit farther from the sun than the Earth's orbit | examples=Mars and Jupiter are the closest in of the superior planets
    - Astronomy sense. Doesn't fit.

 6. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:senior:00 | definition=having a higher rank | synonyms=ranking, higher-ranking | examples=superior officer
    - This is about military or hierarchical rank. While "superior" can mean higher rank, in the phrase "superior academic performance", it's not about rank but about quality.

 7. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:unaffected:00 | definition=(often followed by `to') above being affected or influenced by | examples=he is superior to fear; an ignited firework proceeds superior to circumstances until its blazing vitality fades
    - This is about being immune to something. Doesn't fit.

 Comparing sense 1 and sense 6:
 - Sense 1: "of high or superior quality or performance" - examples include "superior math students"
 - Sense 6: "having a higher rank" - examples include "superior officer"

 "Academic performance" is being described as superior in quality, not rank. The context is about schools producing better quality outcomes (higher morale and better academic performance).

 The example "superior math students" in sense 1 is very close to "superior academic performance".

 Therefore, sense 1 (superior%3:00:02::) is the best fit.

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=superior%3:00:02::
 2. sense_key=superior%3:00:01::
 3. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:dominant:01
 4. sense_key=superior%3:00:00::
 5. sense_key=superior%3:00:03::
 6. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:senior:00
 7. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:unaffected:00

 So the index I should return is 1.

 But let me double-check WordNet to make sure I understand the senses correctly.

 In WordNet 3.0 or similar:
 - superior%3:00:02:: usually maps to "of high or superior quality or performance"
 - superior%3:00:01:: usually maps to "of or characteristic of high rank or importance"
 - superior%5:00:00:dominant:01 - satellite of dominant
 - superior%3:00:00:: - the superscript sense (adjective position)
 - superior%3:00:03:: - astronomy sense
 - superior%5:00:00:senior:00 - satellite of senior (higher rank)
 - superior%5:00:00:unaffected:00 - satellite of unaffected

 Actually, looking at the sense keys:
 - %3:00:02:: suggests it's the third synset (index 2 in 0-based or third in 1-based?), but the user is listing them with indices 1-7.

 The user wants me to choose based on the numbered list provided:
 1. sense_key=superior%3:00:02::
 2. sense_key=superior%3:00:01::
 ...

 So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

 But wait, the format in the instruction says: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

 So if I choose the first one in the list, I return {"sense_index": 1}.

 Let me verify again. "superior academic performance" - is it about quality or rank?

 In educational contexts, "superior performance" usually means better quality performance, higher achieving. It's synonymous with "excellent" or "better".

 Sense 1 examples: "superior wisdom derived from experience; superior math students"
 Sense 6 examples: "superior officer"

 "Superior math students" matches "superior academic performance" perfectly - both describe academic quality/ability.

 Sense 6 is about hierarchical position (seniority, military rank).

 So yes, sense 1 is correct.

 One final check: could it be sense 3? "overcome by a superior opponent" - this means stronger/better, but the definition says "not subject to or influenced by" which is different. Actually, looking at sense 3: "overcome by a superior opponent" suggests the opponent is better/stronger, but the gloss says "not subject to or influenced by". This seems like a different sense (superior to = above, immune to).

 Sense 7 is also "superior to" meaning above being affected by.

 So sense 1 is definitely the right choice.

 The answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior <t>academic</t> performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "academic" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses American students performing poorly in math tests compared to other countries
 - It mentions "New Math" and teaching methods
 - It talks about schools having principals with authority
 - It mentions that schools structured this way produce students with higher morale and superior "academic" performance
 - The phrase is "superior academic performance"

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
    - This seems to be the adjectival sense meaning "relating to education, schools, colleges, etc."
    - "Academic performance" would mean performance in educational/scholastic matters

 2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
    - This means "purely theoretical" or "not practical"
    - "Academic performance" wouldn't fit here because performance isn't theoretical

 3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic
    - This means "pedantic" or "scholarly in a narrow way"
    - "Academic performance" doesn't fit this sense well

 In the phrase "superior academic performance", "academic" is modifying "performance" to indicate performance in educational/scholastic areas. This matches sense 1: "associated with academia or an academy".

 The context is about schools, students, and their performance in educational settings. "Academic performance" is a common collocation referring to how well students do in their studies.

 Sense 1 is the correct choice.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys. The format suggests:
 - academic%3:01:00:: is likely the adjective sense "associated with academia"
 - academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 is likely the adjective sense "theoretical"
 - academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 is likely the adjective sense "scholarly/pedantic"

 Actually, looking at WordNet conventions:
 - %3 usually indicates adjective (as a satellite)
 - %5 usually indicates adjective (as a satellite) with specific pointer types

 But regardless of the technical encoding, the definitions clearly show:
 1. Associated with academia/educational institutions
 2. Theoretical/hypothetical
 3. Pedantic/scholarly in a narrow way

 "Academic performance" clearly uses sense 1 - relating to education and scholarship.

 The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DeepInfra