[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simple
Target surface form: simple
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a <t>simple</t> descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "simple" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is about English church bells and change-ringing.
 - The specific sentence: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."
 - Here, "simple" describes a "descending scale" - specifically, the rounds where bells go from highest to lowest pitch in order.
 - The contrast is with the complex "change-ringing" that comes later (varying the order).

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
    - This seems relevant. A descending scale from high to low is straightforward, not complex - it's just going down the scale in order without the complicated permutations of change-ringing.

 2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
    - This is similar to sense 1 but focuses on "easy" vs "not complex". The scale is described as simple in the sense of being straightforward, uncomplicated - not necessarily "easy" to play (though it is easier than change-ringing), but structurally uncomplicated.

 3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
    - This suggests "mere" or "bare". "A mere descending scale" could work, but the context emphasizes the lack of complexity compared to change-ringing, not just that it's "only" a scale.

 4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
    - Not relevant here. Not talking about naivety.

 5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
    - Not relevant.

 6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
    - Not relevant (botanical sense).

 7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity
    - Not about decoration or ornamentation.

 Now between sense 1 and sense 2:
 - Sense 1: "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved"
 - Sense 2: "easy and not involved or complicated" (synonyms: elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic)

 The context emphasizes that change-ringing is complex ("mind-boggling", requires "intense mental concentration"), while rounds are the opposite - a straightforward descending scale. The contrast is between complexity and simplicity.

 Sense 1 (simple%3:00:02::) is the primary adjectival sense meaning "not complex".
 Sense 2 (simple%5:00:00:easy:01) is a satellite adjective (indicated by the 5 in the sense key) meaning specifically "easy".

 In WordNet:
 - simple%3:00:02:: is the sense "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved"
 - simple%5:00:00:easy:01 is a satellite of "easy" meaning "easy and not involved or complicated"

 The context describes the scale as structurally uncomplicated - it's just going down the scale in order, not doing the complex permutations of change-ringing. This aligns with "not complex or complicated" (sense 1) rather than specifically "easy" (sense 2), though there's overlap.

 However, looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1 examples: "a simple problem; simple mechanisms"
 - Sense 2 examples: "an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson"

 The phrase "simple descending scale" fits well with sense 1 - it's a scale that is not complex, having few parts/moving parts (just descending in order).

 But wait, looking at the WordNet structure:
 - simple%3:00:02:: is the main sense "not complex"
 - simple%5:00:00:easy:01 is satellite to "easy"

 Actually, looking carefully at the sense keys:
 - simple%3:00:02:: - this is the adjective sense "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved"
 - simple%5:00:00:easy:01 - this is the adjective satellite "easy and not involved or complicated"

 The context emphasizes the contrast between the complex change-ringing and the simple rounds. The rounds are described as a "descending scale" - this is straightforward, uncomplicated.

 Both could work, but sense 1 is the more general "not complex" while sense 2 is specifically about being "easy". The text isn't saying the scale is "easy" to play (though it implies it's easier than change-ringing), but rather that it's structurally simple/uncomplicated compared to the variations of change-ringing.

 Also, looking at the gloss for sense 2: "easy and not involved or complicated" - the synonyms are elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic.

 The gloss for sense 1: "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved"

 Given that a "descending scale" is being described, and the contrast is with the complexity of change-ringing (which involves varying the order), the sense of "not complex or complicated" (sense 1) seems most appropriate.

 However, I should check if there's any distinction I'm missing. In WordNet:
 - Sense 1 (simple%3:00:02::) is the first adjective sense, usually the most common.
 - Sense 2 (simple%5:00:00:easy:01) is specifically grouped under "easy".

 The context says: "The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells... is considered by the English to be childish... Change-ringing... requires physical dexterity... Then... a simple descending scale"

 The word "simple" here contrasts with "complicated" (used earlier in the text: "The less complicated version..."). This suggests sense 1 or sense 2.

 Actually, looking at the text flow:
 - "The less complicated version... is considered... childish"
 - "Change-ringing... requires... intense mental concentration"
 - "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds'... a simple descending scale"

 So "simple" is synonymous with "not complicated" - which maps directly to sense 1: "not complex or complicated or involved".

 Sense 2 is also "not involved or complicated", but adds "easy".

 In many WordNet disambiguation tasks, sense 1 (the primary "not complex" sense) is the correct choice for contexts describing mechanical or procedural simplicity, as opposed to ease of execution.

 But let me reconsider the examples:
 - Sense 1: "a simple problem; simple mechanisms"
 - Sense 2: "an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson"

 A "descending scale" is more like a "simple mechanism" or simple pattern than an "elementary problem".

 Therefore, sense 1 (index 1) seems best.

 Wait, I need to check the exact sense keys provided:
 1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02::
 2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01
 3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01
 4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00
 5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00
 6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01::
 7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01

 The user asks for the "sense_index". Looking at the JSON format example: {"sense_index": 3}

 This suggests I should return the number of the sense in the list (1-indexed).

 So if I choose sense 1, I return {"sense_index": 1}
 If I choose sense 2, I return {"sense_index": 2}

 Given my analysis, sense 1 is the best fit.

 But let me double-check sense 3: "apart from anything else; without additions or modifications" - "mere". Could it be "a mere descending scale"? The text says "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale". This could mean "just/merely a descending scale" before the complex stuff begins. But the contrast with "complicated" earlier and "change-ringing" (complex) suggests "not complex" is the intended meaning, not "mere".

 Also, sense 7: "unornamented" - clearly not about decoration.

 So it's between 1 and 2.

 In WordNet 3.0/3.1:
 - simple%3:00:02:: is "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved"
 - simple%5:00:00:easy:01 is "easy and not involved or complicated"

 The key difference is that sense 2 is specifically about ease (simplicity of difficulty), while sense 1 is about structural complexity (simplicity of design/pattern).

 The text emphasizes the structural pattern: rounds are a descending scale (simple pattern) vs change-ringing (complex pattern with varying order). It's about the complexity of the pattern, not necessarily how easy it is to execute (though it mentions physical dexterity is required for change-ringing, implying rounds are less physically demanding too).

 But the primary contrast is: "The less complicated version... is considered... childish... Change-ringing... requires... intense mental concentration... a simple descending scale"

 So "simple" = "not complicated" = sense 1.

 Final decision: sense_index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scale
Target surface form: scale
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending <t>scale</t> using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scale%1:24:03:: | definition=an ordered reference standard | synonyms=scale of measurement, graduated table, ordered series | examples=judging on a scale of 1 to 10
2. sense_key=scale%1:24:00:: | definition=relative magnitude | examples=they entertained on a grand scale
3. sense_key=scale%1:24:01:: | definition=the ratio between the size of something and a representation of it | examples=the scale of the map; the scale of the model
4. sense_key=scale%1:20:00:: | definition=a specialized leaf or bract that protects a bud or catkin | synonyms=scale leaf
5. sense_key=scale%1:17:00:: | definition=a thin flake of dead epidermis shed from the surface of the skin | synonyms=scurf, exfoliation
6. sense_key=scale%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme (usually within an octave) | synonyms=musical scale
7. sense_key=scale%1:06:02:: | definition=a measuring instrument for weighing; shows amount of mass | synonyms=weighing machine
8. sense_key=scale%1:06:00:: | definition=an indicator having a graduated sequence of marks
9. sense_key=scale%1:06:03:: | definition=a metal sheathing of uniform thickness (such as the shield attached to an artillery piece to protect the gunners) | synonyms=plate, shell
10. sense_key=scale%1:05:00:: | definition=a flattened rigid plate forming part of the body covering of many animals

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "scale" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about church bells and change-ringing in England
- The specific sentence is: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending <t>scale</t> using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."
- This is describing a sequence of musical notes/pitches from highest to lowest
- It's referring to a musical scale - a series of notes differing in pitch

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. scale%1:24:03:: - an ordered reference standard (e.g., scale of measurement, judging on a scale of 1 to 10) - This is about measurement standards, not musical notes.

2. scale%1:24:00:: - relative magnitude (e.g., on a grand scale) - This is about size/extent, not musical notes.

3. scale%1:24:01:: - ratio between size and representation (e.g., map scale) - This is about proportions, not musical notes.

4. scale%1:20:00:: - specialized leaf or bract (botanical) - Not relevant.

5. scale%1:17:00:: - thin flake of dead skin - Not relevant.

6. scale%1:10:00:: - (music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme (usually within an octave) - synonyms: musical scale - This matches perfectly! The context describes bells arranged from highest-pitched to lowest-pitched, forming a descending musical scale.

7. scale%1:06:02:: - measuring instrument for weighing - Not relevant.

8. scale%1:06:00:: - indicator with graduated sequence of marks - This could be confused with measurement, but the context is clearly about musical pitches/notes.

9. scale%1:06:03:: - metal sheathing - Not relevant.

10. scale%1:05:00:: - flattened rigid plate (animal covering) - Not relevant.

The context clearly describes a musical scale: "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale". This is sense 6: "(music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme (usually within an octave)".

The answer should be {"sense_index": 6}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Novita

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: using
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale <t>using</t>, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "using" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

Context analysis:
The sentence is: "Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale <t>using</t>, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."

The word "using" here refers to employing or utilizing bells to create a descending scale. The bells are being put into service for the purpose of creating the scale.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home

This seems to fit best. The bells are being put into service (used) to create the scale. The definition mentions "employ for a particular purpose" which matches using bells to create a descending scale.

2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely

This implies consumption or habitual use, like using drugs. Not appropriate for bells being employed to make music.

3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions

This means to deplete or exhaust. Not appropriate here - the bells aren't being used up.

4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections

This has a connotation of exploitation or taking advantage of something/someone for personal gain. While technically bells are being used to achieve an end (making music), this sense typically implies using something/someone as a means to an advantage, often with a slight negative connotation or implying agency over people. The example shows using friends to get jobs. Here, bells are instruments being employed for their natural purpose.

5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion

This means to make use of something for oneself, like practicing a religion or applying a principle. While close, sense 1 seems more direct for "employing objects (bells) for their inherent purpose."

6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally

This is specifically for "used to" constructions indicating past habitual actions. The word here is "using" (present participle), so this is definitely wrong.

Between sense 1 and sense 4:
- Sense 1 is about putting something into service, making it work for its inherent or natural purpose.
- Sense 4 is about seeking/achieving an end by using to one's advantage.

In the context, the bells are being employed/utilized to create the scale. This is their natural purpose - bells are meant to be rung to make music. So sense 1 fits best: "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose."

The phrase "using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells" clearly means employing/utilizing 12 bells for the purpose of the descending scale.

Therefore, the correct sense is index 1.

Wait, let me double-check the sense numbering. The user lists:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01::
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02::
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00::
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14::
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04::
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03::

So sense 1 is the first one in the list.

The context: "a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."

This means the scale employs/utilizes 12 bells. This matches sense 1 perfectly: put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose.

Sense 4 (seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage) is more about exploiting or leveraging something for gain, which doesn't fit as well for describing how a musical scale is constructed with bells.

Therefore, the answer is sense_index: 1.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: churches
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger <t>churches</t>, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "churches" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about church bells in England
 - It mentions "nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays"
 - It talks about "larger <t>churches</t>, as many as 12 bells"
 - The context is about physical buildings that have bells, specifically mentioning "larger churches" having as many as 12 bells

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
    - This refers to a denomination or religious group (e.g., Catholic Church, Anglican Church)
    - Not likely in this context because we're talking about physical bells in physical buildings

 2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
    - This refers to the physical building
    - The context mentions "larger churches" having bells, which makes sense as physical buildings can have bells
    - This seems like the best fit

 3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
    - This refers to the religious service/event
    - You wouldn't say a "church service" has 12 bells in this context
    - Doesn't fit

 4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week
    - This refers to the congregation/people
    - While people can be "large", the context is clearly about physical structures housing bells
    - "Larger churches" in the sense of larger buildings makes more sense than larger congregations in the context of housing 12 bells

 The context is clearly talking about physical buildings that contain bells. The phrase "in larger churches" refers to the physical size of the buildings, which would accommodate more bells. This matches sense 2: "a place for public (especially Christian) worship" with synonym "church building".

 The answer should be sense_index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 <t>bells</t>. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "bells" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about church bells in England
 - It mentions "nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays"
 - It discusses "playing tunes on bells", "carillons", "Change-ringing"
 - It mentions "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest"
 - It talks about "12 bells" in larger churches
 - It mentions ringers varying the order in which bells sound

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
    - This seems to fit. Church bells are hollow metal devices that make ringing sounds when struck.

 2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
    - This is about doorbells, not church bells. Doesn't fit.

 3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
    - This refers to the sound itself, not the physical object. The context talks about physical bells ("some bells weigh more than a ton", "12 bells"), so this is likely not the right sense.

 4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
    - This is nautical timekeeping. The context is about church bells, not ships.

 5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
    - This refers to the shape. While bells have a bell shape, the context is talking about the physical instruments being rung, not just their shape.

 6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
    - Proper noun, person. Not relevant.

 7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
    - Proper noun, person. Not relevant.

 8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
    - Proper noun, person. Not relevant.

 9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
    - This refers to a set of tuned bells as an orchestral instrument (like tubular bells or orchestra bells). While related, the context specifically mentions "church bells" and "change-ringing" which is a specific English tradition of ringing church bells, not orchestral percussion.

 10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device
    - This is like the bell of a trumpet or horn. Not relevant to church bells.

 So the choice is between sense 1 and sense 9.

 Sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - This is the general sense of a bell, like a church bell.

 Sense 9: "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument" - This is specifically orchestral bells/chimes.

 The context mentions:
 - "church bells"
 - "ring them" (on Sundays)
 - "carillons of continental Europe" (which are sets of bells)
 - "Change-ringing" (a specific method of ringing church bells)
 - "some bells weigh more than a ton" (individual bells)
 - "12 bells" (in larger churches)
 - "highest-pitched bell to the lowest"

 The text is clearly talking about church bells - the large bells hung in church towers that are rung by pulling ropes. These are individual hollow metal devices (sense 1), not specifically orchestral percussion instruments (sense 9), though sense 9 could be argued as related to carillons.

 However, sense 1 is the general sense that covers church bells. Sense 9 is more specific to orchestral instruments (like tubular bells or bell sets). Church bells are traditionally sense 1.

 Also, looking at the examples and synonyms:
 - Sense 1 has no synonyms listed but the definition fits church bells perfectly.
 - Sense 9 has synonyms "chime, gong" and refers to orchestral instruments.

 The context distinguishes between "carillons" (which might be closer to sense 9) and "Proper English bells" used in change-ringing. The text says "The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons..." implying carillons play tunes on bells, but "Proper English bells" are for change-ringing.

 Actually, looking more carefully: "playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons" - carillons are sets of bells played with a keyboard. But the main subject is "church bells" which are rung by pulling ropes in change-ringing.

 The specific mention of "some bells weigh more than a ton" strongly suggests individual large bells (sense 1), not orchestral bell sets.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys to make sure I understand the indexing correctly. The user wants the "sense_index" which appears to be the number after the :: in the sense_key? No, looking at the format:

 sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: - this is sense 1 in the list provided (index 1)
 sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: - this is sense 2 (index 2)
 etc.

 The user wants me to return {"sense_index": 3} format, where the number corresponds to the position in the candidate list (1-indexed).

 So if I choose sense 1 (bell%1:06:00::), I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

 Let me verify:
 - Candidate 1: bell%1:06:00:: - hollow device made of metal that makes ringing sound when struck
 - Candidate 2: bell%1:06:02:: - doorbell
 - Candidate 3: bell%1:11:00:: - the sound of a bell
 - Candidate 4: bell%1:28:00:: - nautical time unit
 - Candidate 5: bell%1:25:00:: - bell shape
 - Candidate 6: bell%1:18:02:: - Melville Bell
 - Candidate 7: bell%1:18:01:: - Vanessa Bell
 - Candidate 8: bell%1:18:00:: - Alexander Graham Bell
 - Candidate 9: bell%1:06:04:: - orchestral percussion instrument (set of tuned bells)
 - Candidate 10: bell%1:06:03:: - flared opening of tubular device

 Yes, the target is clearly sense 1. The context discusses church bells as physical objects that are rung, weighing tons, made of metal, producing sound when struck.

 One final check: could it be sense 9? Sense 9 is "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument". While carillons are mentioned, the text contrasts carillons with "Proper English bells" used in change-ringing. Change-ringing uses large church bells swung by ropes, not struck with hammers like orchestral bells or carillons (though carillons are struck with clappers connected to keys). But the main subject is definitely the church bells as physical objects (sense 1), not the orchestral instrument sense.

 Also, the phrase "12 bells" refers to 12 individual bells (sense 1), not a percussion instrument consisting of a set of bells (sense 9) in the orchestral sense.

 Therefore, the answer is sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: Then
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. <t>Then</t>, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "then" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text describes the process of change-ringing in English churches.
- It describes how bells are started: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."
- Then comes the target word: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order..."
- This describes a sequence of events: first the bells are started in rounds, THEN (subsequently) the ringers begin varying the order.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
   - This fits perfectly. It indicates a temporal sequence: first X happens, then Y happens.
   - The context describes a process: first bells are started in rounds, THEN at a signal, ringers begin varying the order.

2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
   - This is the conditional/consequential sense ("in that case").
   - The context doesn't show a conditional relationship or logical consequence in the "if...then" sense. It's describing a sequence of events in a process.

3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then
   - This refers to a specific point in time ("at that time").
   - While the sentence does refer to a time, it's not saying "at that specific time" in the sense of referring back to a previously mentioned time period. Instead, it's indicating "after that" or "next in sequence."
   - The examples show "I was young then" (referring to a past time) vs "then he left" (sequence).

The context clearly shows a sequence:
1. Bells are started off in rounds...
2. Then (subsequently/next), at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order...

This matches sense 1: "subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)"

The synonyms "so, and so, and then" and examples "then he left; go left first, then right" confirm this is about sequence and what happens next.

Therefore, the best sense is sense_index 1.

Wait, let me double-check the sense numbering in the candidate list:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: ...
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: ...
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: ...

So sense 1 is the "subsequently" sense.
Sense 2 is the "in that case" sense.
Sense 3 is the "at that time" sense.

Yes, sense 1 is correct.

The user wants JSON output like {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: signal
Target surface form: signal
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a <t>signal</t>, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=signal%1:10:00:: | definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signaling, sign | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped
2. sense_key=signal%1:16:00:: | definition=any incitement to action | examples=he awaited the signal to start; the victory was a signal for wild celebration
3. sense_key=signal%1:19:00:: | definition=an electric quantity (voltage or current or field strength) whose modulation represents coded information about the source from which it comes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "signal" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about church bell ringing in England (change-ringing).
 - It describes how bells are started in "rounds" (highest to lowest).
 - Then: "Then, at a <t>signal</t>, the ringers begin varying the order..."
 - So the "signal" here is some kind of cue or indication that tells the ringers when to start varying the order.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=signal%1:10:00:: | definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signaling, sign | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped
    - This seems to be about communication/encoding messages. The example "signals from the boat" suggests something like a flag signal, light signal, etc.
    - In the context, the signal is a cue for the ringers to start.

 2. sense_key=signal%1:16:00:: | definition=any incitement to action | examples=he awaited the signal to start; the victory was a signal for wild celebration
    - This definition specifically mentions "incitement to action" and the examples include "signal to start" which matches our context perfectly: "at a signal, the ringers begin..."
    - This seems like the best fit.

 3. sense_key=signal%1:19:00:: | definition=an electric quantity (voltage or current or field strength) whose modulation represents coded information about the source from which it comes
    - This is clearly about electrical signals, which doesn't fit the context of bell ringing in churches.

 Comparing sense 1 and sense 2:
 - Sense 1 is about nonverbal actions/gestures that encode messages (communication).
 - Sense 2 is specifically about incitement to action (a cue to do something).

 In the sentence: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order..."
 The signal here is clearly a cue or indication that prompts the ringers to start the variation. It's an incitement to action.

 The example in sense 2 "he awaited the signal to start" is almost exactly parallel to the context "at a signal, the ringers begin..."

 Therefore, sense 2 (signal%1:16:00::) is the best choice.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys format. The user provided:
 1. sense_key=signal%1:10:00::
 2. sense_key=signal%1:16:00::
 3. sense_key=signal%1:19:00::

 So the indices are 1, 2, and 3.

 I should return {"sense_index": 2}.

 Let me verify the definitions once more to make sure I'm not missing anything.

 Sense 1: "any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message" - This is the communication sense. Like hand signals, smoke signals, etc.

 Sense 2: "any incitement to action" - This is the trigger/cue sense. Like a starting signal.

 Sense 3: Electrical signal.

 In the context of bell ringing, the "signal" is the cue that tells the ringers when to start changing the order. It's an incitement to action (or more precisely, a cue/prompt to action). The example "he awaited the signal to start" confirms this is the right sense.

 Yes, sense 2 is correct.

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the <t>ringers</t> begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "ringers" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about church bells in England
 - It mentions that nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them
 - It discusses "change-ringing" which is an English tradition
 - It mentions "rounds" where bells are rung from highest to lowest
 - The target word "ringers" appears in: "Then, at a signal, the <t>ringers</t> begin varying the order in which the bells sound..."

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
    - This fits perfectly. The context is about church bells, ringing them, and the people who ring them are called "ringers" in this context.

 2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
    - This doesn't fit. The context is not about people looking identical to each other.

 3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
    - This doesn't fit. There's no competition mentioned where someone is entered under false pretenses.

 4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg
    - This doesn't fit. The context is about bells, not horseshoes.

 The context clearly discusses church bell ringing, mentioning "church bells", "ring them", "change-ringing", and the "ringers" are the people who ring these bells. The synonyms "toller" and "bell ringer" confirm this is the correct sense.

 Therefore, the correct sense is index 1 (ringer%1:18:02::).

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02::
 2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01::
 3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00::
 4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00::

 So sense 1 is the one about church bells.

 The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: begin
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers <t>begin</t> varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "begin" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about church bell ringing in England
 - "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest..."
 - "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

 The target word "begin" is used in the phrase "the ringers begin varying the order". This describes the ringers starting to do something - specifically, starting to vary the order of the bells.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. begin%2:30:00:: - take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
    - This seems to fit: "begin varying" = start carrying out the action of varying

 2. begin%2:42:00:: - have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
    - This is about something having a beginning (intransitive), not about people starting an action

 3. begin%2:30:01:: - set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
    - This is about causing something to start, often transitive with an object like "war" or "hostilities". Here the ringers are the ones doing the varying, not causing something else to start in that sense.

 4. begin%2:32:03:: - begin to speak or say
    - Not relevant here

 5. begin%2:42:02:: - be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series
    - Not relevant - the ringers aren't constituting a beginning

 6. begin%2:42:04:: - have a beginning, of a temporal event
    - This is intransitive about events beginning, not people starting actions

 7. begin%2:42:03:: - have a beginning characterized in some specified way
    - Examples: "The novel begins with a murder" - this is about how something starts, not people initiating an action

 8. begin%2:41:04:: - begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
    - This is about starting to use/consume an object. "begin a cigar" = start smoking it. "begin varying" doesn't fit this pattern - varying isn't a physical object with an inherent function.

 9. begin%2:41:00:: - achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative
    - Not relevant

 10. begin%2:32:04:: - begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language
    - Not relevant

 The best fit seems to be sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action"

 The sentence: "the ringers begin varying the order" - the ringers are taking the first step in the action of varying the order. This matches "We began working at dawn" from the examples.

 Sense 3 is close but seems more about initiating/causing something to start (like a war), whereas sense 1 is about starting to perform an action oneself.

 Sense 1 examples: "We began working at dawn" - this is exactly parallel to "the ringers begin varying the order": subject + begin + gerund/activity.

 So the answer should be sense_index: 1.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense keys and indices. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00::
 2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00::
 3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01::
 ...

 So index 1 corresponds to sense_key begin%2:30:00::.

 Actually, looking carefully at the format, the user lists them numbered 1-10. So I should return the number of the entry in the list.

 Entry 1: begin%2:30:00:: - take the first step or steps in carrying out an action
 Entry 3: begin%2:30:01:: - set in motion, cause to start

 The distinction between 1 and 3:
 - Sense 1: The subject starts doing something (intransitive or with activity)
 - Sense 3: The subject causes something to start (transitive, often with event noun)

 "the ringers begin varying the order" - the ringers are the ones doing the varying. This is sense 1.

 "The U.S. started a war" - the US caused the war to start. This is sense 3.

 So yes, sense 1 is correct.

 But wait, looking at the WordNet structure, sometimes these senses are tricky. Let me reconsider sense 8: "begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object" - examples "begin a cigar", "She started the soup". This is about starting to consume/use something.

 And sense 1 is clearly the activity sense: "We began working".

 "varying the order" is an activity, so sense 1.

 Actually, looking at the examples for sense 3: "The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities" - these are about initiating hostilities/events.

 "begin varying" is not initiating an event in that sense, it's starting to perform an action.

 So I'm confident it's sense 1.

 Wait, I should check if there's any chance it's sense 6 or 2 (the "have a beginning" senses). No, those are intransitive with the subject being the thing that begins (e.g., "The concert begins at 8"). Here the subject is "the ringers" (people), so it must be a transitive or activity sense where people are the agents.

 So between 1, 3, and 8:
 - 8 is out (wrong type of object)
 - 3 is about causing/commencing something (often formal/large scale)
 - 1 is about starting to do something (general)

 "begin varying" fits sense 1 perfectly.

 Final check: The instruction says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

 So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vary
Target surface form: varying
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin <t>varying</t> the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vary%2:30:01:: | definition=become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence | synonyms=change, alter | examples=her mood changes in accordance with the weather; The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season
2. sense_key=vary%2:42:00:: | definition=be at variance with; be out of line with | synonyms=deviate, diverge, depart
3. sense_key=vary%2:42:01:: | definition=be subject to change in accordance with a variable | examples=Prices vary; His moods vary depending on the weather
4. sense_key=vary%2:30:04:: | definition=make something more diverse and varied | synonyms=variegate, motley | examples=Vary the menu

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "varying" in the given context. Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses.

Context analysis:
- The text is about change-ringing (English church bells)
- "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."
- "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
- "Each variation, or change, can occur only once..."

So the meaning here is: the ringers begin to change/alter the order in which the bells sound. They are making the order different from the initial "rounds" (descending scale).

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=vary%2:30:01:: | definition=become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence | synonyms=change, alter | examples=her mood changes in accordance with the weather; The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season

This sense seems to be about becoming different, often intransitive or about states changing. But in the context, "varying" is transitive - they are varying the order. Also, the examples suggest changing according to something else (weather, season).

2. sense_key=vary%2:42:00:: | definition=be at variance with; be out of line with | synonyms=deviate, diverge, depart

This suggests deviating from something, being different from a standard. But the context is about actively changing the order, not just being at variance with it.

3. sense_key=vary%2:42:01:: | definition=be subject to change in accordance with a variable | examples=Prices vary; His moods vary depending on the weather

This is about being subject to change, fluctuating. The examples show prices varying, moods varying. This is intransitive. But in the context, "varying" is transitive (varying the order).

4. sense_key=vary%2:30:04:: | definition=make something more diverse and varied | synonyms=variegate, motley | examples=Vary the menu

This is transitive: "make something more diverse and varied." The example "Vary the menu" fits the pattern of "varying the order." The ringers are making the order different/varied from the simple descending scale.

Wait, let me reconsider sense 1. The definition says "become different" which suggests intransitive, but it has synonyms "change, alter" which can be transitive. However, the examples are intransitive ("her mood changes", "selection... varies").

Sense 4 explicitly says "make something more diverse and varied" - this is clearly transitive/causative. The ringers are causing the order to become varied/different.

But let me look at sense 1 again carefully. "become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence". This could apply to the order becoming different. But the syntax in the text is "varying the order" - transitive.

Sense 4: "make something more diverse and varied" - this fits "varying the order" perfectly. They are making the order varied/different from the initial rounds.

However, I need to check if sense 1 can be transitive. The definition "become different" suggests intransitive, but WordNet senses can be tricky. Let me look at the examples for sense 1: "her mood changes" (intransitive), "The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies" (intransitive). So sense 1 appears to be intransitive.

Sense 4 example: "Vary the menu" - transitive imperative.

The context: "the ringers begin varying the order" - clearly transitive.

Therefore, sense 4 seems best.

But wait, let me double-check sense 1's definition. "become different..." - yes, that's intransitive. The synonyms "change, alter" can be both, but the definition specifies "become".

Sense 4: "make something more diverse and varied" - clearly transitive.

Also, looking at the context: "Each variation, or change..." - this noun "variation" refers back to the act of varying. The ringers create variations/changes in the order.

Actually, looking at sense 1 again: "become different in some particular way..." - if this were the sense, the sentence would be "the order varies" not "they vary the order".

So sense 4 is the correct choice.

Wait, I should also consider if there's a sense about "changing the order" specifically. Sense 4 "make something more diverse and varied" captures the idea of changing the sequence to create variety.

Let me verify the WordNet senses for "vary":

From my knowledge:
- vary%2:30:01:: - change, alter (intransitive?)
- vary%2:30:04:: - variegate, motley (transitive, make varied)

Actually, looking at standard WordNet:
- WordNet 3.1 sense 1: "become different in some particular way..." (intransitive)
- WordNet 3.1 sense 2: "be at variance with; be out of line with"
- WordNet 3.1 sense 3: "be subject to change in accordance with a variable"
- WordNet 3.1 sense 4: "make something more diverse and varied" (transitive)

The context has "varying the order" - direct object "the order". So we need a transitive sense.

Sense 4 is explicitly transitive: "make something more diverse and varied"
Sense 2 could be transitive? "be at variance with" - that takes an object, but means to differ from, not to change.
Sense 1 and 3 are intransitive based on definitions.

Therefore, sense 4 is the only one that fits the transitive usage "varying the order".

Also, semantically: they are changing the order from the simple descending scale to create different patterns (variations). This is "making the order varied/diverse".

So the answer should be sense_index: 4.

But let me reconsider if sense 1 could be used transitively in some contexts. The definition "become different" is clearly intransitive. While "change" and "alter" can be transitive, the gloss specifies "become", indicating this specific sense is intransitive.

Therefore, sense 4 is correct.

One final check: does the context support "make more diverse and varied"? Yes, they start with a simple descending scale (rounds), then they vary the order to create different patterns - they are introducing variety/diversity into the order.

Yes, this fits perfectly.

Answer: {"sense_index": 4}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: order
Target surface form: order
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the <t>order</t> in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=order%1:10:03:: | definition=(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed | examples=the British ships dropped anchor and waited for orders from London
2. sense_key=order%1:07:01:: | definition=a degree in a continuum of size or quantity | synonyms=order of magnitude | examples=it was on the order of a mile; an explosion of a low order of magnitude
3. sense_key=order%1:26:00:: | definition=established customary state (especially of society) | examples=order ruled in the streets; law and order
4. sense_key=order%1:14:00:: | definition=logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements | synonyms=ordering, ordination | examples=we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation
5. sense_key=order%1:26:02:: | definition=a condition of regular or proper arrangement | synonyms=orderliness | examples=he put his desk in order; the machine is now in working order
6. sense_key=order%1:10:00:: | definition=a legally binding command or decision entered on the court record (as if issued by a court or judge) | synonyms=decree, edict, fiat, rescript | examples=a friend in New Mexico said that the order caused no trouble out there
7. sense_key=order%1:10:01:: | definition=a commercial document used to request someone to supply something in return for payment and providing specifications and quantities | synonyms=purchase order | examples=IBM received an order for a hundred computers
8. sense_key=order%1:14:02:: | definition=a formal association of people with similar interests | synonyms=club, social club, society, guild, gild, lodge | examples=he joined a golf club; they formed a small lunch society
9. sense_key=order%1:10:02:: | definition=a body of rules followed by an assembly | synonyms=rules of order, parliamentary law, parliamentary procedure
10. sense_key=order%1:26:01:: | definition=(usually plural) the status or rank or office of a Christian clergyman in an ecclesiastical hierarchy | synonyms=Holy Order | examples=theologians still disagree over whether `bishop' should or should not be a separate Order
11. sense_key=order%1:14:03:: | definition=a group of person living under a religious rule | synonyms=monastic order | examples=the order of Saint Benedict
12. sense_key=order%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) taxonomic group containing one or more families
13. sense_key=order%1:10:04:: | definition=a request for something to be made, supplied, or served | examples=I gave the waiter my order; the company's products were in such demand that they got more orders than their call center could handle
14. sense_key=order%1:07:00:: | definition=(architecture) one of original three styles of Greek architecture distinguished by the type of column and entablature used or a style developed from the original three by the Romans
15. sense_key=order%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement | synonyms=ordering | examples=there were mistakes in the ordering of items on the list

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the lemma "order" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is about church bells and change-ringing in England.
 - It mentions "rounds" where bells are rung from highest-pitched to lowest - a simple descending scale.
 - Then ringers vary the "order" in which the bells sound without altering the rhythm.
 - This refers to the sequence or arrangement of bell sounds.

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=order%1:10:03:: - Command by superior (military/law enforcement). Not relevant here.
 2. sense_key=order%1:07:01:: - Degree in continuum (order of magnitude). Not relevant.
 3. sense_key=order%1:26:00:: - Established customary state (law and order). Not relevant.
 4. sense_key=order%1:14:00:: - "logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements" with synonyms "ordering, ordination" and example "we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation". This fits well - it's about the arrangement/sequence of bells.
 5. sense_key=order%1:26:02:: - Condition of regular arrangement (orderliness). Close, but more about tidiness/working condition.
 6. sense_key=order%1:10:00:: - Legally binding command (court order). Not relevant.
 7. sense_key=order%1:10:01:: - Commercial document (purchase order). Not relevant.
 8. sense_key=order%1:14:02:: - Formal association (club, society). Not relevant.
 9. sense_key=order%1:10:02:: - Rules of procedure. Not relevant.
 10. sense_key=order%1:26:01:: - Ecclesiastical rank. Not relevant.
 11. sense_key=order%1:14:03:: - Religious group (monastic order). Not relevant.
 12. sense_key=order%1:14:01:: - Taxonomic group (biology). Not relevant.
 13. sense_key=order%1:10:04:: - Request for food/service. Not relevant.
 14. sense_key=order%1:07:00:: - Architecture style. Not relevant.
 15. sense_key=order%1:04:00:: - "the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement" with synonym "ordering". This is a nominalization of the act.

 Between sense 4 and sense 15:
 - Sense 4 (order%1:14:00::) refers to the arrangement itself - "logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements"
 - Sense 15 (order%1:04:00::) refers to the act of arranging - "the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement"

 In the context: "varying the order in which the bells sound" - this refers to the sequence/arrangement itself, not the act of arranging. The ringers vary the sequence (the order), not the act of putting them in sequence.

 Also, sense 4 has the example "we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation" which parallels "the order in which the bells sound."

 However, looking carefully at the WordNet senses:
 - Sense 4 is order%1:14:00:: - "logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements"
 - Sense 15 is order%1:04:00:: - "the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement"

 The context says "varying the order in which the bells sound" - this is clearly referring to the sequence/arrangement (the ordering), not the act of ordering.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet structure:
 - order%1:14:00:: is the state or condition of being ordered - the arrangement itself.
 - order%1:04:00:: is the act or process.

 The phrase "the order in which" strongly suggests the arrangement/sequence itself, not the act.

 But wait, I need to check the exact definitions again.

 Sense 4: "logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements" - synonyms: ordering, ordination. Examples: "we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation"

 Sense 15: "the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement" - synonyms: ordering. Examples: "there were mistakes in the ordering of items on the list"

 In the sentence: "the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound"

 This is referring to the sequence, the arrangement. They vary the sequence/arrangement. This matches sense 4.

 Sense 4 is noun.14 (communication? No, 1:14 is...) wait, let me check WordNet lexicographer file names:
 - 1:14:00 - noun.Tops? No, 14 is noun.group? Let me think.
 Actually, the numbers after %1: are: synset.offset? No, in WordNet sense keys, it's %1:XX:YY:: where XX is the lexicographer file number.

 Lexicographer file numbers:
 - 04: noun.act
 - 14: noun.communication? No, checking...
 Actually:
 - 04: noun.act
 - 07: noun.cognition
 - 10: noun.communication
 - 14: noun.group
 - 26: noun.state

 So:
 - order%1:04:00:: is noun.act - the act of ordering
 - order%1:14:00:: is noun.group - arrangement of elements (this seems odd for group, but okay)
 - order%1:14:02:: is club/society
 - order%1:14:03:: is monastic order
 - order%1:14:01:: is taxonomic group

 Actually, looking at the sense keys:
 - order%1:14:00:: - "logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements" - this is likely the sequence sense
 - order%1:04:00:: - "the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement"

 In the context, they are varying the sequence (the arrangement itself), not the act of arranging. So sense 4 (index 4) seems correct.

 But let me double-check if there's any other sense that could fit.

 Sense 5: "a condition of regular or proper arrangement" - this is about things being orderly, working order, etc. But here they are varying the specific sequence, not talking about whether things are tidy or working properly.

 The key phrase is "the order in which the bells sound" - this is clearly about the sequence, the particular arrangement.

 So sense 4 is the best fit.

 Wait, the user asks for the index number. Looking at the list:
 1. sense_key=order%1:10:03::
 2. sense_key=order%1:07:01::
 3. sense_key=order%1:26:00::
 4. sense_key=order%1:14:00::
 5. sense_key=order%1:26:02::
 6. sense_key=order%1:10:00::
 7. sense_key=order%1:10:01::
 8. sense_key=order%1:14:02::
 9. sense_key=order%1:10:02::
 10. sense_key=order%1:26:01::
 11. sense_key=order%1:14:03::
 12. sense_key=order%1:14:01::
 13. sense_key=order%1:10:04::
 14. sense_key=order%1:07:00::
 15. sense_key=order%1:04:00::

 So sense 4 is index 4.

 But I should verify if sense 15 could be argued. "Varying the order" could theoretically mean varying the act, but that's not how English works. You vary the order (the sequence), not the ordering (the act). The phrase "in which the bells sound" modifies "order", indicating it's the sequence/arrangement.

 Also, sense 4 includes the example "in the inverse order of their presentation" which parallels "in which the bells sound" syntactically.

 Therefore, the answer is index 4.

 Wait, let me reconsider sense 15. The example is "there were mistakes in the ordering of items on the list". This is nominalization. But "the order in which" is a very common construction referring to sequence/arrangement (sense 4).

 The definition for sense 4: "logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements"
 Synonyms: ordering, ordination
 Example: "we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation"

 This matches perfectly with "the order in which the bells sound".

 Final check: Is there any sense I missed?
 - Sense 2: order of magnitude - no.
 - Sense 3: law and order - no.
 - Sense 5: put his desk in order - no.

 So yes, sense 4.

 The output should be JSON: {"sense_index": 4}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the <t>bells</t> sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "bells" (lemma: bell) in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- "nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays"
- "playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons"
- "some bells weigh more than a ton"
- "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest"
- "the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound"

The context is clearly about church bells - physical objects made of metal that are rung, have pitch, weigh a lot, and are rung in sequences.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
   - This seems like the general physical bell object. Church bells fit this definition.

2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
   - This is a doorbell. Not relevant.

3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
   - This is the sound/event sense. But in the context, "bells" are things that "weigh more than a ton" and are "started off in rounds" - these are physical objects, not sounds. While "sound of church bells" is mentioned, the target "bells" in "the order in which the bells sound" refers to the physical instruments. Also "church bells are no longer rung" - here bells are things that can be rung (physical objects).

4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time...
   - Not relevant.

5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell
   - Not relevant.

6, 7, 8 - People named Bell. Not relevant.

9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
   - This refers to a set of tuned bells as an orchestral instrument (like tubular bells or orchestra bells). But the context is specifically about church bells used in change-ringing. These are individual bells in a church tower, not necessarily an orchestral percussion instrument. However, sense 1 is the general "hollow device made of metal" which is the hypernym or general sense for church bells.

Wait, let me reconsider. The context mentions "carillons" which are sets of bells. But the target is "bells" in the context of English church bells, change-ringing, etc.

Sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - This is the general physical bell.
Sense 9: "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument" - This is specifically orchestral bells/chimes.

Church bells are typically sense 1, not sense 9. Sense 9 is more like glockenspiel or tubular bells in an orchestra. The examples and synonyms for sense 9 (chime, gong) suggest an orchestral instrument, whereas church bells are large tower bells.

Also, in WordNet, sense 1 is usually the most general/common sense for the physical object. The context describes physical objects with weight, pitch, that are rung by ringers. This fits sense 1 perfectly.

Let me double-check if there's any ambiguity with sense 3 (the sound). The phrase "church bells are no longer rung" - here "bells" is the subject of "rung", and ringers ring bells (physical objects). "the order in which the bells sound" - again, the bells (objects) sound. If it were sense 3 (sound), you wouldn't say "bells weigh more than a ton" because sounds don't weigh tons.

So sense 1 is clearly the best choice.

Wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user says "Choose the single best indexed sense" and "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

The candidate senses are numbered 1-10. So I should return the index number from the list provided.

Sense 1 is: bell%1:06:00:: - a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck.

Yes, that's the correct one.

Let me verify once more:
- "church bells" = physical bells in churches
- "weigh more than a ton" = physical property
- "highest-pitched bell to the lowest" = physical objects with pitch
- "ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound" = physical bells being rung

Sense 1 is the only appropriate choice.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: SiliconFlow