[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: negotiation
Target surface form: negotiation
Context:
The text, which could provide the basis for a final political deal to regulate greenhouse gases, highlighted the remaining obstacles as much as it illuminated a path forward. But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page <t>negotiation</t> text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=negotiation%1:10:00:: | definition=a discussion intended to produce an agreement | synonyms=dialogue, talks | examples=the buyout negotiation lasted several days; they disagreed but kept an open dialogue
2. sense_key=negotiation%1:04:00:: | definition=the activity or business of negotiating an agreement; coming to terms

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "negotiation" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about climate change negotiations in Copenhagen
- The target word appears in the phrase: "boiled down a 180-page <t>negotiation</t> text"
- It's referring to a document/text that is the result of or related to negotiations
- The text was drafted by Michael Zammit Cutajar from a 180-page negotiation text
- This is referring to the document/proceedings of the negotiation process

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=negotiation%1:10:00::
   - definition: a discussion intended to produce an agreement
   - synonyms: dialogue, talks
   - examples: "the buyout negotiation lasted several days; they disagreed but kept an open dialogue"
   - This seems to refer to the process/act of discussing/negotiating

2. sense_key=negotiation%1:04:00::
   - definition: the activity or business of negotiating an agreement; coming to terms
   - This seems to refer to the general activity or business

Wait, looking at the context again: "boiled down a 180-page negotiation text"

Here "negotiation" is modifying "text" - it's a text related to negotiations. The phrase "negotiation text" refers to the written document that contains the terms, proposals, or outcomes of the negotiation process.

Looking at the WordNet senses:
- Sense 1 (negotiation%1:10:00::) is "a discussion intended to produce an agreement" - this is countable and refers to specific instances of negotiation discussions.
- Sense 2 (negotiation%1:04:00::) is "the activity or business of negotiating an agreement" - this is uncountable or refers to the general activity.

But wait, looking at the examples for sense 1: "the buyout negotiation lasted several days" - this treats negotiation as a countable event/process.

In the phrase "180-page negotiation text", the word "negotiation" is being used as an attributive noun (noun adjunct) modifying "text". It means "a text related to negotiations" or "a text containing the negotiation content."

Actually, looking more carefully at WordNet:
- negotiation%1:10:00:: is the "discussion" sense (countable)
- negotiation%1:04:00:: is the "activity or business" sense (uncountable/mass)

In "180-page negotiation text", it's referring to the text of the negotiations - the written record or the proposed agreement text from the negotiation process.

But let's look at the context more carefully. The sentence is: "Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text..."

Here, "negotiation text" refers to the text that is the subject of the negotiations, or the text produced by the negotiations.

However, looking at the senses provided:
1. Sense 1: "a discussion intended to produce an agreement" - this is the specific instance sense
2. Sense 2: "the activity or business of negotiating an agreement" - this is the general activity sense

In "negotiation text", it's referring to text related to the negotiations. But the question is: which sense of "negotiation" is being used here?

Actually, looking at standard WordNet entries for "negotiation":
- There are typically two senses:
  1. The discussion/talks (countable) - "the negotiation lasted two days"
  2. The activity (uncountable) - "he is skilled in negotiation"

But in "negotiation text", it seems to be using sense 1 (the discussion/talks) attributively - meaning "the text of the negotiations" or "the text resulting from the negotiations."

However, looking at the specific definitions provided:
- Sense 1: "a discussion intended to produce an agreement" - synonyms: dialogue, talks
- Sense 2: "the activity or business of negotiating an agreement; coming to terms"

In the phrase "180-page negotiation text", the word "negotiation" is modifying "text". This is likely referring to the text that contains the substance of the negotiations (the discussion/proposals).

But wait, I should look at whether there's a difference between the two senses in terms of usage:
- Sense 1 seems to be about specific negotiation events/sessions (countable)
- Sense 2 seems to be about the general activity/skill (uncountable)

In "negotiation text", it's used as an attributive noun. This could work with either sense, but typically:
- "Negotiation" as a modifier often relates to the process/activity (sense 2) when referring to things like "negotiation skills", "negotiation tactics"
- But "negotiation text" specifically refers to the written document of the talks/discussions

Let me reconsider the context. Earlier in the text: "it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time"

Here, "a negotiation" (with article "a") clearly uses sense 1 (countable discussion). This refers to the specific negotiation process/discussion happening in Copenhagen.

Then later: "boiled down a 180-page negotiation text"

Here "negotiation" modifies "text". Given that earlier in the same paragraph it uses "a negotiation" (countable, sense 1), and given that "text" here refers to the written documentation of the talks/discussions, it seems sense 1 is being extended attributively.

However, looking at WordNet examples and standard usage:
- "Negotiation" as a modifier in "negotiation text" typically refers to the subject matter - the text concerns the negotiations (the discussions).

But I need to be careful. Let me look at the specific WordNet sense keys:
- negotiation%1:10:00:: - This is the noun.communication synset (10 is communication)
- negotiation%1:04:00:: - This is the noun.act synset (04 is act)

Sense 1 (communication): a discussion intended to produce an agreement
Sense 2 (act): the activity or business of negotiating an agreement

In "180-page negotiation text":
- Is it the text of the discussion (communication)?
- Or the text of the activity (act)?

Typically, "negotiation text" in diplomatic contexts refers to the draft document that is being negotiated - it is the text that is the subject of the negotiation discussions.

But the question is which sense of "negotiation" is used when it modifies "text".

Actually, looking at the sentence structure again: "boiled down a 180-page negotiation text"

This means he took a 180-page text (document) that was related to the negotiations and condensed it to 6 pages.

In diplomatic UN contexts, a "negotiation text" is the text being negotiated - it embodies the negotiation (the discussion/process).

Given that:
- Sense 1 = discussion/talks (countable instances)
- Sense 2 = activity/business (uncountable general)

"Negotiation text" seems to refer to the text resulting from or containing the discussions (sense 1). But actually, looking at usage patterns, when "negotiation" is used attributively before "text", it usually characterizes the text as being part of or related to the negotiation process.

However, looking at the earlier occurrence in the text: "in a negotiation that is running out of time" - this is clearly sense 1 (a specific discussion/process).

The second occurrence "negotiation text" is referring to the same negotiation process - the text associated with those negotiations.

Given the choices:
1. The discussion sense (specific instance)
2. The activity sense (general)

"180-page negotiation text" - here "negotiation" is functioning as a classifier indicating what kind of text it is. It's the text of the negotiation (the discussion).

I think sense 1 is the correct choice because:
1. It refers to the specific ongoing discussion/talks in Copenhagen (countable)
2. "Text" here refers to the written record/proposals of those specific talks
3. The article "a" earlier ("in a negotiation") confirms the countable usage consistent with sense 1

Sense 2 would be more like "he is skilled at negotiation" or "the business of negotiation" - general activity.

Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 1.

Wait, I need to check if there's any other interpretation. Could "negotiation text" mean the text used for the activity of negotiating (sense 2)?

In WordNet, sense 1 (negotiation%1:10:00::) is under noun.communication and is defined as "a discussion intended to produce an agreement".

When we say "negotiation text", we mean text related to the negotiation (discussion). The text itself is not the discussion, but "negotiation" here is used metonymically or attributively to refer to the subject matter.

But in WSD, we need to determine which sense the word conveys in context. Since the text is about the specific climate talks/negotiations happening in Copenhagen, and "negotiation" earlier in the paragraph clearly refers to the specific discussion (sense 1), and "negotiation text" refers to the documentation of that specific discussion, sense 1 is appropriate.

Also, looking at the synonyms for sense 1: "dialogue, talks" - we can say "the talks text" or "dialogue text" in a similar way (though less common), referring to the text of the talks.

Sense 2 synonyms would be more like the general concept.

Therefore, I choose sense 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: text
Target surface form: text
Context:
The text, which could provide the basis for a final political deal to regulate greenhouse gases, highlighted the remaining obstacles as much as it illuminated a path forward. But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation <t>text</t> to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=text%1:10:00:: | definition=the words of something written | synonyms=textual matter | examples=there were more than a thousand words of text; they handed out the printed text of the mayor's speech
2. sense_key=text%1:10:03:: | definition=a passage from the Bible that is used as the subject of a sermon | examples=the preacher chose a text from Psalms to introduce his sermon
3. sense_key=text%1:10:02:: | definition=a book prepared for use in schools or colleges | synonyms=textbook, text edition, schoolbook, school text | examples=his economics textbook is in its tenth edition; the professor wrote the text that he assigned students to buy
4. sense_key=text%1:10:01:: | definition=the main body of a written work (as distinct from illustrations or footnotes etc.) | examples=pictures made the text easier to understand

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "text" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses a document about climate change negotiations
 - "The text, which could provide the basis for a final political deal..."
 - "Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money..."
 - "Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation <t>text</t> to focus on..."

 The target word "text" appears to refer to a written document, specifically a draft or negotiation document. It's referring to the written content of a document that was boiled down from 180 pages to 6 pages.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=text%1:10:00:: | definition=the words of something written | synonyms=textual matter | examples=there were more than a thousand words of text; they handed out the printed text of the mayor's speech
    - This seems to refer to the actual words/content of something written
    - Examples suggest it's about the verbal content of a written work

 2. sense_key=text%1:10:03:: | definition=a passage from the Bible that is used as the subject of a sermon | examples=the preacher chose a text from Psalms to introduce his sermon
    - This is specifically biblical/religious context
    - Not applicable here

 3. sense_key=text%1:10:02:: | definition=a book prepared for use in schools or colleges | synonyms=textbook, text edition, schoolbook, school text | examples=his economics textbook is in its tenth edition; the professor wrote the text that he assigned students to buy
    - This is specifically about textbooks/educational books
    - Not applicable here (this is a UN negotiation document, not a schoolbook)

 4. sense_key=text%1:10:01:: | definition=the main body of a written work (as distinct from illustrations or footnotes etc.) | examples=pictures made the text easier to understand
    - This distinguishes text from illustrations/footnotes
    - But the context seems to be using "text" to mean the entire document/content, not specifically distinguishing it from illustrations

 Looking more carefully at sense 1: "the words of something written" with synonyms "textual matter"
 - The context mentions "a 180-page negotiation text" which was boiled down to a "six-page document"
 - This suggests "text" here means a written document or the written content of such a document
 - The phrase "negotiation text" is a common collocation referring to the written draft of a negotiation

 Sense 1 seems to be the best fit because:
 - It refers to written matter/content
 - The examples include "printed text of the mayor's speech" which is similar to a negotiation text
 - It's general enough to cover any written content, not just books (sense 3) or biblical passages (sense 2) or main body vs illustrations (sense 4)

 Sense 4 is about the main body as distinct from illustrations/footnotes, but the context doesn't suggest this contrast is being made. The context is talking about the document as a whole being boiled down from 180 pages to 6 pages.

 Actually, looking at WordNet sense keys:
 - text%1:10:00:: is usually the first sense - "the words of something written"
 - text%1:10:01:: is usually "the main body of a written work (as distinct from illustrations or footnotes etc.)"
 - text%1:10:02:: is "a book prepared for use in schools or colleges" (textbook)
 - text%1:10:03:: is the biblical sense

 In the context: "boiled down a 180-page negotiation text"
 This is referring to a written document used in negotiations. It's the actual written content.

 Sense 1 (text%1:10:00::) covers "the words of something written" - this would include a negotiation document.

 However, I should check if sense 4 might be better. Sense 4 specifies "as distinct from illustrations or footnotes" - but there's no mention of illustrations or footnotes in the context, so this distinction isn't relevant.

 The most general sense is sense 1 - referring to written material/textual matter.

 Wait, looking at the examples for sense 1: "there were more than a thousand words of text; they handed out the printed text of the mayor's speech"
 This fits well with "negotiation text" - it's the printed/written material of the negotiation.

 So I should choose sense_index: 1.

 But let me double-check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=text%1:10:00::
 2. sense_key=text%1:10:03::
 3. sense_key=text%1:10:02::
 4. sense_key=text%1:10:01::

 So index 1 corresponds to text%1:10:00:: (words of something written)
 Index 2 corresponds to text%1:10:03:: (biblical)
 Index 3 corresponds to text%1:10:02:: (textbook)
 Index 4 corresponds to text%1:10:01:: (main body distinct from illustrations)

 Yes, the target word refers to a written document (the 180-page negotiation document that was condensed). This is best captured by sense 1: "the words of something written" / "textual matter".

 Actually, looking at the context again: "boiled down a 180-page negotiation text"
 This could be interpreted as:
 - A 180-page document (text = document)
 - Or the textual content of the negotiation

 But sense 3 is specifically textbook, which is wrong.
 Sense 4 emphasizes distinction from illustrations, which isn't relevant.
 Sense 2 is biblical, wrong.

 So it's between 1 and 4. Sense 1 is more general (any written words), sense 4 is specific to main body vs ancillary material. Since the context is about condensing a negotiation document from 180 pages to 6 pages, and referring to it as "the text", sense 1 seems most appropriate as it refers to the textual content/matter of the written work.

 The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: climate
Target surface form: climate
Context:
The text, which could provide the basis for a final political deal to regulate greenhouse gases, highlighted the remaining obstacles as much as it illuminated a path forward. But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top <t>climate</t> official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=climate%1:26:00:: | definition=the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time | synonyms=clime | examples=the dank climate of southern Wales; plants from a cold clime travel best in winter
2. sense_key=climate%1:26:01:: | definition=the prevailing psychological state | synonyms=mood | examples=the climate of opinion; the national mood had changed radically since the last election

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "climate" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about a U.N. negotiation regarding greenhouse gases, global warming, carbon emissions, and temperature rise.
- The specific sentence is: "Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top <t>climate</t> official, Yvo de Boer, described as 'the big picture.'"
- Here, "climate" is modifying "official" - it's a "climate official" meaning an official who deals with climate issues.
- The context is clearly about environmental climate, weather patterns, global warming, greenhouse gases, etc.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=climate%1:26:00:: | definition=the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time | synonyms=clime | examples=the dank climate of southern Wales; plants from a cold clime travel best in winter
- This is the meteorological/environmental sense of climate.
- In the context, "climate official" refers to an official dealing with environmental/climate change issues.
- The broader context discusses global warming, temperature rise, emissions - all related to the weather/climate system.

2. sense_key=climate%1:26:01:: | definition=the prevailing psychological state | synonyms=mood | examples=the climate of opinion; the national mood had changed radically since the last election
- This is the figurative sense meaning atmosphere or mood (like "political climate").
- While "climate" can be used this way, in the phrase "climate official" and given the context about global warming and greenhouse gases, this is clearly not the right sense.
- "Climate official" means an official responsible for climate (environmental) issues, not an official responsible for the psychological state.

The context is clearly about environmental issues: greenhouse gases, global warming, emissions, temperature rise. The phrase "climate official" refers to someone like Yvo de Boer who was the Executive Secretary of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This is definitely sense 1.

Sense 1 is the correct choice.

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: official
Target surface form: official
Context:
The text, which could provide the basis for a final political deal to regulate greenhouse gases, highlighted the remaining obstacles as much as it illuminated a path forward. But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate <t>official</t>, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=official%1:18:01:: | definition=a worker who holds or is invested with an office | synonyms=functionary
2. sense_key=official%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who administers the rules of a game or sport | examples=the golfer asked for an official who could give him a ruling

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "official" in the given context.

Target word: official
Context: "...what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as..."

Candidate senses:
1. official%1:18:01:: - a worker who holds or is invested with an office | synonyms=functionary
2. official%1:18:00:: - someone who administers the rules of a game or sport | examples=the golfer asked for an official who could give him a ruling

Analysis:
- The context refers to "Yvo de Boer" as the "U.N.'s top climate official"
- Yvo de Boer was indeed a UN official (Executive Secretary of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change)
- This refers to someone who holds an office/position in an organization (the UN)
- Sense 1: "a worker who holds or is invested with an office" - this fits perfectly. A UN climate official is someone holding an office/position in the UN bureaucracy.
- Sense 2: "someone who administers the rules of a game or sport" - this is clearly wrong. The context is about climate negotiations and the UN, not a game or sport.

Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1 (official%1:18:01::).

The user wants the output as a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}, but with the correct index. Since the candidate senses are numbered 1 and 2, and sense 1 is the correct one, I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

Wait, let me double-check the sense keys:
1. official%1:18:01::
2. official%1:18:00::

In WordNet, the lexicographer file is noun.person (1:18). The sense numbers are 01 and 00. Usually sense 1:18:01:: would be the first sense (or maybe the second depending on ordering). But the user has labeled them as:
1. sense_key=official%1:18:01::
2. sense_key=official%1:18:00::

So index 1 corresponds to official%1:18:01:: (worker who holds an office) and index 2 corresponds to official%1:18:00:: (game/sport official).

The context clearly refers to a person holding a position/office in the UN, so sense 1 is correct.

Output should be only: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: picture
Target surface form: picture
Context:
The text, which could provide the basis for a final political deal to regulate greenhouse gases, highlighted the remaining obstacles as much as it illuminated a path forward. But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big <t>picture</t>." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=picture%1:06:00:: | definition=a visual representation (of an object or scene or person or abstraction) produced on a surface | synonyms=image, icon, ikon | examples=they showed us the pictures of their wedding; a movie is a series of images projected so rapidly that the eye integrates them
2. sense_key=picture%1:06:01:: | definition=graphic art consisting of an artistic composition made by applying paints to a surface | synonyms=painting | examples=a small painting by Picasso; he bought the painting as an investment
3. sense_key=picture%1:09:00:: | definition=a clear and telling mental image | synonyms=mental picture, impression | examples=he described his mental picture of his assailant; he had no clear picture of himself or his world
4. sense_key=picture%1:26:00:: | definition=a situation treated as an observable object | synonyms=scene | examples=the political picture is favorable; the religious scene in England has changed in the last century
5. sense_key=picture%1:10:00:: | definition=illustrations used to decorate or explain a text | synonyms=pictorial matter | examples=the dictionary had many pictures
6. sense_key=picture%1:10:02:: | definition=a form of entertainment that enacts a story by sound and a sequence of images giving the illusion of continuous movement | synonyms=movie, film, moving picture, moving-picture show, motion picture, motion-picture show | examples=they went to a movie every Saturday night; the film was shot on location
7. sense_key=picture%1:10:01:: | definition=the visible part of a television transmission | synonyms=video | examples=they could still receive the sound but the picture was gone
8. sense_key=picture%1:10:03:: | definition=a graphic or vivid verbal description | synonyms=word picture, word-painting, delineation, depiction, characterization, characterisation | examples=too often the narrative was interrupted by long word pictures; the author gives a depressing picture of life in Poland
9. sense_key=picture%1:09:01:: | definition=a typical example of some state or quality | examples=the very picture of a modern general; she was the picture of despair
10. sense_key=picture%1:06:02:: | definition=a representation of a person or scene in the form of a print or transparent slide; recorded by a camera on light-sensitive material | synonyms=photograph, photo, exposure, pic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "picture" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about climate negotiations, a U.N. document, and political deals.
- The specific sentence: "Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as 'the big picture.'"
- The phrase is "the big picture" - this is an idiom meaning the overall situation, the broad view, or the general state of affairs.
- It refers to the overall situation/negotiation rather than a visual image.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. picture%1:06:00:: - visual representation (image, icon) - No, not a physical image.
2. picture%1:06:01:: - graphic art/painting - No.
3. picture%1:09:00:: - a clear and telling mental image (mental picture, impression) - This is close but "the big picture" here isn't just a mental image of something specific, it's about the overall situation.
4. picture%1:26:00:: - a situation treated as an observable object (scene) - Examples: "the political picture is favorable" - This fits very well! "The big picture" in this context means the overall situation/scene of the climate negotiations.
5. picture%1:10:00:: - illustrations in text - No.
6. picture%1:10:02:: - movie/film - No.
7. picture%1:10:01:: - television transmission - No.
8. picture%1:10:03:: - graphic or vivid verbal description - This is about verbal descriptions in text, not quite right.
9. picture%1:09:01:: - a typical example of some state or quality - "the very picture of..." - No, that's not the construction here.
10. picture%1:06:02:: - photograph - No.

Sense 4: "a situation treated as an observable object" with synonyms "scene" and examples "the political picture is favorable; the religious scene in England has changed..."

This matches perfectly. "The big picture" here means the overall situation, the broad outline of the political/negotiation scene. The context is about a political negotiation, and the phrase "the big picture" is being used to refer to the overall situation/framework of the climate deal.

Sense 3 (mental picture) is tempting because it's abstract, but sense 4 specifically captures the "situation" meaning which is exactly what "the big picture" idiom means in this context - the overall situation or state of affairs.

The example "the political picture is favorable" is almost exactly parallel to our context which is political.

So the answer should be sense index 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: outline
Target surface form: outlines
Context:
But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the <t>outlines</t> for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=outline%1:15:00:: | definition=the line that appears to bound an object | synonyms=lineation
2. sense_key=outline%1:10:00:: | definition=a sketchy summary of the main points of an argument or theory | synonyms=synopsis, abstract, precis
3. sense_key=outline%1:09:00:: | definition=a schematic or preliminary plan | synonyms=schema, scheme

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "outlines" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

The sentence is: "It shows the <t>outlines</t> for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels..."

The context is about climate negotiations, a U.N. document, and describing what the document shows or contains. The document was drafted by Michael Zammit Cutajar, boiling down a 180-page text to focus on "the big picture."

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=outline%1:15:00:: | definition=the line that appears to bound an object | synonyms=lineation
   - This is a physical/visual sense - like the outline of a shape or object. Not applicable here because we're talking about a document/deal structure, not physical boundaries.

2. sense_key=outline%1:10:00:: | definition=a sketchy summary of the main points of an argument or theory | synonyms=synopsis, abstract, precis
   - This refers to a summary or abstract of something written. While the document itself might be a summary, the phrase "outlines for a possible deal" suggests the structural framework or plan rather than just a summary of points.

3. sense_key=outline%1:09:00:: | definition=a schematic or preliminary plan | synonyms=schema, scheme
   - This refers to a preliminary plan or scheme. The context mentions "outlines for a possible deal" - this fits well because it's talking about the framework/plan for how the deal would work (emissions cuts, etc.). It's describing the structural plan or scheme of the agreement.

Let me think about the difference between sense 2 and sense 3 more carefully:

Sense 2 (outline%1:10:00::): "a sketchy summary of the main points of an argument or theory" - this is about summarizing content, like an outline of a paper or book.

Sense 3 (outline%1:09:00::): "a schematic or preliminary plan" - this is about a plan or scheme, like an outline for a project or deal.

In the context: "It shows the outlines for a possible deal..." - this is referring to the framework or structure of the deal itself - the plan or schema for how it would work. It's not just a summary of the deal (which doesn't exist yet), but rather the preliminary plan or structure for what the deal would contain.

Also, looking at the synonyms:
- Sense 2: synopsis, abstract, precis - these are all about summarizing existing content
- Sense 3: schema, scheme - these are about plans or structures

The context mentions "boiled down a 180-page negotiation text" which might suggest a summary, but the specific phrase "outlines for a possible deal" is referring to the structural plan of the deal - the contours or framework of the agreement.

Also, "outline" in sense 3 can mean the broad shape or form of something planned, which fits "outlines for a possible deal."

Between sense 2 and 3, sense 3 seems more appropriate because:
1. It's a plan for a future deal (not yet finalized)
2. It involves specific structural elements (percentages, timelines)
3. The word "schema" and "scheme" fit better than "synopsis" or "abstract" for a negotiation framework

However, I should consider if "outline" here could mean the general shape or form (sense 1 metaphorically extended)? No, sense 1 is specifically about physical lines bounding objects (lineation), which is too concrete.

So it's between sense 2 and 3.

Sense 2 is about communication/linguistic artifacts: a summary of main points.
Sense 3 is about cognitive/planning: a preliminary plan.

Given that this is about international climate negotiations and a "possible deal" that hasn't been finalized yet, and the document provides "a range of options" and "flexibility," this is describing the preliminary plan or framework (schema) of the deal, not just a summary of arguments.

Therefore, sense 3 (outline%1:09:00::) is the best choice.

Wait, let me double-check WordNet senses. In WordNet:
- outline%1:10:00:: is usually the "summary" sense
- outline%1:09:00:: is the "schema/scheme" sense
- outline%1:15:00:: is the "lineation" sense (physical)

Actually, looking at standard WordNet:
- 1:10:00 is likely the "synopsis" sense
- 1:09:00 is likely the "schema" sense (plan)
- 1:15:00 is the "lineation" sense

Yes, the indices match what I thought.

In the phrase "shows the outlines for a possible deal," "outlines" is being used to mean the general structure or main features of the plan - which aligns with sense 3 (schematic or preliminary plan).

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deal
Target surface form: deal
Context:
But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible <t>deal</t>, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deal%1:04:02:: | definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=trade, business deal | examples=it was a package deal; I had no further trade with him
2. sense_key=deal%1:10:00:: | definition=an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each | synonyms=bargain | examples=he made a bargain with the devil; he rose to prominence through a series of shady deals
3. sense_key=deal%1:23:00:: | definition=(often followed by `of') a large number or amount or extent | synonyms=batch, flock, good deal, great deal, hatful, heap | examples=a batch of letters; a deal of trouble
4. sense_key=deal%1:27:00:: | definition=a plank of softwood (fir or pine board)
5. sense_key=deal%1:27:01:: | definition=wood that is easy to saw (from conifers such as pine or fir) | synonyms=softwood
6. sense_key=deal%1:14:00:: | definition=the cards held in a card game by a given player at any given time | synonyms=hand | examples=I didn't hold a good hand all evening; he kept trying to see my hand
7. sense_key=deal%1:11:00:: | definition=the type of treatment received (especially as the result of an agreement) | examples=he got a good deal on his car
8. sense_key=deal%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of distributing playing cards | examples=the deal was passed around the table clockwise
9. sense_key=deal%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of apportioning or distributing something | examples=the captain was entrusted with the deal of provisions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the target word "deal" in the provided context.

 First, let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about climate negotiations in Copenhagen
 - "It shows the outlines for a possible <t>deal</t>, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions..."
 - This is referring to an international agreement on climate change/emissions reductions
 - It's about an agreement between parties (countries) fixing obligations (emission cuts)

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. deal%1:04:02:: - a particular instance of buying or selling (trade, business deal)
    - Examples: "it was a package deal", "I had no further trade with him"
    - This is commercial/business transaction focused. The context is about international climate agreements, not buying/selling.

 2. deal%1:10:00:: - an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each (bargain)
    - Examples: "he made a bargain with the devil", "he rose to prominence through a series of shady deals"
    - This matches! The context describes an agreement between industrial nations and developing countries about emission cuts - fixing obligations of each party.

 3. deal%1:23:00:: - (often followed by `of') a large number or amount or extent (batch, flock, good deal, etc.)
    - This is quantifier usage, like "a good deal of trouble"
    - Not applicable here.

 4. deal%1:27:00:: - a plank of softwood
    - Material/wood sense, not applicable.

 5. deal%1:27:01:: - wood that is easy to saw
    - Also material/wood sense.

 6. deal%1:14:00:: - the cards held in a card game (hand)
    - Card game sense, not applicable.

 7. deal%1:11:00:: - the type of treatment received (especially as the result of an agreement)
    - Examples: "he got a good deal on his car"
    - This could be tempting, but it's about the treatment/outcome one receives. Here, the text is about the agreement itself, not the treatment received.

 8. deal%1:04:00:: - the act of distributing playing cards
    - Card dealing action.

 9. deal%1:04:01:: - the act of apportioning or distributing something
    - Distribution of provisions.

 The best fit is clearly sense 2 (deal%1:10:00::) - "an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each".

 The context mentions:
 - "negotiation"
 - "agreement between parties" (industrial nations and developing countries)
 - "fixing obligations" (cutting emissions by specific percentages)
 - "possible deal" in the context of climate negotiations

 This aligns perfectly with sense 2.

 Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user listed them as:
 1. sense_key=deal%1:04:02::
 2. sense_key=deal%1:10:00::
 3. sense_key=deal%1:23:00::
 ...

 So sense 2 is the one I want (index 2 in the list).

 Actually, looking at the output format: {"sense_index": 3}

 So I need to return the index number from the list provided (1-indexed).

 Sense 2 is the correct choice.

 Let me verify sense 1 vs sense 2 distinction:
 - Sense 1: buying/selling, commercial transaction (trade)
 - Sense 2: agreement fixing obligations (bargain, treaty-like)

 The context is clearly about an international climate agreement/treaty, not a commercial transaction. So sense 2 is correct.

 One more check on sense 7: "the type of treatment received (especially as the result of an agreement)" - this would be like "a fair deal" meaning fair treatment. But here, "a possible deal" refers to the agreement itself that would contain the emission reduction targets, not the treatment received by someone.

 Therefore, sense_index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emission
Target surface form: emissions
Context:
But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their <t>emissions</t> by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emission%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of emitting; causing to flow forth | synonyms=emanation
2. sense_key=emission%1:27:00:: | definition=a substance that is emitted or released | synonyms=discharge
3. sense_key=emission%1:22:00:: | definition=the release of electrons from parent atoms
4. sense_key=emission%1:22:01:: | definition=any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body | synonyms=discharge, expelling | examples=the discharge of pus
5. sense_key=emission%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "emissions" in the given context. Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses.

Context analysis:
The text is about climate change negotiations in Copenhagen. It discusses:
- Countries cutting their "emissions" by certain percentages
- Carbon output
- Global warming
- Industrial nations cutting emissions by 25-45%
- Developing countries reducing theirs by 15-30%
- Cutting emissions between 50-95% by 2050

Clearly, this refers to greenhouse gas emissions, carbon emissions, etc. - referring to substances (gases) released into the atmosphere.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=emission%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of emitting; causing to flow forth | synonyms=emanation
   - This refers to the act/process of emitting, not the substance itself.

2. sense_key=emission%1:27:00:: | definition=a substance that is emitted or released | synonyms=discharge
   - This refers to the substance that is emitted. In the context of "carbon emissions" or "greenhouse gas emissions," this would be the actual gases/substances being released.

3. sense_key=emission%1:22:00:: | definition=the release of electrons from parent atoms
   - This is a physics term, specifically about electron emission. Not relevant to climate change.

4. sense_key=emission%1:22:01:: | definition=any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body | synonyms=discharge, expelling | examples=the discharge of pus
   - This is about biological emissions from the body. Not relevant.

5. sense_key=emission%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe)
   - This is about water flow. Not relevant.

In the context, "emissions" refers to the substances (greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, etc.) that countries are cutting/reducing. While sense 1 refers to the act of emitting, sense 2 refers to the substance emitted.

When we say "cut emissions by 25%", we are referring to reducing the amount of greenhouse gases (substances) released, not just the act of emitting. The percentages (25-45%, etc.) quantify the amount of substances, not just the frequency of the action.

Also, looking at typical usage: "carbon emissions" refers to the carbon dioxide (substance) released.

Sense 2 (emission%1:27:00::) - "a substance that is emitted or released" - fits best here. The word is being used to refer to the pollutants/gases themselves that are being reduced.

Wait, let me double-check. Sometimes "emission" can refer to the act. But in environmental contexts, when we talk about "cutting emissions," we usually mean reducing the quantity of greenhouse gases (substances) released.

Sense 1 is the act/ process.
Sense 2 is the substance.

The context mentions "carbon output" which parallels "emissions" - both refer to the substances produced/released. "Output" here clearly refers to the substance (carbon/gases), not the act of outputting.

Also, the phrase "reduce theirs [emissions]" - "theirs" refers to the emissions belonging to the countries, which suggests countable/quantifiable substances rather than the abstract act.

Therefore, sense 2 (index 2) is the correct choice.

Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists them as:
1. sense_key=emission%1:04:00::
2. sense_key=emission%1:27:00::
3. sense_key=emission%1:22:00::
4. sense_key=emission%1:22:01::
5. sense_key=emission%1:11:00::

So I need to return {"sense_index": 2}

Let me verify the WordNet senses to make sure I understand correctly:
- emission%1:04:00:: - noun.act - the act of emitting
- emission%1:27:00:: - noun.substance - a substance that is emitted or released
- emission%1:22:00:: - noun.process - the release of electrons (physics)
- emission%1:22:01:: - noun.process - bodily processes (biological)
- emission%1:11:00:: - noun.event - flow of water

Yes, in climate change contexts, "emissions" refers to the substances (greenhouse gases), so sense 2 is correct.

Actually, let me reconsider. In some linguistic analyses, "emissions" in environmental contexts could be seen as referring to the act (the emitting of gases). But the definition of sense 2 as "a substance that is emitted or released" fits better with the quantifiable nature of the context (25 to 45 percent, quantities, levels).

Also, looking at the synonym "discharge" for sense 2 - we can say "discharge of waste" referring to the waste itself.

I think sense 2 is definitely the right choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: level
Target surface form: levels
Context:
But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 <t>levels</t>, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=level%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, grade | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=level%1:26:01:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=grade, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
3. sense_key=level%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
4. sense_key=level%1:07:01:: | definition=height above ground | examples=the water reached ankle level; the pictures were at the same level
5. sense_key=level%1:06:00:: | definition=indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid | synonyms=spirit level
6. sense_key=level%1:06:03:: | definition=a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line | synonyms=horizontal surface | examples=park the car on the level
7. sense_key=level%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract place usually conceived as having depth | synonyms=layer, stratum | examples=a good actor communicates on several levels; a simile has at least two layers of meaning
8. sense_key=level%1:06:01:: | definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, storey, story | examples=what level is the office on?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "levels" in the given context.

Context analysis:
The sentence is: "It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 <t>levels</t>, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent."

Here, "1990 levels" refers to the amount or quantity of emissions in 1990. It's comparing the emission amounts/intensities of 1990 to future years.

Candidate senses:
1. level%1:07:00:: - a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality (synonyms: degree, grade)
2. level%1:26:01:: - a relative position or degree of value in a graded group (synonyms: grade, tier)
3. level%1:26:00:: - a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process (synonyms: degree, stage, point)
4. level%1:07:01:: - height above ground
5. level%1:06:00:: - spirit level (tool)
6. level%1:06:03:: - horizontal surface
7. level%1:09:00:: - layer, stratum (abstract place with depth)
8. level%1:06:01:: - floor, storey (of a building)

"1990 levels" means the amount or intensity of emissions as they existed in 1990. This fits sense 1: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality". The examples include "a high level of care is required" and "a moderate grade of intelligence". "1990 levels" is analogous to "a high level of care" - it's about the amount/quantity of emissions.

Sense 3 is about a position in a process/continuum/stage. While time could be a continuum, "1990 levels" isn't referring to a stage in a process, but rather the amount at a specific time.

Sense 2 is about relative position in a graded group (like tiers/grades of lumber).

Sense 1 seems the best fit because it deals with amount/quantity/intensity on a scale. Emissions levels are amounts.

Let me double-check the distinction between sense 1 and sense 3.
Sense 1: position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality. Examples: "a moderate grade of intelligence", "a high level of care". This fits "emissions levels" perfectly - amount of emissions.
Sense 3: specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or process. Examples: "a remarkable degree of frankness", "at what stage are the social sciences?" This is more about stages/phases.

"Compared with 1990 levels" means compared with the amount/quantity of emissions in 1990. This is clearly sense 1.

Wait, let me look at sense 1:07:00 vs 1:26:00. The lexicographer file numbers: 07 is "Attributes" (nouns denoting attributes of people and objects), 26 is "States" (nouns denoting stable states of affairs).

Actually, in WordNet:
- 1:07:00 is under noun.attribute
- 1:26:00 is under noun.state
- 1:26:01 is under noun.state? Actually 1:26:01 might be noun.state too.

But regardless of the lexfile, the definition of sense 1 is the best match.

The target is "levels" plural. "Levels" as in "emissions levels" = amounts.

So the answer should be sense_index: 1.

Wait, I need to make sure about sense 3. "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process". Could "1990 levels" be a position in a time series? Like the level at 1990? In economics/statistics, we talk about "levels" of variables. But WordNet sense 3 examples are "degree of frankness", "stage of social sciences". Sense 1 examples are "grade of intelligence", "level of care".

"Carbon output levels" or "emission levels" are standardly sense 1. The phrase "compared with 1990 levels" is comparing the amount/quantity.

Also, looking at the synonyms:
Sense 1: degree, grade
Sense 3: degree, stage, point

Both have "degree". But sense 1 explicitly mentions "scale of intensity or amount or quality". Emissions are an amount.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best choice.

The user wants JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: period
Target surface form: period
Context:
But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same <t>period</t> by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=period%1:28:00:: | definition=an amount of time | synonyms=time period, period of time | examples=a time period of 30 years; hastened the period of time of his recovery
2. sense_key=period%1:28:02:: | definition=the interval taken to complete one cycle of a regularly repeating phenomenon
3. sense_key=period%1:28:07:: | definition=(ice hockey) one of three divisions into which play is divided in hockey games
4. sense_key=period%1:28:03:: | definition=a unit of geological time during which a system of rocks formed | synonyms=geological period | examples=ganoid fishes swarmed during the earlier geological periods
5. sense_key=period%1:28:04:: | definition=the end or completion of something | examples=death put a period to his endeavors; a change soon put a period to my tranquility
6. sense_key=period%1:22:00:: | definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | synonyms=menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, flow | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation; a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped
7. sense_key=period%1:10:00:: | definition=a punctuation mark (.) placed at the end of a declarative sentence to indicate a full stop or after abbreviations | synonyms=point, full stop, stop, full point | examples=in England they call a period a stop

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "period" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about climate negotiations and emissions cuts.
- The specific sentence: "while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same <t>period</t> by 15 to 30 percent."
- The preceding context mentions "industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels"
- So "during the same period" refers to the same timeframe/time period as mentioned before (by 2020, compared with 1990 levels).

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=period%1:28:00:: | definition=an amount of time | synonyms=time period, period of time | examples=a time period of 30 years; hastened the period of time of his recovery
2. sense_key=period%1:28:02:: | definition=the interval taken to complete one cycle of a regularly repeating phenomenon
3. sense_key=period%1:28:07:: | definition=(ice hockey) one of three divisions into which play is divided in hockey games
4. sense_key=period%1:28:03:: | definition=a unit of geological time during which a system of rocks formed | synonyms=geological period | examples=ganoid fishes swarmed during the earlier geological periods
5. sense_key=period%1:28:04:: | definition=the end or completion of something | examples=death put a period to his endeavors; a change soon put a period to my tranquility
6. sense_key=period%1:22:00:: | definition=the monthly discharge of blood...
7. sense_key=period%1:10:00:: | definition=a punctuation mark...

The context clearly refers to a span of time (from 1990 to 2020, or the timeframe for emissions cuts). This matches sense 1: "an amount of time" with synonyms "time period, period of time".

Sense 2 is about cycles (like wave periods, orbital periods), which doesn't fit.
Sense 3 is hockey-specific.
Sense 4 is geological time (like Jurassic period) - while this is a time period, it's specifically geological, and the context is modern climate policy, not geology.
Sense 5 is about completion/ending.
Sense 6 is menstruation.
Sense 7 is punctuation.

So the best sense is clearly sense 1 (index 1).

Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user lists them as:
1. sense_key=period%1:28:00::
2. sense_key=period%1:28:02::
3. sense_key=period%1:28:07::
4. sense_key=period%1:28:03::
5. sense_key=period%1:28:04::
6. sense_key=period%1:22:00::
7. sense_key=period%1:10:00::

So I need to return {"sense_index": 1}.

Let me verify: "during the same period" - yes, this means "during the same amount of time" or "during the same time period". The example given for sense 1 is "a time period of 30 years" which is very similar to the context (a ~30 year period from 1990 to 2020).

Actually, looking at the context again: "industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent."

The "same period" refers to the same timeframe/interval of time. This is definitely sense 1.

The answer should be exactly: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the <t>countries</t> would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "countries" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about UN climate negotiations
- "rich countries would give poor ones"
- "developed and major emerging economies"
- "industrial nations"
- "major developing countries"
- "Together, the <t>countries</t> would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050."
- "help poorer countries adapt"

The target is "countries" in the phrase "Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050."

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. country%1:14:00:: - a politically organized body of people under a single government (synonyms: state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic)
2. country%1:15:00:: - the territory occupied by a nation (synonyms: state, land)
3. country%1:14:01:: - the people who live in a nation or country (synonyms: nation, land)
4. country%1:15:01:: - an area outside of cities and towns (rural area)
5. country%1:15:02:: - a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary

Sense 4 is clearly wrong - not talking about rural areas.
Sense 5 is also wrong - not talking about a geographical region like "Bible country."

Now between senses 1, 2, and 3.

Sense 1: politically organized body of people under a single government (the political entity)
Sense 2: the territory occupied by a nation (the land/territory)
Sense 3: the people who live in a nation or country (the people)

In the context "Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050," we're talking about nations as political entities/governments making agreements to cut emissions. The text discusses "industrial nations," "developing countries," "rich countries," "poor ones" - these refer to the political entities/governments.

Let me check the examples:
Sense 1 examples: "the state has elected a new president; African nations" - this emphasizes the political body/government.
Sense 2 examples: "he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries" - this emphasizes territory/land.
Sense 3 examples: "a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation" - this emphasizes the people.

In the context, "countries" are acting as agents in an international agreement ("would cut emissions"). This is the political entity sense. The text mentions "rich countries would give poor ones," "industrial nations," etc. These are political entities.

However, I need to be careful. In WordNet, sense 1 (country%1:14:00::) and sense 2 (country%1:15:00::) are very close. Let me think about which one is more common for this usage.

Actually, looking at the examples for sense 2: "he visited several European countries" - this could be either territory or political entity. But sense 1 is specifically "a politically organized body of people under a single government" while sense 2 is "the territory occupied by a nation."

In climate negotiations, when we say "countries cut emissions," we mean the political entities (governments/nations as organized bodies) are making commitments. But actually, in common parlance, "country" in "European countries" or "developing countries" often maps to sense 2 in WordNet? Let me reconsider.

Wait, I should look at the examples more carefully:
Sense 1: "the state has elected a new president; African nations" - political
Sense 2: "he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries" - territorial/geographic
Sense 3: "a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation" - people

In the sentence "Together, the countries would cut emissions," the subject is acting (cutting emissions). This is an action by the political entity. But "country" in the plural often refers to the political units.

However, looking at typical WSD for "country" - when we talk about "European countries," "foreign countries," "developing countries," WordNet often maps this to sense 2 (territory occupied by a nation) or sense 1 (politically organized body).

Let me think about the specific phrase: "industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions... while major developing countries would reduce theirs... Together, the countries would cut emissions..."

The antecedents are "industrial nations" and "major developing countries." "Nations" here is likely sense 1 (politically organized body). "Countries" is being used synonymously with "nations" in this context.

Also, earlier: "rich countries would give poor ones" - this is about governments giving money. "Poorer countries adapt" - nations as political entities adapting.

Sense 1 seems best because:
1. The context is about political entities making agreements, giving money, cutting emissions
2. The synonyms include "nation" which is used interchangeably in the text ("industrial nations")
3. The examples include "African nations" which is similar to how "developing countries" is used here

Sense 2 focuses on territory: "the territory occupied by a nation." While one could argue that emissions come from territory, the subject here is making a political commitment. The text is about negotiations between political entities.

Sense 3 focuses on the people. While people produce emissions, the text says "countries would give poor ones [money]" - that's a government action, not the people as a collective mood.

So I think sense 1 is the best fit.

Wait, let me double-check. In WordNet, sense 1 is under noun.group (1:14:00) - "a politically organized body of people under a single government." Sense 2 is under noun.location (1:15:00) - "the territory occupied by a nation."

Given the context of UN negotiations, climate deals, and financial pledges between governments, the group/organization meaning (sense 1) is most appropriate.

Actually, looking at the sentence again: "Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050." This is describing a collective action by multiple nations. The emphasis is on the political actors.

I choose sense 1.

Wait, I need to make sure about the indexing. The user lists:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00::
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00::
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01::
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01::
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02::

So sense_index should be 1.

Let me reconsider one more time. Could it be sense 2? "he visited several European countries" - when we list countries, we often mean the territories. But in this text, the countries are agents. "Countries would cut emissions" - this is metonymy where the country (government/political entity) stands for the whole nation, but the underlying sense is the political organization.

Also, note that sense 1 examples include "African nations" and "the state has elected a new president." The text uses "nations" and "countries" interchangeably: "industrial nations... developing countries... the countries." This parallelism strongly suggests sense 1.

Final answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emission
Target surface form: emissions
Context:
Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut <t>emissions</t> between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emission%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of emitting; causing to flow forth | synonyms=emanation
2. sense_key=emission%1:27:00:: | definition=a substance that is emitted or released | synonyms=discharge
3. sense_key=emission%1:22:00:: | definition=the release of electrons from parent atoms
4. sense_key=emission%1:22:01:: | definition=any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body | synonyms=discharge, expelling | examples=the discharge of pus
5. sense_key=emission%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "emissions" (lemma: emission) in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about climate change, global warming, carbon output
 - "industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels"
 - "major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent"
 - "Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050"
 - This refers to greenhouse gas emissions, carbon emissions, etc.

 Now let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=emission%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of emitting; causing to flow forth | synonyms=emanation
    - This refers to the act/process of emitting. In the context, "cut their emissions" refers to reducing the amount of substances (greenhouse gases) released, not just the act of emitting. But "emissions" in environmental contexts often refers to the substances themselves or the quantity released.

 2. sense_key=emission%1:27:00:: | definition=a substance that is emitted or released | synonyms=discharge
    - This refers to the actual substance that is emitted. In climate change contexts, "carbon emissions" or "emissions" usually refers to the gases (CO2, methane, etc.) that are released. However, looking at the phrase "cut their emissions", this could mean reducing the quantity of emissions (substances) or the act of emitting.

 3. sense_key=emission%1:22:00:: | definition=the release of electrons from parent atoms
    - This is specific to physics (electron emission). Not relevant here.

 4. sense_key=emission%1:22:00:: (wait, the key is the same? No, looking again: sense_key=emission%1:22:01::) | definition=any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body | synonyms=discharge, expelling | examples=the discharge of pus
    - This is about bodily emissions (medical/physiological). Not relevant for climate change.

 5. sense_key=emission%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe)
    - This is about water flow. Not relevant for carbon/greenhouse gases.

 So it's between sense 1 and sense 2.

 Sense 1: "the act of emitting; causing to flow forth" - focuses on the action/process
 Sense 2: "a substance that is emitted or released" - focuses on the thing being emitted

 In common usage regarding climate change:
 - "Carbon emissions" refers to the carbon dioxide (and other greenhouse gases) that are released - the substances themselves.
 - However, "cut emissions" can be interpreted as reducing the act of emitting or the quantity of substances emitted.

 Let me check WordNet more carefully. In WordNet:
 - emission%1:04:00:: is under noun.act (act, action, activity)
 - emission%1:27:00:: is under noun.substance (substance, matter)

 In the context: "cut their emissions", "reduce theirs", "cut emissions"
 - When we say "cut emissions by 45 percent", we're talking about reducing the quantity of the substances emitted, or the rate of emission.
 - But in WordNet, which sense applies?

 Looking at examples:
 - "the emission of greenhouse gases" - could be act or substance?
 - In environmental policy, "emissions" is often treated as a mass noun referring to the pollutants themselves (substances).

 However, looking at the gloss for sense 1: "the act of emitting; causing to flow forth"
 Looking at the gloss for sense 2: "a substance that is emitted or released"

 In the sentence: "industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020..."
 - Here "emissions" is what is being cut (reduced). You can reduce the amount of substance released, or you can reduce the activity of emitting.

 But wait, in WordNet, "emission" as a substance (sense 2) would be like "the emission contained toxic chemicals" - referring to the physical substance.
 "Emission" as an act (sense 1) would be "the emission of gases into the atmosphere".

 In climate change contexts, when we say "greenhouse gas emissions", we are typically referring to the gases themselves (the substances), or the quantity thereof.

 However, I need to check if there's a distinction in WordNet. Let me think about the synonyms:
 - Sense 1: emanation (which can be both the act and the thing emanated, but in WordNet, emanation%1:04:00:: is "the act of emitting")
 - Sense 2: discharge (discharge can mean the substance released, e.g., "nasal discharge")

 In the text: "cut their carbon output" (earlier) - "carbon output" is clearly the amount produced/released (similar to emissions).
 "cut their emissions" - parallel to "carbon output".

 Actually, looking carefully at WordNet:
 - emission%1:27:00:: - substance sense
 - emission%1:04:00:: - act sense

 In standard English, when we talk about "reducing emissions" in an environmental context, we are referring to reducing the quantity of pollutants (substances) released into the atmosphere. This would align with sense 2.

 But I should verify: does "emissions" in this context mean "substances" or "the act"?
 - "cut their emissions by 25 to 45 percent" - you can cut (reduce) a quantity of substance by a percentage.
 - You can also cut (reduce) the rate of an act by a percentage.

 However, the phrase "their emissions" suggests the emissions belonging to/produced by the countries. These are the substances they emit.

 Also, looking at the examples provided with the senses:
 - Sense 4 has example "the discharge of pus" - bodily discharge.
 - Sense 5 is about water.

 Let me reconsider the difference between sense 1 and 2.
 Sense 1 (act): "the emission of greenhouse gases is regulated"
 Sense 2 (substance): "the emissions from the factory were toxic"

 But in "cut their emissions", it's ambiguous. However, in WordNet, the substance sense (1:27:00::) is the one that would cover "pollutants released".

 Wait, I should look at how WordNet distinguishes these. Typically:
 - 1:04 - act/action
 - 1:27 - substance

 In "carbon emissions trading" or "emissions standards", "emissions" refers to the pollutants (substances).

 But actually, looking at the synonym "emanation" for sense 1: "emanation" can mean "an immaterial or ethereal substance" or "the act of flowing out". In WordNet, emanation%1:04:00:: is "the act of emitting".

 I think for "cutting emissions" in the context of climate change, the intended meaning is the substances (greenhouse gases) that are emitted. So sense 2 (1:27:00::) would be correct.

 However, I want to double-check. Could it be sense 1?
 "the act of emitting; causing to flow forth"
 If a country cuts its emissions, it cuts the act of emitting - i.e., it emits less.

 But WordNet sense 2 specifically mentions "a substance that is emitted or released" with synonym "discharge". In environmental science and policy, "emissions" are the substances discharged.

 Let me check if there's any other clue. The text mentions "carbon output" - output here clearly means the amount produced (substance/quantity). "Emissions" is parallel to this.

 Also, "reduce theirs" - "theirs" refers back to "emissions", meaning the emissions of the developing countries.

 I believe sense 2 (emission%1:27:00::) is the correct choice.

 Wait, looking at the sense keys again:
 1. emission%1:04:00::
 2. emission%1:27:00::
 3. emission%1:22:00::
 4. emission%1:22:01::
 5. emission%1:11:00::

 The indices are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

 So I should return: {"sense_index": 2}

 But let me reconsider sense 1 vs 2 one more time.
 In WordNet:
 - emission%1:04:00:: (noun.act) - the act of emitting
 - emission%1:27:00:: (noun.substance) - a substance that is emitted or released

 Examples from WordNet (if I recall):
 - "the emission of smoke" (act)
 - "the emissions were visible" (substance)

 In the given context: "cut their emissions"
 - This is like saying "reduce their discharges"
 - "Discharge" as a noun can mean the substance (sense 2: discharge%1:27:00::)

 Also, the phrase "greenhouse gas emissions" - here "emissions" is modified by "greenhouse gas", suggesting it refers to the gases themselves (substances).

 Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.

 Final check: could it be sense 5 (water)? No, it's about carbon/climate.
 Could it be sense 3 (electrons)? No.
 Could it be sense 4 (bodily)? No.

 It's between 1 and 2. The context of "carbon output" and percentages suggests measurable quantities of substances, not just the general act. While the act can be quantified (how much emitting), the substance reading is more concrete and fits with the WordNet gloss for 1:27:00::.

 Answer: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: year
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a <t>year</t> over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "year" in the given context.

Context analysis:
The sentence is: "The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change..."

Here, "year" appears in the phrase "$3.6 billion a year", which means $3.6 billion per year, or annually. This refers to a period of time containing 365 days (a calendar year).

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Analysis:
- Sense 4 is clearly wrong - this is about students graduating, not time periods.
- Sense 3 is about astronomical/orbital periods (like a Martian year). While related to 365 days, the context here is about financial pledges per calendar year, not orbital mechanics.
- Sense 2 is about a specific activity period within a year (like school year). The context doesn't specify a particular activity period like academic year or fiscal year explicitly, though one could argue it's a fiscal year. However, "a year" in the context of "$3.6 billion a year" typically refers to the standard calendar year (365 days).
- Sense 1 is the general sense of a year as a period of 365/366 days. This fits best with "a year" meaning annually or per calendar year.

The phrase "a year" in financial contexts (like "$3.6 billion a year") refers to the standard temporal unit of approximately 365 days. This matches sense 1.

Sense 2 might be tempting if we think of it as a "fiscal year" but the text doesn't specify that it's a particular activity period - it's just referring to the annual amount.

Therefore, the best sense is sense 1 (year%1:28:01::).

Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense numbering. The user provides:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01::
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02::
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00::
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00::

So the indices are 1, 2, 3, 4 as listed.

Sense 1: a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days - this is the basic unit of time.
Sense 2: a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year used for some particular activity - this is more specific (like school year, tax year).
Sense 3: orbital period.
Sense 4: class of students.

In "$3.6 billion a year", this is the standard sense of year as a unit of time (365 days). It's not specifying a school year or academic year. It's referring to the calendar year or simply the annual period.

So sense 1 is correct.

The output should be JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Novita