[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nice
Target surface form: nicer
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even <t>nicer</t> to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nice%3:00:00:: | definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners
2. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:respectable:00 | definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
3. sense_key=nice%5:00:02:precise:00 | definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer
4. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00 | definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow
5. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:polite:00 | definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "nicer" (comparative form of "nice") in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:

 The passage discusses "progressive education" vs "disciplined instruction" in American education. The specific sentence is:
 "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

 The context suggests that progressive education is:
 - More interesting and agreeable to teachers than disciplined instruction
 - Nice for teachers to think they are doing "personality development"
 - Even nicer to minimize irksome tests

 The meaning here seems to be about something being pleasant, agreeable, or pleasing to the teachers. It's about the subjective experience of the teachers finding this situation pleasant or pleasing.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=nice%3:00:00:: | definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners

 This sense fits well. The context is about something being "agreeable" or "pleasing" to teachers - it's pleasant for them to think they are doing personality development and even more pleasant to avoid tests.

 2. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:respectable:00 | definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl

 This doesn't fit. The context isn't about social correctness or respectability.

 3. sense_key=nice%5:00:02:precise:00 | definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer

 This doesn't fit. The context isn't about precision or skill.

 4. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00 | definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow

 This doesn't fit. The context isn't about being fastidious or squeamish.

 5. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:polite:00 | definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture

 This doesn't fit. The context isn't about politeness or courtesy.

 The best fit is sense 1: "pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance". The context explicitly uses the word "agreeable" earlier in the passage ("far more interesting and agreeable to teachers"), which aligns with this sense. The phrase "nice for teachers" means it is pleasant or pleasing for them.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: minimize
Target surface form: minimize
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to <t>minimize</t> those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=minimize%2:30:00:: | definition=make small or insignificant | synonyms=minimise | examples=Let's minimize the risk
2. sense_key=minimize%2:32:01:: | definition=represent as less significant or important | synonyms=understate, minimise, downplay
3. sense_key=minimize%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to seem less serious; play down | synonyms=belittle, denigrate, derogate | examples=Don't belittle his influence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "minimize" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses "progressive education" vs "disciplined instruction"
 - It mentions that progressive education is "nice for teachers" and "even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results"
 - The context suggests that teachers want to reduce the importance or presence of tests because they have disappointing results

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=minimize%2:30:00:: | definition=make small or insignificant | synonyms=minimise | examples=Let's minimize the risk
    - This sense seems to be about making something physically or quantitatively smaller or insignificant.
    - In the context, the teachers want to make the tests less significant/important or reduce their use, but "make small or insignificant" could fit if we interpret it as reducing the role of tests.

 2. sense_key=minimize%2:32:01:: | definition=represent as less significant or important | synonyms=understate, minimise, downplay
    - This is about representing something as less significant than it is (understating).
    - The context doesn't suggest the teachers are representing the tests as less important than they are; rather, they want to actually reduce the use/importance of the tests themselves.

 3. sense_key=minimize%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to seem less serious; play down | synonyms=belittle, denigrate, derogate | examples=Don't belittle his influence
    - This is about causing something to seem less serious, belittling it.
    - The context suggests teachers find tests "irksome" and want to minimize them because of "disappointing results." This could fit if they are trying to downplay the importance of tests.

 Wait, let me reconsider the specific context: "even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

 The teachers want to minimize the tests themselves - meaning reduce their use, make them less prominent, or reduce their significance in the educational process.

 Looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1: "Let's minimize the risk" - this is about reducing the magnitude/size of something.
 - Sense 3: "Don't belittle his influence" - this is about making something seem less important than it is.

 In the context, the teachers are not necessarily belittling the tests (making them seem less important than they are), but rather wanting to reduce their actual presence or importance in the curriculum. However, the phrase "minimize those irksome tests" could mean:
 1. To reduce the number/frequency of tests (make small/insignificant in scope)
 2. To downplay the importance of the tests (represent as less significant)

 Let me look more carefully at the WordNet distinctions. In WordNet:
 - minimize%2:30:00:: is likely the "make small or insignificant" sense (physical or quantitative reduction)
 - minimize%2:32:01:: is "represent as less significant or important" (understate, downplay)
 - minimize%2:32:00:: is "cause to seem less serious" (belittle, denigrate)

 The context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

 The teachers view the tests as "irksome" and producing "disappointing results." They want to reduce the emphasis on or the amount of testing.

 Between sense 1 and sense 2:
 - Sense 1 (make small or insignificant): This would mean reducing the actual presence, size, or frequency of tests.
 - Sense 2 (represent as less significant): This would mean portraying the tests as less important than they are.

 Given that the text mentions "progressive education" and contrasts it with "disciplined instruction," and mentions that teachers prefer thinking about "personality development," the sense here is that teachers want to reduce the role/importance of testing in education - they want to make the tests less significant in the educational process.

 However, looking at the specific wording "minimize those irksome tests," this could mean:
 - Reduce the number of tests (make small - sense 1)
 - Reduce the importance/significance of the tests (sense 2 or 3)

 But sense 2 (minimize%2:32:01::) specifically has the definition "represent as less significant or important" with synonyms "understate, minimise, downplay." This suggests a rhetorical or representational act - portraying something as smaller than it is.

 Sense 1 (minimize%2:30:00::) is "make small or insignificant" - this is about actually making something smaller or less significant in reality.

 In the context, the teachers want to actually reduce the testing (make it small/insignificant in the curriculum), not just represent it as less important. However, the distinction between these senses in WordNet can be subtle.

 Let me check the actual WordNet entries mentally:
 - minimize (v.) sense 1: make small or insignificant; "Let's minimize the risk"
 - minimize (v.) sense 2: represent as less significant or important; "Don't belittle his influence" (wait, that example might go with sense 3)

 Actually, looking at the provided information:
 - Sense 2: represent as less significant or important | synonyms=understate, minimise, downplay
 - Sense 3: cause to seem less serious; play down | synonyms=belittle, denigrate, derogate | examples=Don't belittle his influence

 So sense 3 is about causing something to seem less serious (belittling).
 Sense 2 is about representing something as less significant (understating).
 Sense 1 is about making something actually small or insignificant.

 In the context: "minimize those irksome tests" - the teachers want to reduce the prominence or frequency of the tests. They find them irksome and they produce disappointing results, so they want to minimize them.

 If we look at the example for sense 1: "Let's minimize the risk" - this is analogous to "minimize those irksome tests." Just as we minimize risk (make it smaller), teachers minimize tests (make them fewer or less significant in the curriculum).

 However, there's also the interpretation that they want to "downplay" the tests or make them seem less important.

 But the key is the phrase "those irksome tests." The direct object is the tests themselves. In sense 1, you minimize something (make it small). In sense 2, you minimize something (represent it as less significant). In sense 3, you minimize something (cause it to seem less serious).

 Given the context of "progressive education" which tends to de-emphasize standardized testing and formal assessment in favor of "personality development," the teachers want to reduce the role of tests - make them less significant in the educational process.

 Between sense 1 and sense 2, I think sense 1 is more appropriate because:
 1. The example "Let's minimize the risk" parallels "minimize those irksome tests" - both involve reducing something undesirable.
 2. Sense 2 focuses on "representing" something as less significant, which implies a deceptive or rhetorical downplaying. While teachers might do this, the context suggests they actually want to reduce the testing (make it small/insignificant) because it's irksome and produces disappointing results.
 3. Sense 3 (belittle) is clearly about disparaging something, which doesn't fit as well.

 Wait, I need to be careful. Let me reconsider sense 2 vs sense 1.

 In WordNet:
 - minimize%2:30:00:: [verb.change] - make small or insignificant
 - minimize%2:32:01:: [verb.communication] - represent as less significant or important
 - minimize%2:32:00:: [verb.communication] - cause to seem less serious; play down

 The key difference between sense 1 and senses 2-3 is that sense 1 is about actually making something small/insignificant (change), while senses 2-3 are about communication/representation (communication).

 In the sentence: "even nicer to minimize those irksome tests"

 Is the meaning:
 A) to make the tests small/insignificant (i.e., reduce their frequency, length, or importance in the curriculum)?
 B) to represent the tests as less significant than they are?
 C) to cause the tests to seem less serious?

 Given that "progressive education" is associated with reducing the emphasis on formal testing, and the tests are described as "irksome" with "disappointing results," the meaning is likely that teachers want to reduce the actual presence/importance of the tests - make them insignificant in the educational process.

 This aligns with sense 1: "make small or insignificant."

 However, there's a subtlety. The phrase "minimize those irksome tests" could mean "downplay the significance of those irksome tests" (sense 2). But given the context of progressive education actually changing the curriculum to reduce testing, sense 1 seems more appropriate.

 But let me look at the synonyms again:
 - Sense 1: minimise (British spelling)
 - Sense 2: understate, minimise, downplay
 - Sense 3: belittle, denigrate, derogate

 The presence of "minimise" as a synonym in both sense 1 and sense 2 suggests these are different meanings of the same word.

 Actually, looking carefully at WordNet structure:
 - minimize%2:30:00:: is likely the "reduce to a minimum" sense
 - minimize%2:32:01:: is the "understate" sense
 - minimize%2:32:00:: is the "belittle" sense

 In the context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests..."

 The contrast is between:
 1. Thinking they are engaged in personality development (nice)
 2. Minimizing irksome tests (even nicer)

 The tests are "irksome" and have "disappointing results." Teachers want to get rid of them or reduce them. This is about making the tests insignificant in the educational process.

 I think sense 1 is the best fit: "make small or insignificant."

 But I should double-check if sense 2 could be better. If the teachers are "minimizing" the tests by downplaying their importance to students or parents, that would be sense 2. But the context suggests they want to actually reduce the testing because it's irksome and produces bad results.

 Actually, looking at the example for sense 1: "Let's minimize the risk" - this is about taking action to reduce risk. Similarly, "minimize those irksome tests" is about taking action to reduce the tests.

 Therefore, sense_index should be 1.

 Wait, I need to be very careful. Let me reconsider the specific wording and the subtle differences between the senses.

 Sense 2: "represent as less significant or important" - this is about portrayal.
 Sense 3: "cause to seem less serious" - this is about perception.
 Sense 1: "make small or insignificant" - this is about actual change.

 In education policy context, when teachers "minimize tests," they are typically trying to reduce the actual amount of testing (make it small), not just represent the tests as unimportant while still giving them.

 Also, the phrase "irksome tests with often disappointing results" suggests the tests themselves are the problem, and minimizing them means reducing their presence.

 I will go with sense 1.

 But let me check if there's any reason to choose sense 2. If the text meant that teachers like to downplay the significance of the test results (e.g., saying "tests don't matter much"), that would be sense 2. But the text says "minimize those irksome tests" - the direct object is the tests themselves, not the results or the importance of the results.

 Therefore, sense 1: make small or insignificant.

 Final check: The user wants a JSON object like {"sense_index": 1}.

 So my answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Novita

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: test
Target surface form: tests
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome <t>tests</t> with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=test%1:09:02:: | definition=trying something to find out about it | synonyms=trial, trial run, tryout | examples=a sample for ten days free trial; a trial of progesterone failed to relieve the pain
2. sense_key=test%1:04:02:: | definition=any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc | synonyms=mental test, mental testing, psychometric test | examples=the test was standardized on a large sample of students
3. sense_key=test%1:10:00:: | definition=a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge | synonyms=examination, exam | examples=when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of questions
4. sense_key=test%1:04:03:: | definition=the act of undergoing testing | synonyms=trial | examples=he survived the great test of battle; candidates must compete in a trial of skill
5. sense_key=test%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of testing something | synonyms=trial, run | examples=in the experimental trials the amount of carbon was measured separately; he called each flip of the coin a new trial
6. sense_key=test%1:05:00:: | definition=a hard outer covering as of some amoebas and sea urchins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "tests" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

Target word: "tests" (plural of test)
Context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome <t>tests</t> with often disappointing results."

The sentence is talking about education, teachers, and specifically mentions "minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results." This is clearly referring to academic assessments or examinations that students take.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=test%1:09:02:: | definition=trying something to find out about it | synonyms=trial, trial run, tryout | examples=a sample for ten days free trial; a trial of progesterone failed to relieve the pain
   - This seems more like a general trial or experiment, not specifically academic testing.

2. sense_key=test%1:04:02:: | definition=any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc | synonyms=mental test, mental testing, psychometric test | examples=the test was standardized on a large sample of students
   - This refers to standardized psychological/psychometric tests. While related to education, the context mentions "disappointing results" and seems to refer to regular academic assessments rather than specifically psychometric testing.

3. sense_key=test%1:10:00:: | definition=a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge | synonyms=examination, exam | examples=when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of questions
   - This fits perfectly. The context is about education, teachers wanting to minimize "irksome tests" - this refers to examinations or exams that evaluate student knowledge. The mention of "disappointing results" also fits with student performance on exams.

4. sense_key=test%1:04:03:: | definition=the act of undergoing testing | synonyms=trial | examples=he survived the great test of battle; candidates must compete in a trial of skill
   - This is about the act of being tested or undergoing a trial, not the assessment instrument itself.

5. sense_key=test%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of testing something | synonyms=trial, run | examples=in the experimental trials the amount of carbon was measured separately; he called each flip of the coin a new trial
   - This is about the act/process of testing, not the educational assessment.

6. sense_key=test%1:05:00:: | definition=a hard outer covering as of some amoebas and sea urchins
   - This is a biological meaning, clearly irrelevant.

Sense 3 (test%1:10:00::) is the best fit because:
- It's defined as "a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge"
- Synonyms include "examination, exam"
- The example mentions "when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of questions" - clearly academic context
- The target context discusses education, teachers, and minimizing tests with disappointing results - referring to academic exams/assessments

Sense 2 is close but more specific to psychological/psychometric testing (IQ tests, personality tests, etc.), while the context seems to refer to general academic testing/examinations that produce "disappointing results" for students.

Therefore, the answer should be sense index 3.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with <t>often</t> disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "often" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with <t>often</t> disappointing results."

 The phrase is "often disappointing results". This means that the results are disappointing many times/frequently.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
    - This sense refers to frequency of occurrence over time. "Many times at short intervals" suggests temporal frequency.

 2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
    - This sense seems to combine frequency with quantity. The examples show "much" which relates to quantity/degree.

 3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances
    - This sense refers to the proportion of cases or instances, not necessarily temporal frequency.

 In the context "often disappointing results", we're talking about tests that frequently have disappointing results. This could be interpreted as:
 - Sense 1: The tests frequently (many times) yield disappointing results
 - Sense 3: In many cases/instances, the results are disappointing

 Let me think about the distinction between these senses more carefully.

 Sense 1 (often%4:02:00::): "many times at short intervals" - This is the prototypical temporal frequency sense. Example: "we often met over a cup of coffee" - implies repeated meetings over time.

 Sense 3 (often%4:02:02::): "in many cases or instances" - This is about the proportion of cases. For example, "Snakes are often venomous" means in many cases/instances, snakes are venomous - it's about the statistical likelihood across a population or set of instances, not necessarily about time.

 In the sentence: "minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results"

 This is describing tests that have disappointing results in many instances/cases. It's not necessarily about the tests happening frequently over time (though tests do happen over time), but rather that when these tests are given, the results are disappointing in many cases.

 However, looking at the example for sense 1: "we often met over a cup of coffee" - this is about frequency of meetings.

 For sense 3, the definition "in many cases or instances" fits well with "often disappointing results" meaning that in many instances, the results are disappointing.

 But wait, let me reconsider. The phrase "often disappointing results" could mean:
 1. The results are disappointing frequently (temporal)
 2. The results are disappointing in many cases (statistical/proportional)

 Actually, looking at WordNet's organization:
 - Sense 1 is the primary sense: many times at short intervals (temporal frequency)
 - Sense 2: frequently or in great quantities (seems to be about degree/quantity)
 - Sense 3: in many cases or instances (generic/habitual)

 In the context of "tests with often disappointing results", this is describing a characteristic of the tests - they tend to produce disappointing results. This aligns with sense 3 "in many cases or instances" - i.e., in many instances when these tests are administered, the results are disappointing.

 However, sense 1 could also work: the tests frequently have disappointing results.

 Let me look at the examples more carefully:
 - Sense 1 example: "we often met over a cup of coffee" - clearly temporal frequency
 - Sense 2 examples: "I don't drink much; I don't travel much" - these use "much" not "often", and relate to quantity
 - Sense 3: no example given, but "in many cases or instances" suggests a generic or habitual reading

 In "often disappointing results", the word "often" modifies "disappointing", indicating that the results are disappointing on many occasions or in many instances.

 Actually, looking at standard WSD for "often":
 - Sense 1 is used for temporal frequency (how frequently something happens over time)
 - Sense 3 is used for "in many cases" - generic statements about categories

 For example:
 - "He often goes to the gym" -> Sense 1 (temporal)
 - "Bears are often brown" -> Sense 3 (in many cases/instances)

 In our sentence: "tests with often disappointing results"
 This is saying that these tests, when administered, have disappointing results in many cases. It's describing a property of the tests (that they tend to produce disappointing results), similar to how "bears are often brown" describes a property of bears.

 Therefore, Sense 3 seems most appropriate: "in many cases or instances".

 But let me double-check. The sentence is talking about minimizing tests that have disappointing results. The tests are irksome because they frequently produce disappointing results.

 Actually, looking at the distinction again:
 - Sense 1: many times at short intervals (emphasis on repetition over time)
 - Sense 3: in many cases or instances (emphasis on proportion across a set)

 "Tests with often disappointing results" - this could be interpreted as:
 - When these tests are given, the results are frequently disappointing (temporal - each time the test is given, disappointment occurs)
 - These tests have disappointing results in many cases (statistical - across instances of the test)

 I think Sense 3 is the better fit here because it's describing the nature of the results (they are disappointing in many instances/cases), rather than emphasizing the temporal frequency of the disappointment occurring.

 However, I should be careful. Let me look at how these senses are distinguished in WordNet literature.

 Sense 1 (often%4:02:00::) is the most common sense - "many times at short intervals".
 Sense 3 (often%4:02:02::) is specifically for "in many cases or instances" which is used for generic statements.

 In the context: "minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results"
 This is a specific reference to tests that the teachers administer. The "often" here indicates that these tests frequently yield disappointing results.

 But wait, looking at the synonyms for sense 2: "much, a great deal" - this seems to be a different usage, possibly when "often" is used like "much" (though this is rare).

 Let me reconsider the three senses:

 1. often%4:02:00:: - many times at short intervals (temporal frequency)
 2. often%4:02:01:: - frequently or in great quantities (degree/quantity)
 3. often%4:02:02:: - in many cases or instances (generic/habitual)

 The phrase "often disappointing results" - "often" is modifying the adjective "disappointing", indicating the frequency with which the results are disappointing.

 If I say "tests with often disappointing results", I mean tests that frequently produce disappointing results.

 Between sense 1 and sense 3:
 - Sense 1 focuses on the repetition over time
 - Sense 3 focuses on the proportion of cases

 In this educational context, when teachers give tests, and the tests often have disappointing results, it means that in many instances (whenever they give the tests), the results are disappointing. This could be either sense.

 But looking at the example for sense 1: "we often met over a cup of coffee" - this is about habitual action.
 And sense 3 is "in many cases or instances".

 Actually, I think I need to look at this more carefully. The target is "often" in "often disappointing results".

 If we paraphrase:
 - Sense 1: "disappointing results many times at short intervals" - doesn't quite fit because results aren't exactly "at short intervals"
 - Sense 3: "disappointing results in many cases or instances" - fits better, meaning that in many instances of administering the test, the results are disappointing

 Sense 1 seems to require a temporal interpretation where the event happens repeatedly over time. While tests are given over time, the phrase "often disappointing results" is more about the characteristic of the results (they are disappointing in many cases) rather than the temporal frequency of the disappointment.

 Therefore, Sense 3 is the best choice.

 Wait, but let me check if there's any other interpretation. Could it be sense 2? "frequently or in great quantities" - "disappointing results in great quantities"? That doesn't seem right. The results aren't quantities; they're outcomes.

 So it's between 1 and 3.

 Upon reflection, in WordNet:
 - Sense 1 is the default temporal sense
 - Sense 3 is used for generic statements like "men are often cruel"

 In "tests with often disappointing results", this is somewhat generic - it's characterizing the tests as having the property of producing disappointing results in many cases.

 I think Sense 3 is correct.

 But I want to double-check by looking at similar examples. If I say "a machine with often broken parts", does that mean:
 - Sense 1: the parts break frequently over time?
 - Sense 3: in many cases, the parts are broken?

 Actually, "often disappointing results" means that the results are disappointing on many occasions. This is temporal - each time the test is given, the results tend to be disappointing.

 However, WordNet sense 3 "in many cases or instances" captures this "on many occasions" meaning better than sense 1 "many times at short intervals". The "short intervals" part of sense 1 suggests rapid succession, which isn't necessarily implied here. Sense 3 is more neutral about the temporal distribution and just says "in many cases".

 Therefore, Sense 3 is the best fit.

 Final check: The sentence is criticizing progressive education for minimizing tests that have disappointing results. The tests are described as having "often disappointing results" - meaning that frequently, when these tests are administered, the results disappoint. This is about the proportion of test administrations that result in disappointment, which aligns with "in many cases or instances".

 Answer: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing <t>results</t>. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "results" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

The target word "results" appears in the phrase: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing <t>results</t>."

Looking at the context:
- It's talking about tests (educational tests/exams)
- The results are described as "often disappointing"
- Teachers want to minimize these tests because of the disappointing results
- This is within a discussion about education, testing, and progressive education vs disciplined instruction

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=result%1:19:00::
   - definition: a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon
   - synonyms: consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot
   - examples: the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business

2. sense_key=result%1:10:00::
   - definition: a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem
   - synonyms: solution, answer, resolution, solvent
   - examples: they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book

3. sense_key=result%1:11:00::
   - definition: something that results
   - synonyms: resultant, final result, outcome, termination
   - examples: he listened for the results on the radio

4. sense_key=result%1:10:01::
   - definition: the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause
   - synonyms: resultant role

Analyzing the usage in context:
- "tests with often disappointing results" - this refers to the outcomes or scores of the tests
- It's talking about the outcome/consequence of taking the test
- The results here are the test scores or outcomes

Comparing senses:
- Sense 1 (1:19:00) seems to be about phenomena/consequences that follow from causes. This could fit, as test results are consequences of taking the test.
- Sense 3 (1:11:00) is "something that results" - this seems very general. The example "he listened for the results on the radio" suggests things like election results, test results, etc.

Wait, let me look more carefully at the WordNet sense distinctions. In WordNet:
- Sense 1 (noun.artifact? No, 1:19 is noun.phenomenon I think) - "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" - this is the general "consequence/effect" sense.
- Sense 3 (1:11) - "something that results" - this might be more specific to the end product.

Actually, looking at the sense keys:
- result%1:19:00:: - This is under noun.phenomenon (19)
- result%1:11:00:: - This is under noun.artifact? No, 1:11 is noun.communication? Wait, let me think about WordNet lexicographer file numbers:
  - 19 is noun.phenomenon
  - 10 is noun.communication
  - 11 is noun.artifact? No, I need to recall:
  - noun.communication is 10
  - noun.phenomenon is 19
  - noun.artifact is... actually I should look at the definitions given.

The context is about test results - the scores or outcomes of tests. When we say "test results", we usually mean the scores or the recorded outcomes of the tests.

Sense 3 has the example: "he listened for the results on the radio" - this sounds like election results or sports results - the outcome of some event that is reported.

Sense 1 has examples about magnetic effects and decisions having consequences.

In the context: "minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results" - the results here are the outcomes/scores of the tests. This aligns with sense 3 "something that results" - the final outcome of the test.

But sense 1 could also work as "consequence, effect, outcome".

However, looking at the example for sense 3: "he listened for the results on the radio" - this is exactly the kind of "results" we get from tests, elections, etc. - the reported outcome.

Sense 1 seems more general for causal effects in science or general causation.

Also, looking at the synonyms:
- Sense 1: consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot
- Sense 3: resultant, final result, outcome, termination

"Test results" are typically sense 3 in WordNet. Let me verify my intuition.

In WordNet:
- result%1:11:00:: is usually the one used for "the result of the election", "test results", etc.
- result%1:19:00:: is for "the result of heating the metal was that it expanded" - more about causal phenomena.

The phrase "disappointing results" referring to test scores fits best with sense 3 - the outcome/termination of the testing process.

Wait, looking at the definition for sense 3 again: "something that results" - this is very vague. But the example "he listened for the results on the radio" suggests broadcasted outcomes like election results.

Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" - this is very broad and could cover almost anything.

But in WSD tasks, "test results" usually maps to sense 3 (the end product/outcome) rather than sense 1 (the causal phenomenon).

Actually, looking carefully at WordNet:
- result%1:11:00:: - This is "result, resultant, final result, outcome, termination" - the thing that results.
- result%1:19:00:: - This is "consequence, effect, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot" - the phenomenon that follows.

The distinction is subtle. But in context:
- "tests with often disappointing results" - here results are the scores or the recorded outcomes of the tests.
- This is similar to "election results" or "sports results" which would be sense 3.

Also, the phrase "minimize those irksome tests" suggests teachers don't like administering tests because they produce disappointing results (low scores), which might reflect poorly on their teaching or make students feel bad.

Between sense 1 and sense 3:
- Sense 3 seems more appropriate for concrete outcomes of competitions, tests, elections.
- Sense 1 is more for abstract causal consequences.

The example "he listened for the results on the radio" (sense 3) is very similar to getting test results.

Therefore, I choose sense 3.

Wait, let me double-check sense 2 and 4 to make sure I'm not missing something.
- Sense 2 is clearly about solutions/answers to problems - "the answer was in the back of the book". Not test results.
- Sense 4 is a semantic role (linguistic term) - clearly not applicable here.

So it's between 1 and 3.

In many WSD datasets, "result" when referring to the outcome of an exam, test, election, or process is sense 3 (noun.artifact? No, noun.communication? Actually, let me think about the lexicographer file numbers again).

Actually, looking up WordNet 3.0 or similar:
- result%1:11:00:: is in noun.artifact? No.
- The second number is the lexicographer file number.
- 11 is noun.artifact? No, 11 is actually noun.communication I think? No:
  - 10 is noun.communication
  - 11 is... actually I don't need to know the exact file, just the definition.

Sense 3: "something that results" - definition is circular but synonyms include "final result, outcome, termination"
Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon"

In the context, "disappointing results" of tests are the scores. These are the final outcomes of the testing process. This fits sense 3 better than sense 1, which is more about causal phenomena.

Also, the collocation "test results" is very common and typically corresponds to sense 3.

I will go with sense 3.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: provide
Target surface form: provides
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also <t>provides</t> teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=provide%2:40:00:: | definition=give something useful or necessary to | synonyms=supply, render, furnish | examples=We provided the room with an electrical heater
2. sense_key=provide%2:34:00:: | definition=give what is desired or needed, especially support, food or sustenance | synonyms=supply, ply, cater | examples=The hostess provided lunch for all the guests
3. sense_key=provide%2:32:00:: | definition=determine (what is to happen in certain contingencies), especially by including a proviso condition or stipulation | examples=The will provides that each child should receive half of the money; The Constitution provides for the right to free speech
4. sense_key=provide%2:41:00:: | definition=mount or put up | synonyms=put up, offer | examples=put up a good fight; offer resistance
5. sense_key=provide%2:42:00:: | definition=make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain | synonyms=leave, allow for, allow | examples=This leaves no room for improvement; The evidence allows only one conclusion
6. sense_key=provide%2:40:08:: | definition=supply means of subsistence; earn a living | synonyms=bring home the bacon | examples=He provides for his large family by working three jobs; Women nowadays not only take care of the household but also bring home the bacon
7. sense_key=provide%2:30:05:: | definition=take measures in preparation for | examples=provide for the proper care of the passengers on the cruise ship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the lemma "provide" in the specific context where the surface form is "provides".

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."

 The key structure here is "provides X with Y" where:
 - X = "teachers"
 - Y = "a superior self-definition as a 'profession'"

 This is the classic "provide someone with something" or "provide something to someone" construction.

 Let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=provide%2:40:00:: | definition=give something useful or necessary to | synonyms=supply, render, furnish | examples=We provided the room with an electrical heater
    - This matches the structure "provide [someone] with [something]"
    - The example: "We provided the room with an electrical heater" follows the same pattern (provide X with Y)
    - In the context: It provides teachers with a superior self-definition...
    - This seems like a strong candidate. The self-definition is being given/supplied to the teachers.

 2. sense_key=provide%2:34:00:: | definition=give what is desired or needed, especially support, food or sustenance | synonyms=supply, ply, cater | examples=The hostess provided lunch for all the guests
    - This is more about sustenance/food/support specifically.
    - While "self-definition" could metaphorically be support, sense 1 is more general and fits better for abstract things like "self-definition".
    - The example here is "provided lunch for" - different structure (provide for), though WordNet examples don't always capture all subcategorizations.

 3. sense_key=provide%2:32:00:: | definition=determine (what is to happen in certain contingencies), especially by including a proviso condition or stipulation | examples=The will provides that...
    - This is the legal/stipulative sense. Doesn't fit here. No proviso or condition is being stipulated.

 4. sense_key=provide%2:41:00:: | definition=mount or put up | synonyms=put up, offer | examples=put up a good fight; offer resistance
    - This is about mounting/resisting. Clearly wrong.

 5. sense_key=provide%2:42:00:: | definition=make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain | synonyms=leave, allow for, allow | examples=This leaves no room for improvement
    - This is similar to "allow" or "leave".
    - Structure would be different, like "provides for" or "provides opportunity".
    - Here we have "provides teachers with..." which doesn't fit this sense.

 6. sense_key=provide%2:40:08:: | definition=supply means of subsistence; earn a living | synonyms=bring home the bacon | examples=He provides for his large family...
    - This is specifically about financial support/livelihood.
    - Also uses "provide for" not "provide with".
    - Doesn't fit abstract "self-definition".

 7. sense_key=provide%2:30:05:: | definition=take measures in preparation for | examples=provide for the proper care...
    - This is "provide for" in the sense of preparing/contingency planning.
    - Not the right sense.

 So the choice is between sense 1 and possibly sense 2.

 Sense 1: "give something useful or necessary to" - general transfer of possession/provision.
 Sense 2: "give what is desired or needed, especially support, food or sustenance" - specific to sustenance.

 The context gives teachers a "superior self-definition". This is an abstract benefit, not food/sustenance. It fits the general sense of giving/supplying something (an identity/definition) to someone.

 The structure "provide X with Y" is the classic pattern for sense 1, as evidenced by the example "We provided the room with an electrical heater".

 Therefore, sense 1 (provide%2:40:00::) is the correct choice.

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user asks for the "sense_index". Looking at the list:
 1. sense_key=provide%2:40:00::
 2. sense_key=provide%2:34:00::
 3. sense_key=provide%2:32:00::
 4. sense_key=provide%2:41:00::
 5. sense_key=provide%2:42:00::
 6. sense_key=provide%2:40:08::
 7. sense_key=provide%2:30:05::

 So the index is 1.

 Double-checking:
 - The gloss for sense 1 is "give something useful or necessary to"
 - Synonyms: supply, render, furnish
 - Example: We provided the room with an electrical heater

 In the text: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition..."
 - "It" refers to "Progressive education" (or the approach described).
 - Progressive education gives/supplies teachers with a superior self-definition.
 - This matches perfectly with sense 1.

 Sense 2 is too specific (food/sustenance).
 Sense 6 is about earning a living (bring home the bacon).
 Other senses are clearly wrong.

 So the answer is index 1.

 The user wants JSON format: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides <t>teachers</t> with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "teachers" in the given context.

Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context: A paragraph about American education, progressive education, and how it relates to teachers as people who instruct vs. personified abstractions.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Let me analyze the context:
- The passage discusses "progressive education" being "far more interesting and agreeable to teachers"
- "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'"
- "minimize those irksome tests"
- "provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession'"
- "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy"
- "I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher."

Clearly, "teachers" here refers to human beings whose occupation is teaching. They are contrasted with disciplined instruction, they take courses, they have a profession, and the author mentions potentially becoming a schoolteacher.

Sense 1 is the human occupation.
Sense 2 is the personified abstraction (like "experience is a teacher").

The context unambiguously points to sense 1 (teacher%1:18:00::).

The user wants only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 1}. Note that the index should correspond to the candidate sense number (1 or 2).

Wait, let me check the instructions again:
"Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

So I need to return {"sense_index": 1} since sense 1 is the correct one.

Let me double-check:
- "teachers" as people: yes, they find progressive education agreeable, think about personality development, minimize tests, have a profession, take courses.
- "teachers" as abstraction: no, abstractions don't take courses or have professions.

So the answer is sense_index 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: profession
Target surface form: profession
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "<t>profession</t>, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=profession%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of people in a learned occupation | examples=the news spread rapidly through the medical profession; they formed a community of scientists
2. sense_key=profession%1:04:00:: | definition=an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)
3. sense_key=profession%1:10:00:: | definition=an open avowal (true or false) of some belief or opinion | synonyms=professing | examples=a profession of disagreement
4. sense_key=profession%1:10:01:: | definition=affirmation of acceptance of some religion or faith | examples=a profession of Christianity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "profession" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses American education and teachers
 - It mentions that "progressive education" provides teachers with a "superior self-definition as a 'profession'"
 - The context explains that teachers think of themselves as a profession because they have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy
 - The author mentions taking such courses in college thinking they might become a schoolteacher

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=profession%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of people in a learned occupation | examples=the news spread rapidly through the medical profession; they formed a community of scientists
    - This refers to the collective body of people in an occupation (e.g., "the medical profession")
    - In the context, teachers are being discussed as a group, but the specific phrase is "superior self-definition as a 'profession'" - this seems to be about defining themselves as belonging to a learned occupation/group

 2. sense_key=profession%1:04:00:: | definition=an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)
    - This refers to the occupation itself (e.g., "teaching is a profession")
    - The context says "self-definition as a 'profession'" - this could mean defining themselves as being part of a profession (sense 1) or defining their work as a profession (sense 2)

 3. sense_key=profession%1:10:00:: | definition=an open avowal (true or false) of some belief or opinion | synonyms=professing | examples=a profession of disagreement
    - This is about declaring something publicly (like professing faith or an opinion)
    - Doesn't fit the context about teachers and their occupational status

 4. sense_key=profession%1:10:01:: | definition=affirmation of acceptance of some religion or faith | examples=a profession of Christianity
    - Religious context, clearly not applicable here

 Now between sense 1 and sense 2:

 Sense 1 (the body of people): "the medical profession" - refers to the collective group of doctors. If teachers define themselves as a "profession" in this sense, they are defining themselves as part of the collective body of teachers viewed as a learned occupation.

 Sense 2 (an occupation): "teaching is a profession" - refers to the occupation itself requiring special education.

 The specific phrase in the text is: "provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a '<t>profession</t>'"

 The word "profession" here is being used in the sense of a collective body or class of people doing learned work. The context suggests that by taking courses in educational psychology and philosophy, teachers can view themselves as part of "the profession" - i.e., the body of people in this learned occupation.

 However, looking closely at the phrasing "self-definition as a 'profession'", this could go either way. But sense 1 specifically mentions "the body of people in a learned occupation" and gives examples like "the medical profession" and "community of scientists."

 In the context, teachers are viewing themselves collectively as a profession - similar to how we say "the teaching profession" (referring to the body of teachers).

 But wait, sense 2 is "an occupation requiring special education". If teachers define themselves as "a profession", they are defining their occupation as being a profession.

 Let me look at the exact wording again: "superior self-definition as a '<t>profession</t>'"

 The indefinite article "a" suggests it might be sense 2 (an occupation), but the context is about teachers collectively. The phrase "the teaching profession" usually refers to the body of teachers (sense 1).

 Actually, looking at WordNet definitions more carefully:
 - Sense 1: "the body of people in a learned occupation" - this is the collective sense (the profession = the group)
 - Sense 2: "an occupation requiring special education" - this is the individual sense (a profession = a type of job)

 In the sentence: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession'"

 The context is that teachers can view themselves as belonging to a profession (a learned occupation) because they have special training (courses in educational psychology, etc.). This aligns with sense 1 - the body of people in a learned occupation. The teachers are defining themselves as part of this body.

 However, the indefinite article "a" before profession might suggest sense 2. But in the text, it's quoted: "as a 'profession'" - the quotes might indicate they are using the word in a specific way.

 Let me reconsider. If someone says "I am a member of a profession," they could mean:
 - I belong to the body of people in a learned occupation (sense 1)
 - I have an occupation requiring special education (sense 2)

 But the WordNet sense 1 is specifically "the body of people" - it's a collective noun referring to the group. Sense 2 is "an occupation" - referring to the type of work.

 In the context: "superior self-definition as a 'profession'"
 This is about how teachers see themselves. They see themselves as constituting a profession (a learned occupation collectively).

 The example for sense 1: "the news spread rapidly through the medical profession" - here "profession" refers to the community/group of doctors.

 The example for sense 2: This would be something like "She chose law as her profession."

 In our text, the teachers are defining themselves as "a profession" - meaning they view themselves collectively as forming a learned occupational group. This is sense 1.

 Wait, but there's ambiguity. Let me check if the text could mean they define themselves as having "a profession" (i.e., an occupation requiring special education).

 The text says: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession', since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."

 The "since" clause explains why they can define themselves as a profession - because they have specialized education. This fits both senses, but the key is whether "profession" here refers to the collective body or the occupation itself.

 Given that the text mentions "teachers" (plural) and talks about them having a collective self-definition, and given that the example for sense 1 mentions "the medical profession" (comparable to "the teaching profession"), I believe sense 1 is the correct choice.

 However, I should double-check. In common usage, when we say "teaching is a profession," we use sense 2. When we say "the teaching profession," we use sense 1.

 The phrase here is "as a 'profession'". The indefinite article suggests it might be sense 2. But the context is about the education establishment and teachers collectively.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet sense keys:
 - profession%1:14:00:: - this is the noun.group sense (group of people)
 - profession%1:04:00:: - this is the noun.act sense (occupation/act)

 The context is about self-definition - how teachers view themselves. They view themselves as being part of a learned occupation (the body of people).

 I think sense 1 is correct: "the body of people in a learned occupation"

 But let me reconsider sense 2. If the text said "teaching is a profession," that would clearly be sense 2. But it says teachers have a "self-definition as a 'profession'". This is slightly unusual phrasing. It means they define themselves as being a profession, or belonging to a profession.

 Actually, looking at the exact quote structure: "superior self-definition as a '<t>profession</t>'"

 This is likely referring to the concept of teaching being a profession (sense 2), but used in a way where teachers define themselves as being part of that profession.

 But wait, sense 1 examples: "the news spread rapidly through the medical profession; they formed a community of scientists"

 The context mentions "the education establishment" and teachers collectively. The "self-definition as a profession" likely means viewing themselves as constituting a profession - i.e., a body of people in a learned occupation.

 I think I'm overthinking this. Let me look for clues in the text about whether it's collective or individual.

 The text discusses "teachers" (plural) and "the education establishment". It says "it is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'". Then "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession'".

 The "it" refers to "progressive education". So progressive education provides teachers with this self-definition.

 If sense 1 (body of people): Progressive education allows teachers to view themselves as part of the body of people in a learned occupation (the teaching profession).

 If sense 2 (occupation): Progressive education allows teachers to view their work as an occupation requiring special education.

 Both seem plausible, but the mention of having "passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy" suggests they view themselves as having specialized training that qualifies them as a profession (learned occupation).

 In WordNet, sense 1 is specifically about the group: "the body of people". Sense 2 is about the occupation itself.

 Given the examples:
 - Sense 1: "the medical profession" (the doctors as a group)
 - Sense 2: would be used in "Law is a profession" or "She made it her profession"

 In the text, "as a 'profession'" with the indefinite article strongly suggests sense 2, not sense 1. We don't say "as a medical profession" (that would be "as the medical profession" or "as members of the medical profession").

 Wait, the text has quotes: "as a 'profession'". The quotes might indicate that the word is being used in a specific technical sense.

 But grammatically, "as a profession" usually means "as an occupation requiring special education" (sense 2).

 However, the context is about collective identity. Let me check if "profession" can be used with "a" for sense 1. We say "a profession" when referring to the occupation (sense 2). We say "the profession" when referring to the body of people (sense 1).

 Example: "He joined the profession" (sense 1 - the body of people).
 Example: "He chose a profession" (sense 2 - an occupation).

 In the text: "self-definition as a 'profession'"

 This uses "a", not "the". This strongly suggests sense 2.

 But let me check if there's any interpretation where sense 1 works with "a". Could "a profession" refer to a specific instance of a body of people? Like "a profession of doctors"? That's not standard usage. We say "the medical profession", not "a medical profession" (unless referring to one profession among many types).

 Actually, we can say "Teaching is a profession" - here "profession" is a predicate nominative describing what teaching is. This is sense 2.

 In the text, "self-definition as a profession" means defining oneself as being a profession, or belonging to the category of professions.

 I think sense 2 is the correct answer.

 Wait, but let me look at the definition of sense 1 again: "the body of people in a learned occupation"

 And sense 2: "an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)"

 The context emphasizes that teachers have passed courses in educational psychology and philosophy. This qualifies them as having special education. This supports the idea that they view their occupation as "a profession" (sense 2).

 Also, the contrast is between "disciplined instruction" and "progressive education". Progressive education makes teaching seem more like a profession (a learned occupation) because it involves psychology and philosophy.

 Therefore, sense 2 seems correct.

 But I'm still uncertain because of the collective aspect. Let me see if there's any other clue.

 The text mentions "the education establishment" and "teachers" collectively. If they define themselves as "a profession", they are defining their collective occupation as being a profession.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet hierarchy:
 - Sense 1 (1:14:00) is under noun.group (group of people)
 - Sense 2 (1:04:00) is under noun.act (act or occupation)

 The context is about self-identity and occupational status.

 I think the best answer is sense 2: "an occupation requiring special education"

 But I want to double-check sense 1. Could "self-definition as a profession" mean defining themselves as the body of people? Like "we are a profession"? Yes, that's possible. "We are a profession" means "we constitute a body of people in a learned occupation."

 However, the indefinite article "a" before profession in the phrase "as a 'profession'" is the key. If it were "as the profession", it would clearly be sense 1. With "a", it's more likely sense 2.

 But wait, the text has quotes around "profession". This might indicate that the author is using the word in a specific way, possibly ironically or referring to the concept of being a profession.

 Let me reconsider the possibility that it's sense 1. The example for sense 1 is "the news spread rapidly through the medical profession". This refers to the community of doctors.

 In the text, if teachers have a "superior self-definition as a profession", it could mean they view themselves as forming a community similar to the medical profession or legal profession.

 The phrase "superior self-definition" suggests they view themselves as being higher status, which comes from viewing themselves as a "profession" (learned occupation) rather than just workers.

 Given the examples and the typical usage in educational discourse, where "the teaching profession" is a common phrase referring to the collective body of teachers, and given that the text discusses "the education establishment" (a collective entity), I think sense 1 is actually the intended meaning.

 But the indefinite article "a" is problematic for sense 1.

 Let me check if WordNet sense 1 can be used with "a". The definition is "the body of people". "The" is definite. Can we say "a body of people"? Yes. "A profession of doctors" - is that grammatical? It's unusual. We usually say "the medical profession".

 However, in the phrase "self-definition as a profession", the word "profession" is being used as a predicate nominative or object of a preposition, indicating the category or status they are defining themselves as having.

 If I say "I define myself as a professional", that's different from "I define myself as a profession".

 "Self-definition as a profession" is an unusual phrase. It means defining oneself as being a profession. This only makes sense if "profession" refers to the collective body. An individual cannot be "a profession" in the sense of an occupation (sense 2). An individual has an occupation, but is not an occupation.

 Wait, that's a crucial point. An individual teacher cannot define themselves as "an occupation requiring special education". They can define themselves as having such an occupation, or being part of such an occupation, but not as being the occupation itself.

 However, an individual can define themselves as being part of "a profession" (meaning a collective body). But we usually say "the profession" for that.

 Actually, looking at the text again: "provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession'"

 "Teachers" is plural. So collectively, they define themselves as a profession. This makes sense for sense 1: they define themselves as constituting a body of people in a learned occupation.

 It also makes sense for sense 2 if we interpret it as defining their work collectively as being a profession.

 But grammatically, "a profession" with plural subject "teachers" suggests that they collectively form a profession (sense 1 - the body of people).

 For example: "The doctors formed a profession." Here "profession" refers to the organized body.

 Or: "Teachers define themselves as a profession." This means they view themselves as constituting a learned occupational group.

 This aligns with sense 1.

 Given that the text contrasts this with "disciplined instruction" and mentions "personality development", the point is that progressive education makes teaching seem like a higher-status occupation (a profession) because it involves specialized knowledge (psychology, philosophy).

 But the specific phrasing "self-definition as a 'profession'" is tricky.

 Let me look for similar usages. If I search for "define themselves as a profession", what do I find?

 In academic contexts: "Teachers define themselves as a profession" usually means they view themselves as a professional group (sense 1).

 Given the WordNet examples:
 - Sense 1: "the medical profession" (the group)
 - Sense 2: (no example given, but would be like "Law is a profession")

 The context mentions "the education establishment" and discusses the collective behavior of teachers. The "self-definition" is collective.

 Therefore, I conclude that sense 1 is the correct answer.

 Wait, I need to be careful. The user instructions say "Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense."

 Let me make a final decision.

 The key is that "profession" in the text refers to the status of being a learned occupation, and the teachers define themselves as belonging to this category. But WordNet distinguishes between the group (sense 1) and the occupation type (sense 2).

 In the phrase "as a 'profession'", the indefinite article suggests a type or category, which favors sense 2. But the plural subject "teachers" and the context of collective identity favors sense 1.

 However, consider: "Teaching is a profession." This is sense 2.
 "Teachers are a profession." This is sense 1 (the body of people).

 The text says "provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession'". This is closer to "Teachers are a profession" (sense 1) than to "Teaching is a profession" (sense 2), because it's about the teachers' self-definition, not the definition of the activity.

 Actually, it's ambiguous. But given that sense 1 is "the body of people", and teachers are people defining themselves as that body, I think sense 1 is correct.

 Final check: The definition of sense 1 is "the body of people in a learned occupation". The teachers are defining themselves as exactly that - a body of people in a learned occupation (teaching).

 The definition of sense 2 is "an occupation requiring special education". While teaching is that, the text is about how teachers define themselves, not how the occupation is defined.

 Therefore, sense 1.

 But I'm only 60% confident. Let me reconsider if there's any way it could be sense 2.

 If the text said "self-definition as professionals", that would be clear (sense 1 or related). But it says "as a 'profession'".

 Another thought: In some contexts, "profession" can mean "professional status". "They gained the status of a profession." This is closer to sense 2 (the occupation being recognized as a profession).

 But WordNet sense 2 is specifically "an occupation requiring special education", not the status of being such an occupation.

 Given the instruction to not hedge and choose the single best sense, and given that the text discusses the collective "education establishment" and "teachers", and mentions courses that qualify them as learned, I will go with sense 1.

 Actually, looking at the sense keys:
 1. profession%1:14:00::
 2. profession%1:04:00::

 The numbers 14 and 04 refer to the lexicographer file numbers in WordNet. 14 is noun.group, 04 is noun.act.

 Given the context is about a group of people (teachers) defining themselves collectively, noun.group (sense 1) seems appropriate.

 Final decision: sense_index: 1

 Wait, I want to check one more thing. The example for sense 1: "they formed a community of scientists". This is similar to the context where teachers define themselves as a profession (a community/group).

 Yes, this confirms sense 1. The example shows "profession" being used to refer to a community or group of people with a learned occupation.

 In the text, teachers define themselves as such a group.

 Therefore, the answer is sense 1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pass
Target surface form: passed
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have <t>passed</t> courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pass%2:38:00:: | definition=go across or through | synonyms=go through, go across | examples=We passed the point where the police car had parked; A terrible thought went through his mind
2. sense_key=pass%2:38:05:: | definition=move past | synonyms=travel by, pass by, surpass, go past, go by | examples=A black limousine passed by when she looked out the window; He passed his professor in the hall
3. sense_key=pass%2:41:02:: | definition=make laws, bills, etc. or bring into effect by legislation | synonyms=legislate | examples=They passed the amendment; We cannot legislate how people spend their free time
4. sense_key=pass%2:38:03:: | definition=pass by | synonyms=elapse, lapse, slip by, glide by, slip away, go by | examples=three years elapsed
5. sense_key=pass%2:40:00:: | definition=place into the hands or custody of | synonyms=hand, reach, pass on, turn over, give | examples=hand me the spoon, please; Turn the files over to me, please
6. sense_key=pass%2:42:08:: | definition=stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point | synonyms=run, go, lead, extend | examples=Service runs all the way to Cranbury; His knowledge doesn't go very far
7. sense_key=pass%2:38:01:: | definition=travel past | synonyms=overtake, overhaul | examples=The sports car passed all the trucks
8. sense_key=pass%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, occur, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
9. sense_key=pass%2:41:04:: | definition=go unchallenged; be approved | synonyms=clear | examples=The bill cleared the House
10. sense_key=pass%2:42:00:: | definition=pass time in a specific way | synonyms=spend | examples=how are you spending your summer vacation?
11. sense_key=pass%2:35:00:: | definition=pass over, across, or through | synonyms=guide, run, draw | examples=He ran his eyes over her body; She ran her fingers along the carved figurine
12. sense_key=pass%2:32:01:: | definition=transmit information | synonyms=communicate, pass on, pass along, put across | examples=Please communicate this message to all employees; pass along the good news
13. sense_key=pass%2:30:01:: | definition=disappear gradually | synonyms=evanesce, fade, blow over, pass off, fleet | examples=The pain eventually passed off
14. sense_key=pass%2:41:08:: | definition=go successfully through a test or a selection process | synonyms=make it | examples=She passed the new Jersey Bar Exam and can practice law now
15. sense_key=pass%2:42:04:: | definition=be superior or better than some standard | synonyms=exceed, transcend, overstep, go past, top | examples=She exceeded our expectations; She topped her performance of last year
16. sense_key=pass%2:41:07:: | definition=accept or judge as acceptable | examples=The teacher passed the student although he was weak
17. sense_key=pass%2:41:11:: | definition=allow to go without comment or censure | examples=the insult passed as if unnoticed
18. sense_key=pass%2:40:02:: | definition=transfer to another; of rights or property | examples=Our house passed under his official control
19. sense_key=pass%2:38:02:: | definition=pass into a specified state or condition | synonyms=sink, lapse | examples=He sank into nirvana
20. sense_key=pass%2:40:01:: | definition=throw (a ball) to another player | examples=Smith passed
21. sense_key=pass%2:40:13:: | definition=be inherited by | synonyms=fall, return, devolve | examples=The estate fell to my sister; The land returned to the family
22. sense_key=pass%2:38:04:: | definition=cause to pass | synonyms=make pass | examples=She passed around the plates
23. sense_key=pass%2:32:00:: | definition=grant authorization or clearance for | synonyms=authorize, authorise, clear | examples=Clear the manuscript for publication; The rock star never authorized this slanderous biography
24. sense_key=pass%2:30:11:: | definition=pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life | synonyms=die, decease, perish, go, exit, pass away | examples=She died from cancer; The children perished in the fire
25. sense_key=pass%2:29:00:: | definition=eliminate from the body | synonyms=excrete, egest, eliminate | examples=Pass a kidney stone

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "passed" in the given context.

Context analysis:
The sentence is: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have <t>passed</t> courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."

The context is about teachers having completed or successfully gone through courses in educational psychology and philosophy. This relates to academic success or completion of a course/test.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. pass%2:38:00:: - go across or through (physical movement) - doesn't fit courses
2. pass%2:38:05:: - move past - doesn't fit
3. pass%2:41:02:: - make laws - doesn't fit
4. pass%2:38:03:: - pass by (time) - doesn't fit
5. pass%2:40:00:: - place into hands - doesn't fit
6. pass%2:42:08:: - stretch out over - doesn't fit
7. pass%2:38:01:: - travel past (overtake) - doesn't fit
8. pass%2:30:00:: - come to pass (happen) - doesn't fit
9. pass%2:41:04:: - go unchallenged; be approved - could relate to bills, but not quite courses
10. pass%2:42:00:: - pass time - doesn't fit
11. pass%2:35:00:: - pass over/across/through (physical) - doesn't fit
12. pass%2:32:01:: - transmit information - doesn't fit
13. pass%2:30:01:: - disappear gradually - doesn't fit
14. pass%2:41:08:: - go successfully through a test or a selection process - This fits! "She passed the new Jersey Bar Exam" is the example. Courses are similar to exams in this context - successfully completing them.
15. pass%2:42:04:: - be superior or better - doesn't fit
16. pass%2:41:07:: - accept or judge as acceptable - this is about the teacher passing a student, not the student passing a course
17. pass%2:41:11:: - allow to go without comment - doesn't fit
18. pass%2:40:02:: - transfer rights - doesn't fit
19. pass%2:38:02:: - pass into a state - doesn't fit
20. pass%2:40:01:: - throw a ball - doesn't fit
21. sense_key=pass%2:40:13:: - be inherited - doesn't fit
22. sense_key=pass%2:38:04:: - cause to pass - doesn't fit
23. sense_key=pass%2:32:00:: - grant authorization - doesn't fit
24. sense_key=pass%2:30:11:: - die - doesn't fit
25. sense_key=pass%2:29:00:: - eliminate from body - doesn't fit

Sense 14 (pass%2:41:08::) is the best fit: "go successfully through a test or a selection process" with example "She passed the new Jersey Bar Exam".

In the context, teachers "passed courses" which means they successfully completed them, similar to passing an exam. This is the academic sense of passing.

Sense 16 is about the teacher passing a student, which is different (it's the teacher doing the passing of someone else, not the person passing the course).

So the answer should be sense_index 14.

Wait, I need to check the numbering. The user lists them 1-25. Sense 14 in the list corresponds to pass%2:41:08::.

Let me verify:
- Item 14 in the list: sense_key=pass%2:41:08:: | definition=go successfully through a test or a selection process | synonyms=make it | examples=She passed the new Jersey Bar Exam and can practice law now

Yes, that's the one.

The target is "passed courses" - successfully completing courses, which is analogous to passing an exam.

Therefore: {"sense_index": 14}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: course
Target surface form: courses
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed <t>courses</t> in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=course%1:04:01:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
2. sense_key=course%1:14:00:: | definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=line | examples=the government took a firm course; historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available
3. sense_key=course%1:15:00:: | definition=general line of orientation | synonyms=trend | examples=the river takes a southern course; the northeastern trend of the coast
4. sense_key=course%1:04:00:: | definition=a mode of action | synonyms=course of action | examples=if you persist in that course you will surely fail; once a nation is embarked on a course of action it becomes extremely difficult for any retraction to take place
5. sense_key=course%1:17:00:: | definition=a line or route along which something travels or moves | synonyms=path, track | examples=the hurricane demolished houses in its path; the track of an animal
6. sense_key=course%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, grade | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
7. sense_key=course%1:13:00:: | definition=part of a meal served at one time | examples=she prepared a three course meal
8. sense_key=course%1:06:01:: | definition=(construction) a layer of masonry | synonyms=row | examples=a course of bricks
9. sense_key=course%1:06:00:: | definition=facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport | examples=the course had only nine holes; the course was less than a mile

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "courses" in the given context.

 Target lemma: course
 Target surface form: courses
 Context: "...since they will have passed <t>courses</t> in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher."

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence mentions "passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy"
 - The author mentions taking "such courses in college"
 - This is clearly referring to academic classes or educational instruction
 - The context is about teacher training and education

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=course%1:04:01:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
    - This fits perfectly. The context is about taking classes in college (educational psychology and educational philosophy).
    - Examples include "he took a course in basket weaving" which matches "took such courses in college"
    - Synonyms include "class" and "course of study"

 2. sense_key=course%1:14:00:: | definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=line | examples=the government took a firm course; historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available
    - This refers to a sequence of events or a path of action, not academic classes.

 3. sense_key=course%1:15:00:: | definition=general line of orientation | synonyms=trend | examples=the river takes a southern course; the northeastern trend of the coast
    - This is about direction/orientation, like a river's course.

 4. sense_key=course%1:04:00:: | definition=a mode of action | synonyms=course of action | examples=if you persist in that course you will surely fail; once a nation is embarked on a course of action it becomes extremely difficult for any retraction to take place
    - This refers to a course of action, not academic study.

 5. sense_key=course%1:17:00:: | definition=a line or route along which something travels or moves | synonyms=path, track | examples=the hurricane demolished houses in its path; the track of an animal
    - Physical path or route.

 6. sense_key=course%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, grade | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
    - This refers to the group of students (the class as a collective), not the subject/lessons themselves. While related, the context emphasizes the content being studied ("educational psychology and educational philosophy") and passing them, which aligns better with sense 1.

 7. sense_key=course%1:13:00:: | definition=part of a meal served at one time | examples=she prepared a three course meal
    - Food-related, clearly not this context.

 8. sense_key=course%1:06:01:: | definition=(construction) a layer of masonry | synonyms=row | examples=a course of bricks
    - Construction term, not relevant.

 9. sense_key=course%1:06:00:: | definition=facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport | examples=the course had only nine holes; the course was less than a mile
    - Golf course or race course, not relevant.

 The best fit is clearly sense 1: "education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings" with synonyms "course of study, course of instruction, class".

 The context explicitly mentions:
 - "passed courses in educational psychology"
 - "took such courses in college"
 - These are academic classes/units of study

 Sense 6 is close (a body of students), but the context focuses on the educational content/instruction being passed/taken, not the group of students. The phrase "courses in educational psychology" refers to the subject matter/lessons, not the group of students.

 Therefore, the answer is sense index 1.

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=course%1:04:01::
 2. sense_key=course%1:14:00::
 3. sense_key=course%1:15:00::
 4. sense_key=course%1:04:00::
 5. sense_key=course%1:17:00::
 6. sense_key=course%1:14:01::
 7. sense_key=course%1:13:00::
 8. sense_key=course%1:06:01::
 9. sense_key=course%1:06:00::

 So I should return {"sense_index": 1}

 Let me double-check sense 6 vs sense 1:
 - Sense 6: "a body of students who are taught together" - this is the group (the class of students)
 - Sense 1: "education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings" - this is the instructional content/series of lessons

 The text says "passed courses in educational psychology" - you pass a course (the class/subject), not a body of students. You take a course (the subject). So sense 1 is correct.

 Also, the examples for sense 1 include "he took a course in basket weaving" which directly parallels "took such courses in college" in the text.

 So the answer is definitely sense index 1.

provider: Phala