[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched <t>only</t> by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "only" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched <t>only</t> by their good opinion of themselves."

 The sentence is saying that the ignorance and intellectual incompetence of these young people is matched by nothing else except/but their good opinion of themselves. In other words, the only thing that matches their ignorance is their self-esteem.

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
 - This sense suggests "merely" or "simply" - used to indicate that something is limited to what is stated.
 - "matched only by" = "matched merely by" or "matched simply by" or "matched and nothing more by" - this seems to fit. It emphasizes that nothing else matches it except their good opinion.

 2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
 - This suggests exclusivity. "matched exclusively by" - this could also fit, but "only" here is functioning as a focus particle limiting the scope of what matches.

 3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
 - This is the "adversative" sense, indicating an unfortunate consequence. Not applicable here.

 4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
 - This suggests an inevitable result. Not applicable.

 5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
 - This is a conjunction use. Not applicable here as "only" is modifying the prepositional phrase "by their good opinion".

 6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
 - Conditional sense. Not applicable.

 7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago
 - Temporal sense. Not applicable.

 So it's between sense 1 and sense 2.

 Sense 1 (only%4:02:02::): "and nothing more" - synonyms: merely, simply, just, but
 Sense 2 (only%4:02:01::): "without any others being included or involved" - synonyms: entirely, exclusively, solely, alone

 In the phrase "is matched only by", the word "only" is restricting what can match it. It's saying that their ignorance is matched by nothing else except their good opinion.

 "Matched only by" is a common construction where "only" means "solely" or "exclusively" or "and nothing else".

 Let me look at the examples for sense 1: "I was merely asking" - this is about the restriction of the action.
 For sense 2: "was entirely to blame" - this is about exclusivity of blame.

 Actually, looking carefully at the structure:
 "ignorance ... is matched only by their good opinion"

 This is similar to saying "The beauty of the landscape was matched only by the warmth of the people" - meaning nothing else could match it except that one thing.

 In WordNet, sense 2 (only%4:02:01::) is defined as "without any others being included or involved" with synonyms "entirely, exclusively, solely, alone".

 But wait, let me check the WordNet definitions more carefully. The user provided:
 1. and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but
 2. without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone

 In standard WordNet, "only" as an adverb:
 - Sense 1: "and nothing more" - "I was merely asking"
 - Sense 2: "without any others being included or involved" - "was entirely to blame"

 The phrase "matched only by" typically uses "only" in the sense of "solely" or "exclusively" - which would be sense 2.

 However, "and nothing more" (sense 1) could also work: "matched and nothing more by..."

 But looking at the examples:
 For sense 2: "a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children" - this shows exclusivity.
 For sense 1: "it is simply a matter of time" - this shows limitation/restriction.

 Actually, "matched only by" is a set phrase where "only" means "solely" - i.e., sense 2.

 But let me reconsider. The phrase "matched only by X" means that X is the sole/only thing that matches. This is clearly the exclusive sense.

 However, looking at the synonyms for sense 1: "but" - "matched but by" doesn't work.
 Synonyms for sense 2: "alone" - "matched alone by" doesn't work either, but "solely" - "matched solely by" works, "exclusively" - "matched exclusively by" works.

 Wait, "matched only by" can be paraphrased as "matched solely by" or "matched exclusively by" - this points to sense 2.

 But I need to be careful. Let me look at actual WordNet entries to verify (from my training data).

 In WordNet 3.0/3.1:
 only%4:02:02:: - "and nothing more"; "I was merely asking"; "it is simply a matter of time"
 only%4:02:01:: - "without any others being included or involved"; "was entirely to blame"; "a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children"

 The phrase "matched only by" is restricting the comparator to a single item. This is exclusivity.

 However, looking at the context again: "whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves"

 This means: Their ignorance is matched by nothing else except their good opinion. Or: Their ignorance is matched solely by their good opinion.

 This aligns with sense 2: "without any others being included or involved"

 But I should also consider if it could be sense 1. "and nothing more" suggests "merely". "Their ignorance is matched merely by their good opinion" - this changes the meaning slightly. It suggests that their good opinion is insignificant, whereas "exclusively" suggests it's the only counterpart.

 Actually, "matched only by" is an idiom meaning "equaled by no other thing except". This is definitely the exclusive sense (sense 2).

 For example: "His skill is matched only by his humility" = His skill is matched exclusively by his humility (and by nothing else).

 So I should choose sense 2 (index 2).

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=only%4:02:02::
 2. sense_key=only%4:02:01::
 3. sense_key=only%4:02:00::
 4. sense_key=only%4:02:04::
 5. sense_key=only%4:02:06::
 6. sense_key=only%4:02:03::
 7. sense_key=only%4:02:05::

 So sense 2 in the list corresponds to only%4:02:01:: (without any others being included or involved).

 But let me double-check if there's any chance it could be sense 1.
 Sense 1: "and nothing more" - this is often used for "merely", "simply".
 Example: "He only laughed" = He merely laughed.
 "It is only a cat" = It is merely a cat.

 In "matched only by", we can't substitute "merely": "matched merely by" - this is grammatical but has a different nuance. "Merely" suggests "just/only" in the sense of "no more than", while the context here requires "exclusively".

 Actually, "matched merely by" would imply that the matching is minimal or insufficient, whereas "matched only by" in this context means "matched by nothing else except".

 Therefore, sense 2 is correct.

 One more check: Could it be sense 5 (except that)? No, that's conjunctive.
 Could it be sense 6 (only if)? No.

 So the answer should be sense_index: 2.

 Wait, I need to make sure about the indexing format. The user wants:
 {"sense_index": 3} where 3 is the position in the list (1-indexed).

 So for sense_key=only%4:02:01::, which is the second one in the list, I should return {"sense_index": 2}.

 Let me confirm the sense once more with the gloss "without any others being included or involved".
 "Their ignorance... is matched [without any others being included or involved] by their good opinion..."
 This fits perfectly. Their ignorance is matched by their good opinion, and no other thing is included or involved in that matching.

 Yes, sense 2 is correct.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: good
Target surface form: good
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their <t>good</t> opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=good%3:00:01:: | definition=having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified | examples=good news from the hospital; a good report card
2. sense_key=good%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=full | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
3. sense_key=good%3:00:02:: | definition=morally admirable
4. sense_key=good%5:00:00:reputable:00 | definition=deserving of esteem and respect | synonyms=estimable, honorable, respectable | examples=all respectable companies give guarantees; ruined the family's good name
5. sense_key=good%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=promoting or enhancing well-being | synonyms=beneficial | examples=an arms limitation agreement beneficial to all countries; the beneficial effects of a temperate climate
6. sense_key=good%5:00:00:nice:00 | definition=agreeable or pleasing | examples=we all had a good time; good manners
7. sense_key=good%5:00:00:righteous:00 | definition=of moral excellence | synonyms=just, upright | examples=a genuinely good person; a just cause
8. sense_key=good%5:00:00:skilled:00 | definition=having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude | synonyms=adept, expert, practiced, proficient, skillful, skilful | examples=adept in handicrafts; an adept juggler
9. sense_key=good%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=thorough | examples=had a good workout; gave the house a good cleaning
10. sense_key=good%5:00:00:close:02 | definition=with or in a close or intimate relationship | synonyms=dear, near | examples=a good friend; my sisters and brothers are near and dear
11. sense_key=good%5:00:01:sound:00 | definition=financially sound | synonyms=dependable, safe, secure | examples=a good investment; a secure investment
12. sense_key=good%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=right, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
13. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
14. sense_key=good%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=effective, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
15. sense_key=good%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=capable of pleasing | examples=good looks
16. sense_key=good%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=serious | examples=good music; a serious book
17. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=in excellent physical condition | synonyms=sound | examples=good teeth; I still have one good leg
18. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthful:00 | definition=tending to promote physical well-being; beneficial to health | synonyms=salutary | examples=beneficial effects of a balanced diet; a good night's sleep
19. sense_key=good%5:00:00:genuine:00 | definition=not forged | synonyms=honest | examples=a good dollar bill
20. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=not left to spoil | synonyms=undecomposed, unspoiled, unspoilt | examples=the meat is still good
21. sense_key=good%5:00:00:discriminating:00 | definition=generally admired | examples=good taste

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "good" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their <t>good</t> opinion of themselves."

 The phrase is "good opinion of themselves". This is describing how these young people view themselves - they have a high opinion of themselves despite their ignorance and incompetence.

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=good%3:00:01:: | definition=having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified
    - This is a very general sense. "Good opinion" could fit here, but let's check others.

 2. sense_key=good%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=full
    - "Good measure" - not relevant here.

 3. sense_key=good%3:00:02:: | definition=morally admirable
    - Not quite right for "opinion".

 4. sense_key=good%5:00:00:reputable:00 | definition=deserving of esteem and respect | synonyms=estimable, honorable, respectable
    - "Good name" - not quite "good opinion".

 5. sense_key=good%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=promoting or enhancing well-being
    - Not relevant.

 6. sense_key=good%5:00:00:nice:00 | definition=agreeable or pleasing
    - "Good time" - not quite right.

 7. sense_key=good%5:00:00:righteous:00 | definition=of moral excellence
    - Not relevant.

 8. sense_key=good%5:00:00:skilled:00 | definition=having or showing knowledge and skill
    - Not relevant.

 9. sense_key=good%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=thorough
    - "Good workout" - not relevant.

 10. sense_key=good%5:00:00:close:02 | definition=with or in a close or intimate relationship
    - "Good friend" - not relevant.

 11. sense_key=good%5:00:00:sound:00 | definition=financially sound
    - "Good investment" - not relevant.

 12. sense_key=good%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose
    - "Good time to plant" - not relevant.

 13. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably
    - "Good thing" - not quite.

 14. sense_key=good%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence
    - "Good for two years" - not relevant.

 15. sense_key=good%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=capable of pleasing
    - "Good looks" - not relevant.

 16. sense_key=good%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind
    - "Good music" - not relevant.

 17. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=in excellent physical condition
    - "Good teeth" - not relevant.

 18. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthful:00 | definition=tending to promote physical well-being
    - "Good night's sleep" - not relevant.

 19. sense_key=good%5:00:00:genuine:00 | definition=not forged
    - "Good dollar bill" - not relevant.

 20. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=not left to spoil
    - "Meat is still good" - not relevant.

 21. sense_key=good%5:00:00:discriminating:00 | definition=generally admired
    - "Good taste" - not relevant.

 Wait, I need to look more carefully. The phrase "good opinion of themselves" means they think highly of themselves. In WordNet, "good" can mean "favorable" or "positive" in the sense of having desirable qualities.

 But looking at the list, sense 1 seems to be the most general: "having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified".

 However, I should check if there's a sense related to "high" or "favorable" opinion. The phrase "good opinion" is an idiom meaning "favorable view" or "high regard".

 Actually, looking at sense 4: "deserving of esteem and respect" - this is about the noun being described as good (estimable), not about having a good opinion.

 Let me reconsider. "Good opinion" here means a favorable or positive opinion. The word "good" is modifying "opinion", describing the quality of the opinion as being positive/favorable.

 Sense 1: "having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified" - this could work. A "good opinion" would be an opinion with positive qualities (i.e., favorable).

 But wait, is there a sense that specifically covers "favorable" or "positive" in the context of abstract things like opinions?

 Looking at the examples for sense 1: "good news from the hospital; a good report card" - these are things that are positive/desirable.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet structure, sense 1 (good%3:00:01::) is typically the first adjective sense and is very broad.

 But let me look at sense 21: "generally admired" - "good taste". Not quite.

 Is there a sense I'm missing? The list seems to be specific satellite senses (indicated by %5:00:00:...) and the main sense (indicated by %3:00:01:: and %3:00:02::).

 Sense 1 is the main sense: "having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified".

 In the context "good opinion of themselves", "good" means favorable or positive. This aligns with sense 1.

 However, I should check if "good opinion" is a collocation that might map to a specific sense. In WordNet, "good" + "opinion" might be related to sense 4 (estimable), but that's when "good" describes something that is estimable, not when it describes the opinion itself.

 Actually, looking at the phrase "good opinion", it means "favorable view". The opinion itself is characterized as good (positive).

 Sense 1 seems to be the correct choice: "having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified".

 But let me double-check if there's any other sense that could fit better.

 Sense 6: "agreeable or pleasing" - "we all had a good time; good manners". A "good opinion" could be pleasing, but that's not quite the meaning. The meaning is that the opinion is high/favorable, not necessarily pleasing to others.

 Sense 13: "resulting favorably" - "it's a good thing". Not quite.

 Actually, looking at the context again: "their good opinion of themselves" - this is contrasted with "ignorance and intellectual incompetence". So they have a high opinion of themselves despite being ignorant. This is the idiom "to have a good opinion of oneself" meaning to think highly of oneself, to have self-esteem.

 In WordNet, this would likely fall under sense 1 as a general positive quality.

 Wait, I should check if there's a sense related to "high" or "great". Sense 2 mentions "ample" and "full" - "gives good measure". That's about quantity.

 Actually, looking at the target phrase "good opinion", in WordNet lexicography, this might be covered by sense 1 (general positive quality) or potentially sense 4 if it's interpreted as "estimable opinion", but sense 4 is about being deserving of esteem, not about having esteem.

 Sense 4: "deserving of esteem and respect" - examples: "all respectable companies give guarantees; ruined the family's good name". This is about the subject being good (estimable), not the opinion being good.

 So sense 1 is the best fit: the opinion has desirable/positive qualities (it is favorable).

 But I want to make sure about the indexing. The user asks for the "sense_index". Looking at the list:
 1. sense_key=good%3:00:01::
 2. sense_key=good%5:00:00:ample:00
 ...
 21. sense_key=good%5:00:00:discriminating:00

 So the index would be 1.

 However, I should verify if "good opinion" could be sense 10: "with or in a close or intimate relationship" - "a good friend". No, that's not it.

 Or sense 16: "appealing to the mind" - "good music". No.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet entry for "good", the sense "having desirable or positive qualities" (sense 1 in the list) is the most common and general sense, and "good opinion" (meaning favorable view) would be a subsense or usage of this.

 Therefore, the answer should be index 1.

 Wait, I need to be careful. The user says "Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense."

 Let me reconsider if there's any other interpretation. Could "good" here mean "high" as in "high opinion"? In WordNet, "good" doesn't have a specific sense for "high" in the way "high opinion" works, but "good opinion" is synonymous with "high opinion" and would fall under the general "positive qualities" sense.

 Is there any chance it's sense 2 (ample)? "Good measure" is about quantity, but "good opinion" isn't about the quantity of opinion, but the quality (favorable).

 So yes, sense 1 is correct.

 One final check: the phrase "good opinion of themselves" is parallel to "self-esteem" mentioned earlier in the text. Self-esteem is a good opinion of oneself. So "good" here definitely means favorable/positive.

 Index 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Novita

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: opinion
Target surface form: opinion
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good <t>opinion</t> of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=opinion%1:09:00:: | definition=a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty | synonyms=sentiment, persuasion, view, thought | examples=my opinion differs from yours; I am not of your persuasion
2. sense_key=opinion%1:10:01:: | definition=a message expressing a belief about something; the expression of a belief that is held with confidence but not substantiated by positive knowledge or proof | synonyms=view | examples=his opinions appeared frequently on the editorial page
3. sense_key=opinion%1:09:01:: | definition=a belief or sentiment shared by most people; the voice of the people | synonyms=public opinion, popular opinion, vox populi | examples=he asked for a poll of public opinion
4. sense_key=opinion%1:10:00:: | definition=the legal document stating the reasons for a judicial decision | synonyms=legal opinion, judgment, judgement | examples=opinions are usually written by a single judge
5. sense_key=opinion%1:04:01:: | definition=the reason for a court's judgment (as opposed to the decision itself) | synonyms=ruling
6. sense_key=opinion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, notion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "opinion" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is: "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good <t>opinion</t> of themselves."
- The phrase is "good opinion of themselves"
- This means they have a high regard for themselves, they think well of themselves
- It's about their self-esteem or self-regard

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. opinion%1:09:00:: - a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty (synonyms: sentiment, persuasion, view, thought)
   - Example: "my opinion differs from yours"
   - This is a general sense of opinion as a personal belief/judgment

2. opinion%1:10:01:: - a message expressing a belief about something; the expression of a belief (synonym: view)
   - Example: "his opinions appeared frequently on the editorial page"
   - This is about expressing an opinion publicly/writing it down

3. opinion%1:09:01:: - a belief or sentiment shared by most people (synonyms: public opinion, popular opinion, vox populi)
   - Example: "he asked for a poll of public opinion"
   - This is about collective/public opinion

4. opinion%1:10:00:: - the legal document stating the reasons for a judicial decision (synonyms: legal opinion, judgment)
   - Legal sense

5. opinion%1:04:01:: - the reason for a court's judgment (synonyms: ruling)
   - Also legal sense

6. opinion%1:09:02:: - a vague idea in which some confidence is placed (synonyms: impression, feeling, belief, notion)
   - Example: "his impression of her was favorable"
   - This seems to be about having an impression/feeling about something

Now, in the phrase "good opinion of themselves":
- This refers to how they view themselves, their self-regard, their estimation of themselves
- It's a personal belief/judgment about oneself
- It's not about public opinion (sense 3)
- It's not a legal opinion (senses 4-5)
- It's not necessarily a vague idea (sense 6), though it could be close
- It's not necessarily an expressed message (sense 2)

Sense 1 (opinion%1:09:00::) - "a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty" - seems to fit best. The phrase "good opinion of themselves" means they have a favorable judgment or belief about themselves, their self-esteem.

Wait, let me reconsider sense 6: "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed" with synonyms "impression, feeling, belief, notion". The example "his impression of her was favorable" is similar to "good opinion of themselves".

But sense 1 has synonyms including "sentiment, persuasion, view, thought" and examples like "my opinion differs from yours; I am not of your persuasion".

Actually, looking more carefully at the phrase "good opinion of themselves" - this is an idiomatic expression meaning self-esteem, self-regard.

In WordNet, the sense for "opinion" meaning "estimation" or "view" of someone/something is typically sense 1: "a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty".

Sense 6 is "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed" - this seems more like a hunch or impression.

But "good opinion of themselves" is a fixed phrase. Let me think about which WordNet sense captures "having a high opinion of oneself".

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "my opinion differs from yours" - this is about differing views/beliefs
- Sense 6: "his impression of her was favorable" - this is about having a favorable view of someone

Actually, "good opinion of themselves" aligns closely with sense 6's example "his impression of her was favorable". The structure is similar: [possessive] [opinion/impression] of [someone] is [favorable/good].

However, sense 1 is the more general sense of "belief or judgment".

Let me check the WordNet hierarchy:
- Sense 1 (opinion%1:09:00::) is under "cognition, knowledge" (1:09)
- Sense 6 (opinion%1:09:02::) is also under "cognition, knowledge" (1:09)

The key difference:
- Sense 1: personal belief or judgment (not founded on proof)
- Sense 6: vague idea in which some confidence is placed

"Good opinion of themselves" suggests a judgment or estimation of self-worth. This is typically sense 1 in WordNet. The phrase "have a good opinion of oneself" is a standard idiom meaning to think highly of oneself.

Sense 6 seems more about vague feelings or impressions (like "I have a feeling it will rain").

Also, looking at the synonyms for sense 1: sentiment, persuasion, view, thought. "View" fits well - "their good view of themselves".

For sense 6: impression, feeling, belief, notion. "Belief" could fit, but "impression" and "feeling" suggest something less formed than the self-regard implied here.

The context is criticizing young people for having high self-esteem despite being ignorant. "Good opinion of themselves" = high self-regard = thinking highly of oneself.

In WordNet, this maps to sense 1: a personal belief or judgment.

Actually, I should verify standard WSD datasets. In SemCor or other datasets, when "opinion" means "estimation" as in "have a high opinion of", which sense is used?

Sense 1 is the primary sense for "opinion" as a personal view/belief.
Sense 6 is for "impression/feeling".

The phrase "good opinion" here is parallel to "favorable impression" in sense 6's example. But "opinion" in "have a good opinion of" is slightly different from "impression".

Wait, looking at the definition of sense 6 again: "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed". Is self-esteem a "vague idea"? Not really. It's a judgment or assessment.

Sense 1: "a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty". This fits better. The good opinion of themselves is a judgment they hold about themselves (that they are good/competent) which is not founded on proof (since the text says they are actually ignorant and incompetent).

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

But let me double-check if there's any other interpretation. Could it be sense 2? No, that's about expressing opinions. Sense 3 is public opinion. Senses 4-5 are legal.

So it's between 1 and 6.

Sense 1 index: opinion%1:09:00::
Sense 6 index: opinion%1:09:02::

The numbering in the candidate list:
1. sense_key=opinion%1:09:00::
2. sense_key=opinion%1:10:01::
3. sense_key=opinion%1:09:01::
4. sense_key=opinion%1:10:00::
5. sense_key=opinion%1:04:01::
6. sense_key=opinion%1:09:02::

So if I choose sense 1 in the list, the index is 1.
If I choose sense 6 in the list, the index is 6.

Given my analysis, sense 1 (the first one) seems correct. The phrase "good opinion of themselves" means they have a favorable personal judgment/belief about themselves.

Actually, looking at WordNet online or standard usage:
- "Opinion" in "have a high opinion of" is usually sense 1.

But let me reconsider sense 6. The example "his impression of her was favorable" is structurally identical to "their good opinion of themselves". WordNet often groups these together under the "impression" sense (sense 6).

However, the definition of sense 6 emphasizes "vague idea". Is the self-esteem of these young people described as a "vague idea"? The text says "good opinion of themselves" in the context of self-esteem. Self-esteem is not necessarily vague; it's a general assessment.

Moreover, sense 1 is the hypernym or more general sense that covers personal judgments.

But looking carefully at the synonyms for sense 1: sentiment, persuasion, view, thought.
For sense 6: impression, feeling, belief, notion.

"Good opinion" aligns with "favorable impression". In fact, "opinion" and "impression" are often interchangeable in this context.

However, in WordNet, "opinion" sense 6 is specifically glossed as "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed". The key is "vague". The text doesn't suggest their self-regard is vague; it suggests it's unjustified or inflated, but not necessarily vague.

Also, sense 1 includes "view" as a synonym, and "view of themselves" works well.

I think sense 1 is the safer choice. It's the primary sense for "opinion" as a personal belief/judgment.

Wait, I should look at the actual WordNet entry to be sure. Since I can't browse, I'll rely on the provided glosses.

Sense 1: "a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty"
- This fits: their belief in their own competence is not founded on proof (they are actually incompetent).

Sense 6: "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed"
- This doesn't fit as well because their self-opinion isn't described as vague; it's described as good/positive but unjustified.

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: whole
Target surface form: whole
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The <t>whole</t> notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=whole%3:00:00:: | definition=including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete | examples=gave his whole attention; a whole wardrobe for the tropics
2. sense_key=whole%3:00:02:: | definition=(of siblings) having the same parents | examples=whole brothers and sisters
3. sense_key=whole%5:00:00:uninjured:00 | definition=not injured | synonyms=unharmed, unhurt, unscathed
4. sense_key=whole%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=exhibiting or restored to vigorous good health | synonyms=hale | examples=hale and hearty; whole in mind and body
5. sense_key=whole%5:00:00:undiversified:00 | definition=acting together as a single undiversified whole | synonyms=solid, unanimous | examples=a solid voting bloc

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "whole" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is: "The <t>whole</t> notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion..."
- The word "whole" here modifies "notion"
- It's being used to mean the entire/complete notion or idea of creativity in education

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=whole%3:00:00:: | definition=including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete | examples=gave his whole attention; a whole wardrobe for the tropics
   - This seems to fit. "The whole notion" means the entire notion, complete notion.

2. sense_key=whole%3:00:02:: | definition=(of siblings) having the same parents | examples=whole brothers and sisters
   - This is about siblings, doesn't fit here.

3. sense_key=whole%5:00:00:uninjured:00 | definition=not injured | synonyms=unharmed, unhurt, unscathed
   - This is about physical condition, doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=whole%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=exhibiting or restored to vigorous good health | synonyms=hale | examples=hale and hearty; whole in mind and body
   - This is about health, doesn't fit.

5. sense_key=whole%5:00:00:undiversified:00 | definition=acting together as a single undiversified whole | synonyms=solid, unanimous | examples=a solid voting bloc
   - This is about acting together as a unit, often used for groups. "The whole notion" isn't about acting together or being undiversified in the sense of a voting bloc.

Sense 1 is clearly the best fit. "The whole notion" means the entire/complete notion, which matches definition 1: "including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete".

The examples also support this: "gave his whole attention" (complete attention), "a whole wardrobe" (complete wardrobe).

So the answer should be sense_index 1.

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: notion
Target surface form: notion
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole <t>notion</t> of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: | definition=a general inclusive concept
3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: | definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon
4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "notion" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text discusses "creativity" in education
- It mentions "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion..."
- The author is criticizing the concept/idea of creativity as used in educational contexts
- It seems to refer to a general concept or idea

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
- This suggests a personal belief or impression that might be vague

2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: | definition=a general inclusive concept
- This suggests a broad concept or idea

3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: | definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon
- This suggests something quirky, odd, or fanciful

4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions
- This is clearly not relevant (sewing notions)

Now, looking at the context:
"The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction..."

The text is talking about the concept or idea of creativity in education. It's referring to a general concept - the concept that creativity should be encouraged in schools.

Let me check the differences between sense 1 and sense 2 more carefully:

Sense 1: "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed" - this seems more personal, like a belief or impression someone holds
Sense 2: "a general inclusive concept" - this is more abstract, referring to a concept or theoretical framework

In the context, "the whole notion of 'creativity' in education" refers to the concept, theory, or overarching idea of what creativity means in an educational context. It's not referring to a vague personal belief (sense 1), nor is it referring to something whimsical or odd (sense 3). It's referring to the concept/framework itself.

However, let me reconsider. The author is using "notion" to refer to the concept of creativity in education, but there's also a critical tone suggesting this concept might be vague or ill-defined. Earlier in the text, the author asks "But what do we mean, specifically, by 'creativity'? No one can say."

But still, looking at the phrase "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education", this seems to be referring to the general concept/conception of creativity (sense 2).

Wait, let me look at the examples for sense 1 again: "his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?" These are more about personal beliefs/impressions.

For sense 2: "a general inclusive concept" - this fits well with talking about "the notion of creativity" as a concept or theoretical construct in education.

Actually, looking at WordNet more carefully:
- notion%1:09:00 is the "concept" sense
- notion%1:09:01 is the "whim" sense
- notion%1:09:02 is the "impression" sense (belief)

In the sentence "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education", the word "notion" is being used to mean the concept or idea of creativity. This aligns with sense 2 (general inclusive concept).

However, I should check if sense 1 could fit. Sense 1 is "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed". The text does mention that no one can say what creativity specifically means, suggesting vagueness. But the phrase "the whole notion of X" typically refers to the concept itself, not necessarily a vague belief.

Actually, looking at common usage, "the notion of X" often refers to the concept or idea. But let's look at the specific context again.

The author writes: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion..."

This is referring to the concept of creativity as understood in educational theory/discourse.

But I want to check if sense 1 might be better. Sense 1 has synonyms: impression, feeling, belief, opinion. The text discusses what "we mean" and mentions "good opinion of themselves" later, but "notion" here is not referring to an opinion.

Sense 2 seems like the best fit: "a general inclusive concept" - referring to the concept of creativity in education.

Wait, I need to be careful. In WordNet, the sense keys encode the lemma and pos and sense number. The user lists:
1. notion%1:09:02:: (this is the second sense in the file, index 2)
2. notion%1:09:00:: (this is the first sense in the file, index 0)
3. notion%1:09:01:: (this is the third sense, index 1)
4. notion%1:06:00:: (this is a different lexfile, index 0 in that file)

But the user labels them as:
1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02::
2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00::
3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01::
4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00::

So the indices in the output should be 1, 2, 3, or 4, corresponding to these listings.

Now, which one is correct?

Let me think about the meaning. The text says "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education..."

This refers to the concept or idea of creativity within educational contexts.

Sense 2 (listed as candidate 2): "a general inclusive concept"
Sense 1 (listed as candidate 1): "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed"
Sense 3 (listed as candidate 3): "an odd or fanciful or capricious idea"

Given the context is somewhat critical of the vagueness of the concept, one might think sense 1. However, "the notion of X" where X is in quotes and refers to an abstract concept in a field (education) typically corresponds to sense 2 - the general inclusive concept.

Moreover, sense 3 is about whimsy/fanciful ideas, which doesn't fit because the text is discussing a serious educational philosophy, not something whimsical.

Sense 4 is clearly wrong (sewing items).

Between sense 1 and sense 2:
- Sense 1 emphasizes the personal, subjective, vague nature: "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed"
- Sense 2 emphasizes the conceptual nature: "a general inclusive concept"

The phrase "the whole notion of" suggests looking at the entirety of the concept. The author is discussing the concept of creativity as it exists in educational philosophy.

However, looking at the examples provided for sense 1: "his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?" - these are about personal beliefs/feelings.
Examples for sense 3: "the theatrical notion of disguise..." - wait, this example looks relevant! "the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories"

This example for sense 3 uses "notion of" similar to our context. But sense 3 is defined as "an odd or fanciful or capricious idea" with synonyms whim, whimsy.

Is the notion of creativity in education being portrayed as odd or fanciful? The text calls it "romantic extravagance" and "romantic rebellion", which could suggest it's whimsical or fanciful. However, the text treats it as a serious (though misguided) educational philosophy, not just a whim.

Let me reconsider the WordNet senses for "notion":
According to WordNet 3.0 or similar:
- notion#n#1: concept, general inclusive concept
- notion#n#2: impression, feeling, belief, opinion (vague idea with confidence)
- notion#n#3: whim, whimsy, notion (odd or fanciful idea)
- notion#n#4: notions (plural, sewing items)

Wait, the sense keys provided are:
1. notion%1:09:02:: - this is likely the "impression" sense (vague idea)
2. notion%1:09:00:: - this is likely the "concept" sense
3. notion%1:09:01:: - this is likely the "whim" sense
4. notion%1:06:00:: - sewing

The numbers after the last colon are the sense numbers within that POS and lexicographer file. 09 is "Noun.cognition".

Standard WordNet order for notion (noun):
1. a general inclusive concept (notion%1:09:00::)
2. a vague idea in which some confidence is placed (notion%1:09:02::) - note: this might be out of order or I'm confusing the indices
3. an odd or fanciful or capricious idea (notion%1:09:01::)
4. notions... (notion%1:06:00::)

But the user labels them differently. Let me map:
Candidate 1: notion%1:09:02:: → vague idea/impression
Candidate 2: notion%1:09:00:: → general concept
Candidate 3: notion%1:09:01:: → whim/fanciful
Candidate 4: notion%1:06:00:: → sewing

So the question is: does the context refer to:
- A vague belief/impression (candidate 1)?
- A general concept (candidate 2)?
- A whimsical/fanciful idea (candidate 3)?

The phrase is: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion..."

The author is referring to the concept of creativity in education. Even though the author criticizes it as vague and romantic, the word "notion" here is being used to mean the concept or theory itself.

In academic/philosophical criticism, when someone writes "the notion of X", they usually mean the concept of X (sense 2), even if they go on to criticize it as vague or romantic.

For example, "the notion of justice in Rawls" refers to the concept of justice.

However, if the author meant it was just a vague belief people hold, sense 1 might work. But "the whole notion of" suggests a systemic concept.

Also, looking at the broader context: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was... part of a romantic rebellion". This is treating it as an idea/concept within educational philosophy.

I think the best answer is sense 2 (candidate 2): the general inclusive concept.

But let me double-check by considering if sense 1 could be better. Sense 1: "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed". The text does emphasize that no one can define it specifically, and it's equated with self-expression. It could be argued that this is a vague idea held by parents/educators.

However, the phrase "the whole notion" and the fact that it's described as "part and parcel of a romantic rebellion" suggests a philosophical concept or movement, not just a vague personal impression.

Also, looking at the synonyms for sense 2: none are provided in the prompt, but typically it would be synonyms like "concept, idea, theory".

For sense 1, synonyms are: impression, feeling, belief, opinion.

The text says: "the whole notion of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion..."

This is not describing a personal belief or impression held by an individual, but rather a concept that exists in educational discourse. Therefore, sense 2 is best.

Wait, I should reconsider the example given for sense 3: "the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories". This uses "notion of" in a way similar to our context - referring to a concept within a field (theater). But sense 3 is defined as "an odd or fanciful or capricious idea". Is the theatrical notion of disguise necessarily whimsical? Maybe in that specific context it is.

In our context, the notion of creativity is described as "romantic", "extravagance", and part of a "rebellion against disciplined instruction". These could be seen as fanciful or whimsical characteristics. However, "romantic" here refers to Romanticism (the philosophical/literary movement), not necessarily romance or whimsy.

The text criticizes the concept as being vague and leading to ignorance, but it's treating it as a serious educational philosophy, not a mere whim.

I think sense 2 is still the strongest candidate.

Actually, looking at the instruction: "Choose the single best indexed sense" and "Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense."

Given the options, and that the text refers to "the notion of creativity" as a concept in education, and given that WordNet's first sense (index 00 in the file 09) is "a general inclusive concept", and this is candidate 2 in the list, I should choose candidate 2.

So the answer should be: {"sense_index": 2}

Let me reconsider one more time. Could it be sense 1?

"The whole notion..." - if it were sense 1 (vague idea with confidence placed in it), the examples are "his impression of her was favorable" - very personal. Our context is about a societal/educational concept. So sense 1 is less likely.

Could it be sense 3 (whimsical)? The text mentions "romantic extravagance" which suggests something excessive and perhaps fanciful. But "whim" suggests a sudden fancy or caprice, not a sustained philosophical movement like Romanticism in education.

Sense 2: general inclusive concept. This fits best for discussing educational theory.

Therefore: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in <t>education</t> was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "education" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses "creativity in education"
 - It mentions "elementary schools"
 - It talks about "disciplined instruction" vs "romantic rebellion"
 - It mentions "teaching" and "instruction" in relation to education
 - The phrase "creativity in education" seems to refer to the field/system/activity of teaching and schooling

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
    - This refers to the activities/process of teaching/instructing
    - Synonyms include instruction, teaching, pedagogy
    - The context mentions "disciplined instruction" and contrasts creativity with instruction in the educational setting

 2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
    - This refers to the knowledge/learning outcome, not the system or activity

 3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
    - This refers to the process of learning/acquiring knowledge from the learner's perspective

 4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
    - This refers to the profession/career of teaching

 5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
    - This is about upbringing/social behavior, not academic schooling

 6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department...
    - This is a specific government department, clearly not relevant here

 Now, looking at the specific phrase "creativity in <t>education</t>":
 - The context discusses schools, instruction, teaching methods
 - It contrasts "creativity in education" with "disciplined instruction"
 - It mentions "elementary schools" and teaching practices
 - The sense seems to be about the educational system, activities, or field of teaching

 Between sense 1 and sense 4:
 - Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" - this is about the activities/process
 - Sense 4: "the profession of teaching" - this is about the career/profession

 The context seems to be discussing education as a field or set of activities/practices in schools ("creativity in education" as opposed to disciplined instruction). It's talking about how education is conducted - the methods and activities.

 Sense 1 seems most appropriate because:
 - It covers the activities of educating/instructing
 - The synonyms (instruction, teaching, pedagogy) match the context which discusses instruction and teaching methods
 - The example "our instruction was carefully programmed" fits with the discussion of programmed vs creative approaches
 - The context is about the nature of educational activities/methods (creativity vs discipline)

 Sense 4 (profession) is too narrow - it's not just about the profession/career, but about the educational activities and methods themselves.

 Sense 3 is about the process of acquiring knowledge (learner's side), but here we're talking about the teaching side (schools, instruction).

 Sense 2 is about the knowledge acquired, not the system or activity.

 Therefore, sense 1 (index 1) is the best choice.

 Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=education%1:04:00::
 2. sense_key=education%1:09:00::
 3. sense_key=education%1:09:01::
 4. sense_key=education%1:04:01::
 5. sense_key=education%1:07:01::
 6. sense_key=education%1:14:00::

 So sense 1 is the first one in the list.

 Actually, looking more carefully at the context: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction..."

 This is referring to education as a field or domain where instruction takes place. It's about the educational system or the activities of teaching.

 Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill"
 Sense 4: "the profession of teaching"

 The text mentions "elementary schools" and discusses teaching methods and instruction. It's talking about education as the activity/system of teaching, not specifically the profession (though related).

 Also, sense 1 has synonyms including "instruction", and the text mentions "disciplined instruction" as something that creativity in education is rebelling against. This suggests "education" here is synonymous with the broader concept of instructing/teaching activities.

 I think sense 1 is correct.

 But let me reconsider sense 4. Is it possible the text means the profession? "Creativity in the profession of teaching"? The text mentions "parents" and "schools" and the general approach to schooling, not specifically the profession/career aspect. It seems broader than just the profession.

 Also, WordNet sense 1 (education%1:04:00::) is the most general sense covering the activities of education.

 The phrase "creativity in education" is a common collocation referring to educational methods and practices (sense 1), not specifically the profession (sense 4).

 So I'll go with index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: romantic
Target surface form: romantic
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a <t>romantic</t> rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=romantic%3:01:00:: | definition=belonging to or characteristic of Romanticism or the Romantic Movement in the arts | synonyms=romanticist, romanticistic | examples=romantic poetry
2. sense_key=romantic%5:00:01:loving:00 | definition=expressive of or exciting sexual love or romance | synonyms=amatory, amorous | examples=her amatory affairs; amorous glances
3. sense_key=romantic%5:00:00:impractical:00 | definition=not sensible about practical matters; idealistic and unrealistic | synonyms=quixotic, wild-eyed | examples=as quixotic as a restoration of medieval knighthood; a romantic disregard for money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "romantic" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses "creativity" in education
 - It mentions that the notion of creativity in education was "part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction"
 - This rebellion was regarded as against "authoritarian" approaches
 - It mentions "romantic extravagance" being attractive to parents
 - The context suggests an idealistic, unrealistic approach to education that rejects disciplined instruction in favor of self-expression and undefined potentialities

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=romantic%3:01:00:: | definition=belonging to or characteristic of Romanticism or the Romantic Movement in the arts | synonyms=romanticist, romanticistic | examples=romantic poetry
 - This refers to the specific artistic/literary movement (Romanticism)
 - While the text mentions education and rebellion, it doesn't seem to be specifically referring to the Romantic Movement in arts/literature
 - The context is about educational philosophy, not artistic movements

 2. sense_key=romantic%5:00:01:loving:00 | definition=expressive of or exciting sexual love or romance | synonyms=amatory, amorous | examples=her amatory affairs; amorous glances
 - This is about love/romance between people
 - The context is clearly not about sexual love or romance
 - This doesn't fit at all

 3. sense_key=romantic%5:00:00:impractical:00 | definition=not sensible about practical matters; idealistic and unrealistic | synonyms=quixotic, wild-eyed | examples=as quixotic as a restoration of medieval knighthood; a romantic disregard for money
 - This means idealistic, unrealistic, impractical
 - The context describes a "romantic rebellion" against disciplined instruction
 - It mentions "romantic extravagance"
 - The description of rejecting disciplined instruction for undefined potentialities and self-expression fits the "idealistic and unrealistic" definition
 - The synonyms "quixotic" and "wild-eyed" fit the tone of the passage which criticizes this approach as leading to ignorance and intellectual incompetence
 - The example "a romantic disregard for money" parallels the educational context where practical disciplined instruction is disregarded for idealistic notions of creativity

 The context is criticizing an idealistic, unrealistic approach to education that values undefined "creativity" and "self-expression" over disciplined instruction. This matches sense 3 (impractical, idealistic, unrealistic).

 The text mentions "romantic rebellion" and "romantic extravagance" in the context of being unrealistic about education - rejecting the practical/disciplined approach for an idealized view of children's potential.

 Therefore, the best sense is sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rebellion
Target surface form: rebellion
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic <t>rebellion</t> against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rebellion%1:04:01:: | definition=refusal to accept some authority or code or convention | examples=each generation must have its own rebellion; his body was in rebellion against fatigue
2. sense_key=rebellion%1:04:00:: | definition=organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another | synonyms=insurrection, revolt, rising, uprising

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "rebellion" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses "creativity" in education being part of a "romantic rebellion" against "disciplined instruction"
 - It's described as being against "authoritarian" methods, which are seen as repression
 - It's characterized as a "romantic extravagance"
 - The rebellion is against a code/convention (disciplined instruction, authoritarian methods) rather than an organized armed conflict

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=rebellion%1:04:01:: | definition=refusal to accept some authority or code or convention | examples=each generation must have its own rebellion; his body was in rebellion against fatigue

 2. sense_key=rebellion%1:04:00:: | definition=organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another | synonyms=insurrection, revolt, rising, uprising

 Analysis:
 - Sense 2 involves organized opposition, conflict, wresting control - this suggests physical or political uprisings, insurrections, armed conflicts.
 - Sense 1 involves refusal to accept authority, code, or convention - this is more abstract, ideological, or personal.

 In the context:
 - The "rebellion" is described as "romantic"
 - It's against "disciplined instruction" and "authoritarian" methods
 - It's about educational philosophy and rejecting conventions/authority in teaching methods
 - It's not describing an organized armed conflict or physical uprising
 - The example "each generation must have its own rebellion" fits well with the generational aspect mentioned in the text (generation of young people)

 The context suggests an ideological or philosophical rejection of authority/convention (educational methods), not an organized armed conflict. Therefore, sense 1 (rebellion%1:04:01::) is the best fit.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=rebellion%1:04:01::
 2. sense_key=rebellion%1:04:00::

 So sense_index 1 corresponds to refusal to accept authority/code/convention.
 Sense_index 2 corresponds to organized opposition/conflict.

 The context clearly describes a philosophical/ideological stance against educational conventions, not an armed uprising. The phrase "romantic rebellion" and the focus on educational philosophy point to sense 1.

 However, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=rebellion%1:04:01::
 2. sense_key=rebellion%1:04:00::

 So the first one in the list is index 1, second is index 2.

 The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

 Let me verify once more:
 - "romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction" - this is refusing to accept a code/convention (disciplined instruction)
 - Not an organized armed conflict
 - The example "each generation must have its own rebellion" fits the generational context in the passage

 Yes, sense 1 is correct.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: disciplined
Target surface form: disciplined
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against <t>disciplined</t> instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00 | definition=obeying the rules
2. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00 | definition=trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise | examples=the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "disciplined" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text discusses "creativity" in education and how it's equated with "self-expression"
- It mentions this is part of a "romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction"
- The instruction is described as "authoritarian" and contrasted with the romantic view of latent talents and potentialities
- The phrase is "disciplined instruction"

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00 | definition=obeying the rules
2. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00 | definition=trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise | examples=the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind

Analyzing the context:
- "disciplined instruction" refers to a type of teaching/learning that is structured, controlled, following rules or methods
- It's contrasted with "romantic rebellion" and "self-expression"
- The text suggests "disciplined instruction" is seen as authoritarian and repressive
- This seems to relate to instruction that follows strict rules, methods, or structures

Comparing the two senses:
Sense 1: "obeying the rules" - This describes something that follows rules, is controlled.
Sense 2: "trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise" - This describes something/someone who has been trained.

In the phrase "disciplined instruction":
- Does it mean instruction that obeys rules (controlled, structured)?
- Or does it mean instruction that trains?

Actually, looking at the context more carefully: "disciplined instruction" likely means instruction that is structured, follows rules, is systematic and controlled - as opposed to the free-form "self-expression" approach.

The contrast is between:
- "disciplined instruction" (structured, rule-based, authoritarian)
- "romantic rebellion" (free, expressive, focused on self-esteem)

Sense 1 "obeying the rules" or "controlled" seems to fit better here because:
- The text contrasts it with romanticism and self-expression
- It describes the instruction itself as being controlled, structured, following rules/methods
- The phrase "disciplined instruction" in educational contexts typically refers to structured, rigorous, rule-based teaching

However, let me reconsider Sense 2: "trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise"
- Could "disciplined instruction" mean instruction that trains/disciplines the mind?
- The examples given are "disciplined muscles" and "disciplined mind"
- But here we have "disciplined instruction" - the instruction itself is being described as disciplined

Wait, I need to think about what modifies what. "Disciplined instruction" could mean:
1. Instruction that is controlled/rule-based (Sense 1)
2. Instruction that trains/disciplines (Sense 2) - but this would be instruction that disciplines the students

Actually, looking at the WordNet entries:
- disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00 - obeying the rules
- disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00 - trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise

In the context: "rebellion against disciplined instruction"
This is instruction that is itself disciplined - i.e., structured, controlled, following rules or methods.

The contrast is between:
- Disciplined instruction (structured, traditional, authoritarian)
- Romantic/creative education (free, expressive)

Sense 1 (controlled, obeying rules) fits this interpretation of "disciplined instruction" as structured, rule-based instruction.

But let me double-check Sense 2. Could it be that "disciplined instruction" means instruction that disciplines/trains the students? Like "disciplined muscles" or "disciplined mind"?

Actually, looking at the examples for Sense 2: "the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind" - these refer to things that have been trained/disciplined.

If we say "disciplined instruction", using Sense 2, it would mean instruction that has been trained? That doesn't make sense. Or instruction that trains? But the adjective "disciplined" usually describes the state of being trained, not the act of training.

Wait, "disciplined" as an adjective:
- Sense 1: controlled, following rules
- Sense 2: having been trained (mentally or physically)

"Disciplined instruction" most naturally means instruction that is controlled, structured, follows rules - Sense 1.

The context supports this: it's contrasted with "romantic rebellion" and described as "authoritarian" - these describe controlled/rule-based systems, not necessarily "trained" systems.

Also, the phrase "disciplined instruction" in educational philosophy typically refers to traditional, structured, rigorous instruction as opposed to progressive, child-centered approaches.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

But wait, I should verify the exact WordNet sense keys to make sure I'm interpreting them correctly. The user provided:
1. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00 | definition=obeying the rules
2. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00 | definition=trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise

Sense 1 is under the "controlled" synset (similar to controlled, restrained).
Sense 2 is under the "trained" synset (similar to trained).

In the context: "disciplined instruction" - this is instruction that is controlled, structured, follows rules. This aligns with Sense 1.

The text says it's "regarded as 'authoritarian'" - authoritarian instruction is controlled, rule-based instruction.

Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 1.

Wait, I need to be careful. The user asks for the "single best indexed sense" and to return {"sense_index": 3} format. But there are only 2 senses listed (1 and 2). So I should return {"sense_index": 1} or {"sense_index": 2}.

Let me reconsider if Sense 2 could be correct.

Sense 2: "trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise"
Examples: "the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind"

Could "disciplined instruction" mean instruction that trains the mind? Like "disciplined mind" refers to a mind that has been trained, so "disciplined instruction" would be... instruction that is trained? That doesn't fit.

Or does "disciplined" modify "instruction" to mean "instruction that disciplines [the students]"? In that case, it would be related to training.

But the phrase is "rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as 'authoritarian'". The "which" refers to the instruction. The instruction is regarded as authoritarian. Authoritarian instruction is controlled, rule-based instruction.

Also, the contrast is with "romantic rebellion" - romanticism vs. discipline/structure.

I think Sense 1 is clearly correct.

One final check: Could "disciplined instruction" mean instruction in the sense of "disciplinary instruction" (i.e., instruction that disciplines/punishes)? No, that's not what the text means. It means structured, rigorous instruction.

Therefore: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: instruction
Target surface form: instruction
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined <t>instruction</t>, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=instruction%1:10:04:: | definition=a message describing how something is to be done | synonyms=direction | examples=he gave directions faster than she could follow them
2. sense_key=instruction%1:04:01:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
3. sense_key=instruction%1:04:00:: | definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=teaching, pedagogy | examples=he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession
4. sense_key=instruction%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program | synonyms=command, statement, program line

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "instruction" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses education, specifically elementary schools and creativity
 - It mentions "disciplined instruction" being regarded as "authoritarian"
 - It contrasts "creativity" with "disciplined instruction"
 - The context is about teaching methods, education, and pedagogy

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=instruction%1:10:04:: - "a message describing how something is to be done" (direction)
    - This is about specific directions/commands on how to do something
    - Example: "he gave directions faster than she could follow them"
    - This seems too specific - about individual messages/commands rather than the general concept of teaching

 2. sense_key=instruction%1:04:01:: - "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill"
    - Synonyms: education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity
    - Examples: "he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed"
    - This fits well with the context about education in schools and teaching methods

 3. sense_key=instruction%1:04:00:: - "the profession of a teacher"
    - Synonyms: teaching, pedagogy
    - Examples: "he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession"
    - This refers to the profession/career itself, not the activity
    - The context is about the method/activity of teaching in schools, not the profession

 4. sense_key=instruction%1:10:02:: - "(computer science) a line of code..."
    - This is clearly wrong - no computer science context here

 The context discusses "disciplined instruction" in the context of education and schools, contrasting it with creativity. It's talking about the educational activity or method of teaching, not the profession of teaching (sense 3), nor specific directions (sense 1).

 Sense 2 (instruction%1:04:01::) seems to be the best fit because:
 - It refers to the activities of educating/instructing
 - It's about imparting knowledge or skill in an educational context
 - The synonyms (education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics) match the educational context
 - The example "our instruction was carefully programmed" fits with the idea of "disciplined instruction"

 Sense 3 is about the profession, but the text is talking about the method/approach to teaching in schools, not the career of being a teacher.

 Therefore, the best sense is index 2 (instruction%1:04:01::).

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=instruction%1:10:04::
 2. sense_key=instruction%1:04:01::
 3. sense_key=instruction%1:04:00::
 4. sense_key=instruction%1:10:02::

 So sense_index should be 2.

 Let me double-check:
 - The context is about "disciplined instruction" in education
 - It's contrasting creativity with structured teaching methods
 - "Instruction" here refers to the educational activity/process, not the profession (though close), and not specific directions

 Yes, sense 2 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: authoritarian
Target surface form: authoritarian
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "<t>authoritarian</t>, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=authoritarian%5:00:00:undemocratic:00 | definition=characteristic of an absolute ruler or absolute rule; having absolute sovereignty | synonyms=autocratic, dictatorial, despotic, tyrannic, tyrannical | examples=an authoritarian regime; autocratic government
2. sense_key=authoritarian%5:00:00:domineering:00 | definition=expecting unquestioning obedience | synonyms=dictatorial, overbearing | examples=the timid child of authoritarian parents; insufferably overbearing behavior toward the waiter

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "authoritarian" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses "creativity" in education and how it's part of a "romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction"
 - Disciplined instruction is regarded as "authoritarian"
 - It's described as "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children"
 - The context suggests that "authoritarian" here refers to a style of teaching/parenting that is strict, demanding obedience, and suppressing individual expression

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 Sense 1: authoritarian%5:00:00:undemocratic:00
 - Definition: characteristic of an absolute ruler or absolute rule; having absolute sovereignty
 - Synonyms: autocratic, dictatorial, despotic, tyrannic, tyrannical
 - Examples: an authoritarian regime; autocratic government
 - This seems to refer to political systems or rulers with absolute power

 Sense 2: authoritarian%5:00:00:domineering:00
 - Definition: expecting unquestioning obedience
 - Synonyms: dictatorial, overbearing
 - Examples: the timid child of authoritarian parents; insufferably overbearing behavior toward the waiter
 - This refers to interpersonal behavior, particularly in parent-child or teacher-student relationships, where someone demands obedience

 In the context:
 - The word is used to describe "disciplined instruction" in education
 - It's contrasted with encouraging creativity and self-expression
 - It implies a teaching style that demands obedience and suppresses individual expression
 - The example in sense 2 specifically mentions "authoritarian parents" which is very close to the educational context here (teachers/schools being authoritarian)

 The context is about education and teaching methods, not about political regimes or absolute rulers (though there could be overlap). The key is that "disciplined instruction" is being characterized as demanding obedience and repressing individual potential - this aligns with sense 2 (expecting unquestioning obedience) rather than sense 1 (absolute sovereignty of a ruler).

 However, I need to be careful. The text mentions "authoritarian" in the context of a "romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction." The question is whether this is referring to:
 1. The political sense (like an authoritarian regime applied to education)
 2. The interpersonal sense (domineering, expecting obedience)

 Looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1 examples: "an authoritarian regime; autocratic government"
 - Sense 2 examples: "the timid child of authoritarian parents; insufferably overbearing behavior toward the waiter"

 The context mentions "disciplined instruction" being regarded as authoritarian. This is about teaching style. The parallel structure suggests it's about the nature of the instruction being dictatorial or demanding obedience.

 But wait, looking closely at the text: "disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as 'authoritarian,' a repression and frustration of the latent talents..."

 The phrase "repression and frustration" suggests the domineering aspect (sense 2) - expecting obedience and suppressing individual expression. This fits better with the "domineering" sense (expecting unquestioning obedience) than the "undemocratic" sense (absolute sovereignty).

 However, in educational theory, "authoritarian" often refers to the political sense applied to education - i.e., teacher-centered, top-down, non-democratic classroom management. But looking at the WordNet definitions:

 Sense 1 is about "absolute ruler or absolute rule" - this is the political/governmental sense.
 Sense 2 is about "expecting unquestioning obedience" - this is the personal behavior sense.

 The context is talking about schools and teaching. While schools can be described as authoritarian regimes (sense 1), the specific mention of "disciplined instruction" being repressive of individual talents suggests the interpersonal domineering aspect.

 But actually, looking at the synonyms and examples again:
 - Sense 1: autocratic, dictatorial, despotic, tyrannic, tyrannical - examples: authoritarian regime
 - Sense 2: dictatorial, overbearing - examples: authoritarian parents

 The word "dictatorial" appears in both. The key distinction is:
 - Sense 1: absolute sovereignty (political)
 - Sense 2: expecting unquestioning obedience (interpersonal/domineering)

 In the context of education and "disciplined instruction," and the mention of "repression" of children's potential, this seems to align with sense 2 - the idea of teachers or the educational system being domineering and demanding obedience, stifling creativity.

 However, I should consider if "authoritarian" in educational contexts typically maps to sense 1 or 2. In WordNet, sense 1 is the "undemocratic" sense - characteristic of absolute rule. Sense 2 is the "domineering" sense.

 The text says disciplined instruction is regarded as "authoritarian" - this is likely referring to the teaching style being dictatorial and demanding obedience (sense 2), not necessarily that the school is an absolute sovereign regime (sense 1), though there's overlap.

 Actually, looking at the phrase "romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction" - this suggests that "authoritarian" is characterizing the instruction itself as being like an authoritarian ruler (sense 1) or being domineering (sense 2).

 Given the examples:
 - Sense 2 explicitly mentions "authoritarian parents" which is directly relevant to the context of children and education.
 - The context discusses parents and schools/elementary education.

 The mention of "repression and frustration of the latent talents" aligns with the domineering aspect (expecting obedience, not allowing self-expression).

 I think sense 2 is the better fit here because:
 1. The context is about parent-child and teacher-student relationships (education)
 2. The focus is on the suppression of individual expression and creativity
 3. The example "authoritarian parents" in sense 2 is almost exactly parallel to the context

 Wait, I need to check the exact wording of the context again. It says "disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as 'authoritarian.'"

 Is "instruction" more likely to be described as "undemocratic" (sense 1) or "domineering" (sense 2)?

 "Undemocratic" applies to systems, governments, regimes.
 "Domineering" applies to people or their behavior.

 "Instruction" is a system or method, but it's enacted by teachers. The text personifies it somewhat by saying it represses and frustrates.

 However, looking at the broader context of WordNet senses, sense 1 (undemocratic) is the broader political sense, while sense 2 (domineering) is the specific interpersonal sense.

 In many WSD tasks for "authoritarian" in educational contexts, it often maps to the "domineering" sense when referring to teaching styles, but could map to "undemocratic" when referring to the structure of the educational system.

 But here, the contrast is with "creativity" and "self-expression" - this suggests the issue is the demanding of obedience and lack of freedom for the individual, which fits sense 2 (expecting unquestioning obedience).

 Let me reconsider sense 1. If we take "authoritarian" to mean "characteristic of an absolute ruler," then "disciplined instruction" is being characterized as like an absolute ruler - absolute, sovereign, allowing no dissent. This also fits.

 But the examples are the key differentiator:
 - Sense 1: "an authoritarian regime; autocratic government"
 - Sense 2: "the timid child of authoritarian parents"

 The context mentions "American parents" and "elementary schools" and "children." The example of "authoritarian parents" in sense 2 is extremely close to this context.

 Also, the synonyms for sense 2 include "overbearing," which captures the negative connotation in the text about repressing children's potential.

 The synonyms for sense 1 include "despotic, tyrannic, tyrannical" - these are stronger and more about political tyranny.

 While "disciplined instruction" could be seen as tyrannical, the specific focus on the effect on children's self-expression and the mention of parents suggests the domineering/interpersonal sense (sense 2) is primary.

 Therefore, I choose sense 2.

 Wait, I need to make sure about the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=authoritarian%5:00:00:undemocratic:00
 2. sense_key=authoritarian%5:00:00:domineering:00

 So sense_index should be 2.

 Let me double-check by considering if there's any reason to prefer sense 1. The phrase "romantic rebellion" suggests a political metaphor (rebellion against authority). "Authoritarian" could be describing the regime of the school. But the specific mechanism described - repression of individual talents - is more about the domineering aspect.

 Also, in WordNet, sense 1 is the "undemocratic" adjective, which is about the nature of the rule (absolute sovereignty), while sense 2 is about the expectation of obedience. In educational psychology, an "authoritarian" teaching style is typically defined as one that demands obedience and doesn't tolerate dissent - this maps to sense 2.

 Therefore, the answer is sense 2.