[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: control
Target surface form: control
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to <t>control</t> cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=control%2:41:00:: | definition=exercise authoritative control or power over | synonyms=command | examples=control the budget; Command the military forces
2. sense_key=control%2:41:01:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
3. sense_key=control%2:35:00:: | definition=handle and cause to function | synonyms=operate | examples=do not operate machinery after imbibing alcohol; control the lever
4. sense_key=control%2:37:06:: | definition=control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully, usually to one's advantage | synonyms=manipulate, keep in line | examples=She manipulates her boss; She is a very controlling mother and doesn't let her children grow up
5. sense_key=control%2:41:02:: | definition=check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard | synonyms=verify | examples=Are you controlling for the temperature?
6. sense_key=control%2:31:11:: | definition=verify by using a duplicate register for comparison | examples=control an account
7. sense_key=control%2:31:01:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=see, check, insure, see to it, ensure, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
8. sense_key=control%2:31:00:: | definition=have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of | synonyms=master | examples=Do you control these data?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "control" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about genes, specifically tumor-suppressor genes
 - "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth"
 - The meaning here is about regulating, restraining, or limiting cell growth
 - The proteins are acting to keep cell growth in check, within limits

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. control%2:41:00:: - exercise authoritative control or power over (command)
    - This is about authority and power, like controlling a budget or military forces
    - Doesn't fit well with biological regulation of cell growth

 2. control%2:41:01:: - lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits
    - Synonyms: hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate
    - Examples: moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
    - This fits well! The proteins are holding cell growth in check, keeping it within limits, restraining it

 3. control%2:35:00:: - handle and cause to function (operate)
    - This is about operating machinery
    - Doesn't fit with cell growth regulation

 4. control%2:37:06:: - control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully, usually to one's advantage (manipulate)
    - This has a negative connotation of manipulation
    - Doesn't fit the biological context

 5. control%2:41:02:: - check or regulate (a scientific experiment)
    - This is about experimental controls
    - Not relevant here

 6. control%2:31:11:: - verify by using a duplicate register
    - Accounting context
    - Not relevant

 7. control%2:31:01:: - be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something
    - About ensuring/verifying
    - Not the right meaning

 8. control%2:31:00:: - have a firm understanding or knowledge of (master)
    - About mastering data
    - Not relevant

 The best fit is sense 2: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits"

 The context is about tumor-suppressor genes making proteins that restrain or keep cell growth within limits. When both copies are impaired, the growth is no longer restrained/controlled (in the sense of being held in check).

 The synonyms "hold in", "contain", "check", "curb" all fit perfectly with the biological concept of suppressing or restraining cell growth.

 So the answer should be sense_index: 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control <t>cell</t> growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "cell" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about biology, specifically genetics and cancer.
- It discusses genes, cell division, proteins, malignant cells, cancerous cells, tumor-suppressor genes.
- The specific sentence containing the target is: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control <t>cell</t> growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
- The context is clearly about biological cells - the basic units of life, cell growth, cell division, etc.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. cell%1:06:03:: - any small compartment (examples: cells of a honeycomb) - This is about physical compartments, not biological cells.

2. cell%1:03:00:: - (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals - This matches the biological context perfectly.

3. cell%1:06:00:: - a device that delivers an electric current (electric cell) - Not relevant here.

4. cell%1:14:00:: - a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (cadre) - Not relevant.

5. cell%1:06:04:: - mobile phone (cellular telephone) - Not relevant.

6. cell%1:06:02:: - small room for a monk or nun - Not relevant.

7. cell%1:06:01:: - prison cell - Not relevant.

The context is clearly biological, discussing cell growth, cell division, genes, proteins, cancer. The sense that fits is sense 2 (cell%1:03:00::), which is the biological definition of cell.

Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists them as:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03::
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00::
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00::
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00::
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04::
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02::
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01::

So sense 2 is the biological one (cell%1:03:00::).

The question asks for the "single best indexed sense" and to return {"sense_index": 3} format (where 3 is an example index).

So I should return {"sense_index": 2}.

Let me double-check the context to make sure:
- "cell division" - biological
- "cells normally under control turn malignant" - biological cells becoming cancerous
- "cancerous cells" - biological
- "control cell growth" - controlling the growth of biological cells

Yes, definitely sense 2.

The format should be JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AtlasCloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell <t>growth</t>, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "growth" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context carefully:

The passage is about cancer, genes, cell division, and tumor-suppressor genes. The specific sentence containing the target is:
"Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell <t>growth</t>, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."

The context is clearly biological/medical. It's talking about controlling cell growth - how cells multiply and increase in number/size. When tumor-suppressor genes are damaged, cells that are normally under control turn malignant. The oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes work together, where tumor-suppressor genes control cell growth.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children

This is about an individual organism growing organically, changing from simple to complex. This is developmental growth of an organism (ontogeny). But here we're talking about cell growth/proliferation, not necessarily the development of an individual organism from simple to complex.

2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture

This is more abstract/cultural evolution. Not relevant.

3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population

This is about becoming larger, longer, more numerous. "Cell growth" in the context of cancer often refers to cells becoming more numerous (proliferation) or larger. The synonyms include "increase, increment". The examples include "the growth of population". Cell growth in this context is about the increase in cell number/size.

4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass

Literal vegetation. Not relevant.

5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece

Emergence/coming forth. Not relevant.

6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)

This is specifically about abnormal proliferation, like a tumor. But the text says "control cell growth" - this is referring to normal cell growth that needs to be controlled, not the abnormal growth itself. The passage distinguishes between normal cells under control and malignant cells. The tumor-suppressor genes control normal cell growth; when they're damaged, uncontrolled growth leads to cancer. So "cell growth" here refers to the normal process that needs to be controlled, not the pathological abnormal proliferation itself. Though in cancer biology, "growth" often refers to proliferation. But the specific phrase is "control cell growth" - this is the normal biological process of cells increasing.

Wait, let me reconsider. In the context: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth". This is about controlling how cells grow/divide. If the control is lost, cancer arises. So the "growth" here is the process of cells becoming more numerous/larger.

Let me compare sense 1 and sense 3 and sense 6 more carefully.

Sense 1: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level"

This is specifically ontogeny - the development of an individual organism. The example is about "osseous development in children". This is organism-level development.

Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important" - this is the general increase sense. Examples: "the increase in unemployment; the growth of population".

Sense 6: "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)" - this is specifically pathological.

In the sentence "control cell growth", we're talking about the normal process of cell increase that needs to be controlled. It's not necessarily organism-level development (sense 1), though it is biological. However, "cell growth" is often used to mean the increase in cell number or size.

But wait - in WordNet, sense 1 is specifically about "an individual organism growing organically" - ontogeny. Cells are not individual organisms (well, they are the units, but the sense seems geared toward developmental biology of organisms).

Sense 3 is the general "increase" sense. But is there a more specific biological sense?

Let me look at the context again. The passage mentions "growth-suppressing proteins" earlier. "Their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work". This refers to proteins that suppress growth. Then later: "proteins needed to control cell growth".

In cancer biology, "cell growth" typically refers to cell proliferation - the increase in cell number. This aligns well with sense 3 ("becoming... more numerous") or potentially sense 1 if interpreted broadly.

But sense 1 says "an individual organism growing organically" and "ontogeny, ontogenesis". This is about the whole organism's development. The example is about children. So this doesn't fit "cell growth" because cells aren't individual organisms in this context.

Sense 6 is pathology-specific, but the text says this is the normal process being controlled: "cells normally under control" - the growth is the normal process, the control is what prevents cancer. So sense 6 (abnormal proliferation) is not right because the text is talking about controlling the normal growth process.

Sense 3 seems like the best fit: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous". Cell growth = cells becoming more numerous (or larger). The synonym "increase" fits well with "cell growth" in this context.

However, I should double-check if there's any other interpretation. Could sense 1 be extended to cells? In biology, cell growth is a part of organism growth. But the WordNet definition specifically mentions "individual organism" and "ontogeny". The examples and synonyms are clearly about organismal development.

Actually, looking at typical WSD datasets, "cell growth" in biological contexts often maps to sense 1 or sense 3 depending on the specific corpus. But given the options:

Sense 1: organism-level development (ontogeny)
Sense 3: general increase/process of becoming larger/more numerous
Sense 6: abnormal tissue proliferation (pathology)

The phrase is "control cell growth". Tumor suppressor genes control the cell cycle and cell proliferation. This is about the process of cells increasing in number. Sense 3 captures "becoming... more numerous".

But I want to be careful. In many biomedical WSD contexts, "growth" in "cell growth" might be sense 1 because it's biological. However, the definition of sense 1 specifically frames it as organism-level: "individual organism growing organically... changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level". A cell doesn't change from simple to complex in the way an organism does during ontogeny. Cell growth is more about increase in biomass or number.

Wait, let me reconsider sense 1. The definition says: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level". This is clearly the developmental sense. The synonyms are growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis. These all apply to organisms, not cells in a tissue.

Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important". This is the quantitative increase sense. "The growth of population" is analogous to cell growth.

Actually, looking at the context: "growth-suppressing proteins" - these suppress the growth of cells. "Control cell growth". This is clearly about the proliferation/increase of cells.

I think sense 3 is the best fit. But let me also consider if sense 6 could be argued. The passage is about cancer, and "growth" in cancer contexts sometimes refers to tumors. But here the word is explicitly "cell growth", not "tumor growth". And it's about the normal process that is controlled by tumor suppressors. Tumor suppressors don't suppress tumors directly; they suppress cell growth/proliferation. So it's the normal process.

Therefore, sense 3 seems correct.

Wait, I want to check if there's a convention where "cell growth" maps to sense 1 in WordNet. Let me think about the semantic hierarchy. Sense 1 is under noun.process (1:22:00). Sense 3 is also noun.process (1:22:02). Sense 6 is noun.state (1:26:00).

Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
- growth%1:22:00:: = organic process (biology) - organism development
- growth%1:22:02:: = process of becoming larger... (increase)

In the context of cells, "cell growth" is often considered a biological process. But the specific definition of sense 1 mentions "individual organism". Cells are not organisms (in this context). So sense 1 is too specific.

However, I recall that in some WSD test sets, "cell growth" was annotated with sense 1. But I need to rely on the definitions given here.

Let me look at the exact wording again: "control cell growth". The proteins control how cells grow - i.e., the process of cells increasing. This is a process of becoming more numerous (cells dividing) or larger. This aligns perfectly with sense 3.

Also, the earlier phrase "growth-suppressing proteins" - these proteins suppress the increase/growth of cells.

I think sense 3 is the answer.

But let me reconsider one more time. Is there any chance it's sense 1? The definition says "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically". If we interpret "organism" very broadly to include cells as living units... but no, the definition explicitly says "changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level" which is ontogeny/development. Cell division is not ontogeny.

Sense 6: "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)". The text says "control cell growth" - this is the normal regulated process. The abnormal proliferation happens when the control fails. So sense 6 describes what happens when control is lost, not what is being controlled.

Therefore, sense 3 is the single best indexed sense.

Wait, I should also check sense 7: "something grown or growing" - a growth of hair. This is a concrete thing, not a process. "Cell growth" here is clearly a process (controlled by proteins), not a physical mass.

So the final answer is sense_index: 3.

Actually, I want to double-check the exact sentence: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth". Yes, this is about the process of cell increase.

One more check: Could "cell growth" be interpreted as the organism's growth at the cellular level? Like, the growth of an organism is realized through cell growth? In that case, sense 1 might apply indirectly. But the definition of sense 1 is very specific about the individual organism as the subject. The text says "cell growth", not "organism growth". The subject is cells.

Also, the text contrasts with "proliferating cells" later: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant". This suggests "growth" and "proliferating" are related concepts - both about increase in cell number. "Proliferation" is about becoming more numerous. This maps to sense 3 ("more numerous").

I'm confident in sense 3.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for <t>cancer</t> to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "cancer" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses genes, cell division, malignant growth, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes
 - It talks about how cells become malignant and form tumors
 - It mentions "cancerous cells" and "for cancer to arise"
 - The context is clearly about the disease/medical condition, not astrology or zoology

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: - definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division... (medical/disease sense)
 2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: - (astrology) a person born while sun is in Cancer
 3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: - a small zodiacal constellation
 4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: - the fourth sign of the zodiac
 5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: - type genus of the family Cancridae (crustaceans)

 The context is clearly about the medical condition - malignant growth/tumor. The text discusses:
 - "cells normally under control turn malignant"
 - "cancerous cells"
 - "for cancer to arise"
 - "tumor-suppressor gene"
 - "malignant neoplastic disease" (which is actually listed as a synonym for sense 1)

 Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1 (index 1).

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arise
Target surface form: arise
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to <t>arise</t>, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arise%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
2. sense_key=arise%2:42:01:: | definition=originate or come into being | synonyms=come up, bob up | examples=a question arose
3. sense_key=arise%2:38:00:: | definition=rise to one's feet | synonyms=rise, uprise, get up, stand up | examples=The audience got up and applauded
4. sense_key=arise%2:30:00:: | definition=result or issue | synonyms=come up | examples=A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion
5. sense_key=arise%2:38:04:: | definition=move upward | synonyms=rise, lift, move up, go up, come up, uprise | examples=The fog lifted; The smoke arose from the forest fire
6. sense_key=arise%2:41:00:: | definition=take part in a rebellion; renounce a former allegiance | synonyms=rebel, rise, rise up
7. sense_key=arise%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, turn out, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "arise" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about cancer genetics and how cancer develops
 - The specific sentence is: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to <t>arise</t>, both copies must be impaired."
 - The meaning here is about cancer coming into existence, originating, or developing

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. arise%2:42:00:: - "come into existence; take on form or shape" - synonyms: originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow
    - This seems very relevant. Cancer "arising" means cancer coming into existence or developing.

 2. arise%2:42:01:: - "originate or come into being" - synonyms: come up, bob up
    - This is similar to sense 1 but more specific about "coming up". The example "a question arose" suggests something emerging or appearing.

 3. arise%2:38:00:: - "rise to one's feet" - physical standing up
    - Not relevant for cancer.

 4. arise%2:30:00:: - "result or issue" - synonyms: come up
    - Example: "A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion"
    - This suggests arising as a consequence or result from something.

 5. arise%2:38:04:: - "move upward" - physical movement up
    - Not relevant.

 6. arise%2:41:00:: - "take part in a rebellion"
    - Not relevant.

 7. arise%2:29:00:: - "get up and out of bed"
    - Not relevant.

 So it's between sense 1 and sense 2, possibly sense 4.

 Sense 1: "come into existence; take on form or shape" - This fits well with cancer developing or originating.
 Sense 2: "originate or come into being" - This also fits, but seems more instantaneous ("bob up", "come up").
 Sense 4: "result or issue" - This suggests arising from something, as a consequence.

 In the context: "for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired" - this is talking about cancer coming into existence, originating, developing. It's not necessarily about cancer resulting from something (though it is caused by impaired genes, the focus is on the cancer coming into being).

 Looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1: "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship"
 - Sense 2: "a question arose"
 - Sense 4: "A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion"

 The context "cancer to arise" is most similar to sense 1 - coming into existence, taking form. Cancer is a disease that develops or originates when certain conditions are met (both copies impaired).

 Sense 1 seems to be the best fit because:
 1. It emphasizes coming into existence/taking shape
 2. Synonyms include "develop" and "originate" which are commonly used with diseases like cancer (cancer develops, cancer originates)
 3. The biological context of cancer "arising" is standard terminology for the disease coming into existence

 Sense 2 is more about questions or issues arising (coming up).
 Sense 4 is about resulting from something.

 Actually, looking more carefully at WordNet sense distinctions:
 - Sense 1 (arise%2:42:00::) is often used for abstract things coming into existence (movements, love, etc.)
 - Sense 2 (arise%2:42:01::) is often used for questions, issues, opportunities arising
 - Sense 4 (arise%2:30:00::) is about resulting from

 In medical contexts, when we say "cancer arises", we typically mean it comes into existence or develops. This aligns with sense 1.

 However, I should check if there's a specific medical usage. The phrase "for cancer to arise" means "for cancer to come into being/existence."

 Between sense 1 and sense 2:
 - Sense 1 has synonyms: originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow
 - Sense 2 has synonyms: come up, bob up

 "Develop" and "originate" are very appropriate for cancer. "Come up" and "bob up" seem less appropriate for a biological process like cancer development.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the best choice.

 Wait, let me double-check sense 4. "Result or issue" - could cancer be said to arise from the damage to genes? The text says "for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired." This is describing the conditions necessary for cancer to come into existence. It's not emphasizing that cancer results from the impairment in the sense of sense 4 (which focuses on the consequential relationship), but rather that cancer originates/comes into existence when both are impaired.

 Actually, looking at the example for sense 4: "A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion" - this shows arising FROM something. In our text, cancer arises (but not explicitly "from" in the immediate clause, though the context implies it arises when copies are impaired).

 But sense 1 is the more general "come into existence" which covers the development of diseases.

 I think sense 1 is correct.

 Wait, I need to be careful about the sense indices. The user wants the index number (1-7).

 Sense 1: arise%2:42:00::
 Sense 2: arise%2:42:01::
 Sense 3: arise%2:38:00::
 Sense 4: arise%2:30:00::
 Sense 5: arise%2:38:04::
 Sense 6: arise%2:41:00::
 Sense 7: arise%2:29:00::

 So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

 But let me reconsider sense 2 vs sense 1 one more time.

 Sense 1: "come into existence; take on form or shape"
 Sense 2: "originate or come into being"

 These are very similar. But sense 1 includes "develop" and "grow" as synonyms, which are very appropriate for cancer. Sense 2 has "bob up" which suggests something popping up suddenly, which is less appropriate for cancer which develops over time.

 Also, looking at the WordNet hierarchy, sense 1 is the more general sense of coming into existence, while sense 2 is more specific to questions/problems arising.

 Actually, checking WordNet:
 - Sense 1: "come into existence; take on form or shape" (as in "A love that sprang up from friendship")
 - Sense 2: "originate or come into being" (as in "a question arose")

 The distinction is subtle. But for cancer, which is a biological process of development, sense 1 with its synonyms "develop" and "grow" seems more appropriate.

 Also, in the context: "for cancer to arise" - this is parallel to "come into existence".

 I will go with sense 1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both <t>copies</t> must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "copies" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 The text is about genetics, specifically tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes. It discusses how genes are inherited and how they relate to cancer development.

 Key sentence: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
 And: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both <t>copies</t> must be impaired."

 The word "copies" here refers to the two instances of the gene that a person inherits - one from each parent. In genetics, we talk about having two "copies" of a gene (alleles), one on each chromosome from each parent.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
    - This is about written records, documents. Not relevant to genes.

 2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
    - This refers to a duplicate, replica, or identical/similar thing made from another. In genetics, when we say there are two "copies" of a gene, we mean two instances that are similar/identical (alleles) - one from each parent. This seems like the best fit. The genes are duplicated/inherited versions.

 3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
    - This is about text for printing. Not relevant.

 4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy
    - This is about news stories/journalism. Not relevant.

 So sense 2 is clearly the best fit. In genetics, when we talk about having two "copies" of a gene, we are referring to the two instances/versions of the gene (alleles) inherited from each parent. These are things (genes) that are similar/identical to each other - one is essentially a copy (in the biological inheritance sense) of the other, or rather, each parent contributes one copy/instance of the gene.

 The definition "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" fits well because the two copies of the gene are essentially duplicates of each other (though they might be different alleles, they are both copies of the same gene locus).

 Actually, looking more carefully at WordNet sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" - this is the physical object sense. But in the context of genes, we might need to think about whether this is metaphorical or literal.

 Wait, let me reconsider. In biology/genetics, when we say "two copies of a gene," we mean two instances of the genetic material. Each gene exists in two copies in diploid organisms (except sex chromosomes). These are physical things (DNA sequences) that are similar/identical.

 Sense 2 examples: "she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor"
 - This supports the interpretation of "copy" as a duplicate/similar version of something.

 In the sentence: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
 - This means each parent contributes one copy (instance/version) of the gene.

 So yes, sense 2 is correct.

 Wait, is there any other sense that might fit better? Let me check if there are other senses of "copy" that I should consider, even though only 4 are listed.

 The user provided 4 candidate senses. Among these 4, sense 2 is definitely the best. The other three are clearly about written/textual material (1, 3, 4).

 Sense 1: written record
 Sense 3: matter to be printed
 Sense 4: journalistic material

 Sense 2 is the only one that refers to physical objects/things that are duplicates.

 Therefore, the answer is sense_index: 2.

 The JSON format should be: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impaired
Target surface form: impaired
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be <t>impaired</t>. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impaired%3:00:00:: | definition=diminished in strength, quality, or utility | examples=impaired eyesight
2. sense_key=impaired%5:00:00:unfit:01 | definition=mentally or physically unfit | synonyms=afflicted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "impaired" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about tumor-suppressor genes and cancer.
- "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
- Here, "impaired" means damaged, not functioning properly, diminished in function/utility.
- The genes' function is diminished or damaged - they no longer work properly to control cell growth.

Now look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impaired%3:00:00:: | definition=diminished in strength, quality, or utility | examples=impaired eyesight
2. sense_key=impaired%5:00:00:unfit:01 | definition=mentally or physically unfit | synonyms=afflicted

Sense 1: "diminished in strength, quality, or utility" - This fits well. The gene copies are diminished in their utility/function (controlling cell growth). The example "impaired eyesight" shows a physical function being diminished, which is analogous to gene function being diminished.

Sense 2: "mentally or physically unfit" with synonym "afflicted" - This seems to refer to a person being unfit or afflicted (like "visually impaired" referring to a person). But here the subject is "both copies" [of genes], not a person. Genes cannot be mentally or physically unfit in the sense of being afflicted. While "impaired" can describe people with disabilities, in this biological context about genes, it's talking about function being diminished.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

Wait, let me double-check WordNet sense numbering. The user asks for a JSON like {"sense_index": 3}, but the candidates are numbered 1 and 2. So I should return the index from the candidate list: 1 or 2.

The best sense is candidate 1.

So: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: person
Target surface form: person
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A <t>person</t> who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=person%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=individual, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=person%1:08:00:: | definition=a human body (usually including the clothing) | examples=a weapon was hidden on his person
3. sense_key=person%1:10:00:: | definition=a grammatical category used in the classification of pronouns, possessive determiners, and verb forms according to whether they indicate the speaker, the addressee, or a third party | examples=stop talking about yourself in the third person

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "person" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about genetics, cancer genes, tumor-suppressor genes
 - The specific sentence: "A <t>person</t> who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
 - This is referring to a human being who inherits genetic material

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=person%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=individual, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
    - This refers to a human being as an individual entity
    - Fits the context: "A person who is born with one defective copy..." - this is clearly referring to a human being/individual

 2. sense_key=person%1:08:00:: | definition=a human body (usually including the clothing) | examples=a weapon was hidden on his person
    - This refers to the physical body or presence of someone
    - Context doesn't suggest this meaning - we're not talking about hiding something on someone's body

 3. sense_key=person%1:10:00:: | definition=a grammatical category... | examples=stop talking about yourself in the third person
    - This is a grammatical term (first person, second person, third person)
    - Context is clearly biological/genetic, not grammatical

 The context is clearly using "person" to mean a human being/individual who inherits genes. This matches sense 1.

 The sentence is discussing genetic inheritance and cancer susceptibility in human beings. "A person who is born with..." clearly refers to a human individual.

 Therefore, the correct sense is index 1.

 I need to return: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bear
Target surface form: born
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is <t>born</t> with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bear%2:42:01:: | definition=have | examples=bear a resemblance; bear a signature
2. sense_key=bear%2:29:01:: | definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, birth, have | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!
3. sense_key=bear%2:31:00:: | definition=put up with something or somebody unpleasant | synonyms=digest, endure, stick out, stomach, stand, tolerate | examples=I cannot bear his constant criticism; The new secretary had to endure a lot of unprofessional remarks
4. sense_key=bear%2:35:00:: | definition=move while holding up or supporting | examples=Bear gifts; bear a heavy load
5. sense_key=bear%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=turn out | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
6. sense_key=bear%2:40:02:: | definition=take on as one's own the expenses or debts of another person | synonyms=take over, accept, assume | examples=I'll accept the charges; She agreed to bear the responsibility
7. sense_key=bear%2:42:14:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=hold, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
8. sense_key=bear%2:40:01:: | definition=bring in | synonyms=yield, pay | examples=interest-bearing accounts; How much does this savings certificate pay annually?
9. sense_key=bear%2:29:02:: | definition=have on one's person | synonyms=wear | examples=He wore a red ribbon; bear a scar
10. sense_key=bear%2:41:00:: | definition=behave in a certain manner | synonyms=behave, acquit, deport, conduct, comport, carry | examples=She carried herself well; he bore himself with dignity
11. sense_key=bear%2:40:00:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=hold | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
12. sense_key=bear%2:35:01:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=hold, carry | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
13. sense_key=bear%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, carry, gestate, expect | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "born" in the given context. The target lemma is "bear" and the surface form is "born".

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is: "A person who is <t>born</t> with one defective copy of a suppressor gene..."
- This is talking about a person being born (coming into existence/birth) with a genetic condition.

Now let's look at the candidate senses for "bear":

1. sense_key=bear%2:42:01:: | definition=have | examples=bear a resemblance; bear a signature
   - This is about having/possessing characteristics, not about birth.

2. sense_key=bear%2:29:01:: | definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, birth, have | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!
   - This is about the mother giving birth, not the child being born. The subject of "born" in the sentence is "a person" (the one being born), not the mother.

3. sense_key=bear%2:31:00:: | definition=put up with something or somebody unpleasant | synonyms=digest, endure, stick out, stomach, stand, tolerate
   - This is about enduring/tolerating, not birth.

4. sense_key=bear%2:35:00:: | definition=move while holding up or supporting
   - Physical carrying, not birth.

5. sense_key=bear%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=turn out | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year
   - This is about producing fruit/offspring, but "born" is the past participle used in passive voice here.

6. sense_key=bear%2:40:02:: | definition=take on as one's own the expenses or debts of another person
   - Financial/responsibility sense, not birth.

7. sense_key=bear%2:42:14:: | definition=contain or hold; have within
   - Containment, not birth.

8. sense_key=bear%2:40:01:: | definition=bring in | synonyms=yield, pay
   - Financial yield, not birth.

9. sense_key=bear%2:29:02:: | definition=have on one's person | synonyms=wear
   - Wearing/carrying on body, not birth.

10. sense_key=bear%2:41:00:: | definition=behave in a certain manner
    - Behavior, not birth.

11. sense_key=bear%2:40:00:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices
    - Possessing titles, not birth.

12. sense_key=bear%2:35:01:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner
    - Physical support, not birth.

13. sense_key=bear%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, carry, gestate, expect | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January
    - This is about being pregnant with (carrying a child).

Wait, I need to look more carefully. The word is "born" which is the past participle of "bear".

In the phrase "is born with", this is the passive voice of "bear" meaning "to give birth to" or "to be brought into existence by birth".

Looking at the candidates again:
- Sense 2: "cause to be born" - this is the transitive sense where the subject is the mother (My wife had twins)
- Sense 13: "be pregnant with" - this is about carrying a pregnancy

But "born" is the past participle. In "A person who is born...", we need the sense that means "to come into the world by birth" or "to be brought forth by birth".

Actually, looking at WordNet structure, "bear" has a sense that means "give birth to" or "bring forth" (offspring). The past participle "born" is used in passive constructions to indicate that someone came into existence through birth.

Sense 2: "cause to be born" with synonyms "give birth, deliver, birth, have" - this is the sense where the subject is the parent. When used in passive "is born", the subject is the child.

Sense 5: "bring forth" - examples mention trees bearing fruit.

Sense 13: "be pregnant with" - this is about the state of pregnancy.

Actually, looking at standard WordNet for "bear":
- bear%2:29:00:: is "be pregnant with; 'She is bearing his child'"
- bear%2:29:01:: is "give birth (to a newborn); 'My wife had twins yesterday!'"

But wait, the passive "be born" is typically associated with the sense of coming into existence by birth. In WordNet, the verb "bear" (past participle "born") in the sense of "give birth" when used in passive becomes "be born".

However, looking at the candidate list:
- Sense 2 is "cause to be born" - this is the transitive sense (mother bears child)
- When used in passive "is born", it corresponds to the child being the object of the birth process.

But I need to check if there's a specific sense for "born" as in coming into existence. Actually, "born" can be considered the past participle of "bear" in the sense of "give birth".

Let me reconsider the sentence: "A person who is born with one defective copy..."
This means a person who came into existence (was given birth to) with this genetic condition.

Sense 2: "cause to be born" - this is the closest match. The passive construction "is born" derives from this sense. The person is the one who was caused to be born (by their mother).

Sense 13 is about being pregnant, not about the actual birth event.

Sense 5 is about bringing forth fruit/plants.

So Sense 2 seems to be the correct one: "cause to be born" (give birth, deliver, birth, have). In the passive voice "is born", it means "was brought into existence by birth".

Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user lists them as 1-13. Sense 2 is:
2. sense_key=bear%2:29:01:: | definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, birth, have | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!

Yes, this is the correct sense. The phrase "is born" is the passive of "bears" (as in mother bears child). So the child is born (by the mother).

Actually, looking at the example for sense 2: "My wife had twins yesterday!" - this is the active sense where the subject is the mother. But "born" in "is born" is the past participle used in passive voice, which corresponds to this same sense (the child is the object of the birthing action).

Therefore, the answer should be sense_index 2.

But let me verify if there's any other sense that could fit. Sense 13 is "be pregnant with" - that's about carrying, not the birth itself. The text says "is born with" not "is bearing".

Also, etymologically and in WordNet, "born" is the past participle of "bear" specifically in the sense of giving birth. The other past participle is "borne" (for other senses like carrying).

So yes, sense 2 is correct.

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective <t>copy</t> of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "copy" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about genetics, specifically about tumor-suppressor genes
 - "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
 - "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth..."
 - "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene..."

 Here, "copy" refers to one of the two instances of a gene that a person inherits (one from each parent). In genetics, we talk about having two copies of a gene (alleles), one on each chromosome.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
 - This is about written records, transcripts. Not relevant to genes.

 2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
 - This refers to a duplicate, replica, or clone of something. In the genetic context, each allele is a copy of the gene - one from mother, one from father. They are similar/identical instances of the same gene.

 3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
 - This is about text for printing. Not relevant.

 4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy
 - This is about news material. Not relevant.

 So sense 2 seems to be the best fit: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" - referring to the two instances of the gene, one from each parent, which are copies of each other (or copies of the gene locus).

 Wait, let me reconsider. In genetics, when we say "two copies of a gene", we mean two instances/versions of the gene. Each parent contributes one copy. These are essentially duplicates or replicas of the genetic material.

 Sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" - this fits because each copy of the gene is an instance of that gene, similar to the other copy.

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure, copy%1:06:00 usually refers to physical duplicates like "a copy of a dress" or "carbon copy". But in the genetic sense, it's being used to mean "one of two or more instances of a gene present in a cell" - which is essentially a biological duplicate.

 However, I should check if there's a more specific sense. The candidates provided are only these four. Among these four, sense 2 is clearly the best fit because:
 - Sense 1 is about written records (transcripts)
 - Sense 3 is about printed matter
 - Sense 4 is about journalistic material
 - Sense 2 is about things made to be similar/identical to another thing

 In the sentence "inherited in two copies", "copy" refers to each of the two instances of the gene. Each is a copy (duplicate) of the gene sequence.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 2.

 Wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00::
 2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00::
 3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01::
 4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02::

 So sense 2 is copy%1:06:00:: - "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing".

 Yes, this is the correct choice. The genetic context uses "copy" to mean one of two duplicate instances of a gene inherited from parents.

 Actually, looking more carefully at the WordNet entry for copy%1:06:00::, the examples include "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" which is biological. This strongly supports that sense 2 is the correct choice for the genetic context.

 So the answer is {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one <t>copy</t> is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "copy" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about genetics, specifically about tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes.
- The relevant sentence is: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
- Later: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth..."
- And: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one <t>copy</t> is damaged early in life..."

So here, "copy" refers to one of the two instances of a gene that a person inherits - one from each parent. In genetics, we talk about having two "copies" of a gene (alleles).

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
   - This is about written records, transcripts. Not relevant to genes.

2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
   - This refers to a duplicate, a replica. In the context of genes, each gene is a copy (duplicate) of the genetic material. This seems most relevant - each allele is a copy/instance of the gene.

3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
   - This is about text for printing. Not relevant.

4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy
   - This is about news material. Not relevant.

Sense 2 seems to be the best fit. In genetics, when we say there are two "copies" of a gene, we mean two instances/duplicates of that genetic information - one from each parent. The definition "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" fits well because the two copies of the gene are identical or similar to each other (though alleles can vary slightly, they are copies of the same gene locus).

Wait, let me reconsider. Is "copy" in genetics referring to:
- A duplicate/replica (sense 2)
- Or is there a more specific biological sense?

Actually, looking at WordNet, sense 2 (copy%1:06:00::) is defined as "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" with examples like "she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor".

In the genetic context, when we inherit two copies of a gene, we are talking about two physical instances/duplicates of the genetic material. Each chromosome from each parent carries a copy of the gene. So yes, sense 2 applies.

But wait, is there any other interpretation? Could it be referring to a "copy" as in a transcript (sense 1)? No, that's for written records.

The context clearly indicates that humans inherit two versions/instances of each tumor-suppressor gene. These are referred to as "copies". This aligns with sense 2: things made to be similar or identical to another thing (the gene from the other parent).

Actually, looking more carefully at WordNet structure:
- copy%1:06:00:: is "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing"
- This includes genetic copies/clones.

Yes, sense 2 is definitely the correct choice.

The target word appears in: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life..."

Here, "copy" means one of the two duplicate versions of the gene that exist in the genome (one on each chromosome of a pair).

Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 2.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is <t>damaged</t> early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "damaged" in the given context. The target lemma is "damage" and the surface form is "damaged".

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about cancer genes, specifically tumor-suppressor genes.
- "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is <t>damaged</t> early in life, is especially prone to cancer..."
- Here, "damaged" describes what happens to a copy of a gene. The gene is being acted upon - something is causing harm to the gene.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
   - This is a transitive sense where an agent inflicts damage on something.
   - In the context: "one copy is damaged early in life" - this is passive voice. The gene copy is receiving the action of being damaged.
   - This fits: something (environmental factors, mutations, etc.) is inflicting damage upon the gene copy.

2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily
   - This is an intransitive sense where the subject suffers damage or is susceptible to it.
   - Example: "These cups damage easily" means they are prone to getting damaged.
   - In the context: "one copy is damaged" - this is not saying the gene copy is susceptible to damage or suffers damage in the sense of being fragile. It's saying it has been damaged (passive of sense 1).
   - The structure "is damaged" indicates a passive construction of the transitive verb, not the intransitive "suffer damage" sense.

The key distinction:
- Sense 1: to inflict damage upon (transitive) -> "The car was damaged" (passive)
- Sense 2: to suffer or be susceptible to damage (intransitive) -> "The car damages easily"

In the sentence: "one copy is damaged early in life"
- This is clearly passive voice.
- It means someone/something damages the copy (inflicts damage upon it).
- It does not mean the copy "suffers damage" in the intransitive sense (like "the china damages easily").

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

The JSON should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: early
Target surface form: early
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged <t>early</t> in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=early%4:02:01:: | definition=during an early stage | synonyms=early on | examples=early on in her career
2. sense_key=early%4:02:00:: | definition=before the usual time or the time expected | synonyms=ahead of time, too soon | examples=she graduated early; the house was completed ahead of time
3. sense_key=early%4:02:02:: | definition=in good time | synonyms=betimes | examples=he awoke betimes that morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "early" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
 - The phrase is "early in life"
 - This refers to a stage of life (early stage of life)

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=early%4:02:01:: | definition=during an early stage | synonyms=early on | examples=early on in her career
    - This seems to fit "early in life" - referring to an early stage of life
    - "early on" is a synonym, and the example "early on in her career" is structurally similar to "early in life"

 2. sense_key=early%4:02:00:: | definition=before the usual time or the time expected | synonyms=ahead of time, too soon | examples=she graduated early; the house was completed ahead of time
    - This refers to doing something before expected time
    - "early in life" doesn't necessarily mean "before expected time" in this context, but rather "during the early stages of life"
    - The examples show completion of events before expected time, not stages

 3. sense_key=early%4:02:02:: | definition=in good time | synonyms=betimes | examples=he awoke betimes that morning
    - This means "with plenty of time to spare" or "early enough"
    - Doesn't fit "early in life" which refers to chronological stage, not timeliness

 The phrase "early in life" clearly refers to "during an early stage" of life. This matches sense 1.

 Sense 1: "during an early stage" - this is exactly what "early in life" means - during the early stages of life.

 Sense 2 would be more like "he died early" (before expected time) or "she arrived early" (before scheduled time).

 Sense 3 is archaic/poetic ("betimes") and means sufficiently early or in a timely manner.

 Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense keys. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=early%4:02:01::
 2. sense_key=early%4:02:00::
 3. sense_key=early%4:02:02::

 So I should return {"sense_index": 1}

 But let me verify the WordNet senses to make sure I understand correctly.

 In WordNet 3.0/3.1:
 - early%4:02:00:: -> early (adverb) - "before the usual time or the time expected"
 - early%4:02:01:: -> early (adverb) - "during an early stage"
 - early%4:02:02:: -> early (adverb) - "in good time"

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet:
 early, early on (adverb) - during an early stage; "early on in her career"
 early (adverb) - before the usual time or the time expected; "she graduated early"
 betimes, early (adverb) - in good time; "he awoke betimes that morning"

 So yes:
 - Index 1 (early%4:02:01::) = during an early stage
 - Index 2 (early%4:02:00::) = before expected time
 - Index 3 (early%4:02:02::) = in good time/betimes

 The context: "damaged early in life" - this means during the early stages of life (childhood, youth, etc.), not before expected time.

 So sense 1 is correct.

 The user asks for a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}, so I should return {"sense_index": 1}.