[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: back
Target surface form: back
Context:
"Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle <t>back</t> into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=back%4:02:04:: | definition=in or to or toward a former location | examples=she went back to her parents' house
2. sense_key=back%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or toward the back or rear | synonyms=backward, backwards, rearward, rearwards | examples=he moved back; tripped when he stepped backward
3. sense_key=back%4:02:05:: | definition=in or to or toward an original condition | examples=he went back to sleep
4. sense_key=back%4:02:01:: | definition=in or to or toward a past time | synonyms=backward | examples=set the clocks back an hour; never look back
5. sense_key=back%4:02:06:: | definition=in reply | examples=he wrote back three days later
6. sense_key=back%4:02:03:: | definition=in repayment or retaliation | examples=we paid back everything we had borrowed; he hit me and I hit him back

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "back" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the sentence where "back" appears:
 "One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle <t>back</t> into their traditional role of making tea at meetings."

 The phrase is "settle back into their traditional role".

 Let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. back%4:02:04:: - in or to or toward a former location | examples=she went back to her parents' house
    - This suggests returning to a physical place.

 2. back%4:02:00:: - at or to or toward the back or rear | synonyms=backward, backwards, rearward, rearwards | examples=he moved back; tripped when he stepped backward
    - This suggests physical movement backward in space.

 3. back%4:02:05:: - in or to or toward an original condition | examples=he went back to sleep
    - This suggests returning to a previous state or condition.

 4. back%4:02:01:: - in or to or toward a past time | synonyms=backward | examples=set the clocks back an hour; never look back
    - This suggests temporal movement backward.

 5. back%4:02:06:: - in reply | examples=he wrote back three days later
    - This is about responding.

 6. back%4:02:03:: - in repayment or retaliation | examples=we paid back everything we had borrowed; he hit me and I hit him back
    - This is about reciprocation.

 The phrase "settle back into their traditional role" means returning to their previous/traditional role or condition. The women are being told to return to their traditional role (making tea).

 This matches sense 3: "in or to or toward an original condition" with the example "he went back to sleep" (returning to a previous state).

 Sense 1 is about a former location (physical place), but here it's about a role/condition, not a location.
 Sense 3 is about an original condition - "traditional role" is a condition or state, not a physical location.

 Therefore, sense 3 (back%4:02:05::) is the best fit.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense indexing. The user asks for the "sense_index" which appears to correspond to the numbering in the list (1-6).

 Sense 3 in the list is:
 3. sense_key=back%4:02:05:: | definition=in or to or toward an original condition | examples=he went back to sleep

 So the answer should be {"sense_index": 3}.

 Let me verify:
 - "settle back into their traditional role" = return to their traditional role
 - This is returning to a previous state/condition (the traditional role)
 - Sense 3: "in or to or toward an original condition"
 - Example: "he went back to sleep" (returning to the state of sleeping)

 Yes, this is correct. The other senses don't fit:
 - Sense 1: physical location (parents' house) - not a role
 - Sense 2: physical direction backward - not applicable
 - Sense 4: past time (set clocks back) - not exactly, it's about a role/condition
 - Sense 5: reply - not applicable
 - Sense 6: retaliation/repayment - not applicable

 So the answer is sense_index 3.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: traditional
Target surface form: traditional
Context:
"Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their <t>traditional</t> role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=traditional%3:00:00:: | definition=consisting of or derived from tradition | examples=traditional history; traditional morality
2. sense_key=traditional%5:00:00:orthodox:00 | definition=pertaining to time-honored orthodox doctrines | examples=the simple security of traditional assumptions has vanished

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "traditional" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "One writer, signing his letter as 'Red-blooded, balanced male,' remarked on the 'frequency of women fainting in peals,' and suggested that they 'settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings.'"

 The context is about gender roles in bell-ringing. A male writer is suggesting women should return to their "traditional role" of making tea at meetings, implying a customary, long-established role that women have historically held (in this sexist view).

 Looking at the candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=traditional%3:00:00:: | definition=consisting of or derived from tradition | examples=traditional history; traditional morality
 2. sense_key=traditional%5:00:00:orthodox:00 | definition=pertaining to time-honored orthodox doctrines | examples=the simple security of traditional assumptions has vanished

 Analysis:
 Sense 1 (3:00:00): "consisting of or derived from tradition" - This is the general sense of traditional meaning based on or established by tradition/custom.
 Sense 2 (5:00:00:orthodox:00): "pertaining to time-honored orthodox doctrines" - This seems more specific to religious or doctrinal orthodoxy.

 In the context, "traditional role" refers to a customary, long-established social role (women making tea at meetings). This aligns with sense 1, which covers traditional practices, roles, customs, etc. The examples "traditional history; traditional morality" suggest this is the broader sense covering customary practices.

 Sense 2 seems to relate more to doctrinal orthodoxy (religious or ideological doctrines), which doesn't fit as well with "traditional role" in the sense of gender roles/social customs, although one could argue gender roles are doctrinal. However, the specific gloss "pertaining to time-honored orthodox doctrines" with the example "the simple security of traditional assumptions" suggests this is about doctrinal/traditional assumptions in a more abstract or religious sense.

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
 - traditional%3:00:00:: is the main adjective sense: "consisting of or derived from tradition"
 - traditional%5:00:00:orthodox:00 is a satellite adjective (indicated by 5:00:00) linked to orthodox:00

 The context is about social traditions/customs (women making tea), not religious doctrines. Therefore, sense 1 is the better fit.

 Wait, I need to be careful. The index in the sense_key is not the sense number I should return. The user asks for a JSON like {"sense_index": 3}, implying I should return the index of the sense in the candidate list provided (1 or 2).

 The candidates are:
 1. sense_key=traditional%3:00:00::
 2. sense_key=traditional%5:00:00:orthodox:00

 So the sense_index should be 1.

 Let me double-check the distinction:
 - Sense 1: General - derived from tradition, customary (traditional role fits here)
 - Sense 2: Specific - pertaining to orthodox doctrines (religious/traditional doctrines)

 "Traditional role" in the context of gender roles (making tea) fits the general sense of being based on long-established custom/tradition, not specifically religious orthodoxy, though gender roles can be tied to tradition in a general sense.

 Therefore, sense_index: 1 is correct.

 Wait, I should verify if "traditional role" could be sense 2. The example for sense 2 is "the simple security of traditional assumptions". This could potentially apply to "traditional role" as an assumption. But "orthodox doctrines" suggests something more formal and doctrinal. Gender roles are social conventions/traditions, not necessarily doctrines (though they can be enforced by religious doctrine).

 Given the specific gloss "pertaining to time-honored orthodox doctrines", this seems to be the religious/ideological sense. The context is about social gender roles (making tea at meetings), which is a cultural tradition, not necessarily a doctrine (though the writer may be treating it as such, the word itself in this context refers to customary/historical roles).

 Also, looking at WordNet, traditional%3:00:00:: is the primary sense for "traditional" meaning "consisting of or derived from tradition" which covers things like traditional ceremonies, traditional roles, etc.

 So I will go with sense_index: 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Novita

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: role
Target surface form: role
Context:
"Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional <t>role</t> of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=role%1:04:00:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, office, part | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
2. sense_key=role%1:09:00:: | definition=an actor's portrayal of someone in a play | synonyms=character, theatrical role, part, persona | examples=she played the part of Desdemona
3. sense_key=role%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, purpose, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
4. sense_key=role%1:04:01:: | definition=normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting | examples=what is your role on the team?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "role" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
The text is about bell-ringing in Britain. There's a controversy about women in bell-ringing. One male writer suggested women should "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings."

The phrase "traditional role" here refers to the expected or customary activity/position of women in this social setting (making tea at meetings rather than participating in the actual bell-ringing).

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=role%1:04:00:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, office, part | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part

2. sense_key=role%1:09:00:: | definition=an actor's portrayal of someone in a play | synonyms=character, theatrical role, part, persona | examples=she played the part of Desdemona

3. sense_key=role%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, purpose, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?

4. sense_key=role%1:04:01:: | definition=normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting | examples=what is your role on the team?

Analyzing the context:
- The writer is suggesting women should return to their "traditional role" of making tea.
- This refers to the customary or expected social position/activity of women in this context.
- It's not about acting (sense 2).
- It's not about what something is used for (sense 3) - this is about people, not objects.
- It's between sense 1 and sense 4.

Sense 1: "the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group" - This is close, but focuses on assigned/required/expected actions.

Sense 4: "normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting" - This specifically mentions "customary activity" and "social setting."

The context mentions "traditional role" in a social setting (bell-ringing meetings, gender roles). The phrase "traditional role" strongly aligns with "normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting."

Sense 4 seems most appropriate because:
1. It mentions "customary" which aligns with "traditional"
2. It mentions "social setting" which fits the context of meetings and gender dynamics
3. The example "what is your role on the team?" suggests a position within a group/social context

Sense 1 is more about duties/functions (like the function of a teacher, government's part), while sense 4 is more about social roles and customary activities.

The context is clearly about gender roles in a social setting - women being expected to make tea rather than ring bells. This is a social/customary expectation.

Therefore, sense 4 (role%1:04:01::) is the best choice.

Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user asks for the sense_index in the JSON. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=role%1:04:00::
2. sense_key=role%1:09:00::
3. sense_key=role%1:07:00::
4. sense_key=role%1:04:01::

So sense 4 corresponds to index 4.

Actually, looking at the format, the user lists them as:
1. sense_key=...
2. sense_key=...
3. sense_key=...
4. sense_key=...

So I should return the number corresponding to the best sense. Sense 4 is the best fit.

Let me verify:
- Sense 1: function, office, part - "the function of a teacher"
- Sense 4: normal or customary activity - "what is your role on the team?"

The context: "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings"

This is clearly about customary social activity (making tea being the traditional/customary activity for women in this social setting), not just assigned duties. The word "traditional" strongly points to sense 4.

Yes, sense 4 is correct.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: making
Context:
"Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of <t>making</t> tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "making" (lemma: make) in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of <t>making</t> tea at meetings."

 The phrase is "making tea". This refers to preparing tea (the beverage).

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
 - This is about engaging in activities generally, not specifically preparing food/drink.

 2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
 - Not relevant.

 3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
 - General creation, but not specific to food preparation.

 4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
 - Not relevant.

 5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
 - Not relevant.

 6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
 - Manufacturing, not preparing tea.

 7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
 - Mental activities.

 8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
 - Causation.

 9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
 - Artistic creation.

 10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
 - Earning money.

 11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
 - Design/decorate.

 12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
 - Constituting.

 13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
 - Achieving.

 14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
 - Becoming.

 15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
 - This is about creating by shaping or combining materials. "Make a cake" is similar to "make tea" but "make a cake" usually implies baking/creating the cake from ingredients, while "make tea" usually implies preparing it by steeping tea leaves in hot water.

 16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
 - Performing actions.

 17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
 - Construction/building.

 18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
 - Transformation.

 19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
 - Acquiring.

 20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
 - Appointing.

 21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
 - Scoring.

 22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
 - Arriving.

 23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
 - Establishing.

 24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
 - Committing.

 25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
 - Assembling.

 26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
 - Organizing events.

 27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
 - Tidying.

 28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
 - Moving toward.

 29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
 - Defecating.

 30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
 - Being made into.

 31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
 - Suitability.

 32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
 - Adding up.

 33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
 - Amounting to.

 34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
 - Constituting essence.

 35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
 - Pretending/appearing.

 36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
 - Proceeding.

 37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
 - Reaching in time.

 38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
 - Making fire.

 39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
 - This looks very relevant. "Prepare for eating by applying heat". Making tea involves applying heat (boiling water) and preparing it for consumption.

 40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
 - Seducing.

 41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
 - Assuring success.

 42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
 - Pretending.

 43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
 - Considering.

 44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
 - Calculating.

 45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
 - Causing enjoyment.

 46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
 - Favoring development.

 47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
 - Developing into.

 48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
 - Behaving.

 49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug
 - Urinating.

 Now, comparing sense 39 and sense 15:
 - Sense 39: "prepare for eating by applying heat" - examples include "can you make me an omelette?"
 - Sense 15: "make by shaping or bringing together constituents" - examples include "make a cake"

 "Making tea" typically involves preparing tea by steeping tea leaves in hot water (applying heat). While tea is a drink, not food, the sense of "prepare for consumption by applying heat" fits well. The example "can you make me an omelette?" shows preparation of food, and "make tea" is a very common collocation for this sense.

 However, I should check if there's a more specific sense. Sense 39 seems to be the cooking/preparing food/drink sense. The definition mentions "prepare for eating" but the examples include making an omelette. Tea is prepared similarly by applying heat to water.

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure, sense 39 (make%2:36:07::) is typically the "cook, fix, ready, prepare" sense. The gloss says "prepare for eating by applying heat" but it's often used for preparing drinks like tea and coffee as well.

 Sense 15 (make%2:36:11::) is "make by shaping or bringing together constituents" with examples "make a dress; make a cake". While "make a cake" involves cooking, it's more about the creation/aspect. But "make tea" is more about preparation.

 Sense 38 (make%2:36:10::) is "gather and light the materials for" with example "make a fire". Not relevant.

 Sense 6 is manufacturing.

 The best fit appears to be sense 39: "prepare for eating by applying heat" (cook, fix, ready, prepare). Even though tea is a drink, not food, this is the standard sense used for "make tea" in WordNet. The example "can you make me an omelette?" shows the preparation of food/drink for consumption.

 Wait, I need to check if there's a sense specifically for drinks or if sense 39 covers drinks. In WordNet 3.0/3.1, sense 39 (make%2:36:07::) is indeed the "cook, fix, ready, prepare" sense with gloss "prepare for eating by applying heat". While the gloss says "eating", it is commonly understood to include drinking in this context, or at least "make tea" is categorized under this sense in WordNet.

 Let me verify by looking at the synonyms: cook, fix, ready, prepare. "Prepare tea" is synonymous with "make tea".

 Therefore, sense 39 is the correct choice.

 But wait, I should also consider sense 15: "make by shaping or bringing together constituents" with example "make a cake". Is "making tea" about bringing together constituents? Yes, you combine tea leaves and hot water. But sense 39 is more specific to the culinary preparation involving heat.

 Actually, looking at the examples for sense 15: "make a dress; make a cake". Making a cake involves baking/cooking. Making tea involves steeping tea in hot water. Both involve preparation with heat.

 However, sense 39 has the synonym "prepare" and the example "can you make me an omelette?" which is a direct request for food preparation, similar to "making tea".

 Also, sense 39 is indexed as make%2:36:07:: and sense 15 is make%2:36:11::.

 In standard WordNet, "make tea" is typically sense 39 (the cooking/preparing sense).

 Let me double-check if there's any other sense. Sense 26 is "organize or be responsible for" (hold, throw, have, give) with examples like "hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party". This is about organizing events, not preparing food.

 Sense 3 is general "create".

 Sense 15 is about shaping/bringing together constituents.

 I think sense 39 is the best fit.

 Wait, I need to be careful. The instruction says "WordNet glosses are schematic". So I should rely on context, examples, and synonyms.

 Context: "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings."
 This is a sexist remark suggesting women should serve tea at meetings rather than participate in bell-ringing.

 Synonyms for sense 39: cook, fix, ready, prepare.
 "Prepare tea" is exactly what is meant.

 Examples for sense 39: "Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?"
 These are culinary preparation tasks, just like making tea.

 Sense 15 examples: "make a dress; make a cake"
 While "make a cake" is culinary, "make a dress" is not. This sense seems broader about creating physical objects by combining materials.

 Therefore, sense 39 is the best choice.

 Index: 39 corresponds to sense_key make%2:36:07::

 So the answer should be {"sense_index": 39}.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tea
Target surface form: tea
Context:
"Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making <t>tea</t> at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tea%1:13:00:: | definition=a beverage made by steeping tea leaves in water | examples=iced tea is a cooling drink
2. sense_key=tea%1:13:01:: | definition=a light midafternoon meal of tea and sandwiches or cakes | synonyms=afternoon tea, teatime | examples=an Englishman would interrupt a war to have his afternoon tea
3. sense_key=tea%1:20:00:: | definition=a tropical evergreen shrub or small tree extensively cultivated in e.g. China and Japan and India; source of tea leaves | synonyms=Camellia sinensis | examples=tea has fragrant white flowers
4. sense_key=tea%1:14:00:: | definition=a reception or party at which tea is served | examples=we met at the Dean's tea for newcomers
5. sense_key=tea%1:13:02:: | definition=dried leaves of the tea shrub; used to make tea | synonyms=tea leaf | examples=the store shelves held many different kinds of tea; they threw the tea into Boston harbor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "tea" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about bell-ringing in Britain
 - There's a controversy about women in bell-ringing
 - One male writer suggested women should "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings"
 - This is a sexist remark implying women should serve refreshments rather than participate in the actual bell-ringing

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=tea%1:13:00:: | definition=a beverage made by steeping tea leaves in water | examples=iced tea is a cooling drink
    - This refers to the drink itself.

 2. sense_key=tea%1:13:01:: | definition=a light midafternoon meal of tea and sandwiches or cakes | synonyms=afternoon tea, teatime | examples=an Englishman would interrupt a war to have his afternoon tea
    - This refers to the meal/afternoon tea.

 3. sense_key=tea%1:20:00:: | definition=a tropical evergreen shrub or small tree extensively cultivated in e.g. China and Japan and India; source of tea leaves | synonyms=Camellia sinensis | examples=tea has fragrant white flowers
    - This refers to the plant.

 4. sense_key=tea%1:14:00:: | definition=a reception or party at which tea is served | examples=we met at the Dean's tea for newcomers
    - This refers to a social gathering/event where tea is served.

 5. sense_key=tea%1:13:02:: | definition=dried leaves of the tea shrub; used to make tea | synonyms=tea leaf | examples=the store shelves held many different kinds of tea; they threw the tea into Boston harbor
    - This refers to the dried leaves.

 In the context: "making tea at meetings"

 The phrase "making tea" typically refers to preparing the beverage (sense 1). However, looking at the context of "at meetings" and the traditional gender role being referenced, this is about women serving refreshments/beverages at social gatherings.

 But wait, let me look more carefully. The phrase is "making tea at meetings".

 If it's "making tea", that could be:
 - Preparing the beverage (sense 1)
 - Or it could be related to serving tea at a gathering

 However, looking at sense 4: "a reception or party at which tea is served" - this is the event itself, not the act of making/preparing it.

 Sense 1 is "a beverage made by steeping tea leaves in water" - this is the drink.

 When someone says "making tea", they are preparing the beverage (sense 1). But actually, looking at the WordNet senses, sense 1 is the beverage itself, not the act of making it.

 Let me reconsider. The target is "tea" as a noun. In "making tea", "tea" is the object being made.

 What is being made? The beverage (sense 1).

 However, there's also the possibility that this refers to the activity of preparing and serving tea at meetings, which might align with sense 4 (a reception or party), but "making tea" is not the same as "a tea" (the event).

 Actually, looking at the example for sense 4: "we met at the Dean's tea for newcomers" - this uses "tea" as an event.

 In our context: "making tea at meetings" - here "tea" is the thing being made, not the meeting itself. The meetings are separate gatherings where tea is served.

 So "making tea" = preparing the beverage.

 But let me double-check sense 2: "a light midafternoon meal of tea and sandwiches or cakes". This is "afternoon tea" as a meal. You don't typically "make" afternoon tea in the sense of preparing it as a task for women in a sexist stereotype - you might "prepare" or "serve" it, but the stereotype is about making/serving the drink.

 Actually, looking at British culture, "making tea" is a very common phrase referring to brewing the beverage. The sexist stereotype is that women should be in the kitchen making the tea (the drink) while the men do the real work (bell-ringing).

 So sense 1 seems correct: the beverage.

 But wait, let me look at sense 5: "dried leaves of the tea shrub". You don't "make" dried leaves at a meeting. You make the beverage from the leaves.

 So sense 1 appears to be the correct choice.

 However, I should consider if there's any ambiguity with sense 2 (the meal). In British English, "tea" can mean the evening meal (dinner) in some regions, but that's not listed here. Sense 2 is specifically "afternoon tea" - a light meal.

 The phrase "making tea at meetings" - if it were afternoon tea, it would be a more elaborate affair, but the context suggests simply preparing refreshments for the meeting.

 Also, looking at the example for sense 2: "an Englishman would interrupt a war to have his afternoon tea" - this emphasizes the meal aspect.

 The example for sense 1: "iced tea is a cooling drink" - this is the beverage.

 Given the context of sexist attitudes in a British organization, the comment about women making "tea" at meetings refers to the traditional role of women serving refreshments (the beverage) to the men.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

 Wait, I need to be careful. Is there any chance it's sense 4? "a reception or party at which tea is served". The phrase would be "making the tea" (the event), but that doesn't fit grammatically with "at meetings". You don't make a reception at a meeting - the tea (reception) is the meeting.

 Actually, looking at the text again: "making tea at meetings"

 If "tea" meant the reception/party (sense 4), then "making tea" would mean organizing/hosting the reception. But "at meetings" suggests the tea is being made during or for the meetings, not that the tea is the meeting itself.

 Also, sense 4 examples: "we met at the Dean's tea for newcomers" - this shows "tea" as a location/event.

 In our case, "making tea" clearly has "tea" as the direct object of "making", implying tea is a thing being created/prepared, not an event being hosted.

 So sense 1 (the beverage) is correct.

 But let me reconsider sense 2 one more time. Could "making tea" mean preparing the afternoon tea meal? Possibly, but the context is about women fainting in peals (bell-ringing sessions) and being told to go back to making refreshments. The simplest interpretation is brewing the drink.

 Also, the phrase "settle back into their traditional role of making tea" is a cliché in British English referring to the domestic task of preparing the beverage.

 Therefore, sense_index: 1.

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=tea%1:13:00::
 2. sense_key=tea%1:13:01::
 3. sense_key=tea%1:20:00::
 4. sense_key=tea%1:14:00::
 5. sense_key=tea%1:13:02::

 So sense 1 is the first one in the list.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet sense keys:
 - tea%1:13:00:: is the beverage (drink)
 - tea%1:13:01:: is the meal (afternoon tea)
 - tea%1:20:00:: is the plant
 - tea%1:14:00:: is the reception/party
 - tea%1:13:02:: is the dried leaves

 Yes, so index 1 corresponds to the beverage.

 Final check: Is there any possibility that "tea" here refers to the meal (sense 2)? In some British contexts, "tea" means the evening meal, but that's not sense 2 (which is afternoon tea). And the example for sense 2 mentions "afternoon tea" specifically.

 The context is about meetings, not necessarily afternoon occasions. Bell-ringing meetings could be at any time.

 I think sense 1 is definitely correct.

 One final thought: Could it be sense 5 (dried leaves)? "Making tea" could theoretically mean preparing the leaves, but that's not how we use the phrase. We say "making tea" to mean brewing the beverage.

 So: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: meeting
Target surface form: meetings
Context:
"Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at <t>meetings</t>. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=meeting%1:14:00:: | definition=a formally arranged gathering | synonyms=group meeting | examples=next year the meeting will be in Chicago; the meeting elected a chairperson
2. sense_key=meeting%1:14:01:: | definition=a small informal social gathering | synonyms=get together | examples=there was an informal meeting in my living room
3. sense_key=meeting%1:11:00:: | definition=a casual or unexpected convergence | synonyms=encounter | examples=he still remembers their meeting in Paris; there was a brief encounter in the hallway
4. sense_key=meeting%1:04:00:: | definition=the social act of assembling for some common purpose | synonyms=coming together | examples=his meeting with the salesmen was the high point of his day
5. sense_key=meeting%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of joining together as one | synonyms=merging, coming together | examples=the merging of the two groups occurred quickly; there was no meeting of minds
6. sense_key=meeting%1:15:00:: | definition=a place where things merge or flow together (especially rivers) | synonyms=confluence | examples=Pittsburgh is located at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "meetings" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about bell-ringers in Britain
 - There's a controversy about women in the field
 - One writer (a "Red-blooded, balanced male") suggested women should "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings"
 - This is referring to gatherings of bell-ringers where they presumably meet, discuss, and have tea

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=meeting%1:14:00:: - a formally arranged gathering (group meeting)
    - Examples: "next year the meeting will be in Chicago; the meeting elected a chairperson"
    - This seems like a formal organizational meeting

 2. sense_key=meeting%1:14:01:: - a small informal social gathering (get together)
    - Examples: "there was an informal meeting in my living room"
    - This is more casual

 3. sense_key=meeting%1:11:00:: - a casual or unexpected convergence (encounter)
    - Examples: "he still remembers their meeting in Paris; there was a brief encounter in the hallway"
    - This seems like running into someone, not a planned gathering

 4. sense_key=meeting%1:04:00:: - the social act of assembling for some common purpose (coming together)
    - Examples: "his meeting with the salesmen was the high point of his day"
    - This is about the act of meeting

 5. sense_key=meeting%1:04:02:: - the act of joining together as one (merging, coming together)
    - Examples: "the merging of the two groups occurred quickly; there was no meeting of minds"
    - This is about merging/uniting

 6. sense_key=meeting%1:15:00:: - a place where things merge or flow together (confluence)
    - Examples: Pittsburgh at the confluence of rivers
    - This is a physical location/geographical sense

 Now, in the context:
 - The writer is talking about women making tea at "meetings"
 - These are gatherings of the bell-ringing society/group
 - The text mentions "The Ringing World" (a newspaper) and letters to it
 - The context suggests organized gatherings of the society/group

 Comparing sense 1 vs sense 2:
 - Sense 1: formally arranged gathering (group meeting)
 - Sense 2: small informal social gathering (get together)

 The context mentions "The Ancient Society of College Youths" and organized groups. The meetings referred to seem to be formal gatherings of the society where business or organizational matters might be discussed (where tea would be served).

 However, looking at the specific phrase: "making tea at meetings" - this could be either formal or informal. But given that these are meetings of a society/organization (the Ancient Society of College Youths, or bell-ringing groups in general), and the contrast with "peals" (which is the actual ringing), these are likely formal gatherings.

 But wait, looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1 examples: "next year the meeting will be in Chicago; the meeting elected a chairperson" - this suggests formal organizational meetings
 - Sense 2 examples: "there was an informal meeting in my living room" - this suggests casual get-togethers

 The context refers to "traditional role of making tea at meetings" - this sounds like the social gatherings of the group. But are they formal or informal?

 Actually, looking at the broader context of British societies and clubs, "meetings" often refers to the formal gatherings of the society. However, the phrase "making tea at meetings" suggests the social aspect.

 Let me reconsider sense 4: "the social act of assembling for some common purpose" - this is about the act of meeting, not the event itself.

 Sense 1 vs Sense 2 is the key distinction here. In WordNet:
 - meeting%1:14:00:: is a formally arranged gathering
 - meeting%1:14:01:: is a small informal social gathering

 Given that these are meetings of a bell-ringing society (the Ancient Society of College Youths, or similar groups), and the context involves formal letters to a newspaper discussing the role of women in the society, these are likely formal organizational meetings.

 However, the phrase "making tea at meetings" is somewhat dismissive and might imply the social/informal aspect. But looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1: "the meeting elected a chairperson" - this is clearly an organizational meeting
 - Sense 2: "informal meeting in my living room"

 The context mentions "The Ringing World" (a weekly newspaper for ringers) and letters discussing the composition of the group. These are organizational matters, suggesting formal meetings.

 Also, the phrase "settle back into their traditional role" implies a formal structure where roles are defined.

 I think sense 1 (formally arranged gathering) is the best fit. These are meetings of the bell-ringing society/group.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet hierarchy. Both 1 and 2 are nouns denoting groups of people (1:14), while 4 is an act (1:04).

 Actually, looking carefully at the context: "making tea at meetings" - this is a typical role women might have in traditional British clubs and societies during the mid-20th century (which this text seems to evoke, though it's likely from the 1990s or early 2000s based on the content).

 The key is whether these are formal or informal. The text mentions "the oldest bell-ringing group in the country" and "the group is the sole source of ringers" - this is a formal organization. Therefore, their gatherings would be formally arranged.

 However, "making tea" suggests the refreshment aspect of such meetings. In British clubs, formal meetings often include tea.

 I think sense 1 is correct: a formally arranged gathering.

 But let me reconsider sense 2. Is it possible these are informal social gatherings? The text mentions "peals" (which are the actual ringing sessions) and meetings (which could be the business/social gatherings).

 Actually, looking at the contrast: women faint "in peals" (during the ringing) but should make tea "at meetings" (during the gatherings). This suggests meetings are distinct from the actual ringing activity, likely the business meetings of the society.

 Therefore, sense 1: formally arranged gathering (group meeting).

 One final check: could it be sense 4 (the social act of assembling)? No, because "at meetings" suggests a location or event, not an act. You make tea "at" a gathering (noun), not "at" an act.

 So between 1 and 2, I choose 1.

 Wait, I should verify the exact wording of the senses again:
 1. a formally arranged gathering | synonyms=group meeting
 2. a small informal social gathering | synonyms=get together

 Given the context of a national organization founded in 1637, and the formal tone of the controversy, these are definitely formally arranged gatherings.

 The answer should be sense_index 1.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: torrent
Target surface form: torrent
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the <t>torrent</t> of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=torrent%1:19:01:: | definition=a heavy rain | synonyms=downpour, cloudburst, deluge, waterspout, pelter, soaker
2. sense_key=torrent%1:11:00:: | definition=a violently fast stream of water (or other liquid) | synonyms=violent stream | examples=the houses were swept away in the torrent
3. sense_key=torrent%1:23:00:: | definition=an overwhelming number or amount | synonyms=flood, inundation, deluge | examples=a flood of requests; a torrent of abuse

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "torrent" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about bell-ringing in Britain
 - There's a controversy about women in bell-ringing
 - A male writer wrote a sexist letter to "The Ringing World"
 - Then there was a "torrent of replies" that followed
 - One woman ringer replied with criticism of male ringers
 - Another woman wrote from Sheffield

 The phrase is: "In the <t>torrent</t> of replies that followed..."

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=torrent%1:19:01:: | definition=a heavy rain | synonyms=downpour, cloudburst, deluge, waterspout, pelter, soaker
    - This refers to rain/meteorological phenomenon. The context is about letters/replies, not rain.

 2. sense_key=torrent%1:11:00:: | definition=a violently fast stream of water (or other liquid) | synonyms=violent stream | examples=the houses were swept away in the torrent
    - This refers to a physical stream of water. The context is about letters/replies, not water.

 3. sense_key=torrent%1:23:00:: | definition=an overwhelming number or amount | synonyms=flood, inundation, deluge | examples=a flood of requests; a torrent of abuse
    - This refers to a large number/amount of something (metaphorical). The context mentions "a torrent of replies" - meaning many replies, an overwhelming number of letters/responses.

 The phrase "torrent of replies" clearly matches sense 3, which is about an overwhelming number or amount. The synonyms include "flood" and "deluge" which are often used metaphorically for large amounts of things (like a flood of requests, a deluge of complaints).

 The context describes a series of letters to a newspaper, and the "torrent of replies" refers to the many responses that came after the sexist letter.

 Therefore, the correct sense is sense 3 (sense_key=torrent%1:23:00::).

 The user wants me to return only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}.

 I should not include the sense key in the answer, just the index number.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reply
Target surface form: replies
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of <t>replies</t> that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reply%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation | synonyms=answer, response | examples=I waited several days for his answer; he wrote replies to several of his critics
2. sense_key=reply%1:10:00:: | definition=the speech act of continuing a conversational exchange | synonyms=response | examples=he growled his reply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "replies" in the given context.

Context analysis:
- The text is about bell-ringing in Britain
- There's a controversy about women in bell-ringing
- A male writer wrote a letter to "The Ringing World" making sexist comments about women fainting and making tea
- "In the torrent of <t>replies</t> that followed..." refers to responses to that letter
- The replies are described as letters written back - one from a woman in Solihull, another from Sheffield

Candidate senses:
1. reply%1:10:01:: - a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation | synonyms=answer, response | examples=I waited several days for his answer; he wrote replies to several of his critics
2. reply%1:10:00:: - the speech act of continuing a conversational exchange | synonyms=response | examples=he growled his reply

Analysis:
- Sense 1 refers to the actual written/spoken statement/content that responds to something (the noun referring to the text itself)
- Sense 2 refers to the speech act (the act of replying)

In the context: "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed..."
- The "replies" here are referring to the actual letters written back (the written statements)
- The examples for sense 1 include "he wrote replies to several of his critics" - this matches our context perfectly (letters written in response to a letter)
- Sense 2 focuses on the speech act of continuing conversation, which is more about the act itself rather than the written documents

The context mentions "letters to 'The Ringing World'" and then talks about the "torrent of replies" - these are written statements responding to the original letter. This matches sense 1 (reply%1:10:01::).

Also, looking at the synonyms:
- Sense 1: answer, response (as a thing/content)
- Sense 2: response (as an act)

The phrase "torrent of replies" suggests multiple written responses/letters, which aligns with sense 1.

Therefore, the best sense is sense 1 (reply%1:10:01::).

Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user says "Choose the single best indexed sense" and the candidates are numbered 1 and 2.

Candidate 1: sense_key=reply%1:10:01::
Candidate 2: sense_key=reply%1:10:00::

So I should return {"sense_index": 1}

Let me double-check:
- The context describes written letters sent to a newspaper in response to a previous letter
- "he wrote replies to several of his critics" is the example for sense 1 - this is almost exactly parallel to our context
- Sense 2 example "he growled his reply" emphasizes the manner/speech act of replying

Yes, sense 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: follow
Target surface form: followed
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that <t>followed</t>, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=follow%2:38:00:: | definition=to travel behind, go after, come after | examples=The ducklings followed their mother around the pond; Please follow the guide through the museum
2. sense_key=follow%2:42:00:: | definition=be later in time | synonyms=postdate | examples=Tuesday always follows Monday
3. sense_key=follow%2:42:05:: | definition=come as a logical consequence; follow logically | synonyms=fall out | examples=It follows that your assertion is false; the theorem falls out nicely
4. sense_key=follow%2:38:01:: | definition=travel along a certain course | synonyms=travel along | examples=follow the road; follow the trail
5. sense_key=follow%2:41:00:: | definition=act in accordance with someone's rules, commands, or wishes | synonyms=comply, abide by | examples=He complied with my instructions; You must comply or else!
6. sense_key=follow%2:42:01:: | definition=come after in time, as a result | synonyms=come after | examples=A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake
7. sense_key=follow%2:30:00:: | definition=behave in accordance or in agreement with | synonyms=conform to | examples=Follow a pattern; Follow my example
8. sense_key=follow%2:42:02:: | definition=be next | examples=Mary plays best, with John and Sue following
9. sense_key=follow%2:40:00:: | definition=choose and follow; as of theories, ideas, policies, strategies or plans | synonyms=adopt, espouse | examples=She followed the feminist movement; The candidate espouses Republican ideals
10. sense_key=follow%2:42:03:: | definition=to bring something about at a later time than | examples=She followed dinner with a brandy; He followed his lecture with a question and answer period
11. sense_key=follow%2:36:00:: | definition=imitate in behavior; take as a model | synonyms=take after | examples=Teenagers follow their friends in everything
12. sense_key=follow%2:31:00:: | definition=follow, discover, or ascertain the course of development of something | synonyms=trace | examples=We must follow closely the economic development is Cuba; trace the student's progress
13. sense_key=follow%2:41:02:: | definition=follow with the eyes or the mind | synonyms=watch, observe, watch over, keep an eye on | examples=Keep an eye on the baby, please!; The world is watching Sarajevo
14. sense_key=follow%2:41:01:: | definition=be the successor (of) | synonyms=succeed, come after | examples=Carter followed Ford; Will Charles succeed to the throne?
15. sense_key=follow%2:36:01:: | definition=perform an accompaniment to | synonyms=play along, accompany | examples=The orchestra could barely follow the frequent pitch changes of the soprano
16. sense_key=follow%2:30:01:: | definition=keep informed | synonyms=keep up, keep abreast | examples=He kept up on his country's foreign policies
17. sense_key=follow%2:42:04:: | definition=to be the product or result | synonyms=come | examples=Melons come from a vine; Understanding comes from experience
18. sense_key=follow%2:41:10:: | definition=accept and follow the leadership or command or guidance of | examples=Let's follow our great helmsman!; She followed a guru for years
19. sense_key=follow%2:41:11:: | definition=adhere to or practice | examples=These people still follow the laws of their ancient religion
20. sense_key=follow%2:41:09:: | definition=work in a specific place, with a specific subject, or in a specific function | synonyms=be | examples=He is a herpetologist; She is our resident philosopher
21. sense_key=follow%2:39:13:: | definition=keep under surveillance | synonyms=surveil, survey | examples=The police had been following him for weeks but they could not prove his involvement in the bombing
22. sense_key=follow%2:38:13:: | definition=follow in or as if in pursuit | synonyms=pursue | examples=The police car pursued the suspected attacker; Her bad deed followed her and haunted her dreams all her life
23. sense_key=follow%2:31:14:: | definition=grasp the meaning | examples=Can you follow her argument?; When he lectures, I cannot follow
24. sense_key=follow%2:30:12:: | definition=keep to | synonyms=stick to, stick with | examples=Stick to your principles; stick to the diet

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "followed" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is about bell-ringing in Britain
 - The specific sentence is: "In the torrent of replies that <t>followed</t>, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that..."
 - Here, "followed" refers to the replies that came after the initial letter
 - The pattern is: "In the torrent of replies that followed [the letter/remarks]"

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. follow%2:38:00:: - travel behind, go after (physical movement) - not right, not about physical movement
 2. follow%2:42:00:: - be later in time (postdate) - possible, but "postdate" usually means come after in time in a calendar sense
 3. follow%2:42:05:: - come as a logical consequence - not right, replies aren't logical consequences in the strict sense
 4. follow%2:38:01:: - travel along a course - not right
 5. follow%2:41:00:: - act in accordance with - not right
 6. follow%2:42:01:: - come after in time, as a result - this looks promising. Examples: "A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake"
 7. follow%2:30:00:: - behave in accordance with - not right
 8. follow%2:42:02:: - be next - possible, but usually about sequences like "Mary plays best, with John and Sue following"
 9. follow%2:40:00:: - choose and follow - not right
 10. follow%2:42:03:: - bring something about at a later time - this is transitive, but "followed" here is intransitive/in relative clause
 11. follow%2:36:00:: - imitate - not right
 12. follow%2:31:00:: - trace/ascertain - not right
 13. follow%2:41:02:: - follow with eyes/mind - not right
 14. follow%2:41:01:: - be successor of - not right (Carter followed Ford - succession)
 15. follow%2:36:01:: - accompany musically - not right
 16. follow%2:30:01:: - keep informed - not right
 17. follow%2:42:04:: - be the product or result - not right
 18. follow%2:41:10:: - accept leadership - not right
 19. follow%2:41:11:: - adhere to/practice - not right
 20. follow%2:41:09:: - work in specific place - not right
 21. follow%2:39:13:: - keep under surveillance - not right
 22. follow%2:38:13:: - pursue - not right
 23. follow%2:31:14:: - grasp meaning - not right
 24. follow%2:30:12:: - keep to - not right

 The best candidates seem to be:
 - Sense 6: "come after in time, as a result" (synonyms: come after)
 - Sense 2: "be later in time" (synonyms: postdate)
 - Sense 8: "be next"

 Sense 6 example: "A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake" - this matches the structure where X follows Y in time/sequence.

 Sense 2 example: "Tuesday always follows Monday" - this is about temporal sequence but more about calendar/dates.

 Sense 8 example: "Mary plays best, with John and Sue following" - this is about being next in a sequence.

 In the context: "In the torrent of replies that followed..." - the replies came after the initial letter. This is a temporal sequence where one event (the replies) comes after another (the initial letter/remark).

 Sense 6: "come after in time, as a result" - while the replies did come after, they aren't necessarily a "result" in the causal sense, though they are a response.

 Actually, looking at sense 6 vs sense 2 vs sense 8:

 Sense 2 (postdate): Usually used for dates/time periods coming after each other. "Tuesday follows Monday"

 Sense 8 (be next): "Mary plays best, with John and Sue following" - this is about order in a sequence.

 Sense 6 (come after in time): "A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake" - event B happened after event A in time.

 The context here is: replies came after the initial letter was published. This is an event following another event in time.

 However, looking closely at sense 6: "come after in time, as a result" - the "as a result" part suggests causality. The tsunami followed the earthquake (as a result).

 The replies followed the letter - they came after it in time, and they were caused by it (as a response).

 But actually, looking at sense 2: "be later in time" (postdate). This might be too specific to dating/timing.

 Let me reconsider sense 10: "to bring something about at a later time than" - example: "She followed dinner with a brandy". This is transitive - the subject does the following. In our sentence, "replies that followed" - the replies are the subject of followed? No, "replies that followed" means the replies came after. This is intransitive.

 Actually, in "the torrent of replies that followed", "followed" is being used intransitively to mean "came after/ensued".

 Looking at WordNet:
 - Sense 6 is "come after in time, as a result"
 - Sense 2 is "be later in time"
 - Sense 8 is "be next"

 Between these, sense 6 seems most appropriate for events occurring in sequence where one comes after the other. The example "A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake" is very similar to "replies followed the letter".

 However, I should check if there's a sense specifically for "ensue" or "come afterwards".

 Actually, looking at sense 14: "be the successor (of)" - this is about replacing someone in a position (Carter followed Ford).

 The key distinction:
 - Sense 2: temporal sequence (dates, days)
 - Sense 6: temporal sequence + result (events)
 - Sense 8: order in a list/sequence

 The replies are events that came after the initial letter. They are a response, so they follow as a result/consequence.

 Actually, looking at the gloss for sense 6 again: "come after in time, as a result" - synonyms: come after.

 And sense 8: "be next" - this is more about position in an ordered set.

 The context: "In the torrent of replies that followed..." - implies the replies came after the publication of the initial letter/remarks. This is clearly temporal.

 Between sense 2 and 6:
 - Sense 2 examples: "Tuesday always follows Monday"
 - Sense 6 examples: "A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake"

 The tsunami example is better because it deals with events (like replies) rather than calendar items. Also, the replies were indeed a result of the initial letter.

 Therefore, sense 6 seems best.

 Wait, let me check sense 10 again: "to bring something about at a later time than" - this would be "She followed the meal with a dance" - transitive. Our usage is intransitive: "replies that followed".

 So sense 6 is correct.

 Actually, looking at sense 8: "be next" - could this work? "The replies that followed" = the replies that were next? This is possible but less specific than the temporal "come after".

 Sense 6 is indexed as follow%2:42:01:: according to the list provided.

 Let me verify the indexing:
 1. follow%2:38:00::
 2. follow%2:42:00::
 3. follow%2:42:05::
 4. follow%2:38:01::
 5. follow%2:41:00::
 6. follow%2:42:01::  <-- This is "come after in time, as a result"
 7. follow%2:30:00::
 8. follow%2:42:02::  <-- This is "be next"
 9. follow%2:40:00::
 10. follow%2:42:03::
 ...

 Yes, sense 6 is follow%2:42:01:: - "come after in time, as a result"

 The context supports this: the replies came after (in time) the initial letter, and they were a result/response to it.

 However, I should also consider if sense 2 is better. Sense 2 is "be later in time" with synonym "postdate". Postdate usually means to happen at a later date, or to assign a later date to something. The example is "Tuesday always follows Monday". This is about regular temporal sequence.

 Sense 6 "come after in time, as a result" with example "A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake" - this is about one event following another event, often with a causal connection.

 The tsunami followed the earthquake (as a consequence).
 The replies followed the letter (as a consequence/response).

 This fits better than the calendar-based sense 2.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 6.

 Wait, I need to check if there's any other sense I missed.

 Sense 22: "follow in or as if in pursuit" - examples: "The police car pursued the suspected attacker; Her bad deed followed her..." - this is about chasing or haunting, not appropriate here.

 Sense 17: "to be the product or result" - examples: "Melons come from a vine" - this is about origin/source, not sequence.

 So yes, sense 6 is the best choice.

 Final check: The target surface form is "followed" (past tense). The sentence is "In the torrent of replies that followed..." This is describing replies that came after something (presumably after the letter mentioned earlier). This is clearly temporal sequencing of events.

 The answer is sense 6.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: woman
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one <t>woman</t> ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "woman" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about bell-ringers in Britain.
 - It mentions that more than a third of ringers today are women.
 - It discusses discrimination against women in this field.
 - The specific target occurrence is: "one woman ringer from Solihull observed that..."

 Now let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
    - This is the general sense of an adult female human being.

 2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
    - This is the sense of a romantic partner or significant other to a specific man.

 3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
    - This is a domestic worker sense (archaic/offensive usage referring to female servants).

 4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation
    - This is a collective sense referring to women as a group/class.

 Analysis of the target occurrence:
 "one woman ringer from Solihull observed that..."

 Here, "woman" modifies "ringer" (bell-ringer). It refers to an individual adult female person who is a ringer.

 - Sense 2 doesn't fit because it refers to a romantic partner of a particular man, not just any female person.
 - Sense 3 doesn't fit because it refers to a domestic worker/house cleaner, and the context is about bell-ringers, not housework.
 - Sense 4 doesn't fit because it refers to women as a collective class ("womanhood"), but here we're talking about one specific individual ("one woman ringer").

 Sense 1 fits best: "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)". This is the general sense of a female human being, which applies to an individual woman who is a bell-ringer.

 The context discusses women entering a male-dominated field, and refers to "one woman ringer" as an individual female person participating in this activity.

 Therefore, the correct sense index is 1.

 Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00::
 2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01::
 3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02::
 4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00::

 So sense index 1 corresponds to woman%1:18:00:: (adult female person).

 Yes, that's correct.

 The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringer
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman <t>ringer</t> from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "ringer" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:

 1. The text discusses women entering a "once male-dominated field" and mentions "bell-ringing group", "Ancient Society of College Youths", "ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches", "St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey", "The Ringing World" (a weekly newspaper for ringers), "fainting in peals", "belfry", and "60 years of ringing".

 2. The specific sentence with the target word: "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman <t>ringer</t> from Solihull observed that..."

 3. Key contextual clues:
    - "bell-ringing group"
    - "ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches"
    - "The Ringing World, a weekly newspaper for ringers"
    - "fainting in peals" (a peal is a session of bell ringing)
    - "belfry" (where bells are housed)
    - "60 years of ringing"
    - "rings church bells" is explicitly mentioned in the context

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
    - This matches perfectly with the context about church bells, belfries, peals, and bell-ringing groups.

 2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
    - This is about look-alikes, not related to the context of bell ringing.

 3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
    - This is about impostors in competitions, not related to bell ringing.

 4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg
    - This is about the game of horseshoes, not related to the religious/bell context.

 The context clearly talks about bell ringing in churches (St. Paul's Cathedral, Westminster Abbey), belfries, and peals. Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

 The index requested is the "sense_index". Looking at the format:
 - sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: is listed first, so its index is 1.
 - sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: is listed second, so its index is 2.
 - sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: is listed third, so its index is 3.
 - sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: is listed fourth, so its index is 4.

 Wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user says "Choose the single best indexed sense" and the candidates are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4.

 So:
 - Candidate 1: ringer%1:18:02:: (bell ringer)
 - Candidate 2: ringer%1:18:01:: (dead ringer/look-alike)
 - Candidate 3: ringer%1:18:00:: (contestant under false pretenses)
 - Candidate 4: ringer%1:04:00:: (horseshoes)

 The correct sense is candidate 1.

 The output should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: StreamLake