[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: notion
Target surface form: notion
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the <t>notion</t> that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: | definition=a general inclusive concept
3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: | definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon
4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "notion" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the <t>notion</t> that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."
 - The context discusses immigration, economic theories, and beliefs about how immigrants affect the labor market.
 - The word "notion" here refers to a belief or idea that immigrants replace native workers.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
    - This sense involves a vague idea, belief, or opinion. The context talks about "fears... based on the notion that..." which suggests a belief or opinion held by people. The synonyms include "belief" and "opinion" which fit well here.

 2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: | definition=a general inclusive concept
    - This is a more abstract, general concept. The context is talking about a specific belief/fear, not a general inclusive concept.

 3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: | definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon
    - This implies something whimsical or fanciful. While the text suggests this notion is incorrect ("But experience shows that in reality..."), it doesn't characterize it as whimsical or capricious in the sense of being odd or fanciful like a whim. It's more of a mistaken belief or impression.

 4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions
    - This is clearly wrong - it's the sewing notion, which doesn't fit the context at all.

 Between sense 1 and sense 2:
 - Sense 1 emphasizes "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed" with synonyms like impression, feeling, belief, opinion.
 - Sense 2 is "a general inclusive concept" which is more abstract.

 The context describes a belief/fear that immigrants replace native workers. This is a specific belief or opinion people hold, not necessarily a "general inclusive concept." The phrase "based on the notion that" strongly suggests a belief or opinion (synonyms from sense 1).

 Also, looking at the earlier use of "notion" in the text: "This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem" - this also seems to fit sense 1 (a belief/opinion) rather than sense 2 or 3.

 The text is discussing economic beliefs/theories about immigration. The word is used to describe a belief that turns out to be mistaken (according to the author), but it's still a "belief" or "opinion" - which aligns with sense 1.

 Sense 1 (notion%1:09:02::) is the best fit.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet senses to make sure I have the right indices.

 In WordNet:
 - notion%1:09:00:: - a general inclusive concept
 - notion%1:09:01:: - an odd or fanciful or capricious idea (whim, whimsy, whimsey)
 - notion%1:09:02:: - a vague idea in which some confidence is placed (impression, feeling, belief, opinion)
 - notion%1:06:00:: - (usually plural) small personal articles...

 Yes, the mapping in the prompt matches.

 The context: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers..."
 This is clearly referring to a belief or opinion (that immigrants replace workers). This matches sense 1 (index 1 in the list provided? Wait, let me check the numbering).

 The candidate senses are numbered:
 1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02::
 2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00::
 3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01::
 4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00::

 So:
 - Index 1 corresponds to notion%1:09:02:: (vague idea, belief, opinion)
 - Index 2 corresponds to notion%1:09:00:: (general inclusive concept)
 - Index 3 corresponds to notion%1:09:01:: (odd/fanciful idea)
 - Index 4 corresponds to notion%1:06:00:: (sewing items)

 The correct sense is notion%1:09:02::, which is index 1 in the list.

 Wait, I need to be careful. The user asks for "sense_index". Looking at the example: {"sense_index": 3}. This refers to the index in the candidate list provided (1-indexed).

 So if I choose the first one in the list, it would be {"sense_index": 1}.

 Let me verify:
 - The target word refers to a belief that immigrants replace native workers.
 - This is a "vague idea in which some confidence is placed" - people have confidence in this idea (they fear it), but it's described as being mistaken ("But experience shows that in reality...").
 - The synonyms include "belief" and "opinion" which fit perfectly.
 - It's not a "general inclusive concept" (too abstract).
 - It's not "odd or fanciful" (it's a common fear, not a whim).
 - It's definitely not sewing items.

 Therefore, the answer is sense_index 1.

 But wait, let me reconsider sense 2 ("a general inclusive concept"). Could this be referring to the concept of replacement? No, the phrase "based on the notion that" strongly implies a belief or proposition that people hold, not an abstract concept.

 Also, looking at the earlier sentence: "This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem" - again, this is a belief/viewpoint, not a general concept or a whim.

 So yes, sense 1 (index 1) is correct.

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet definitions:
 - WordNet 3.1:
   - S: (n) notion (a vague idea in which some confidence is placed) "his impression of her was favorable"; "what are your feelings about the crisis?"; "it strengthened my belief in his sincerity"; "I had a feeling that she was lying"
   - S: (n) notion (a general inclusive concept)
   - S: (n) notion, whim, whimsy, whimsey (an odd or fanciful or capricious idea) "the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories"; "he had a whimsy about flying to the moon"
   - S: (n) notion ((usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items) "buttons and needles are notions"

 The first sense is definitely the one about beliefs/impressions.

 In the candidate list:
 1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: -> This is the "vague idea/belief" sense (offset 02)
 2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: -> This is the "general inclusive concept" sense (offset 00)
 3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: -> This is the "whim" sense (offset 01)
 4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00:: -> This is the sewing sense (offset 00 in noun.artifact)

 So yes, index 1 is correct.

 Final check: The context is about fears based on a belief. "Fears... are based on the notion that..." -> This is clearly the "belief/opinion" sense.

 Answer: {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: worker
Target surface form: workers
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native <t>workers</t>, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=worker%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who works at a specific occupation | examples=he is a good worker
2. sense_key=worker%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the working class (not necessarily employed) | synonyms=proletarian, prole | examples=workers of the world--unite!
3. sense_key=worker%1:05:01:: | definition=sterile member of a colony of social insects that forages for food and cares for the larvae
4. sense_key=worker%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who acts and gets things done | synonyms=actor, doer | examples=he's a principal actor in this affair; when you want something done get a doer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "workers" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
The text is discussing economics, immigration, labor markets, wages, and employment. It talks about immigrants replacing "native workers" and the relationship between immigrants and "local labor."

Key phrases:
- "replace native workers"
- "in particular unskilled ones"
- "complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor"
- "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor"

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=worker%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who works at a specific occupation | examples=he is a good worker
- This is the general sense of someone who works at an occupation. This seems very applicable here - native workers (people who work at specific occupations).

2. sense_key=worker%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the working class (not necessarily employed) | synonyms=proletarian, prole | examples=workers of the world--unite!
- This is the Marxist/class sense, referring to the working class as a social group. While the text discusses economic issues, it's talking about workers as labor force participants, not specifically as a social class or revolutionary proletariat.

3. sense_key=worker%1:05:01:: | definition=sterile member of a colony of social insects that forages for food and cares for the larvae
- This is clearly for insects (bees, ants, etc.). Not applicable here.

4. sense_key=worker%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who acts and gets things done | synonyms=actor, doer | examples=he's a principal actor in this affair; when you want something done get a doer
- This is about being an active person who gets things done, not specifically about employment or labor.

The context is clearly about labor economics: "native workers", "unskilled ones", "local labor", "wages", "employment". This is referring to people who work at specific occupations (sense 1), not the proletarian class sense (sense 2), definitely not insects (sense 3), and not the "doer" sense (sense 4).

The text mentions "native workers" and discusses them in relation to immigrants who fill labor shortages. This is about people working in specific occupations/jobs.

Sense 1 is the most appropriate: "a person who works at a specific occupation"

Sense 2 might seem tempting because it mentions "working class", but the example "workers of the world--unite!" suggests a collective, class-based meaning which doesn't fit as well with the economic analysis of labor substitution and complements in the text.

Therefore, the best choice is sense index 1.

Wait, let me double-check the sense indices provided:

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=worker%1:18:00::
2. sense_key=worker%1:18:01::
3. sense_key=worker%1:05:01::
4. sense_key=worker%1:18:02::

So index 1 corresponds to worker%1:18:00:: (person who works at specific occupation)
Index 2 corresponds to worker%1:18:01:: (member of working class)

Yes, index 1 is correct.

The context discusses "native workers" in opposition to immigrants, and discusses wages, employment, and specific trades. This fits "a person who works at a specific occupation" much better than "a member of the working class (not necessarily employed)."

Actually, looking carefully at sense 2: "not necessarily employed" - but the context is clearly about people who are employed (or seeking employment), discussing wages and replacement in jobs. So sense 1 is definitely better.

Answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DigitalOcean

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled <t>ones</t>, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the target word "ones" (lemma: "one") in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled <t>ones</t>..."
 - Here, "ones" is referring back to "workers" - specifically "unskilled ones" means "unskilled workers".
 - This is a pronominal use where "one" substitutes for a previously mentioned noun to avoid repetition.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
    - This is the numeric sense (the number 1).
    - In the context, "ones" is not referring to the number 1.

 2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered
    - This sense refers to "a single person or thing" - used as a pronoun to refer to a noun previously mentioned or easily identified.
    - In the context, "unskilled ones" refers to "unskilled workers" - substituting for the noun "workers".
    - This matches the usage where "one/ones" is used as a pronoun to replace a countable noun to avoid repetition.

 Wait, let me check if there are other possible senses. The user only provided 2 candidate senses. Let me verify if sense 2 fits.

 The context: "unskilled ones" refers to "unskilled workers". This is using "ones" as a pronoun substituting for "workers".

 Sense 2 definition: "a single person or thing"
 Examples: "he is the best one"; "this is the one I ordered"

 Actually, looking at WordNet, there might be another sense for the pronominal usage. But based on the candidates provided:

 Sense 1 is clearly the number.
 Sense 2 is "a single person or thing" - this seems to be the indefinite pronoun sense.

 In the sentence "unskilled ones", "ones" is plural and refers back to "workers". It's functioning as a substitute for a plural noun.

 Sense 2 says "a single person or thing" but "ones" is plural here. However, looking at the examples:
 - "he is the best one" - singular
 - "this is the one I ordered" - singular

 But "ones" can be the plural of "one" in this sense. The definition says "a single person or thing" but the sense can apply to plural "ones" as well, referring to multiple persons or things.

 Actually, looking more carefully at WordNet sense one%1:09:00:: - this is the sense for "one" as in "the one I want" - referring to a particular individual or thing.

 In the context: "unskilled ones" = "unskilled workers". This is using "one" as a pronoun to substitute for a countable noun.

 Between the two options:
 - Option 1 (numeric): Definitely not correct.
 - Option 2 (a single person or thing): This is the pronoun sense.

 Even though the definition says "single", the plural form "ones" is used to refer to multiple instances of the previously mentioned category (workers).

 Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice.

 Wait, I should double-check if there's any other interpretation. Could "ones" be the number in plural form? Like "the ones" as in the number 1s? No, that doesn't make sense in this context ("unskilled 1s" doesn't make sense).

 So the answer is sense 2.

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pressure
Target surface form: pressure
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward <t>pressure</t> on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pressure%1:19:00:: | definition=the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit) | synonyms=pressure level, force per unit area | examples=the compressed gas exerts an increased pressure
2. sense_key=pressure%1:07:00:: | definition=a force that compels | examples=the public brought pressure to bear on the government
3. sense_key=pressure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of pressing; the exertion of pressure | synonyms=press, pressing | examples=he gave the button a press; he used pressure to stop the bleeding
4. sense_key=pressure%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of demanding notice or attention | synonyms=imperativeness, insistence, insistency, press | examples=the insistence of their hunger; the press of business matters
5. sense_key=pressure%1:09:00:: | definition=the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin | synonyms=pressure sensation | examples=the sensitivity of his skin to pressure and temperature was normal
6. sense_key=pressure%1:26:01:: | definition=an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress
7. sense_key=pressure%1:19:01:: | definition=the pressure exerted by the atmosphere | synonyms=atmospheric pressure, air pressure

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "pressure" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward <t>pressure</t> on wages."
 - The context is about economics, immigration, and wages.
 - The phrase is "downward pressure on wages" - this means a force or influence that pushes wages down.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. pressure%1:19:00:: - Physical force applied to unit area (physics definition). Examples mention compressed gas, pascals, dynes. This is physical pressure.

 2. pressure%1:07:00:: - "a force that compels". Examples: "the public brought pressure to bear on the government". This seems to be about compelling force or influence.

 3. pressure%1:04:00:: - "the act of pressing; the exertion of pressure". Physical act of pressing.

 4. pressure%1:26:00:: - "the state of demanding notice or attention". Synonyms: imperativeness, insistence. Examples: "the insistence of their hunger". This is about urgency or demanding attention.

 5. pressure%1:09:00:: - Somatic sensation (feeling of pressure on skin).

 6. pressure%1:26:01:: - "an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress". This is about stress/distress.

 7. pressure%1:19:01:: - Atmospheric pressure.

 In the context "exerting downward pressure on wages", we're talking about an economic force or influence that causes wages to decrease. This is metaphorical usage of pressure as a compelling force.

 Looking at sense 2: "a force that compels" - this fits well with the economic context where immigration creates a force that compels wages downward. The example "the public brought pressure to bear on the government" shows the metaphorical use of pressure as influence or force.

 Sense 6 is about distress/oppresive condition, which doesn't fit here. We're not saying wages are in distress, but that there's a force pushing them down.

 Sense 1 is physical, which doesn't apply to wages in this metaphorical economic context.

 Sense 4 is about demanding attention/urgency, which doesn't fit.

 So sense 2 (pressure%1:07:00::) seems best: "a force that compels".

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys. The user lists them as:
 1. pressure%1:19:00::
 2. pressure%1:07:00::
 3. pressure%1:04:00::
 4. pressure%1:26:00::
 5. pressure%1:09:00::
 6. pressure%1:26:01::
 7. pressure%1:19:01::

 So index 2 corresponds to pressure%1:07:00::.

 But let me reconsider. In economics, "pressure on wages" is a standard term. Is there a specific sense for this?

 Actually, looking at WordNet:
 - Sense 1:19:00 is the physical force (physics)
 - Sense 1:07:00 is "a force that compels" - this is the abstract force
 - Sense 1:26:01 is "an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress"

 The phrase "downward pressure on wages" refers to a force acting upon wages to push them down. This is clearly the abstract "force that compels" rather than physical pressure or distress.

 However, I should verify if sense 6 could apply. Sense 6 is about distress/oppresive condition. "Pressure on wages" could potentially be interpreted as wages being under stress, but the phrase "exerting downward pressure" suggests an active force being applied, not a state of distress.

 The verb "exerting" suggests an active application of force, which aligns with sense 2 "a force that compels".

 Also, the example for sense 2 "the public brought pressure to bear on the government" is structurally similar to "exerting downward pressure on wages".

 Therefore, sense 2 (index 2) is the correct choice.

 Wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=pressure%1:19:00::
 2. sense_key=pressure%1:07:00::
 3. sense_key=pressure%1:04:00::
 4. sense_key=pressure%1:26:00::
 5. sense_key=pressure%1:09:00::
 6. sense_key=pressure%1:26:01::
 7. sense_key=pressure%1:19:01::

 So if I choose sense_key=pressure%1:07:00::, that corresponds to index 2.

 But let me reconsider if there's any other interpretation. Could it be sense 1 (physical pressure metaphorically extended)? In economics, we do use "pressure" metaphorically from physics. But WordNet usually distinguishes between physical and abstract forces. Sense 2 is specifically for the abstract compelling force.

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet entries for "pressure":
 - 1. (noun) pressure, pressure level, force per unit area (physical)
 - 2. (noun) pressure (a force that compels) - "the public brought pressure to bear on the government"
 - 3. (noun) press, pressing, pressure (the act of pressing)
 - 4. (noun) imperativeness, insistence, insistency, press, pressure (urgency)
 - 5. (noun) pressure, pressure sensation (somatic)
 - 6. (noun) pressure (oppressive condition)
 - 7. (noun) atmospheric pressure, air pressure, pressure

 So yes, sense 2 is correct.

 The answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experience
Target surface form: experience
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But <t>experience</t> shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experience%1:09:01:: | definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
2. sense_key=experience%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
3. sense_key=experience%1:11:00:: | definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "experience" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
The sentence is: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor..."

Here, "experience" is being used to mean accumulated knowledge or practical observation over time. It's referring to the general body of knowledge or evidence gathered from observing real-world situations (immigration patterns and labor markets), not a specific event or instance.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=experience%1:09:01:: | definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
   - This seems to fit best. The context refers to empirical evidence or accumulated knowledge showing that immigrants complement local labor rather than replace it. This is the general concept of "experience" as a body of knowledge gained over time.

2. sense_key=experience%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
   - This refers to the content/feeling of a specific event. The context doesn't refer to a specific event but to general empirical evidence.

3. sense_key=experience%1:11:00:: | definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention
   - This refers to a specific event itself. The context is not talking about a specific event but about general accumulated knowledge/evidence.

The phrase "experience shows that..." is an idiomatic expression meaning "empirical evidence demonstrates that..." or "the accumulated knowledge from observation demonstrates that...". This aligns with sense 1 - the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities.

Sense 1 is also supported by the example "experience is the best teacher" which implies knowledge accumulated over time through observation/participation.

Therefore, the best sense is sense 1 (index 1).

Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user listed them as:
1. sense_key=experience%1:09:01::
2. sense_key=experience%1:09:00::
3. sense_key=experience%1:11:00::

So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

Actually, looking carefully at the WordNet sense keys:
- experience%1:09:01:: (this is the second sense in WordNet 3.0? No, the number after the second colon is the lexicographer file number, and after that is the sense number within the file...)

Wait, the format is: lemma%lexicographer_file_number:lexicographer_file_number:sense_number

Actually, standard WordNet sense key format is: word%lex Filenum:lex Filenum:sense_num

But the user has provided them numbered 1, 2, 3. I should use the index numbers 1, 2, or 3 as provided.

Sense 1: accumulation of knowledge/skill (the state of having learned from participation)
Sense 2: the content of direct observation (the phenomenological experience)
Sense 3: an event as apprehended (a specific happening)

In "experience shows that...", we are talking about the accumulated knowledge/evidence from observation over time. This is definitely sense 1.

Examples supporting this:
- "experience is the best teacher" - refers to accumulated knowledge
- "a man of experience" - refers to someone who has accumulated knowledge/skills

The other two senses refer to specific instances/events:
- "he had a religious experience" (specific event - sense 2 or 3)
- "a surprising experience" (specific event - sense 3)

So yes, sense 1 is correct.

The context is talking about economic observations/empirical evidence regarding immigration patterns. This is general accumulated knowledge, not a specific event.

Therefore: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: replacement
Target surface form: replacements
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=replacement%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another | synonyms=replacing | examples=replacing the star will not be easy
2. sense_key=replacement%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who takes the place of another person | synonyms=surrogate, alternate
3. sense_key=replacement%1:11:00:: | definition=an event in which one thing is substituted for another | synonyms=substitution, permutation, transposition, switch | examples=the replacement of lost blood by a transfusion of donor blood
4. sense_key=replacement%1:09:00:: | definition=a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another | synonyms=substitute
5. sense_key=replacement%1:22:00:: | definition=filling again by supplying what has been used up | synonyms=refilling, replenishment, renewal
6. sense_key=replacement%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who follows next in order | synonyms=successor | examples=he was President Lincoln's successor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "replacements" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses immigration and labor economics
 - It talks about immigrants replacing native workers
 - The specific sentence: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor..."
 - The meaning here is that immigrants are not substitutes/alternatives for local labor, but rather complementary to it

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. replacement%1:04:00:: - "the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another" (synonyms: replacing)
    - This refers to the act/process of replacing

 2. replacement%1:18:02:: - "someone who takes the place of another person" (synonyms: surrogate, alternate)
    - This refers to a person who substitutes for another

 3. replacement%1:11:00:: - "an event in which one thing is substituted for another" (synonyms: substitution, permutation, transposition, switch)
    - This refers to the event/act of substitution

 4. replacement%1:09:00:: - "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" (synonyms: substitute)
    - This refers to the entity (person or thing) that substitutes

 5. replacement%1:22:00:: - "filling again by supplying what has been used up" (synonyms: refilling, replenishment, renewal)
    - This is about replenishing supplies, not relevant here

 6. replacement%1:18:01:: - "a person who follows next in order" (synonyms: successor)
    - This is about succession (like a president's successor), not substitution in the labor market sense

 Now, in the context: "immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor"

 Here, "replacements" refers to immigrants acting as substitutes for local labor. It's talking about immigrants being entities (people) that could potentially take the place of local workers.

 So we're looking for a sense that means "a person or thing that takes the place of another."

 Looking at the options:
 - Sense 2: "someone who takes the place of another person" - this is close, but specifies "another person"
 - Sense 4: "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" - this is broader and includes both persons and things, and matches "substitute"

 In the context, "replacements" is parallel to "complementary" (which is an adjective functioning as a noun here, meaning "complementary [entities/parties]"). The phrase is "complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor."

 So immigrants are being compared to replacements - they are not replacements (substitutes) for local labor, but complementary to it.

 The sense needed is "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" - i.e., a substitute.

 This matches sense 4: replacement%1:09:00::

 Wait, let me double-check the distinction between sense 2 and sense 4:

 Sense 2: "someone who takes the place of another person" - lexname 1:18 (person)
 Sense 4: "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" - lexname 1:09 (cognition? no, wait, 1:09 is "cognition, knowledge" - actually looking at WordNet lexnames... 1:18 is "person", 1:09 is "cognition" normally but here it seems to be used for a different categorization)

 Actually, looking at the sense keys:
 - replacement%1:18:02:: - this is noun.person (18)
 - replacement%1:09:00:: - this would be noun.cognition (09)? No, that doesn't make sense for "a person or thing..."

 Let me reconsider. In WordNet 3.0/3.1:
 - replacement.n.01: "the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another" (noun.act - 04)
 - replacement.n.02: "someone who takes the place of another person" (noun.person - 18)
 - replacement.n.03: "an event in which one thing is substituted for another" (noun.event - 11)
 - replacement.n.04: "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" (noun.artifact? or noun.cognition? actually this is usually noun.artifact or similar, but the key shows 1:09 which is cognition... wait)

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet:
 - replacement.n.04 is "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" - this is the "substitute" sense.

 But the lexnumber 09 is typically "noun.cognition". That seems odd. Let me check if these are using a different indexing.

 Actually, the format is:
 - replacement%1:04:00:: = replacement noun (1), lexfile 04 (noun.act), sense 00
 - replacement%1:18:02:: = replacement noun (1), lexfile 18 (noun.person), sense 02
 - replacement%1:11:00:: = replacement noun (1), lexfile 11 (noun.event), sense 00
 - replacement%1:09:00:: = replacement noun (1), lexfile 09 (noun.cognition?), sense 00? No, 09 is cognition...

 Wait, standard WordNet lexicographer file numbers:
 - 04: noun.act
 - 18: noun.person
 - 11: noun.event
 - 09: noun.cognition
 - 22: noun.process? or noun.phenomenon? Actually 22 is noun.phenomenon I think.

 But "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" doesn't fit noun.cognition.

 Let me reconsider. Maybe 1:09 refers to noun.communication? No, that's different.

 Actually, looking at the provided senses:
 - sense 4 has synonym "substitute"
 - In WordNet, "replacement" as "substitute" is indeed a separate sense.

 In the context, "replacements" clearly means "substitutes" - people or things that take the place of others. The immigrants are not substitutes for local labor.

 Between sense 2 (surrogate, alternate - a person who takes the place of another person) and sense 4 (substitute - a person or thing that takes the place of another):

 Sense 2 emphasizes "another person" - so a replacement for a person.
 Sense 4 is more general - a replacement for a person or thing.

 In the text: "replacements of local labor" - local labor refers to the workforce (people), but "labor" as a collective noun could be treated as a thing/concept.

 However, the key distinction is that sense 2 is specifically about people replacing people (like a surrogate), while sense 4 is about being a substitute (which can be for a thing or a person).

 But looking at the context more carefully: "immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor"

 Here, immigrants (people) are being compared to replacements. The question is whether they replace local workers.

 Actually, looking at the phrase "replacements of local labor" - this is slightly awkward. Usually we'd say "replacements for local labor" or "replacements of local workers". But "replacements of local labor" suggests "replacements" is being used as a noun meaning "those who replace".

 The contrast is:
 - Complementary to local labor
 - vs. Replacements of local labor

 So "replacements" here means "substitutes".

 Between sense 2 and sense 4:
 Sense 2: someone who takes the place of another person
 Sense 4: a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another

 Sense 4 has the synonym "substitute", which fits perfectly with the context of labor economics where immigrants might be substitutes for native workers.

 Sense 2 has "surrogate, alternate" which implies a different relationship (like a surrogate mother, or an alternate delegate).

 Also, sense 4 is the hypernym or more general sense that includes substitutes for things and people.

 But wait, in the specific context: "they are liable to replace native workers... immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor"

 The fear is that immigrants replace native workers (sense 1 - the act? or sense 2/4 - the person?).

 "Replacements" here is a noun referring to the immigrants themselves - the immigrants are not replacements (substitutes).

 So the question is: is this sense 2 or sense 4?

 In WordNet:
 - replacement.n.02: "someone who takes the place of another person" - examples: "young Martin had been her replacement at birth"
 - replacement.n.04: "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" - examples: "we need extra employees for summer fill-ins"

 Actually, looking up WordNet 3.1:
 - replacement.n.04 (substitute) is defined as "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another"
 - replacement.n.02 is defined as "someone who takes the place of another person"

 The difference is subtle. Sense 2 is specifically about persons replacing persons. Sense 4 is about entities (persons or things) replacing other entities.

 In labor economics, when we say "immigrants are substitutes for native workers", we treat them as replacements in the sense of substitutes (sense 4).

 But actually, looking at the provided definitions:
 Sense 2: "someone who takes the place of another person" - synonyms: surrogate, alternate
 Sense 4: "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" - synonyms: substitute

 The word "substitute" is explicitly listed as a synonym for sense 4, and the context is clearly about substitution in the labor market (standard economic terminology: substitutes vs. complements).

 Therefore, sense 4 is the best fit.

 Let me double-check if there's any chance it's sense 1 (the act): "the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another"

 The phrase "rather than replacements of" - if it were the act, it would be "rather than replacement of" (singular mass noun) or we'd need different syntax. The plural "replacements" suggests countable entities (people), not the act.

 Sense 3 (event): "an event in which one thing is substituted for another" - this doesn't fit because immigrants are not events.

 Sense 5 (refilling): clearly wrong.

 Sense 6 (successor): "a person who follows next in order" - this is about succession (like inheriting a position), not about substituting in the labor market.

 So it's between 2 and 4.

 The key is that sense 4 has "substitute" as a synonym, and the context is about economic substitution (substitutes vs. complements). Also, sense 4 allows for "thing" which might be relevant since "local labor" is an abstract mass noun, though it refers to people.

 Actually, looking at the sentence structure again: "complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor"

 If we parse this:
 - [immigrants are] complementary to local labor
 - [immigrants are] rather than replacements of local labor

 So immigrants are not replacements of local labor.

 This is clearly using "replacements" to mean "substitutes".

 Therefore, sense 4 is correct.

 One final check: could it be sense 2? "someone who takes the place of another person"

 If immigrants were replacements in sense 2, they would be people taking the place of other people (local workers). This is semantically plausible.

 However, the synonym list for sense 2 is "surrogate, alternate". These have specific connotations:
 - Surrogate: substitute for another in a specific role (like surrogate mother)
 - Alternate: substitute delegate or team member

 The synonym for sense 4 is "substitute", which is the general term used in economics for labor substitution.

 Also, sense 4 explicitly includes "person or thing", making it the more general sense that encompasses labor as a factor of production (which can be treated as a "thing" in economic terms, or the workers as "persons").

 Given the economic context and the use of "substitute" as the key synonym, sense 4 is the best choice.

 Answer: {"sense_index": 4}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: labor
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local <t>labor</t>, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "labor" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
The text discusses immigration, economic growth, wages, and employment. Specifically, it mentions:
- "immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local <t>labor</t>"
- "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor"
- "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor"

The context is about workers, workforce, and the supply of workers in the economy. It's discussing how immigrants relate to the existing workforce (local labor).

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
   - This refers to a social class of workers. The example "shortage of skilled labor" matches the context "shortage of local labor" quite well. The context discusses local labor vs immigrants, referring to the workforce as a collective group.

2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
   - This refers to the work itself, not the workers. But the context says "complementary to... local labor" and "shortage of local labor" - this seems to refer to the supply of workers, not the abstract concept of work. However, "shortage of labor" can mean shortage of workforce.

3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy...
   - Clearly not relevant here.

4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status...
   - This refers to the labor movement or trade unions. Not relevant here.

5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party...
   - British Labour Party. Not relevant.

6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department...
   - US Department of Labor. Not relevant.

7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task
   - This is about specific tasks or projects, not the workforce.

Now between sense 1 and sense 2:
- Sense 1: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" - this treats labor as a group of people (the working class).
- Sense 2: "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)" - this treats labor as the activity or effort.

In the context:
- "local labor" - this refers to the local workforce/workers
- "shortage of local labor" - this could mean shortage of workers (sense 1) or shortage of work effort (sense 2), but given the discussion about immigrants replacing or complementing workers, it's clearly about the supply of workers.
- The phrase "complementary to... local labor" suggests that immigrants and local labor are two groups of workers.

However, looking at the example for sense 1: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" - this matches exactly with "shortage of local labor" in the context.

Sense 1 is defined as "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" - this is the collective noun for workers.

Sense 2 is defined as "productive work" - this is the abstract concept of work.

In economic contexts, "labor" as a factor of production usually refers to the workforce (the people), but can also refer to the work itself. However, the specific WordNet sense 1 emphasizes "social class" which might be too specific (proletariat, working class), while sense 2 emphasizes the work activity.

But looking at the example for sense 1 again: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" - this is exactly the usage in the target context: "shortage of local labor".

Also, the context mentions "unskilled immigrants" vs "local labor" - comparing groups of people.

Actually, looking carefully at WordNet:
- labor%1:14:00:: is the "working class, proletariat" sense
- labor%1:04:00:: is the "work, toil" sense

In standard economic terminology, "labor" as in "the labor market" or "shortage of labor" usually maps to sense 1 (the workforce/workers), though sometimes it can be ambiguous.

But wait, looking at the context again: "immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor" - this is comparing immigrants (people) to local labor. If local labor meant "work" (sense 2), it wouldn't make sense to say immigrants are complementary to work - they complementary to other workers. So it must be referring to the workforce (sense 1).

Also: "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor" - shortage of workers.

Therefore, sense 1 seems correct.

But let me double-check if there's any other interpretation. Could it be sense 2?
"productive work (especially physical work done for wages)" - if it were this sense, "shortage of local labor" would mean shortage of local work/effort, which doesn't make sense in context. And "complementary to local labor" would mean complementary to local work, which is odd phrasing.

So sense 1 is definitely the best fit.

The index is 1 (sense_key=labor%1:14:00::).

Wait, I need to make sure about the indexing. The user lists:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00::
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00::
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00::
...

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

Let me verify once more by looking at the exact wording of sense 1: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages". The context discusses "unskilled immigrants" and "local labor" and "wages" and "employment". It fits the socio-economic class sense.

Yes, I'm confident.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: trade
Target surface form: trades
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising <t>trades</t> in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=trade%1:04:05:: | definition=the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services | examples=Venice was an important center of trade with the East; they are accused of conspiring to constrain trade
2. sense_key=trade%1:04:00:: | definition=the skilled practice of a practical occupation | synonyms=craft | examples=he learned his trade as an apprentice
3. sense_key=trade%1:04:01:: | definition=the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers | synonyms=patronage | examples=even before noon there was a considerable patronage
4. sense_key=trade%1:04:02:: | definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=deal, business deal | examples=it was a package deal; I had no further trade with him
5. sense_key=trade%1:14:00:: | definition=people who perform a particular kind of skilled work | synonyms=craft | examples=he represented the craft of brewers; as they say in the trade
6. sense_key=trade%1:19:00:: | definition=steady winds blowing from east to west above and below the equator | synonyms=trade wind | examples=they rode the trade winds going west
7. sense_key=trade%1:04:03:: | definition=an equal exchange | synonyms=barter, swap, swop | examples=we had no money so we had to live by barter

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "trades" in the given context. The target lemma is "trade" and the surface form is "trades".

 Let me analyze the context:

 The sentence containing "trades" is: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising <t>trades</t> in which there is a shortage of local labor."

 The context is about immigration and labor. It discusses how immigrants work in certain occupations or jobs where there is a shortage of local workers. The word "trades" here refers to types of work or occupations that immigrants perform.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. trade%1:04:05:: - commercial exchange (buying and selling). This doesn't fit because the context is about immigrants exercising/working in certain fields, not about commercial exchange.

 2. trade%1:04:00:: - the skilled practice of a practical occupation. Synonyms: craft. Examples: "he learned his trade as an apprentice". This seems promising. It refers to a skilled occupation or craft.

 3. trade%1:04:01:: - business given to a commercial establishment (patronage). Doesn't fit.

 4. trade%1:04:02:: - a particular instance of buying or selling (deal). Doesn't fit.

 5. trade%1:14:00:: - people who perform a particular kind of skilled work. Synonyms: craft. Examples: "he represented the craft of brewers; as they say in the trade". This refers to the collective group of people, not the activity itself.

 6. trade%1:19:00:: - trade winds (meteorological). Doesn't fit.

 7. trade%1:04:03:: - an equal exchange (barter). Doesn't fit.

 Now I need to decide between sense 2 and sense 5.

 Sense 2 (trade%1:04:00::): "the skilled practice of a practical occupation" - this refers to the activity or occupation itself.

 Sense 5 (trade%1:14:00::): "people who perform a particular kind of skilled work" - this refers to the group of people.

 In the sentence: "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor"

 The verb "exercising" (meaning practicing or performing) suggests that "trades" here refers to occupations or skilled practices that people perform, not the people themselves. You exercise a trade (occupation), but you don't "exercise" a group of people.

 Also, looking at the examples for sense 2: "he learned his trade as an apprentice" - this fits with the idea of immigrants working in specific occupations.

 The phrase "exercising trades" means performing or practicing occupations/professions.

 Therefore, sense 2 (trade%1:04:00::) is the best fit.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys. The user lists:
 2. sense_key=trade%1:04:00:: | definition=the skilled practice of a practical occupation | synonyms=craft | examples=he learned his trade as an apprentice

 5. sense_key=trade%1:14:00:: | definition=people who perform a particular kind of skilled work | synonyms=craft | examples=he represented the craft of brewers; as they say in the trade

 The context: "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor"

 If "trades" meant "people" (sense 5), the sentence would mean "exercising people" which doesn't make sense. If "trades" means "occupations" or "skilled practices" (sense 2), then "exercising trades" means practicing those occupations, which makes perfect sense.

 Also, note that sense 2 has synonym "craft", and sense 5 also has synonym "craft". But sense 2 is the activity (the practice), while sense 5 is the collective noun for the people.

 The context is about immigrants working in certain sectors/occupations where there is labor shortage. So it's about the occupations themselves.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense index 2.

 Wait, I need to check if there's any other interpretation. Could it be sense 1 (commercial exchange)? No, because "exercising commercial exchange" doesn't fit with "in which there is a shortage of local labor". The relative clause "in which" refers to the trades, and shortages of labor relate to occupations, not commercial exchanges.

 So yes, sense 2 is correct.

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: shortage
Target surface form: shortage
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a <t>shortage</t> of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=shortage%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. sense_key=shortage%1:26:00:: | definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform word sense disambiguation for the word "shortage" in the given context.

 Target lemma: shortage
 Target surface form: shortage
 Context: A paragraph about immigration, specifically discussing how immigrants fill gaps in the labor market. The specific sentence is: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a <t>shortage</t> of local labor."

 Candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=shortage%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
 2. sense_key=shortage%1:26:00:: | definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine | examples=not provided in the prompt

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses how immigrants work in trades where there is a "shortage of local labor"
 - This means there is an insufficient amount of local labor available for those specific trades
 - The word "shortage" here refers to a lack/insufficiency of workers

 Now let's look at the two senses:

 Sense 1 (shortage%1:07:00::):
 - Definition: "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required"
 - Synonyms: deficit, shortfall
 - This seems to be a more quantitative, measurable deficit - like a numerical shortfall

 Sense 2 (shortage%1:26:00::):
 - Definition: "an acute insufficiency"
 - Synonyms: dearth, famine
 - This seems to suggest a more severe, acute lack - "dearth" and "famine" suggest a more critical scarcity

 In the context:
 - "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor"
 - This means there aren't enough local workers to fill these positions
 - It's describing a labor shortage - a situation where the supply of labor is insufficient to meet demand

 Both senses could potentially fit, but let's look more carefully:

 Sense 1 (1:07:00) is under noun.person? No, 1:07 in WordNet usually refers to... let me check WordNet structure. Actually, the second number is the lexicographer file number:
 - 07 usually refers to noun.attribute or noun.quantity?
 - Actually, looking at WordNet sense keys: %1:07:00 would be noun.quantity or noun.attribute?
 - Wait, %1:26:00 would be noun.state

 Let me think about the actual meanings:

 Sense 1 seems to focus on "the property of being an amount by which something is less..." - this is like a deficit, a numerical difference between expected and actual.

 Sense 2 is "an acute insufficiency" - synonyms dearth, famine. This is a state of not having enough, a scarcity.

 In the context of "labor shortage" or "shortage of local labor":
 - This is commonly understood as a situation where there is not enough labor available
 - It could be viewed as either a deficit (sense 1) or an insufficiency (sense 2)

 However, looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1 example: "new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit" - this talks about making up a deficit/shortfall
 - Sense 2 has no example but synonyms include "dearth" and "famine"

 "Shortage of local labor" is a standard economic term. In economics, a labor shortage is typically when the demand for workers exceeds the supply.

 Let me think about which WordNet sense is typically used for "labor shortage":
 - WordNet sense 1 (shortage%1:07:00::) is often used for things like "shortage of funds", "water shortage" in the sense of deficit
 - WordNet sense 2 (shortage%1:26:00::) with "dearth, famine" seems more severe and acute

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet usage:
 - shortage%1:07:00:: is the more general sense (deficit, shortfall)
 - shortage%1:26:00:: is the more specific/acute sense (dearth)

 In the context "trades in which there is a shortage of local labor", this is referring to a general insufficiency or deficit of workers, not necessarily an acute crisis like a famine.

 But wait, looking at the glosses again:
 - Sense 1: "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required" - this emphasizes the measurable quantity, the difference between required and available
 - Sense 2: "an acute insufficiency" - this emphasizes the severity

 In labor economics, a "shortage" typically means the difference between the quantity of labor demanded and the quantity supplied at the prevailing wage. This aligns more with sense 1 (deficit/shortfall) - the gap between required and available.

 However, "shortage" in the context of "there is a shortage of X" often means simply "there is not enough X available."

 Let me look at the examples provided for sense 1 again: "new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit" - this suggests making up for a lack/deficiency.

 Sense 2 synonyms "dearth, famine" are quite strong words. "Famine" is extreme. A "dearth" is a scarcity or lack of something.

 For "shortage of local labor", while both could fit, sense 1 seems more appropriate because:
 1. Labor shortages are often discussed as deficits - gaps between supply and demand
 2. The example shows "making up the nutritional deficit" which parallels "making up the labor shortage" (immigrants fill the gap)
 3. Sense 2 with "famine" seems too extreme for this context unless it's a very severe crisis, and the text doesn't suggest an acute crisis but rather a structural condition

 Wait, actually I should reconsider. The text says "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor" - this could mean simply that there aren't enough local workers, i.e., an insufficiency.

 But let me look carefully at the WordNet distinctions. In WordNet:
 - shortage#n#1: the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required (deficit, shortfall)
 - shortage#n#2: an acute insufficiency (dearth, famine)

 Actually, looking at actual WordNet data:
 - Sense 1 is the quantitative one (like budget deficit)
 - Sense 2 is the qualitative/scarcity one (like famine, dearth)

 In "shortage of local labor", this is closer to sense 1 - it's a quantitative concept in economics (supply < demand).

 But "dearth" could also apply to labor... however "famine" is specifically for food.

 Actually, looking at the context more carefully: "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor" - this is describing a condition where local labor is insufficient in quantity.

 I think sense 1 is better because:
 1. It aligns with the economic concept of shortage (deficit between supply and demand)
 2. The immigrants are filling a gap/deficit
 3. Sense 2 implies something more acute and severe ("acute insufficiency", "famine") which may be too strong for this context

 However, I should consider if "shortage" in this context could mean simply "lack" or "scarcity" which might align with dearth.

 Let me check: if I replace "shortage" with "deficit" - "deficit of local labor" - sounds a bit technical but acceptable.
 If I replace with "dearth" - "dearth of local labor" - also acceptable, means scarcity.
 If I replace with "famine" - definitely wrong.

 So sense 2 is partially correct but has "famine" as a synonym which doesn't fit. Sense 1 has "deficit, shortfall" which are more quantitative.

 Actually, looking at the actual usage in the sentence: "there is a shortage of local labor" - this is a standard phrase. In WordNet, which sense does "labor shortage" fall under?

 I recall that WordNet sense 1 (shortage%1:07:00::) is the hypernym of things like "shortfall" and is used for "the amount by which something is less..."
 Sense 2 is a state of acute insufficiency.

 "Shortage of labor" is typically sense 1.

 But to be thorough, let me reconsider the examples:
 Sense 1 example: "new blood vessels bud out... to make up the nutritional deficit" - this is about compensating for a deficit.

 In our text: immigrants work in trades where there is a shortage (deficit) of local labor - they are making up for this shortage/deficit.

 This parallelism suggests sense 1 is correct.

 Therefore, I choose sense 1 (shortage%1:07:00::).

 Wait, I need to be careful. The user asks for "sense_index". Looking at the candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=shortage%1:07:00::
 2. sense_key=shortage%1:26:00::

 So the indices are 1 and 2.

 I should return {"sense_index": 1}

 But let me double-check by reconsidering sense 2. Could "acute insufficiency" fit?
 - The text mentions sectors "which do not attract local labor" and "dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment"
 - This suggests structural issues, not necessarily "acute" crises
 - "Acute" implies sudden onset or severity
 - The context seems to describe chronic/structural shortages, not acute ones

 Therefore, sense 1 is better.

 One final check: the instruction says "WordNet glosses are schematic". This means I shouldn't rely solely on the gloss wording but on the actual semantic distinction.

 Sense 1 = deficit/shortfall (quantitative gap)
 Sense 2 = dearth/famine (scarcity/lack)

 In economics, "shortage" specifically means the condition where quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied. This is exactly "the amount by which something is less than expected/required" (required = demanded, expected = supplied? or vice versa).

 Actually, "expected or required" - in economics, demand is the requirement, supply is the availability. So shortage = required amount - available amount = deficit.

 So yes, sense 1.

 Final answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: labor
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local <t>labor</t>. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "labor" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses immigration and its economic impact
 - It mentions "local labor" and "shortage of local labor"
 - It talks about immigrants being complementary to local labor
 - It mentions "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor"
 - The phrase "shortage of local <t>labor</t>" appears in the context

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: - "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" (synonyms: labour, working class, proletariat)
    - Example: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field"
    - This seems to refer to the workforce or workers as a class/group

 2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: - "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)" (synonyms: labour, toil)
    - Example: "his labor did not require a great deal of skill"
    - This refers to the work itself, not the people

 3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: - "concluding state of pregnancy..." - clearly not this, context is about economics/immigration

 4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: - "an organized attempt by workers to improve their status..." - about labor movement/unions, not fitting here

 5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: - "a political party..." - British Labour Party, not relevant here

 6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: - "the federal department..." - US government department, not relevant

 7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: - "any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted" (synonyms: undertaking, project, task)
    - This is more general, referring to specific tasks or projects

 Now, looking at the specific usage in the text:
 - "shortage of local labor"
 - "complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor"
 - "sectors, which do not attract local labor"

 The key phrase is "shortage of local labor". Looking at the examples provided for sense 1: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" - this matches exactly with the pattern in the text.

 Sense 1 refers to labor as a social class or group of workers (the workforce). Sense 2 refers to the work activity itself.

 In the phrase "shortage of local labor", we are talking about a shortage of workers/ workforce, not a shortage of work activity. The text discusses immigrants complementing local workers, working in sectors where there is a shortage of local workers.

 Also, the mention of "unskilled immigrants" vs "local labor" suggests a comparison between groups of people (workers), not types of work activities.

 Therefore, sense 1 (labor%1:14:00::) - "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" - seems to be the best fit, referring to the workforce or working class.

 Wait, let me reconsider. In economics and immigration discourse, "labor" often refers to the factor of production - the workforce or workers available.

 Sense 1: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" - this is the "working class" sense.
 Sense 2: "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)" - this is the "work/toil" sense.

 The example for sense 1: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" - this is exactly the usage in our text: "shortage of local labor".

 However, I should check if sense 2 could also fit. "Shortage of local work" doesn't make as much sense as "shortage of local workers". When we say "labor shortage", we mean a shortage of workers/labor force, not a shortage of work activity.

 Actually, looking at WordNet more carefully:
 - Sense 1 (noun.group): the social class - "labor" as a collective noun for workers
 - Sense 2 (noun.act): the activity of working

 In the context: "shortage of local labor" - this clearly refers to the availability of workers, not the activity of working. The text says immigrants are complementary to local labor, meaning they complement the existing workforce.

 Also, the phrase "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor" - trades are occupations done by people, so "shortage of local labor" here means shortage of people to do those trades.

 The example given for sense 1 ("there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field") is almost identical to the usage in the text.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense index 1.

 Wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00::
 2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00::
 3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00::
 4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04::
 5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02::
 6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01::
 7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01::

 So index 1 is the social class sense, which is what I think is correct.

 Let me double-check by looking at the specific sentence: "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local <t>labor</t>"

 If "labor" here meant "work" (sense 2), then "shortage of local work" would mean there's not enough work available, which is the opposite of what the text is saying. The text is saying there's a shortage of people to do the work (labor force).

 Also, "complementary to local labor" - if labor meant "work", then immigrants would be complementary to work, which doesn't make sense. They are complementary to the existing workforce (other workers).

 So yes, sense 1 is definitely correct.

 Actually, looking at WordNet definitions online or standard usage:
 - labor%1:14:00:: is indeed "working class, proletariat"
 - But in economics, "labor" as a factor of production might be classified differently.

 However, given the options and the example "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" provided for sense 1, and the context mentioning "shortage of local labor", sense 1 is the intended answer.

 The key is that the example for sense 1 matches the syntactic and semantic context perfectly.

 Final check: Could it be sense 2?
 Definition: "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)"
 Example: "his labor did not require a great deal of skill"

 If we substitute into the text: "shortage of local productive work" - this would mean there's not enough work available locally, which contradicts the meaning (the text says there's a shortage of people to do the work, not a shortage of work).

 So sense 1 is correct.

 The answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sector
Target surface form: sectors
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in <t>sectors</t>, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sector%1:25:00:: | definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
2. sense_key=sector%1:14:00:: | definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
3. sense_key=sector%1:09:00:: | definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
4. sense_key=sector%1:23:00:: | definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes
5. sense_key=sector%1:15:00:: | definition=a portion of a military position
6. sense_key=sector%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "sectors" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about immigration and its economic impact
 - It mentions "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor"
 - It also mentions "dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment"
 - These are clearly referring to parts of the economy or industries

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sector%1:25:00:: - a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle (geometric meaning)
    - This is clearly not the meaning here. The text is talking about economic sectors, not geometry.

 2. sector%1:14:00:: - a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
    - This looks promising. The example "the public sector" fits with the economic context.
    - The definition mentions "part of the society or the economy"
    - In the text, "sectors" refers to parts of the economy (industries, economic sectors)

 3. sector%1:09:00:: - a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
    - This is more about aspects of life, not economic/industrial sectors.
    - While "sphere" is similar, the context is specifically about economic activities and labor markets, not general life aspects.

 4. sector%1:23:00:: - the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information...
    - This is a computing/data storage term. Not relevant here.

 5. sector%1:15:00:: - a portion of a military position
    - Military term. Not relevant.

 6. sector%1:06:00:: - measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end
    - A physical tool. Not relevant.

 The best fit is clearly sense 2: "a social group that forms part of the society or the economy" with the example "the public sector".

 The context discusses:
 - "sectors, which do not attract local labor"
 - "dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment"
 - These are clearly economic sectors or parts of the economy where people work.

 The definition mentions "forms part of the society or the economy" which matches perfectly with the context of economic sectors and labor markets.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index 2.

provider: Chutes