[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: People
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional <t>People</t>: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "People" in the given context. The target surface form is "People" (capitalized) and it appears in the title of a book: "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future".

Let me analyze the context:
- The text discusses immigration, migration flows, and their economic impact
- The book title refers to "Exceptional People" in the context of migration shaping the world
- The book is about how migration shaped our world and will define our future
- The authors are economists discussing the positive impact of migration

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
   - This is the general sense of "people" as human beings collectively.

2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
   - This refers to citizens/nationals of a specific country.

3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
   - This refers to family/ancestry.

4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people
   - This refers to the masses/common folk as opposed to elites.

In the context of the book title "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future", the word "People" is referring to human beings who migrate - migrants. It's talking about people in general who move across borders, not specifically citizens of one country (sense 2), not family members (sense 3), and not specifically the common masses vs elites (sense 4).

The book is about migrants - people who move. The title suggests these are exceptional individuals/groups who have shaped the world through migration. This aligns with sense 1: "any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively" - specifically referring to migrants as a group of human beings.

Sense 1 is the most general and inclusive sense, referring to human beings collectively. In the context of migration studies, when we talk about "people" migrating, we're using this general collective sense.

Sense 4 (the masses) doesn't fit because the book isn't specifically about the common people vs elites - it's about migrants in general, who could be from any social class.

Sense 2 (citizenry) is too specific - migrants aren't necessarily citizens of the destination country (yet).

Sense 3 (family) is clearly wrong.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best choice: people%1:14:00:: - any group of human beings collectively.

Wait, let me reconsider. The title is "Exceptional People". In the context of migration, could this be referring to sense 4 (the masses/common people)? No, that doesn't make sense because "Exceptional People" would be an oxymoron if "people" meant "common masses" in the sense of hoi polloi.

Could it be sense 1? Yes - exceptional human beings who migrate.

Actually, looking at the book title again: "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future". This is clearly referring to migrants as a category of human beings. The general collective sense (sense 1) is the correct interpretation.

The context supports this: "there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth..." - the book is about migrants, who are people (human beings) who move.

So the answer should be sense_index: 1.

But wait, I need to be careful. The word "People" appears in the title of the book. Book titles often use words in specific ways. "Exceptional People" could be interpreted as "Exceptional Individuals" - which would still be sense 1.

Let me double-check if there's any reason to choose sense 4. Sense 4 is "the common people generally" with synonyms like "multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi". In the context of migration, sometimes "people" refers to the masses moving. But the adjective "Exceptional" suggests these are not common/ordinary masses, but rather remarkable individuals. So sense 4 is unlikely.

Sense 2 (citizenry) - if it were "the American people", that would fit. But "Exceptional People" in a book about global migration doesn't specify a particular nation's citizenry.

Sense 3 is clearly out.

Therefore, sense 1 is correct.

One final check: The definition of sense 1 is "(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively". The book is about migrants - a group of human beings. This fits perfectly.

The answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: migration
Target surface form: Migration
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How <t>Migration</t> Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=migration%1:04:00:: | definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
2. sense_key=migration%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
3. sense_key=migration%1:11:01:: | definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
4. sense_key=migration%1:11:00:: | definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "Migration" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses immigration, immigrants, movement of people between countries (Polish plumbers, French economy, etc.)
 - The specific mention is: "Exceptional People: How <t>Migration</t> Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future"
 - This is about human migration/movement of people
 - The book title suggests it's about how human migration has shaped the world

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=migration%1:04:00:: | definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
    - This fits perfectly. It's about the movement of people from one country to another.

 2. sense_key=migration%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
    - This refers to the group itself, not the act or concept of migration. The context is talking about "Migration" as a phenomenon that shaped the world, not a specific group of migrants.

 3. sense_key=migration%1:11:01:: | definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
    - This is chemistry-specific, clearly not relevant to the context about immigration and economics.

 4. sense_key=migration%1:11:00:: | definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding
    - This is about animal migration (birds, fish), not human migration. The context is clearly about human immigration.

 The context is about human migration/immigration, specifically the movement of people between countries (Polish plumbers, immigrants, economic impact). The book title "How Migration Shaped Our World" refers to the general phenomenon of human migration.

 Sense 1 is the correct choice: "the movement of persons from one country or locality to another"

 The answer should be in JSON format: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Chutes

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: future
Target surface form: Future
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our <t>Future</t>, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=future%1:28:00:: | definition=the time yet to come | synonyms=hereafter, futurity, time to come
2. sense_key=future%1:10:00:: | definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future | synonyms=future tense
3. sense_key=future%1:06:00:: | definition=bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "future" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about immigration, economics, and a book titled "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future"
 - The specific phrase is "Will Define Our Future"
 - This is referring to the future time period, the time yet to come, not a grammatical tense or financial commodities.

 Looking at the candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=future%1:28:00:: | definition=the time yet to come | synonyms=hereafter, futurity, time to come
    - This fits perfectly. The book title suggests migration will define our future time/destiny.

 2. sense_key=future%1:10:00:: | definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future | synonyms=future tense
    - This is a grammatical term. The context is not about grammar or verb tenses.

 3. sense_key=future%1:06:00:: | definition=bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date
    - This refers to futures contracts in finance/commodities trading. The context is about immigration and economics broadly, not specifically about commodity trading.

 The context clearly uses "Future" to mean the time yet to come, the future period of time. The book title suggests how migration will shape the world's future (time period).

 Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: specialist
Target surface form: specialists
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among <t>specialists</t> on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=specialist%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning | synonyms=specializer, specialiser
2. sense_key=specialist%1:18:01:: | definition=practices one branch of medicine | synonyms=medical specialist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "specialists" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses immigration, economics, and the impact of migration flows on economic growth
 - It mentions economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron and their book about immigration
 - It states there is "wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment"
 - These specialists are discussing economic topics, immigration, and related social sciences

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=specialist%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning | synonyms=specializer, specialiser
    - This is the general sense of a specialist - an expert in a particular field
    - In the context, the specialists are experts in economics/immigration studies

 2. sense_key=specialist%1:18:01:: | definition=practices one branch of medicine | synonyms=medical specialist
    - This is specifically about medical doctors
    - The context is about economics and immigration, not medicine
    - Therefore this sense is clearly wrong

 The context is about economists and researchers studying immigration and its economic impacts. These are experts in a particular branch of learning (economics, migration studies), not medical doctors.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}

 Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user provided:
 1. sense_key=specialist%1:18:00::
 2. sense_key=specialist%1:18:01::

 So sense_index should be 1.

 Actually, looking carefully at the instructions: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

 This suggests I should return the index number corresponding to the candidate sense. Since the first candidate is labeled "1" and the second is labeled "2", and the first one is correct, I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

 Let me verify once more:
 - The specialists mentioned are discussing economic growth, wages, employment, and migration flows
 - They are clearly experts in economics or related social sciences
 - They are not medical doctors
 - Therefore sense 1 (general expert) is correct, not sense 2 (medical specialist)

 Yes, the answer is sense_index: 1.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive <t>impact</t> of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "impact" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses immigration and its effects on economic growth, wages, and employment.
 - The specific sentence is: "there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive <t>impact</t> of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."
 - Here, "impact" refers to the effect or consequence of migration flows on the economy.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
    - This is the physical collision meaning. Not appropriate here since we're talking about economic effects, not physical striking.

 2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
    - This fits well. The context talks about the positive effect/consequence of migration on economic growth. The example "the book had an important impact on my thinking" shows this is about influence or effect on something abstract.

 3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
    - This seems to be about the act of influencing or encroaching. The example suggests intrusion or unwanted influence. While related, the context here is about the result/effect (consequence) rather than the act of influencing. Also, "impingement" and "encroachment" have negative connotations of intrusion, whereas the context is talking about positive economic effects.

 4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle
    - This is about physical combat/clashing. Not relevant to economic discussion.

 So sense 2 is the best fit: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect" - this matches the context where migration flows have a positive effect/consequence on economic growth.

 The context emphasizes the result or consequence of immigration on the economy, which aligns with sense 2's definition of "a forceful consequence; a strong effect."

 Sense 3 is about the act of influencing (impingement/encroachment), but the context is about the outcome/effect on economic metrics, not the act of encroaching.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 2.

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: migration
Target surface form: migration
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of <t>migration</t> flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=migration%1:04:00:: | definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
2. sense_key=migration%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
3. sense_key=migration%1:11:01:: | definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
4. sense_key=migration%1:11:00:: | definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "migration" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses immigration, immigrants, movement of people between countries
 - It mentions "migration flows" in the context of "economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants"
 - The book title mentions "How Migration Shaped Our World"
 - It's clearly about human movement from one country to another

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=migration%1:04:00:: | definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
    - This fits perfectly. It's about human movement between countries.

 2. sense_key=migration%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
    - This refers to the group itself, not the movement/flow. The context talks about "migration flows" and the general concept of movement, not specifically a group of people.

 3. sense_key=migration%1:11:01:: | definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
    - This is chemistry-specific, clearly not relevant to the context about human immigration.

 4. sense_key=migration%1:11:00:: | definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding
    - This is about animal migration, not human migration.

 The context is clearly about human migration/immigration between countries, discussing economic impacts, immigrants, etc.

 Sense 1 is definitively the correct choice: "the movement of persons from one country or locality to another"

 The target word appears in the phrase "migration flows" and is discussed in the context of human immigration, economic impact on countries that admit immigrants, etc.

 I need to return only a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flow
Target surface form: flows
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration <t>flows</t> on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flow%1:11:00:: | definition=the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) | synonyms=flowing
2. sense_key=flow%1:28:00:: | definition=the amount of fluid that flows in a given time | synonyms=flow rate, rate of flow
3. sense_key=flow%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression | synonyms=stream
4. sense_key=flow%1:22:00:: | definition=any uninterrupted stream or discharge
5. sense_key=flow%1:26:00:: | definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | synonyms=stream | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors
6. sense_key=flow%1:14:00:: | definition=dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | synonyms=stream, current | examples=two streams of development run through American history; stream of consciousness
7. sense_key=flow%1:22:01:: | definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | synonyms=menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, period | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation; a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "flows" in the given context. The target lemma is "flow" and the surface form is "flows".

Let me analyze the context:
The sentence is: "there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration <t>flows</t> on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."

The word "flows" here refers to "migration flows" - meaning the movement or stream of migrants from one place to another. It's talking about the continuous movement/progression of people migrating.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. flow%1:11:00:: - motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases). This is the physical movement of fluids. Migration is metaphorical but not literally a fluid.

2. flow%1:28:00:: - amount of fluid that flows in a given time. This is about quantity/rate. The context isn't talking about the amount measured in time, but about the general phenomenon of migration movement.

3. flow%1:04:00:: - the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression. This could work - migration as an act of flowing/streaming.

4. flow%1:22:00:: - any uninterrupted stream or discharge. This is very general.

5. flow%1:26:00:: - something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously. Examples: "a stream of people", "flow of visitors". This seems very relevant because migration flows are people moving continuously, resembling a stream. The examples explicitly mention "flow of visitors" and "stream of people".

6. flow%1:14:00:: - dominant course of successive events or ideas. Examples: "two streams of development", "stream of consciousness". This is more about abstract sequences of events/ideas, not physical movement of people.

7. flow%1:22:01:: - menstruation. Clearly not relevant.

Between sense 3, 4, 5, and 6:
- Sense 5 specifically mentions "something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously" with examples including "stream of people" and "flow of visitors". Migration flows are exactly this - people moving in a continuous stream.
- Sense 3 is "the act of flowing or streaming" - but migration isn't literally the act of flowing; it's metaphorically like flowing.
- Sense 5 captures the metaphorical extension: something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously. The example "stream of people emptied from the terminal" is very close to "migration flows".

Wait, let me reconsider. In WordNet, sense 5 (flow%1:26:00::) is under noun.group or similar? Let me think about the WordNet hierarchy. Actually, looking at the sense keys:
- 1:11 - noun.phenomenon (motion characteristic of fluids)
- 1:28 - noun.time? No, 1:28 might be noun.time or noun.quantity? Actually WordNet lexicographer file numbers: 11 is noun.phenomenon, 28 is noun.time? No, 28 is usually noun.time? Wait, let me recall: 04 is noun.act, 22 is noun.process, 26 is noun.group? No, 26 might be noun.state? Let me think.

Actually, the sense keys tell us:
- flow%1:11:00:: -> noun.phenomenon (motion of fluids)
- flow%1:28:00:: -> noun.time? No, 28 is noun.time? Actually in WordNet, the lexicographer file numbers I recall:
  - 03: noun.animal
  - 04: noun.act? No, 04 might be noun.artifact? Let me not rely on this.

Actually, looking at the definitions:
- Sense 5: "something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously" with synonyms "stream" and examples about people and visitors. This is clearly about a group/movement of things/people that resembles a stream.

The phrase "migration flows" is a standard collocation referring to the movement of migrants in a continuous manner, metaphorically like a stream. Sense 5 seems the best fit because it explicitly covers things that resemble flowing streams (like people, visitors) moving continuously.

Sense 3 is "the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression" - this could also fit. But "migration flows" refers to the streams of migrants themselves, not the act of flowing. Actually, "flows" here is a noun referring to the movements themselves. But sense 5's examples "stream of people", "flow of visitors" are almost exactly parallel to "migration flows".

Sense 6 is about dominant course of events/ideas - too abstract.

Sense 4 is "any uninterrupted stream or discharge" - very general, but sense 5 is more specific to things resembling streams.

Wait, I should check if "migration flow" is typically sense 3 or 5. In many WSD datasets, "flow" when referring to traffic, people, etc., often maps to sense 5 (the group/movement sense) or sense 3.

Let me look more carefully at the definitions:

Sense 3: "the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression" - synonyms: stream. This is under noun.act (1:04). It emphasizes the act or process.

Sense 5: "something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously" - synonyms: stream. Examples: "a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors". This is under noun.group? Or noun.communication? Actually 1:26 is noun.state? No, I think 1:26 might be noun.group. Wait, "flow" as a group of people? No, it's more like a mass noun for the movement.

Actually, looking at the example for sense 5: "the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors" - this is extremely similar to "migration flows". Visitors and migrants are both people moving through a space. This strongly suggests sense 5.

Sense 3 examples (not provided) might be more like "the flow of water" or "the flow of traffic" as an act. But sense 5 explicitly mentions people.

Also, sense 4: "any uninterrupted stream or discharge" - this might be too physical.

Sense 1 is definitely physical fluid motion.

So I think sense 5 is the best match.

Wait, but let me double-check. The context says "migration flows" - economists talking about the positive impact of migration flows. This is a standard term in economics/demography. In WordNet, which sense captures this?

Sense 5: "something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously" - this is a countable or uncountable noun referring to the stream itself. "A flow of visitors" matches "migration flows".

Sense 3: "the act of flowing or streaming" - if we say "migration flows", are we talking about the act? Not exactly, we're talking about the groups/movements of people.

Sense 6: "dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas" - this is about sequences of events or ideas, like "stream of consciousness". Migration is not events or ideas; it's people.

Therefore, sense 5 is the best choice.

Actually, wait. Let me reconsider sense 3 vs sense 5. In WordNet 3.0 or 3.1:
- flow, flowing (noun) - the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) -> sense 1
- flow, flow rate, rate of flow (noun) -> sense 2
- flow, stream (noun) - the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression -> sense 3
- flow (noun) - any uninterrupted stream or discharge -> sense 4
- stream, flow (noun) - something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously -> sense 5
- stream, current, flow (noun) - dominant course of successive events or ideas -> sense 6
- menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, period, flow (noun) -> sense 7

Sense 5 is grouped under noun.group? No, actually "something that resembles..." might be noun.event or noun.act? But regardless, the definition and examples clearly point to sense 5 for "flow of visitors" and by analogy "migration flows".

However, I recall that in some WSD evaluations, "flow" referring to traffic or people might be sense 3. Let me think about the difference:
- Sense 3: the act of flowing or streaming. Example: "the flow of traffic was heavy." Is this the act or the stream?
- Sense 5: something that resembles a flowing stream. Example given: "flow of visitors".

Actually, looking at the examples provided in the candidate list for sense 5: "a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors". These are exactly analogous to "migration flows". The word "stream" is used for people, and "flow" is used for visitors. Migration flows = flows of migrants/people.

So sense 5 is definitely the best fit.

One more check: could it be sense 4 "any uninterrupted stream or discharge"? This is very broad and schematic. But sense 5 is more specific and has the people/visitor examples that align perfectly.

Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 5.

Wait, the user says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So I need to output {"sense_index": 5}.

Let me make absolutely sure. The context: "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth". Migration flows are movements of people across borders. In economics, this refers to the volume and movement of migrants. The WordNet sense that has "flow of visitors" as an example is sense 5. Visitors and migrants are both human subjects moving into a place. The parallel is exact.

Sense 3 doesn't have the example of people. Sense 5 does. So sense 5 is the correct choice.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: employment
Target surface form: employment
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and <t>employment</t> in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "employment" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text discusses immigration and its impact on the economy
 - Specifically mentions "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment"
 - Later mentions "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment"
 - This is clearly referring to the state of having jobs available or the state of people having jobs in the economy

 Candidate senses analysis:
 1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
    - This refers to the condition/state of having employment
    - In the context: "positive impact on... employment" and "harms employment" - this fits the general concept of employment levels in the economy, the state of having jobs

 2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
    - This refers to specific work/occupation
    - The context is talking about employment as a macroeconomic indicator, not individual occupations

 3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
    - This is about the act of hiring
    - The context is not about the act of hiring, but about the state/level of employment in the economy

 4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage...
    - This is clearly wrong - not about using something

 Between sense 1 and sense 2:
 - Sense 1 (state of being employed): "the state of being employed or having a job" - this is more abstract, referring to the condition
 - Sense 2 (occupation): "the occupation for which you are paid" - this is more concrete, referring to specific jobs

 In economic contexts, when discussing "employment" as opposed to unemployment, and its impact on growth, we usually mean the state of being employed or the availability of jobs (employment levels).

 Looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1: "they are looking for employment" (seeking the state of being employed), "he was in the employ of the city" (state of being employed)
 - Sense 2: "he is looking for employment" (looking for work/occupation), "a lot of people are out of work" (out of occupation)

 Actually, looking closely at the glosses:
 - Sense 1 is "the state of being employed or having a job" - this is the abstract state
 - Sense 2 is "the occupation for which you are paid" - this is the concrete work itself

 In the sentence: "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment"
 - This is talking about employment as an economic indicator - the level of employment in the economy
 - This aligns with sense 1 (the state of being employed)
 - "harms employment" - harms the state of having jobs/being employed

 However, sense 2 could also fit as "employment" meaning work/jobs in general. But sense 1 specifically mentions "the state of being employed" which captures the economic concept of employment levels better than sense 2 which focuses on the specific occupation.

 Wait, let me reconsider. In WordNet:
 - employment%1:26:00:: is under noun.state (1:26)
 - employment%1:04:00:: is under noun.act (1:04) - actually no, looking at the key: 1:04:00 - 1=noun, 04=act? No, WordNet sense keys format: lemma%pos:sense_number:lex_id

 Actually, the format is: lemma%ss_type:lex_filenum:lex_id
 - ss_type 1 = noun
 - lex_filenum 26 = noun.state
 - lex_filenum 04 = noun.act

 So:
 1. employment%1:26:00:: - noun.state - the state of being employed
 2. employment%1:04:00:: - noun.act - the occupation (work)
 3. employment%1:04:02:: - noun.act - the act of giving someone a job
 4. employment%1:04:01:: - noun.act - the act of using

 In the context: "impact on... employment" - this is clearly referring to the state of employment (employment levels), not specific occupations or the act of hiring.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

 But let me double-check the examples for sense 2: "he is looking for employment" - this could mean looking for work (occupation) or looking for the state of being employed. But the gloss "the occupation for which you are paid" suggests it's about the specific job/occupation itself.

 In economic discourse, "employment" as a macroeconomic variable (contrasted with unemployment) is the state of being employed. So sense 1.

 The sentence structure: "positive impact... on... employment" parallels "economic growth" and "wages" - all macroeconomic indicators. This supports sense 1 (state).

 Answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in <t>countries</t>, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "countries" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses immigration, economic growth, wages, and employment
 - The specific sentence is: "there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in <t>countries</t>, which admit immigrants."
 - The word "countries" here refers to political entities that admit immigrants and have economies, growth, wages, and employment

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
    - This refers to the political entity/government aspect. The context mentions "countries which admit immigrants" - this is about the political entities as states/governments that control immigration policy.

 2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
    - This refers to the physical territory/land. While "visited several European countries" uses countries in a territorial sense, the context here is about economic policies and admitting immigrants, which is more about the political entity than just the land.

 3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
    - This refers to the populace/people. The context is about economic growth and employment in countries, not specifically about the people as a collective group (though related).

 4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
    - This is clearly about rural vs urban areas. Not relevant here.

 5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country
    - This is about regions/areas, not nation-states.

 The context is about nation-states as political entities that have immigration policies and economies. Sense 1 (country%1:14:00::) seems most appropriate as it refers to "a politically organized body of people under a single government" - i.e., the state/nation as a political entity.

 However, let me reconsider. The phrase "countries which admit immigrants" could be interpreted as:
 - The political entity (government) admitting immigrants (Sense 1)
 - The territory where immigrants go (Sense 2)
 - The people receiving immigrants (Sense 3)

 But the key clues are:
 1. "positive impact on economic growth, wages and employment in countries" - this refers to the economic and policy environment of nation-states
 2. "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth" - this is about policy decisions
 3. The contrast with "national territory" mentioned earlier in the text

 Sense 1 (country%1:14:00::) focuses on the political organization/government aspect: "a politically organized body of people under a single government". This aligns with the idea of countries as actors that admit immigrants and have economic policies.

 Sense 2 (country%1:15:00::) focuses on the territory: "the territory occupied by a nation".

 In the phrase "countries which admit immigrants", "admit" is a verb that suggests agency, which points to the political entity (Sense 1) rather than just the territory (Sense 2). Also, the discussion of economic growth, wages, and employment are typically attributes of nation-states as economic units.

 However, looking at the examples for Sense 2: "he visited several European countries" - this is very similar usage to the target. But the context of "admitting immigrants" and economic impact is more specific.

 Actually, looking carefully at WordNet's organization:
 - Sense 1 (14:00) is the "nation" sense - the political entity
 - Sense 2 (15:00) is the "territory" sense - the land
 - Sense 3 (14:01) is the "people" sense - the populace

 In immigration economics literature, when we say "countries that admit immigrants", we are referring to the nation-states as political and economic units. This is Sense 1.

 But I should check if there's any ambiguity with Sense 2. "Employment in countries" - could mean employment within the territories. But "countries which admit immigrants" strongly suggests the political entity making decisions about admission.

 The index numbers in the sense keys:
 - country%1:14:00:: (Sense 1 in the list)
 - country%1:15:00:: (Sense 2 in the list)
 - country%1:14:01:: (Sense 3 in the list)
 - country%1:15:01:: (Sense 4 in the list)
 - country%1:15:02:: (Sense 5 in the list)

 Wait, the user has labeled them 1-5 in the candidate list. So:
 1 = country%1:14:00::
 2 = country%1:15:00::
 3 = country%1:14:01::
 4 = country%1:15:01::
 5 = country%1:15:02::

 The question is whether the target refers to:
 1. The political state/government (sense 1)
 2. The territory (sense 2)
 3. The people (sense 3)

 Given the context of immigration policy and economic impact, and the verb "admit", I believe Sense 1 (the political organization) is best, though Sense 2 (territory) is also plausible.

 However, looking at the examples for Sense 2: "he visited several European countries" - this is a very common usage. But in the context of "countries which admit immigrants", we're talking about the political entities that control borders.

 Actually, looking at standard WSD for "country" in similar contexts:
 - "European countries" typically maps to sense 2 (territory) or sense 1 (nation-state)
 - But when talking about policies and economies, it's usually sense 1.

 Let me reconsider the glosses carefully:
 Sense 1: "a politically organized body of people under a single government" - this is the "nation-state" as an institution
 Sense 2: "the territory occupied by a nation" - this is the land area

 The phrase "countries which admit immigrants" - immigration is a policy matter, so this refers to the political entities. Also "economic growth... in countries" refers to the economies of these political entities.

 Therefore, Sense 1 (index 1) is the best choice.

 Wait, I should double-check Sense 3: "the people who live in a nation or country". Could "countries which admit immigrants" mean the people? No, that would be "the people of the countries". The subject is clearly the political entity.

 So my answer is sense_index: 1.

 But let me reconsider if it could be sense 2. In many contexts, "countries" in economic texts refers to the territories where economic activity happens. But "admit" is the key verb here. Territories don't admit people; governments do.

 Therefore, Sense 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: immigration
Target surface form: immigration
Context:
Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining <t>immigration</t> leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=immigration%1:04:00:: | definition=migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) | synonyms=in-migration
2. sense_key=immigration%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "immigration" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text discusses immigrants as a burden on the French economy
- It mentions "immigration problem"
- It discusses "restraining immigration" leading to anaemic growth
- It mentions "migration flows" and countries admitting immigrants
- The target word "immigration" appears in "Restraining <t>immigration</t> leads to anaemic growth..."

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=immigration%1:04:00:: | definition=migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) | synonyms=in-migration
   - This refers to the act or process of migrating into a place (the event/activity)

2. sense_key=immigration%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony
   - This refers to the group/collective body of immigrants (the people)

In the sentence "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth...", the word "immigration" is being used as something that can be "restrained" (held back, limited). This refers to the flow or process of people moving into the country, not the body/group of immigrants themselves.

Also, looking at the context: "positive impact of migration flows", "migration to a country", "admit immigrants" - these all point to the process/act sense rather than the collective noun sense.

The phrase "restraining immigration" clearly indicates the act or process of migrating in, not the group of people. You restrain a process or flow, not a body of people (though you can restrain people individually, the context here is about the phenomenon/policy).

Sense 1 (immigration%1:04:00::) is the act or process - this fits with "restraining immigration" (limiting the inflow).

Sense 2 (immigration%1:14:00::) is the collective body/group - this would be like saying "the immigration was large" referring to the group of people.

In the target sentence: "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth" - this is clearly about the act/process of immigration being restrained.

Therefore, the correct sense is index 1.

Wait, let me double-check WordNet sense numbering. The user provides:
1. sense_key=immigration%1:04:00::
2. sense_key=immigration%1:14:00::

So sense_index should be 1.

Let me verify the semantic distinction again:
- Sense 1 (04): The act/process of migrating in (event)
- Sense 2 (14): The group of immigrants (group/collective)

Context clues:
- "Restraining immigration" - you restrain a process/event
- "migration flows" - parallel to immigration
- "positive impact of migration flows" - migration flows is the event
- "solved our immigration problem" - the problem is the phenomenon/process

Yes, definitely sense 1.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic <t>growth</t> and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "growth" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses immigration and its economic impact
 - The specific sentence is: "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic <t>growth</t> and harms employment."
 - The surrounding context mentions "economic growth", "wages", "employment", "countries which admit immigrants"
 - The phrase "anaemic growth" is used in an economic context

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: - Biological growth (organism growing organically)
 2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: - Progression from simpler to more complex forms (e.g., growth of culture)
 3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: - A process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important (synonyms: increase, increment; examples: the increase in unemployment; the growth of population)
 4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: - Vegetation that has grown
 5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: - The gradual beginning or coming forth (emergence)
 6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: - Pathological abnormal proliferation (tumor)
 7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: - Something grown or growing (hair)

 The context clearly refers to economic growth - the increase in economic activity, GDP, etc. This matches sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important" with synonyms "increase, increment" and examples like "the growth of population" (which is analogous to economic growth in terms of the sense of increase/expansion).

 Sense 1 is biological/organic growth - not applicable here.
 Sense 2 is about progression to complex forms - not quite right for economic growth.
 Sense 3 fits best because economic growth is about becoming larger/more important (in economic terms).
 Sense 4 is about plants - not applicable.
 Sense 5 is about emergence/beginning - not quite right.
 Sense 6 is medical - not applicable.
 Sense 7 is about physical things grown - not applicable.

 The phrase "anaemic growth" is commonly used in economics to describe weak or slow economic expansion. This aligns with sense 3 (increase/growth in size/importance).

 Therefore, the best sense is sense 3 (sense_key=growth%1:22:02::).

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: employment
Target surface form: employment
Context:
Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms <t>employment</t>. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "employment" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text discusses immigration and its impact on economic growth, wages, and employment.
- "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment."
- The surrounding context talks about "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment" and "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers... exerting downward pressure on wages."

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
   - This refers to the state/condition of having a job. "Employment" as a mass noun referring to the general condition of being employed.

2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
   - This seems to refer to a specific job or work in general. "Out of work" = unemployed.

3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
   - This is the act of hiring/employing someone.

4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage...
   - This is about using something.

In the context: "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment" and "harms employment."

Here, "employment" is used as a macroeconomic indicator - referring to the overall level of people having jobs in the economy. It's parallel to "economic growth" and "wages."

Let me think about senses 1 and 2 more carefully.

Sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job" - this is the condition/state. Examples: "they are looking for employment" (here it could be interpreted as looking for work/a job), "he was in the employ of the city" (this is more like being in someone's employ - the state of being employed).

Sense 2: "the occupation for which you are paid" - this is more like a specific job or work activity. Examples: "he is looking for employment" (looking for a job), "a lot of people are out of work" (unemployed).

Wait, let me reconsider. In economic contexts, when we talk about "employment" as opposed to "unemployment," we're usually talking about the state of being employed (sense 1) or the general concept of work/jobs (sense 2).

Actually, looking at WordNet:
- employment%1:26:00:: is under noun.state (the state of being employed or having a job)
- employment%1:04:00:: is under noun.act? Or noun.artifact? Let me think. Actually, looking at the key: %1:04:00 - 04 usually means noun.act or noun.cognition? Wait, WordNet lexicographer file numbers: 26 is noun.state, 04 is noun.act.

Wait, let me reconsider the WordNet sense keys:
- %1:26:00:: = noun.state
- %1:04:00:: = noun.act? No, 04 is usually noun.act? Let me recall:
  - 00 = adj.all
  - 01 = noun.Tops
  - 02 = noun.act
  - 03 = noun.animal
  - 04 = noun.artifact
  - 05 = noun.attribute
  - 06 = noun.body
  - 07 = noun.cognition
  - 08 = noun.communication
  - 09 = noun.event
  - 10 = noun.feeling
  - 11 = noun.food
  - 12 = noun.group
  - 13 = noun.location
  - 14 = noun.motive
  - 15 = noun.object
  - 16 = noun.person
  - 17 = noun.phenomenon
  - 18 = noun.plant
  - 19 = noun.possession
  - 20 = noun.process
  - 21 = noun.quantity
  - 22 = noun.relation
  - 23 = noun.shape
  - 24 = noun.state
  - 25 = noun.substance
  - 26 = noun.time
  - 27 = verb.body
  - etc.

Wait, I need to be careful. The sense key format is: lemma%ss_type:lex_filenum:lex_id:head_word:head_id

Where ss_type:
1 = noun
2 = verb
3 = adjective
4 = adverb

lex_filenum for nouns:
00 = noun.Tops
01 = noun.act
02 = noun.animal
03 = noun.artifact
04 = noun.attribute
05 = noun.body
06 = noun.cognition
07 = noun.communication
08 = noun.event
09 = noun.feeling
10 = noun.food
11 = noun.group
12 = noun.location
13 = noun.motive
14 = noun.object
15 = noun.person
16 = noun.phenomenon
17 = noun.plant
18 = noun.possession
19 = noun.process
20 = noun.quantity
21 = noun.relation
22 = noun.shape
23 = noun.state
24 = noun.substance
25 = noun.time

Wait, that's different from what I said. Let me verify standard WordNet lexicographer file numbers:
Actually, standard is:
00 - adj.all
01 - adj.pert
02 - adv.all
03 - noun.Tops
04 - noun.act
05 - noun.animal
06 - noun.artifact
07 - noun.attribute
08 - noun.body
09 - noun.cognition
10 - noun.communication
11 - noun.event
12 - noun.feeling
13 - noun.food
14 - noun.group
15 - noun.location
16 - noun.motive
17 - noun.object
18 - noun.person
19 - noun.phenomenon
20 - noun.plant
21 - noun.possession
22 - noun.process
23 - noun.quantity
24 - noun.relation
25 - noun.shape
26 - noun.state
27 - noun.substance
28 - noun.time
29 - verb.body
30 - verb.change
31 - verb.cognition
32 - verb.communication
33 - verb.competition
34 - verb.consumption
35 - verb.contact
36 - verb.creation
37 - verb.emotion
38 - verb.motion
39 - verb.perception
40 - verb.possession
41 - verb.social
42 - verb.stative
43 - verb.weather
44 - adj.ppl

Wait, the user provided:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using

Hmm, %1:26:00 - if 26 is noun.state, that matches "the state of being employed..."
%1:04:00 - if 04 is noun.act, but the definition is "the occupation for which you are paid" - that doesn't seem like an act. Wait, maybe the lexicographer file numbers in the user's system are different, or maybe 04 is noun.act and "occupation" is considered an act? Or maybe the user's sense keys use a different numbering.

Actually, looking at the definitions:
- Sense 1: state of being employed -> noun.state (makes sense)
- Sense 2: occupation for which you are paid -> this is likely noun.act? Or maybe the file number is different.
- Sense 3: act of giving someone a job -> noun.act
- Sense 4: act of using -> noun.act

Wait, senses 2, 3, and 4 all have %1:04:00, %1:04:02, %1:04:01. If 04 is noun.act, then sense 2 being "occupation" might be miscategorized in my mind, or perhaps 04 refers to something else in this version.

Actually, looking at Princeton WordNet 3.0 or 3.1:
- employment.n.01: the state of being employed or having a job -> lexname = noun.state
- employment.n.02: the occupation for which you are paid -> lexname = noun.act? No, let me check... actually in WordNet, "employment" as occupation might be under noun.act? Let me think.

Actually, I should focus on the definitions and examples rather than getting bogged down in the lexicographer file numbers.

Sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job" - synonyms: employ. Examples: "they are looking for employment", "he was in the employ of the city"
Sense 2: "the occupation for which you are paid" - synonyms: work. Examples: "he is looking for employment", "a lot of people are out of work"
Sense 3: "the act of giving someone a job" - synonyms: engagement
Sense 4: "the act of using" - synonyms: use, usage...

In the context: "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment" and "harms employment."

This is clearly about the labor market concept - the level of jobs or the state of having jobs in the economy. It's not about a specific occupation (sense 2), not about the act of hiring (sense 3), and not about usage (sense 4).

Is it sense 1 or sense 2?

Sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job" - This is a state/condition. In economics, "employment" often refers to the state of the population being employed. "Employment rate" refers to the proportion of the population in the state of being employed.

Sense 2: "the occupation for which you are paid" - This is more like a specific job or work activity. "He found employment as a carpenter" - meaning he found work/occupation.

In the phrase "harms employment", it's parallel to "harms economic growth" and "harms wages". Here, "employment" refers to the overall level of employment in the economy - the state of people being employed. This aligns with sense 1.

Also, the example "a lot of people are out of work" for sense 2 suggests that sense 2 is about individual work/occupation (being out of work = not having a job), while sense 1's example "he was in the employ of the city" suggests the state/condition of being employed.

Wait, "they are looking for employment" in sense 1 vs "he is looking for employment" in sense 2. These are very similar. But sense 2 has synonym "work" and example "out of work", suggesting it's about the general concept of work/occupation. Sense 1 has synonym "employ" (as in "in the employ of"), suggesting the state of being employed.

In macroeconomic contexts like this text, "employment" is typically sense 1 - the state of being employed. The text discusses "impact on economic growth, wages and employment" - these are all macroeconomic indicators. "Employment" here means the state of having jobs in the economy.

Let me double-check by considering if it could be sense 2. If "employment" meant "occupation for which you are paid" in the plural or collective sense, could "harms employment" mean harms occupations? That doesn't fit as well. "Harms employment" in this context clearly means harms the level/state of employment (i.e., causes unemployment or reduces the number of people employed).

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

Wait, I want to be absolutely sure. Let me look at the exact wording again:
"positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment"
"Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment."

If I substitute the definitions:
- harms the state of being employed or having a job (sense 1) -> makes sense
- harms the occupation for which you are paid (sense 2) -> awkward, would mean harms specific occupations/jobs
- harms the act of giving someone a job (sense 3) -> grammatically possible but semantically odd in this context
- harms the act of using (sense 4) -> clearly wrong

Between 1 and 2: In economics, "employment" as a mass noun referring to the aggregate state of the labor force is sense 1. The state of being employed. "Full employment" is a state. "Employment" as a count noun or quasi-count noun referring to specific work is sense 2.

The context uses "employment" as a mass noun parallel to "growth" (uncountable) and "wages" (plural). It refers to the labor market condition. So sense 1.

Actually, let me reconsider sense 2. Could "employment" in economics be "the occupation for which you are paid" collectively? Like "employment in manufacturing"? Even then, it's usually referring to the number of people employed or the state of being employed.

I think sense 1 is correct.

But wait - I recall that in WordNet, "employment" sense 1 (state) and sense 2 (occupation) are often distinguished by:
- Sense 1: "he was in the employ of the city" - the state/condition
- Sense 2: "he is looking for employment" - a job/occupation

The example "they are looking for employment" is listed under sense 1, and "he is looking for employment" under sense 2. That's interesting. The difference might be subtle. But "a lot of people are out of work" under sense 2 connects employment/work as synonyms.

In our context, "harms employment" - if people are "out of work", that's a lack of employment. But the text says restraining immigration harms employment. This is about the overall level.

Actually, looking at standard WordNet:
- employment#n#1: the state of being employed or having a job; "they are looking for employment"; "he was in the employ of the city"
- employment#n#2: the occupation for which you are paid; "he is looking for employment"; "a lot of people are out of work"
- employment#n#3: the act of giving someone a job
- employment#n#4: the act of using

Sense 2 is actually the most common sense when people say "looking for employment" - it means looking for work/a job. But in the macroeconomic context "harms employment", it's about the state/condition of the economy having employment opportunities or people being in the state of employment.

Actually, I want to check if "employment" in "harms employment" could be interpreted as "jobs" (occupations). "Restraining immigration harms jobs" - yes, that makes sense too. But "employment" as a mass noun in economics is more abstract than "jobs".

Let me think about the phrase "positive impact on ... employment". This is standard economic terminology. Economists talk about "effects on employment" meaning effects on the employment level or employment rate. This is the state of being employed.

Also, the text earlier says: "there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment". Growth, wages, and employment are the three key labor market/economic indicators. Employment here is the state/level of employment.

I'll go with sense 1.

Wait, I should double-check. Is there any chance it's sense 2? "Employment" = work. "Harms work" doesn't quite capture it. "Harms employment" in the sense of harming the availability of occupations? Maybe. But sense 1's definition "the state of being employed or having a job" fits the macroeconomic aggregate better.

One more check: The text says "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers... exerting downward pressure on wages." This is about labor market competition. "Employment" in this context is clearly the opposite of unemployment - it's the state of having a job. So sense 1.

Final answer: sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fear
Target surface form: Fears
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. <t>Fears</t> about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fear%1:12:00:: | definition=an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight) | synonyms=fearfulness, fright
2. sense_key=fear%1:12:01:: | definition=an anxious feeling | synonyms=concern, care | examples=care had aged him; they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction
3. sense_key=fear%1:12:02:: | definition=a feeling of profound respect for someone or something | synonyms=reverence, awe, veneration | examples=the fear of God; the Chinese reverence for the dead

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "Fears" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses immigration and economic impacts
 - It mentions "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers..."
 - These fears relate to concerns about economic competition, job replacement, wage pressure
 - The fears are described as being based on certain notions/beliefs about immigrants replacing workers

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=fear%1:12:00::
    - Definition: an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight)
    - Synonyms: fearfulness, fright
    - This is the basic emotion of fear, fright, terror

 2. sense_key=fear%1:12:01::
    - Definition: an anxious feeling
    - Synonyms: concern, care
    - Examples: "care had aged him; they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction"
    - This is more about worry, anxiety, concern

 3. sense_key=fear%1:12:02::
    - Definition: a feeling of profound respect for someone or something
    - Synonyms: reverence, awe, veneration
    - Examples: "the fear of God; the Chinese reverence for the dead"
    - This is clearly about reverence/awe, not applicable here

 Now, which sense fits best?

 The context talks about "Fears about the impact of immigrants" - these are concerns, worries, anxieties about economic effects. While sense 1 (fright/terror) could potentially apply, sense 2 (concern, care, anxious feeling) seems more appropriate because:
 - The text is discussing economic concerns and worries, not terror or fright
 - The synonym "concern" fits very well with the context of worrying about economic impacts
 - The example "they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction" shows fear used in the sense of concern about reactions/outcomes, similar to concerns about economic impacts

 However, I should consider if this is about the emotion of fear (sense 1) or anxious concern (sense 2).

 Looking at the gloss for sense 1: "an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger" - the text mentions fears about immigrants replacing workers, exerting downward pressure on wages. This could be seen as anticipation of danger (economic danger).

 But sense 2: "an anxious feeling" with synonyms "concern, care" - this seems to fit the context of economic worries and concerns about labor market impacts.

 Actually, looking more carefully at WordNet's organization:
 - Sense 1 is the basic physical/emotional fear (fright)
 - Sense 2 is worry/concern about outcomes
 - Sense 3 is reverence

 In the context of "Fears about the impact of immigrants", this is clearly about concerns/worries regarding economic effects, not terror or reverence. The text discusses misconceptions and economic concerns.

 The example for sense 2 includes "fear of public reaction" which is parallel to "fears about the impact of immigrants" - both are concerns about potential negative outcomes.

 Therefore, sense 2 (fear%1:12:01::) seems to be the best fit.

 Wait, let me double-check. In WordNet, fear%1:12:00:: is usually the hypernym or the basic sense, and fear%1:12:01:: is the "concern, care" sense.

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet:
 - fear%1:12:00:: = fear, fearfulness, fright (an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger...)
 - fear%1:12:01:: = concern, care, fear (an anxious feeling)
 - fear%1:12:02:: = reverence, awe, fear...

 The context is about economic concerns/worries, not about being frightened or terrified. It's about the concern that immigrants will replace workers. This aligns with sense 2.

 But I should verify: is there any indication this is about the basic emotion vs. concern? The text says "Fears about the impact..." which suggests concerns, worries. Also, the surrounding context discusses economic analysis and misconceptions, suggesting these are concerns/anxieties rather than terror.

 The answer should be sense_index 2.

 Wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=fear%1:12:00::
 2. sense_key=fear%1:12:01::
 3. sense_key=fear%1:12:02::

 So if I choose sense 2, I return {"sense_index": 2}.

 Let me reconsider if sense 1 could be better. The definition mentions "anticipation of some specific pain or danger" - economic hardship could be considered danger. But the synonyms "fearfulness, fright" suggest a stronger emotion than what's typically meant by "fears about immigration" in policy contexts, which are usually concerns/worries.

 Also, the example in sense 2 "they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction" is very similar to the usage here - fear of something happening (public reaction vs. immigrants replacing workers).

 I think sense 2 is correct.

 Actually, looking at the WordNet hierarchy more carefully:
 - Sense 1 (fear%1:12:00::) is the general emotion of fear
 - Sense 2 (fear%1:12:01::) is specifically "concern, care" - a milder anxious feeling
 - Sense 3 (fear%1:12:02::) is reverence

 In the context of economic policy discussions, "fears about immigration" are typically referred to as "concerns" or "anxieties" - this matches sense 2.

 Final decision: sense_index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the <t>impact</t> of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "impact" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text discusses immigration and its effects on economic growth, wages, and employment.
- The specific sentence: "Fears about the <t>impact</t> of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."
- Here, "impact" refers to the effect or consequence of immigrants on the economy/labor market.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
   - This is the physical collision sense. Not applicable here since we're talking about economic/social effects, not physical striking.

2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
   - This refers to a strong effect or consequence. The example "the book had an important impact on my thinking" shows abstract effect. In the context, fears about the "impact" of immigrants refers to the effect/consequence they have on wages and employment. This seems like a strong candidate.

3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
   - This seems to be about the act of influencing strongly, with synonyms suggesting intrusion or encroachment. The example shows cultural impingement. While related, the context here is about economic effects rather than encroachment or impingement.

4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle
   - This is about violent physical combat. Not applicable.

Between senses 2 and 3:
- Sense 2 (impact%1:19:00::) is a noun referring to the consequence/effect itself ("a forceful consequence; a strong effect").
- Sense 3 (impact%1:04:00::) is a noun referring to the act or process of influencing ("influencing strongly").

In the sentence "Fears about the impact of immigrants...", "impact" is used as a noun referring to the effect or consequence that immigrants have on the economy. This aligns with sense 2. The phrase "positive impact of migration flows" earlier in the text also uses "impact" to mean effect/consequence.

Also, looking at the examples for sense 2: "the book had an important impact on my thinking" - this is exactly the pattern "impact of X on Y" or "impact on Y", matching our context "impact of immigrants on... wages".

Sense 3's synonyms (impingement, encroachment) suggest a more negative, intrusive connotation, and the example "impingement of American values on European culture" suggests something unwanted intruding. While immigration fears are negative, the word "impact" here is being used in the general sense of "effect" - the text even says "positive impact" earlier, which wouldn't fit well with "impingement" or "encroachment".

Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.

Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys and indices. The user lists:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00::
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00::
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00::
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01::

The user asks to return {"sense_index": 3} format, where the number corresponds to the candidate sense number (1-indexed from the list).

So sense 2 in my analysis corresponds to index 2.

Let me verify once more:
- "impact" in "positive impact of migration flows" and "impact of immigrants" clearly means "effect" or "consequence".
- Sense 2: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect" - matches perfectly.
- Sense 3: "influencing strongly" - this is more about the action/process, and the synonyms (impingement, encroachment) don't fit the "positive impact" usage earlier in the paragraph.

Yes, index 2 is correct.