[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do <t>know</t> about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "know" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
"Let us sum up what we do <t>know</t> about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work"

The sentence is saying "Let us sum up what we do know about education..." - this means "let us summarize what we are aware of / what information we possess about education."

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!

2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?

3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun

4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?

5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?

6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods

7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs

8. sense_key=know%2:31:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve

9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off

10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong

11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Now, the context: "what we do know about education" - this is about possessing knowledge/information about a subject (education). It's about being cognizant or aware of facts regarding education.

Sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about" - examples include "I know that the President lied to the people". This fits well with knowing facts about education.

Sense 3: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt" - this is more about being certain of the truth of a proposition, often with a that-clause. The example "I know that I left the key on the table" shows this. In our sentence, "what we do know about education" - the "what" is a relative pronoun introducing a noun clause, but it's not exactly "know that X". It's "know [something] about education" - possessing knowledge about a topic.

Sense 1 seems to specifically mention "possess knowledge or information about" which fits "know about education" very well. The example "I want to know who is winning the game!" also shows knowing information about something.

Sense 3 focuses more on "aware of the truth of something" and "regard as true beyond any doubt" - this is epistemic certainty. While related, the phrase "what we know about education" emphasizes the information/content we possess rather than certainty in a truth.

Actually, looking carefully at WordNet senses for "know":
- Sense 1 (know%2:31:01) is often the "know that" sense - propositional knowledge, being aware of facts.
- Sense 3 (know%2:31:02) is also propositional but maybe more about accepting as true?

Wait, let me look at the ordering. In WordNet, the sense numbers don't always correspond to frequency, but often sense 1 is the most frequent.

But looking at the definitions:
Sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about"
Sense 3: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt"

The context: "what we do know about education" - this is about possessing knowledge/information about a subject. The phrase "know about" strongly suggests sense 1. Also, the contrast is with the previous sentence "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance..." - wait, earlier in the text: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade..."

Actually, looking at the broader context, the previous sentence uses "know that": "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade..." This would likely be sense 1 or 3.

Then: "Let us sum up what we do know about education..."

Hmm, "what we do know about education" - the word "know" here takes a direct object "what" (a relative/interrogative pronoun standing for the content), and is followed by "about education". This is clearly about possessing information on a topic.

Sense 1 explicitly says "possess knowledge or information about" and its examples include "I know that..." and "I want to know who...".

Sense 3 says "be aware of the truth of something" and examples are "I know that I left the key..." and "Galileo knew that the earth moves..."

The key difference: Sense 1 can take "know X about Y" (possess knowledge about). Sense 3 is more specifically about truth of propositions (know that p).

Actually, looking at standard WordNet sense distinctions:
- know, cognize, cognise (be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about) - this is the general sense of having knowledge.
- know (be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt) - this might be a more specific sense.

But in many WSD datasets, "know that..." clauses often map to sense 1. However, sense 3 examples also use "that".

Wait, I need to be careful. Let me reconsider the exact WordNet senses.

In WordNet 3.0/3.1, the senses of "know" (verb) are typically:
1. know, cognize, cognise - be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about
2. know - know how to do or perform something
3. know - be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt
4. know - be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object
5. know, experience, live - have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations
6. acknowledge, recognize, know, recognise - accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority
7. know - have fixed in the mind
8. sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with, get laid, have sex, know, do it, be intimate, have intercourse, have it away, have it off, screw, fuck, jazz, eff, hump, lie with, bed, have a go at it, bang, get it on, bonk - have sexual intercourse with
9. know - know the nature or character of
10. know - be able to distinguish, recognize as being different
11. know - perceive as familiar

Wait, the numbering in the candidate senses seems a bit off from standard WordNet order. Let me check the sense keys:
- know%2:31:01::
- know%2:31:03::
- know%2:31:02::
- know%2:31:00::
- know%2:31:04::
- know%2:31:06::
- know%2:31:15::
- know%2:31:35:00:: (wait, this is 2:35:00, different lex file - verb.contact? No, 35 would be... actually lexicographer file numbers: 31 is verb.cognition. 35 might be verb.contact? But the sense key says 2:35:00 which is odd because the others are 2:31:xx. Actually, looking at the candidate list, it's written as know%2:35:00:: but in the list it's numbered as sense 8. This is the sexual intercourse sense.)
- know%2:31:11::
- know%2:31:12::
- know%2:31:14::

The sense keys use the lexicographer file number and then a sequence number. For know in verb.cognition (31), the senses have different sequence numbers.

But regardless of the key numbering, I need to choose among the 11 candidates numbered 1-11.

The target: "what we do know about education"

This is clearly about having knowledge/information about a subject. The phrase "know about" + topic is classic for sense 1: "possess knowledge or information about".

Sense 3 is about "be aware of the truth of something" which is subtly different - it's about accepting propositions as true. But "what we know about education" treats "what" as the object (the information content) and "about education" as the domain. This is a direct object construction where the knowledge content is unspecified/interrogative.

Sense 1 examples: "I know that the President lied to the people" (propositional), "I want to know who is winning the game!" (interrogative/relative content). The second example is very similar to "what we do know about education" - both involve knowing some content.

Sense 3 examples: "I know that I left the key on the table" (propositional truth), "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun" (propositional truth). These are all "know that" with emphasis on truth/certainty.

The phrase "sum up what we know" is about summarizing the information we possess, not about certainties or truths we accept. Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

Wait, but I should also consider sense 3 because the text says "We know that very early exposure..." just before. But the target is "what we do know about education". The antecedent "We know that..." might be sense 1 or 3, but the target is specifically "what we do know about education".

Actually, looking at the sentence again: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work"

This is definitely sense 1: possess knowledge or information about.

I should choose sense index 1.

But let me double-check if there's any other sense that could fit better.

Sense 5: have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions... - "experience". No, this isn't about experiencing education.
Sense 7: have fixed in the mind - "I know Latin". This is about having learned something thoroughly. While related, "what we know about education" is broader than just having fixed in mind; it's about possessing information.
Sense 9: know the nature or character of - "we all knew her as a big show-off". This is about knowing a person/thing's character. Not quite.
Sense 10: be able to distinguish - "know right from wrong". No.
Sense 11: perceive as familiar - "I know this voice". No.

So it's between 1 and 3. Sense 1 explicitly includes "possess knowledge or information about" which matches "know about education" perfectly. The examples for sense 1 also include wh-clauses ("who is winning the game"), which is structurally similar to "what we do know".

Therefore, the best sense is 1.

Wait, I want to make sure about the sense numbering. The user lists:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01::
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03::
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02::
...

So the index I return should be 1.

Actually, looking at the instruction: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." So I just put the number of the sense in the list.

My answer: {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about <t>education</t> and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "education" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context carefully:

 The text discusses:
 - A governors' conference on education
 - Gov. Bill Clinton advocating extending the educational system to pre-kindergarten years
 - Whether it's a child-care program or an educational program
 - Early exposure to schooling
 - "Let us sum up what we do know about <t>education</t> and about those education reforms that do work and do not work"
 - Discussion of "Parental involvement" in education

 The target word "education" appears in the phrase: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms..."

 Now let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: - "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" (synonyms: instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity)
    - This refers to the process/activity of teaching/educating
    - Examples: "he received no formal education", "our instruction was carefully programmed"

 2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: - "knowledge acquired by learning and instruction"
    - This refers to the knowledge/content learned
    - Examples: "it was clear that he had a very broad education"

 3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: - "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge"
    - This refers to the process of learning/acquiring knowledge
    - Examples: "education is a preparation for life", "a girl's education was less important than a boy's"

 4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: - "the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)"
    - This refers to teaching as a career/profession

 5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: - "the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior)"
    - This refers to upbringing, breeding, social training
    - Synonyms: training, breeding

 6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: - "the United States federal department..."
    - The government department

 Now, looking at the context:
 - The text discusses "education reforms"
 - It talks about "extending the educational system"
 - It mentions "early exposure to schooling"
 - It asks what we know about "education" and reforms that work

 The phrase "what we do know about education" in this context seems to refer to the field/system of education - the activities, methods, and processes of educating/instructing.

 Sense 1 (education%1:04:00::) focuses on "the activities of educating or instructing" - this fits well with discussing reforms to the educational system, what works in teaching, schooling, etc.

 Sense 3 (education%1:09:01::) focuses on "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" - this is from the learner's perspective.

 In the context, the author is discussing education as a system/field - the activities of schooling, teaching methods, reforms to the educational system. The mention of "education reforms" and "educational system" suggests sense 1 is most appropriate.

 However, let me look more carefully at the specific sentence: "Let us sum up what we do know about <t>education</t> and about those education reforms..."

 The word "education" here seems to refer to the general concept/field of education - the activities and processes involved in educating people. This aligns with sense 1.

 Sense 3 would be more about an individual's education (the process they go through). But here, the context is about the education system, policies, reforms, schooling - which is more about the institutional/activity side (sense 1).

 Also, looking at the examples for sense 1: "he received no formal education" - this could fit, but the context here is more general.

 Actually, looking at the surrounding context again:
 - "extending the educational system"
 - "early exposure to schooling"
 - "education reforms"
 - "educational limitations"

 This is clearly about the system and activities of education (teaching, schooling), not about an individual's knowledge (sense 2) or upbringing (sense 5), nor the department (sense 6), nor specifically the profession (sense 4).

 Between sense 1 and sense 3:
 - Sense 1: activities of educating/instructing (focus on the teaching side, the provision of education)
 - Sense 3: gradual process of acquiring knowledge (focus on the learning side)

 The context emphasizes schooling, teaching, the educational system, reforms to how education is delivered - this points to sense 1.

 Also, the phrase "this is a child-care program, not an educational program" - here "educational" means related to instruction/teaching (sense 1).

 Therefore, the best sense is sense 1.

 Wait, let me double-check sense 3's examples: "education is a preparation for life" - this is a general statement about education as a process. But in the context of "education reforms", "educational system", and discussing schooling policies, sense 1 (the activities of educating) seems more appropriate.

 The index for sense 1 is 1.

 So the answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those <t>education</t> reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "education" in the given context.

 First, let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses a governors' conference on education
 - It mentions extending the educational system down to pre-kindergarten years
 - It discusses whether something is a child-care program vs an educational program
 - It mentions schooling and first grade
 - It talks about "education reforms"
 - It mentions "Parental involvement" in relation to education
 - It mentions schools and educational limitations

 Now let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=education%1:04:00::
    - Definition: the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill
    - Synonyms: instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity
    - Examples: "he received no formal education"; "our instruction was carefully programmed"
    - This refers to the process/act of teaching/educating

 2. sense_key=education%1:09:00::
    - Definition: knowledge acquired by learning and instruction
    - Examples: "it was clear that he had a very broad education"
    - This refers to the knowledge/learning outcome

 3. sense_key=education%1:09:01::
    - Definition: the gradual process of acquiring knowledge
    - Examples: "education is a preparation for life"; "a girl's education was less important than a boy's"
    - This refers to the process of learning/acquiring knowledge over time

 4. sense_key=education%1:04:01::
    - Definition: the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
    - This refers to teaching as a profession/career

 5. sense_key=education%1:07:01::
    - Definition: the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior)
    - Synonyms: training, breeding
    - Examples: "a woman of breeding and refinement"
    - This refers to upbringing/refinement

 6. sense_key=education%1:14:00::
    - Definition: the United States federal department...
    - This is the government department

 Now, looking at the target occurrence: "those <t>education</t> reforms"

 The phrase is "education reforms" - this refers to reforms in the system or field of education. The context is discussing:
 - extending the educational system
 - child-care program vs educational program
 - schooling
 - reforms that work/don't work
 - schools

 "Education reforms" typically refers to changes in the system of teaching/instruction, or changes in the educational system/activities.

 Let me check the specific context again: "those education reforms that do work and do not work"

 This is talking about reforms in the field/system of education - i.e., changes to how education is delivered, organized, etc.

 Sense 1 (education%1:04:00::) refers to "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" - this covers the system/process of education as an activity.

 Sense 4 refers specifically to the profession of teaching.

 Sense 2 and 3 refer to knowledge acquired or the process of acquiring knowledge (the student's perspective).

 In the phrase "education reforms", we're talking about reforms to the educational system - the institutions, methods, and activities of instructing. This aligns with sense 1.

 However, let me double-check sense 1 vs sense 4. Sense 4 is specifically about the profession ("the profession of teaching"). Sense 1 is broader - "activities of educating or instructing".

 The context mentions:
 - "educational system"
 - "educational program"
 - "schooling"
 - "schools"

 This suggests the broader sense of education as a system/activity of instruction, not just the profession (sense 4) or just the knowledge gained (senses 2, 3).

 Also, looking at the examples for sense 1: "he received no formal education" - this aligns with the system/institutional aspect.

 But wait, "education reforms" - is this referring to:
 1. Reforms of the activities of instructing (sense 1)
 2. Reforms of the profession (sense 4)
 3. Reforms of the system in general?

 Actually, looking carefully at WordNet:
 - Sense 1: activities of educating or instructing (the process/action)
 - Sense 4: the profession of teaching

 "Education reforms" usually means reforms to the educational system - which would be sense 1 (the activities/system).

 But let me look at the specific line again: "those education reforms"

 The broader context is discussing:
 - educational system
 - child-development policy vs educational program
 - schooling
 - first grade
 - schools

 The word "education" in "education reforms" refers to the field/system of providing instruction.

 Comparing sense 1 and sense 4:
 - Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill"
 - Sense 4: "the profession of teaching"

 While "education" can refer to the profession, "education reforms" is broader than just the profession - it includes curriculum, administration, policy, etc. This aligns better with sense 1.

 Also, sense 1 has synonyms like "instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity" - and "educational activity" fits well with "education reforms" (reforms to educational activities).

 Sense 3 is "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" - this is from the learner's perspective, not the systemic/institutional perspective that "reforms" suggests.

 Therefore, sense 1 seems to be the best fit.

 Wait, I should check if there's any other interpretation. Could it be sense 6 (the department)? No, context doesn't suggest the federal department.

 Could it be sense 2 or 3? "Knowledge reforms" doesn't make sense.

 So it's between sense 1 and sense 4.

 Sense 4 is specifically "the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)". While reforms affect teachers, "education reforms" encompasses more than just the profession - it includes curriculum standards, testing, funding, etc. So sense 1 is better.

 Actually, looking at WordNet sense 1:04:00 - this is under noun.act (activities). The definition emphasizes the activities.

 Sense 1:04:01 is under noun.act as well but specifically about profession.

 The context mentions "educational system" and "educational program" - this aligns with sense 1.

 Also, earlier in the text: "extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years" - this refers to the system of education (sense 1).

 And: "this is a child-care program, not an educational program" - contrasting child-care with educational instruction (sense 1).

 So the consistent usage in this text is sense 1 - the activities/system of education.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense 1.

 But wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=education%1:04:00::
 2. sense_key=education%1:09:00::
 3. sense_key=education%1:09:01::
 4. sense_key=education%1:04:01::
 5. sense_key=education%1:07:01::
 6. sense_key=education%1:14:00::

 So index 1 is education%1:04:00:: (activities of educating)
 Index 4 is education%1:04:01:: (profession)

 Yes, I want index 1.

 Let me verify once more by looking at the exact phrase: "those education reforms"

 If I substitute sense 1: "those activities-of-educating reforms" or "those instruction reforms" - this works.
 If I substitute sense 4: "those profession-of-teaching reforms" - this is narrower, possible but less likely.
 If I substitute sense 3: "those process-of-acquiring-knowledge reforms" - this would mean reforms to how people learn, which could work, but typically "education reforms" focuses on the delivery/system side.

 Actually, looking at the examples provided in sense 3: "education is a preparation for life" - this is talking about education as a general concept/process of development.

 But in the context of policy discussion (governors' conference, Clinton, child-development policy), "education" refers to the institutional system.

 Also, the mention of "Parental involvement" being a "bad idea" in the context of "education" - this refers to parental involvement in the school system/activities.

 So yes, sense 1 is clearly the best choice.

 Final check: The instruction says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}".

 So I should return: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reform
Target surface form: reforms
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education <t>reforms</t> that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reform%1:04:00:: | definition=a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses | examples=justice was for sale before the reform of the law courts
2. sense_key=reform%1:04:01:: | definition=a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices | examples=the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians
3. sense_key=reform%1:04:02:: | definition=self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice | examples=the family rejoiced in the drunkard's reform

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "reforms" in the given context. The target lemma is "reform" and the surface form is "reforms" (plural).

 Context analysis:
 The text is discussing education policy, specifically Gov. Bill Clinton's proposals for child-development policy and education systems. The key sentence is: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education <t>reforms</t> that do work and do not work"

 The context is about changes or improvements to the education system - specifically policies or changes aimed at correcting problems or improving the system.

 Candidate senses analysis:

 1. sense_key=reform%1:04:00:: | definition=a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses | examples=justice was for sale before the reform of the law courts
    - This refers to the result/outcome of correcting abuses
    - The example shows a specific instance: reform of law courts

 2. sense_key=reform%1:04:01:: | definition=a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices | examples=the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians
    - This refers to the campaign/proposal/effort to make changes
    - The example mentions "reforms he proposed" which matches the context of discussing what works and doesn't work in education reforms
    - The context mentions "education reforms" as proposals or changes being discussed/evaluated

 3. sense_key=reform%1:04:02:: | definition=self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice | examples=the family rejoiced in the drunkard's reform
    - This is about personal moral improvement (reforming oneself)
    - Doesn't fit the context of education system changes

 Comparing sense 1 and sense 2:
 Sense 1 (reform%1:04:00) focuses on the change itself, the result of correcting abuses.
 Sense 2 (reform%1:04:01) focuses on a campaign or movement aimed at correcting abuses, or the proposed changes.

 In the context "those education reforms that do work and do not work", the author is talking about various proposals or changes to the education system - different reform efforts or campaigns. The phrase "do work and do not work" suggests evaluating different reform initiatives or proposals.

 The example for sense 2 is particularly telling: "the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians" - this matches the pattern of discussing proposed education reforms.

 Also, sense 1 is often used in contexts like "the reform of the legal system" (the act or result of reforming), while sense 2 is used when talking about specific reform measures or campaigns.

 The context is discussing various education reforms (plural) as distinct initiatives or proposals, which aligns better with sense 2 (campaigns/aimed efforts) rather than sense 1 (the general concept of change for the better).

 However, there's a subtle distinction. Sense 1 is "a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses" - this could be interpreted as the reforms themselves (the changes). Sense 2 is "a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices" - this is the effort or proposal.

 In educational policy contexts, "reforms" usually refers to the changes made or proposed to the system - which could fit either. But looking at the example for sense 2: "the reforms he proposed" - this is exactly parallel to the context discussing education reforms.

 The phrase "those education reforms that do work and do not work" suggests concrete measures or changes being implemented or proposed, which could be sense 1. But the fact that they can "work" or "not work" suggests these are interventions or campaigns (sense 2).

 Actually, looking more carefully at WordNet:
 - reform%1:04:00 is the result/instance of reforming (a change for the better)
 - reform%1:04:01 is the campaign/movement (a campaign aimed to correct abuses)

 In the context "education reforms", we're talking about specific reform measures or initiatives. The example "the reforms he proposed were too radical" strongly parallels "education reforms" in the text.

 Also, looking at the specific wording: "those education reforms that do work and do not work" - this is evaluating the effectiveness of different reform efforts, which aligns with sense 2 (campaigns/efforts) or sense 1 (changes).

 But the key is in the examples. The example for sense 1 is "justice was for sale before the reform of the law courts" - here "reform" is a mass noun or singular event referring to the general reform of an institution.

 The example for sense 2 is "the reforms he proposed were too radical" - here "reforms" is plural and refers to specific proposals or measures.

 The target word is "reforms" (plural), which matches the plural usage in sense 2's example ("the reforms he proposed").

 Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys format. The user provided:
 1. sense_key=reform%1:04:00::
 2. sense_key=reform%1:04:01::
 3. sense_key=reform%1:04:02::

 So the indices are 1, 2, and 3.

 My choice is sense 2.

 But let me reconsider if sense 1 could be correct. Sense 1: "a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses". Education reforms are changes to the education system. Couldn't they be sense 1?

 The distinction is subtle. Sense 1 is the abstract concept of reform (reform as a process or result), while sense 2 is a specific campaign or instance of reforming. In common usage, when we say "education reforms", we mean specific changes or proposals to the system.

 But looking at WordNet's actual definitions:
 - 1:04:00 - a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses
 - 1:04:01 - a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices
 - 1:04:02 - self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice

 The context is talking about "those education reforms" - referring to various measures or changes. The phrase "do work and do not work" suggests these are interventions.

 Actually, looking at other WSD datasets and typical annotations, "educational reforms" or "education reforms" are typically annotated as sense 1 (the changes themselves) or sense 2 (the campaigns).

 But given the example for sense 2 explicitly mentions "the reforms he proposed", and the context is about proposals for education changes (Clinton's advocacy, etc.), sense 2 seems most appropriate.

 Also, sense 1's example "justice was for sale before the reform of the law courts" treats "reform" as a singular event or process affecting an institution, while the target is plural "reforms" referring to multiple distinct measures.

 I think sense 2 is the correct choice.

 Wait, looking at the instruction: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

 So I should return {"sense_index": 2}.

 Let me verify once more.

 Context: "those education reforms that do work and do not work"

 Is this referring to:
 1. Changes for the better (results)?
 2. Campaigns aimed to correct abuses (efforts)?
 3. Self-improvement (clearly no)?

 The text discusses Clinton advocating for extending educational system, mentions child-care vs educational program, then sums up what we know about education and education reforms that work.

 These are policy proposals or changes being evaluated. The fact that they can "work" or "not work" suggests they are deliberate interventions (campaigns/efforts) rather than just any change for the better.

 Also, sense 2's definition includes "malpractices" which fits education context (correcting malpractices in education).

 Therefore, sense_index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do <t>work</t> and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "work" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do <t>work</t> and do not work:"

 The phrase "do work" here means "are effective" or "function as intended" or "have the desired effect". It's talking about education reforms that are effective vs. those that are not.

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: - exert oneself by doing mental or physical work... (This is about labor/effort, not about effectiveness)
 2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: - be employed (This is about having a job)
 3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: - have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
    - This looks promising. The example "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought" is very similar to "education reforms that do work"
 4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: - perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
    - This is about machines functioning. While similar, sense 3 seems more appropriate for abstract things like "reforms"
 5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: - shape, form, or improve a material (physical work)
 6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: - give a workout to (exercise)
 7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: - proceed along a path
 8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: - operate in a certain place, area, or specialty (work the night clubs)
 9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: - proceed towards a goal...
 10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: - move in an agitated manner
 11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: - cause to happen...
 12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: - cause to work (put to work)
 13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: - prepare for crops
 14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: - behave in a certain way when handled (dough works well)
 15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: - have and exert influence or effect
    - This could also be a candidate: "have and exert influence or effect" - reforms that have an effect
    - But sense 3 is "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected" which fits better with the contrast "do work and do not work" meaning effective vs ineffective
 16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: - operate in or through
 17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: - cause to operate or function
 18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: - provoke or excite
 19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: - gratify and charm...
 20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: - make something...
 21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: - move into or onto
 22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: - make uniform (knead)
 23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: - use or manipulate to one's advantage
 24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: - find the solution to...
 25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: - cause to undergo fermentation
 26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: - go sour or spoil
 27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: - arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion

 Comparing sense 3 and sense 15:
 - Sense 3: "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected" - synonyms: act
 - Sense 15: "have and exert influence or effect" - synonyms: influence, act upon

 The context is about education reforms that are effective (work) vs ineffective (don't work). This is about whether they produce the desired outcome.

 Sense 3 examples: "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?"
 This matches perfectly with "education reforms that do work".

 Sense 15 examples: "The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate"
 This is about influencing someone/something, which is slightly different from "being effective" in the sense of functioning as intended.

 Also, sense 4 is about machines functioning ("perform as expected when applied"), but education reforms are abstract policies, not physical machines, though the metaphor is similar. However, sense 3 is more general about having the desired effect/outcome.

 The phrase "do work" in this context is an intransitive use meaning "to be effective" or "to succeed in achieving a result".

 Looking at the sense keys:
 - work%2:41:03:: is "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected"
 - work%2:35:02:: is "perform as expected when applied" (more for machines)

 The context is clearly about effectiveness of reforms. Sense 3 is the best fit.

 Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user lists them as 1, 2, 3, etc. So sense_key=work%2:41:03:: corresponds to index 3.

 Yes, the answer should be {"sense_index": 3}.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not <t>work</t>: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "work" in the given context.

Context analysis:
The sentence is: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not <t>work</t>:"

The phrase "do work and do not work" refers to education reforms. The meaning here is about whether the reforms have the desired effect or outcome, or whether they function/perform as expected.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. work%2:41:02:: - exert oneself by doing mental or physical work. This is about labor/effort. Not right.
2. work%2:41:00:: - be employed. Not right.
3. work%2:41:03:: - have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected. Synonyms: act. Examples: "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?" This seems very close. It refers to whether something produces the intended result.
4. work%2:35:02:: - perform as expected when applied. Synonyms: function, operate, go, run. Examples: "The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?" This is about mechanical functioning.
5. work%2:36:00:: - shape, form, or improve a material. Not right.
6. work%2:29:00:: - give a workout to. Not right.
7. work%2:38:00:: - proceed along a path. Not right.
8. work%2:41:04:: - operate in a certain place. Not right.
9. work%2:41:05:: - proceed towards a goal. Not right.
10. work%2:38:02:: - move in an agitated manner. Not right.
11. work%2:36:01:: - cause to happen. Not right.
12. work%2:41:01:: - cause to work. Not right.
13. work%2:36:09:: - prepare for crops. Not right.
14. work%2:42:10:: - behave in a certain way when handled. Not right.
15. work%2:41:10:: - have and exert influence or effect. Synonyms: influence, act upon. This is about influencing someone/something.
16. work%2:41:11:: - operate in or through. Not right.
17. work%2:41:12:: - cause to operate or function. Not right.
18. work%2:39:10:: - provoke or excite. Not right.
19. work%2:37:10:: - gratify and charm. Not right.
20. work%2:36:12:: - make something. Not right.
21. work%2:35:14:: - move into or onto. Not right.
22. work%2:35:00:: - make uniform. Not right.
23. work%2:34:10:: - use or manipulate to one's advantage. Not right.
24. work%2:31:13:: - find the solution to. Not right.
25. work%2:30:14:: - cause to undergo fermentation. Not right.
26. work%2:30:13:: - go sour or spoil. Not right.
27. work%2:30:10:: - arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion. Not right.

The main contenders are sense 3 and sense 4.

Sense 3: "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected" - synonyms: act. This is about whether something produces results.
Sense 4: "perform as expected when applied" - synonyms: function, operate, go, run. This is about mechanical or functional operation.

In the context of "education reforms that do work and do not work", the meaning is about whether they are effective, whether they produce the desired outcome. This aligns with sense 3: "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected".

However, sense 4 is also commonly used in this type of context (e.g., "does it work?" meaning does it function properly). But for abstract things like policies/reforms, sense 3 is more appropriate because it's about having the desired effect/outcome rather than mechanical functioning.

Let me check the examples for sense 3: "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?" - These are abstract/systems level, exactly like education reforms.

Examples for sense 4: "The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?" - These are physical/machines.

Therefore, sense 3 is the best fit.

Wait, let me also consider sense 15: "have and exert influence or effect" (influence, act upon). But this usually takes an object (worked on her friends). The intransitive use here "reforms that do work" without an object suggests sense 3.

Also, in WordNet, sense 3 (work%2:41:03::) is the "succeed, act" sense, while sense 4 (work%2:35:02::) is the "function, operate" sense. In common parlance, "the reforms don't work" could be either, but given the glosses and examples, sense 3 is specifically about effect/outcome, which matches "education reforms" better.

Actually, looking carefully at the sentence: "those education reforms that do work and do not work". This is parallel to "do not work" as in "are not effective". The author is saying some reforms are effective and some aren't.

Sense 3 definition: "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected"
Sense 4 definition: "perform as expected when applied"

I think sense 3 is the winner. The index is 3.

Wait, I need to make sure about the indexing. The user lists:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02::
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00::
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03::
...

So sense 3 corresponds to index 3.

Let me double-check if there's any other sense that could fit better.
Sense 23: "use or manipulate to one's advantage" - no.
Sense 24: "find the solution to" - no.

Yes, sense 3 is the correct choice.

The output should be exactly: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parental
Target surface form: Parental
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "<t>Parental</t> involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parental%3:01:00:: | definition=designating the generation of organisms from which hybrid offspring are produced
2. sense_key=parental%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or characteristic of or befitting a parent | synonyms=maternal, paternal | examples=parental guidance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "parental" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses education policy, specifically about children under five and education reforms.
 - The specific sentence containing "Parental" is: "Parental involvement" is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.
 - Here, "Parental" refers to parents (mothers and fathers) of children in the educational context.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=parental%3:01:00:: | definition=designating the generation of organisms from which hybrid offspring are produced
    - This seems to be a biological/technical sense related to genetics or breeding, referring to the parental generation (P generation) in genetics.
    - The context is about education and parents of children, not about biological generations or hybrid offspring.

 2. sense_key=parental%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or characteristic of or befitting a parent | synonyms=maternal, paternal | examples=parental guidance
    - This refers to things related to parents (mothers and fathers).
    - The context is about "Parental involvement" in education - meaning involvement of mothers and fathers in their children's education.
    - The synonyms maternal and paternal fit here.
    - The example "parental guidance" is similar to "parental involvement" in the context.

 The context clearly uses "parental" to mean relating to parents (human mothers and fathers) in the context of education and child-rearing, not in the biological/genetic sense of designating a generation of organisms for breeding.

 Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice.

 The user wants the output as a JSON object: {"sense_index": 2}

 Wait, let me check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=parental%3:01:00:: ...
 2. sense_key=parental%3:00:00:: ...

 So sense 2 is the one with definition "relating to or characteristic of or befitting a parent".

 Actually, looking at the format, the user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=...
 2. sense_key=...

 So I should return index 2.

 But let me double-check the WordNet sense keys to make sure I understand the indexing correctly. The user says "Choose the single best indexed sense" and "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

 The candidates are numbered 1 and 2 in the list. So:
 - Candidate 1 is the biological/genetic sense
 - Candidate 2 is the "relating to parents" sense

 The context is clearly about human parents and their involvement in education, so sense 2 is correct.

 Final check: The word "Parental" appears in the phrase "Parental involvement" which means involvement of parents (mothers and fathers) in their children's education. This matches sense 2 perfectly.

 The answer should be: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involvement
Target surface form: involvement
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental <t>involvement</t> "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involvement%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of sharing in the activities of a group | synonyms=engagement, participation, involution | examples=the teacher tried to increase his students' engagement in class activities
2. sense_key=involvement%1:24:00:: | definition=a connection of inclusion or containment | examples=he escaped involvement in the accident; there was additional involvement of the liver and spleen
3. sense_key=involvement%1:09:00:: | definition=a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something | synonyms=interest | examples=an interest in music
4. sense_key=involvement%1:26:00:: | definition=a usually secretive or illicit sexual relationship | synonyms=affair, affaire, intimacy, liaison, amour
5. sense_key=involvement%1:26:01:: | definition=the condition of sharing in common with others (as fellows or partners etc.) | synonyms=participation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "involvement" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text discusses education policy, specifically about child development and education reforms.
- The specific sentence is: "-- "Parental <t>involvement</t> "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."
- This is talking about parents participating in or engaging with their children's education/school activities.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=involvement%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of sharing in the activities of a group | synonyms=engagement, participation, involution | examples=the teacher tried to increase his students' engagement in class activities
   - This seems to fit well. "Parental involvement" in education typically means parents participating in school activities, engaging with the educational process. The example mentions "engagement in class activities" which is similar to parental engagement in education.

2. sense_key=involvement%1:24:00:: | definition=a connection of inclusion or containment | examples=he escaped involvement in the accident; there was additional involvement of the liver and spleen
   - This seems to be about being involved in an accident or medical involvement (like organs being affected). Doesn't fit the educational context.

3. sense_key=involvement%1:09:00:: | definition=a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something | synonyms=interest | examples=an interest in music
   - This is about having interest or curiosity. While parents might have interest, "parental involvement" in education specifically refers to active participation, not just interest.

4. sense_key=involvement%1:26:00:: | definition=a usually secretive or illicit sexual relationship | synonyms=affair, affaire, intimacy, liaison, amour
   - Definitely not this one. Not about sexual relationships.

5. sense_key=involvement%1:26:01:: | definition=the condition of sharing in common with others (as fellows or partners etc.) | synonyms=participation
   - This is similar to sense 1 but seems more about the condition/state of sharing in common. Sense 1 is "the act of sharing in the activities of a group" which seems more active and appropriate for parents participating in education.

Between sense 1 and sense 5:
- Sense 1: "the act of sharing in the activities of a group" - this fits "parental involvement" as parents participating in educational activities.
- Sense 5: "the condition of sharing in common with others" - this is more about being in a state of sharing/commonality.

In educational contexts, "parental involvement" specifically refers to parents engaging with the school, participating in activities, helping with homework, etc. This is best captured by sense 1: "the act of sharing in the activities of a group" (where the group is the school/educational community).

The example for sense 1 mentions "engagement in class activities" which parallels "parental involvement" in education.

Therefore, the best sense is sense 1.

Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user lists them as:
1. sense_key=involvement%1:04:00::
2. sense_key=involvement%1:24:00::
3. sense_key=involvement%1:09:00::
4. sense_key=involvement%1:26:00::
5. sense_key=involvement%1:26:01::

So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

Actually, looking at the WordNet sense keys:
- involvement%1:04:00:: is the first sense (noun.act)
- involvement%1:24:00:: is the second sense (noun.state? or noun.relation?)
- involvement%1:09:00:: is the third sense (noun.cognition)
- involvement%1:26:00:: is the fourth sense (noun.relation)
- involvement%1:26:01:: is the fifth sense (noun.state)

But the user has indexed them 1-5 in the order presented. So:
- Index 1: involvement%1:04:00:: (act of sharing in activities)
- Index 2: involvement%1:24:00:: (connection of inclusion)
- Index 3: involvement%1:09:00:: (sense of concern/interest)
- Index 4: involvement%1:26:00:: (sexual relationship)
- Index 5: involvement%1:26:01:: (condition of sharing in common)

Given the context about parents and education, sense 1 (participation/engagement in activities) is definitely the correct choice.

The phrase "Parental involvement" in education reform contexts universally refers to parents participating in the educational process, attending meetings, helping with homework, etc. This is "the act of sharing in the activities of a group" (the school community).

Sense 3 (interest) is too weak - involvement implies more than just interest.
Sense 5 is about the condition of sharing in common, which is more abstract.
Sense 1 captures the active participation aspect.

So the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bad
Target surface form: bad
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a <t>bad</t> idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bad%3:00:00:: | definition=having undesirable or negative qualities | examples=a bad report card; his sloppy appearance made a bad impression
2. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=very intense | synonyms=big | examples=a bad headache; in a big rage
3. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:uncomfortable:00 | definition=feeling physical discomfort or pain (`tough' is occasionally used colloquially for `bad') | synonyms=tough | examples=my throat feels bad; she felt bad all over
4. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:stale:00 | definition=(of foodstuffs) not in an edible or usable condition | synonyms=spoiled, spoilt | examples=bad meat; a refrigerator full of spoilt food
5. sense_key=bad%3:00:09:: | definition=feeling or expressing regret or sorrow or a sense of loss over something done or undone | synonyms=regretful, sorry | examples=felt regretful over his vanished youth; regretful over mistakes she had made
6. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:invalid:00 | definition=not capable of being collected | synonyms=uncollectible | examples=a bad (or uncollectible) debt
7. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=below average in quality or performance | examples=a bad chess player; a bad recital
8. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:nonstandard:03 | definition=nonstandard | examples=so-called bad grammar
9. sense_key=bad%5:00:02:unsound:00 | definition=not financially safe or secure | synonyms=risky, high-risk, speculative | examples=a bad investment; high risk investments
10. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:unhealthy:00 | definition=physically unsound or diseased | synonyms=unfit, unsound | examples=has a bad back; a bad heart
11. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:harmful:00 | definition=capable of harming | examples=bad air; smoking is bad for you
12. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:evil:00 | definition=characterized by wickedness or immorality | examples=led a very bad life
13. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:counterfeit:00 | definition=reproduced fraudulently | synonyms=forged | examples=like a bad penny...; a forged twenty dollar bill
14. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:malfunctioning:00 | definition=not working properly | synonyms=defective | examples=a bad telephone connection; a defective appliance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "bad" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:

 The text is discussing education policy and reforms. The specific sentence is:
 "-- "Parental involvement "is a <t>bad</t> idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."

 Here, "bad" is describing an "idea" - specifically, the idea of parental involvement in education is being criticized as not good, undesirable, or having negative qualities.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. bad%3:00:00:: - having undesirable or negative qualities (examples: bad report card, bad impression)
 2. bad%5:00:00:intense:00 - very intense (examples: bad headache, big rage)
 3. bad%5:00:00:uncomfortable:00 - feeling physical discomfort
 4. bad%5:00:00:stale:00 - (of foodstuffs) not edible
 5. bad%3:00:09:: - feeling regretful/sorry
 6. bad%5:00:00:invalid:00 - not capable of being collected (debt)
 7. bad%5:00:00:inferior:02 - below average in quality or performance
 8. bad%5:00:00:nonstandard:03 - nonstandard (grammar)
 9. bad%5:00:02:unsound:00 - not financially safe
 10. bad%5:00:00:unhealthy:00 - physically unsound/diseased
 11. bad%5:00:00:harmful:00 - capable of harming
 12. bad%5:00:00:evil:00 - characterized by wickedness/immorality
 13. bad%5:00:00:counterfeit:00 - reproduced fraudulently
 14. bad%5:00:00:malfunctioning:: - not working properly

 The context describes "parental involvement" as a "bad idea" because parents are likely to blame schools. This means the idea is flawed, not good, undesirable.

 Looking at sense 1: "having undesirable or negative qualities" - this fits well. A "bad idea" is an idea with negative qualities.

 Sense 7: "below average in quality or performance" - this could also fit (a bad chess player, a bad recital), but "bad idea" is more about being undesirable or wrong rather than below average quality.

 Sense 11: "capable of harming" - could fit theoretically, but the context emphasizes it's not a good approach/strategy rather than being actively harmful in a physical sense.

 Sense 12: "evil" - too strong. The text isn't saying parental involvement is morally evil, just that it's not a good policy/approach.

 Sense 1 is the most general and fits best for "bad idea" meaning an idea that is not good, has negative qualities, is ill-advised.

 Wait, let me check the WordNet sense keys format. The first one is bad%3:00:00:: which is the adjective satellite or main adjective sense. Actually, looking at WordNet:

 bad%3:00:00:: is the main sense: "having undesirable or negative qualities"

 bad%5:00:00:inferior:02 is "below average in quality or performance"

 In the phrase "bad idea", sense 1 (having undesirable or negative qualities) is the most appropriate. "Idea" isn't a performance or a foodstuff or a debt or a physical condition. It's a concept that can have negative qualities.

 However, I should check if there's a specific sense for "bad idea". In WordNet, "bad" as applied to abstract concepts like ideas typically falls under the first sense: having undesirable or negative qualities.

 The examples for sense 1 include "a bad report card" and "bad impression" - abstract things with negative qualities.

 Sense 7 examples are "bad chess player", "bad recital" - these are about skill/performance levels.

 Sense 11 examples: "bad air", "smoking is bad for you" - about causing harm.

 The argument in the text is that parental involvement is not advisable because of the consequence mentioned (parents blaming schools). This makes it an undesirable proposal - sense 1.

 Therefore, sense index 1 is the correct answer.

 Wait, the user asks for the sense index. Looking at the format:
 Candidate senses are numbered 1-14. So I need to return the number corresponding to the correct sense.

 The first one is sense_key=bad%3:00:00:: and it's labeled as 1.

 So: {"sense_index": 1}

 But let me double-check if sense 7 could be correct. "Below average in quality" - is an idea evaluated on a quality scale? Possibly, but "having undesirable or negative qualities" is more direct for "bad idea". When we say "that's a bad idea", we mean it's not good, problematic, ill-advised - which aligns with undesirable/negative qualities (sense 1) more than "below average quality" (sense 7). Sense 7 is more for assessing skill or quality of execution.

 Also, sense 11 "capable of harming" - while the text mentions a negative consequence, "bad idea" isn't primarily being used to mean "harmful" in the sense of causing physical damage, but rather unwise/undesirable.

 So I'm confident in sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: idea
Target surface form: idea
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad <t>idea</t>. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "idea" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "Parental involvement" is a bad idea.
 - The context is about education policy and reforms.
 - The author is discussing whether "parental involvement" is a good concept/plan or not.

 Now let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
    - This seems to refer to a concept, notion, or thought. The example "it was not a good idea" matches the context "is a bad idea" very well.

 2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
    - This refers to intention or purpose. The example "the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces" shows purpose/intention. But in our context, "parental involvement is a bad idea" doesn't mean it's a bad intention, but rather a bad concept/notion.

 3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
    - This refers to a belief or opinion. "He has an idea that..." suggests a belief. But "parental involvement is a bad idea" isn't saying it's a bad personal view, but rather a bad concept/plan.

 4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
    - This is about estimation/approximation. Doesn't fit the context.

 5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it
    - This is musical. Clearly not relevant.

 So it's between sense 1 and sense 3 mainly, possibly sense 2.

 Let me look more carefully at sense 1: "the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about" with synonym "thought" and example "it was not a good idea".

 The phrase "a bad idea" is extremely common in English to mean "a bad concept/plan/notion". This aligns with sense 1.

 Sense 3 is "a personal view" - this would be like "my idea is that..." or "he has an idea that..." where it means an opinion or belief.

 In the context: "Parental involvement is a bad idea" - this is saying that the concept/notion of parental involvement (as a policy) is not good. It's referring to the concept itself, not someone's intention (sense 2) or a personal view (sense 3), and certainly not an estimate (sense 4).

 The example for sense 1 includes "it was not a good idea" which is almost exactly parallel to "is a bad idea".

 Therefore, sense 1 (idea%1:09:00::) is the correct choice.

 The index would be 1.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense keys:
 - sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: is listed as option 1
 - sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: is listed as option 2
 - sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: is listed as option 3 (note the skip from 01 to 03)
 - sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: is listed as option 4 (this is out of order but labeled as 02)
 - sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: is listed as option 5

 Actually looking at the candidate senses list:
 1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00::
 2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01::
 3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03::
 4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02::
 5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00::

 So the indices are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 corresponding to the order given.

 I need to return {"sense_index": 1}.

 Let me verify once more:
 - "Parental involvement is a bad idea" = "Parental involvement is a bad thought/concept/notion"
 - This matches sense 1: "the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about"
 - Synonym: thought
 - Example: "it was not a good idea"

 Yes, this is definitely sense 1.

 Sense 3 (personal view) would be used in contexts like "I have an idea that he is lying" or "That's just your idea" - meaning opinion/belief.

 But here, "a bad idea" refers to the concept/plan itself being flawed, not a personal view being held.

 Therefore, the answer is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: Parents
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. <t>Parents</t> are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "Parents" (target surface form) with lemma "parent" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses education, schools, child-care programs, and parental involvement.
 - The specific sentence is: "Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."
 - It mentions "Parental involvement" and talks about parents being involved with children's education at home vs. school.
 - The context clearly refers to human parents (fathers and mothers) of children in an educational setting.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
    - This is the human parent sense (mother/father).
    - WordNet sense 1:18:00 refers to nouns denoting people (1:18).

 2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained
    - This is the biological/organism sense (like parent plant, parent cell, etc.).
    - WordNet sense 1:03:00 refers to nouns denoting natural objects (plants, animals, etc.).

 The context is clearly about human parents of school children, discussing their involvement in education and their tendency to blame schools. This matches sense 1 (the human guardian sense).

 The index in the sense key parent%1:18:00:: corresponds to sense 1 (since it's the first one listed, and the numbers after % are lexicographer file info, not the sense index). Actually, looking at the format:
 - parent%1:18:00:: - this is sense 1 (index 1)
 - parent%1:03:00:: - this is sense 2 (index 2)

 Wait, I need to be careful. The user is asking for the "sense_index". Looking at the candidate senses:
 - Candidate 1 is sense_key=parent%1:18:00::
 - Candidate 2 is sense_key=parent%1:03:00::

 The indices appear to be 1 and 2 based on the order presented.

 The context clearly refers to human parents (fathers and mothers), not biological organisms in a genetic sense. The text discusses "Parental involvement", "blame schools", "children's education" - all pointing to the human social/legal relationship sense.

 Therefore, the correct sense is index 1.

 Output should be: {"sense_index": 1}