[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "<t>says</t> Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "says" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass."
- This is a reporting verb. Robert Weinberg is being quoted, and "says" introduces his statement.
- The structure is: [quote], says [person].

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
- This is the general sense of expressing something in words. Very broad.

2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
- This implies reporting or maintaining something as true. Could fit, but "allege" and "aver" have connotations of claiming without proof or asserting firmly.

3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
- Hypothetical. Not this context.

4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
- This is about text containing wording. Not applicable.

5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
- Ordering/directing. Not this context.

6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
- About pronunciation. Not this context.

7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
- Nonverbal. Not this context.

8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
- Uttering aloud. This is close but usually for specific utterances like greetings.

9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
- Stating an opinion or judgement. This could fit because Weinberg is giving his expert opinion on the significance of the discovery.

10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
- Reciting fixed texts. Not this context.

11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon
- Indicating. Not this context.

Now, between sense 1 (express in words) and sense 9 (state as one's opinion or judgement; declare) and sense 2 (report or maintain).

The structure "[quote], says [person]" is a very common journalistic construction. In WordNet, this often maps to sense 1 or sense 2.

Let me think about the specific nuances:
- Sense 1: express in words - very general
- Sense 2: report or maintain - "allege, aver" - this is about claiming something is true
- Sense 9: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare

In journalistic contexts with direct quotes, "say" usually maps to sense 1 (express in words) or sometimes sense 2. But let me look more carefully.

Actually, looking at WordNet's treatment of "say":
- say%2:32:00:: is the most frequent sense, roughly "express in words"
- say%2:32:01:: is "report or maintain" with synonyms allege, aver

The example for sense 2: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" - this looks like indirect speech reporting a claim.
The example for sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her" - also indirect speech.

But in the context, we have a direct quote being attributed. "says Robert Weinberg" - this is introducing a quotation.

Wait, I need to be careful about WordNet sense distinctions. Let me reconsider.

Sense 1: express in words | state, tell
Sense 9: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare

The quote is: "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation" - this is clearly an opinion/judgement about the significance of the discovery. It's not just expressing words; it's declaring an opinion.

However, in WordNet, the most common sense for quotative "say" in journalism is often sense 1. But sense 9 specifically mentions "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" with the example "I say let's forget this whole business".

Actually, looking at the example for sense 9: "I say let's forget this whole business" - this is similar to expressing an opinion.

But wait, in the context, Robert Weinberg is being quoted as an expert. Is he "reporting or maintaining" (sense 2) or "expressing in words" (sense 1) or "stating as opinion" (sense 9)?

Let me think about the Princeton/Levine example earlier in the text: "But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth" - this would likely be sense 1 or 2.

For the target "says" introducing a direct quote from an expert commenting on a discovery, this is most likely sense 1 (express in words) or sense 9.

But I need to look at whether there's a specific quotative sense. Looking at the list, sense 8 is "utter aloud" which is for things like saying "Hello".

Actually, in many WSD datasets (like SemCor), quotative "say" is almost always tagged with sense 1 (express in words). Sense 2 (report or maintain) is typically used when there's an implication of claiming or alleging, often with "that" clauses where truth is disputed or being asserted against evidence.

Sense 9 is quite rare and specific to opinions/judgements like "I say we go".

Let me reconsider sense 2. The synonyms are "allege, aver". "Aver" means to assert or affirm with confidence. "Allege" means to claim without proof. The definition is "report or maintain". This is about asserting the truth of a proposition.

In our context, Weinberg is not reporting or maintaining a fact; he's offering an evaluative comment on the significance of a discovery. But actually, he is asserting that the discovery puts the gene "right in the cockpit of cancer formation" - this is a strong claim.

However, the most natural fit for quotative "says" in English, when someone is quoted in a newspaper article, is sense 1: express in words. The schematic definition covers all verbal expression.

But let me look at sense 9 again: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare". The example "I say let's forget this whole business" shows a hortatory or optative use. But Weinberg's quote is him giving his expert assessment.

Hmm, actually I should think about how WordNet distinguishes these. Sense 1 is the hypernym-like general sense. Sense 9 is a hyponym of sense 1 specifically for opinions.

In standard WSD practice for "say" in journalistic quotes, if it's just introducing what someone said, it's sense 1. Sense 9 would be more like "I say he's wrong" or "I say we leave now" - explicitly stating an opinion or judgement in a way that almost acts as a speech act.

Wait, looking at the example for sense 9: "I say let's forget this whole business" - this is proposing something, giving an opinion about what to do.

Weinberg is saying that the discovery puts the gene in the cockpit of cancer formation. This is an analytical statement, an expert interpretation. It could be sense 9.

But I need to check if there's a pattern. In the context, earlier: "Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth" - this is almost certainly sense 1 or 2. It's a factual claim.

For the target sentence, the structure is inverted: "[quote], says [person]." This is typical journalistic attribution.

Let me look at sense 2 again. "report or maintain". The examples: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war". The second example is very similar to "He said [that clause]". But our target has direct speech (or a direct quote).

Actually, looking carefully at the text: The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg...

The comma placement suggests the quote is continuous: "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation," says Robert Weinberg.

This is standard quotative inversion.

In WordNet, I believe the best sense for quotative "say" introducing a direct or indirect quote from someone expressing their view is sense 1: express in words. It's the most general and most frequent sense, and unless there's a specific nuance like supposition (sense 3), recitation (sense 8), or nonverbal communication (sense 7), sense 1 is the default.

But let me double-check sense 9. Could this be "state as one's opinion or judgement"? Weinberg is a leader in cancer-gene research. He's giving his expert opinion on what the discovery means. The content is evaluative/interpretive. However, WordNet's sense 9 seems to be more about the speech act of declaring an opinion, often in a deliberative context ("I say let's...").

Sense 2: "report or maintain" - is he reporting? Not really. He's commenting. Is he maintaining? Not in the sense of defending a claim.

Sense 1 covers "express in words" broadly. The synonyms are state, tell. "State" fits well here - he is stating something.

I think sense 1 is the safest and most likely correct answer. In virtually all WSD systems, quotative "say" maps to sense 1 unless there's a clear reason otherwise.

Wait, I should reconsider. The user says "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense."

Let me look at the synonyms again:
1. state, tell
2. allege, aver
3. suppose
4. read
5. order, tell, enjoin
6. pronounce, articulate...
7. (no synonyms listed)
8. (no synonyms listed)
9. (no synonyms listed)
10. (no synonyms listed)
11. (no synonyms listed)

For sense 1: "state, tell" - Weinberg is stating something.
For sense 9: no synonyms given, but "declare" in the definition.

The quote is metaphorical ("cockpit of cancer formation") and interpretive. It's not just neutral expression; it's a strong analytical declaration. But is it sense 9?

Actually, looking at WordNet sense 9 for "say": "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare". This is often used in constructions like "I say we go" or "I say he's guilty". It's about declaring opinions.

But in the context of scientific reporting, when an expert says something like this, it's both expressing in words and stating an opinion. However, WordNet sense 1 is extremely broad and covers all these.

Let me think about whether there's any reason to prefer sense 9 over 1. Sense 1 examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you". These are standard uses of say. Sense 9 example: "I say let's forget this whole business". This is different - it's using "say" to introduce a proposal.

Our target is not "I say [proposal]". It's "[quote], says [person]". The grammatical subject is Robert Weinberg, not "I". The structure is third-person reporting.

Therefore, sense 1 is much more appropriate. Sense 9 seems to require the subject to be stating their own opinion in a more direct, first-person deliberative way, or at least the focus is on the act of declaring a judgement.

Actually, looking at the definition of sense 9 again: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare". Could fit an expert declaring their view. But the example "I say let's forget this whole business" is key here. It shows a specific use where "say" introduces a suggestion or opinion in a deliberative context. The Weinberg quote is not a suggestion or proposal; it's an assessment.

Also, in WordNet, sense 1 has the highest frequency and is the default for "say" when used as a verb of communication.

I think the answer is sense 1.

But wait - I want to be absolutely sure. Let me reconsider sense 2. "report or maintain". Could this be it? The example "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" is very similar to reported speech. But our example is an expert being quoted in a newspaper. In journalistic style, "says" is used to report what someone said. The synonym "report" is relevant. However, "allege" and "aver" suggest a sense of claiming or asserting, often in contexts of dispute or legal claims. The earlier mention of Levine ("Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer...") might be sense 2 because it's a scientific claim being reported, but actually that's also just standard reported speech.

Actually, looking at the Levine instance in the text: "But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas..." - this is reporting a scientific finding/claim. Could be sense 2. But our target is Weinberg commenting on the discovery.

However, I think for both instances in this text, sense 1 is the correct WordNet sense. WordNet sense 2 (report or maintain) is more specialized, often implying that someone is asserting something to be the case, perhaps controversially. The examples with "allege" and "aver" are telling - these are words of assertion and claiming.

Sense 1 is the general "express in words" which encompasses normal communication.

Given that the target is a straightforward quotation attribution in a news article, sense 1 is the best fit.

Let me verify by considering if any other sense could fit better:
- Sense 8 "utter aloud": No, this is for saying specific words like "Hello", not for extended quotes.
- Sense 11 "indicate": No, that's for clocks/signs.
- Sense 4 "have or contain a certain wording": No, that's for texts.
- Sense 6 "pronounce": No.
- Sense 7 "communicate nonverbally": No.

So it's between 1, 2, and 9.

Sense 9: The definition focuses on "one's opinion or judgement" and the example is "I say let's forget this whole business". Our case is third-person, and while it is an opinion, it's reported speech. The WordNet sense 9 seems to be for the performative use of "say" to declare an opinion.

Sense 2: "report or maintain" - this is about asserting facts. Weinberg is asserting that the discovery puts the gene in the cockpit. But "allege" and "aver" are strong synonyms that don't quite fit a scientist being quoted neutrally.

Sense 1: "express in words" - the most general, covers all verbal expression. Synonyms "state, tell". A scientist states something in an interview. This fits perfectly.

I will go with sense 1.

Wait, I want to double-check one more time. Is there any chance it's sense 9? Let me think about the WordNet hierarchy. Sense 1 is likely the most general sense. In many WSD tasks, the general sense is often the right choice for common words unless context clearly indicates a specific subsense. The context here doesn't strongly indicate a specific subsense like "report/maintain" (sense 2) or "opinion" (sense 9). It's just someone saying something.

Therefore, sense 1.

Actually, looking at the sense numbering, these are ordered by frequency? In WordNet, senses are often ordered by frequency. Sense 1 is the most frequent. Given that "says" here is a standard reporting verb, frequency supports sense 1.

Final decision: sense_index: 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: leader
Target surface form: leader
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a <t>leader</t> in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=leader%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who rules or guides or inspires others
2. sense_key=leader%1:06:00:: | definition=a featured article of merchandise sold at a loss in order to draw customers | synonyms=drawing card, loss leader

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "leader" in the given context.

Context analysis:
- The text is about cancer research, specifically about the p53 gene.
- Robert Weinberg is described as a "leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute"
- The phrase is "a leader in cancer-gene research"
- This clearly refers to a person who is prominent or influential in the field of cancer-gene research

Candidate senses:
1. leader%1:18:00:: - a person who rules or guides or inspires others
2. leader%1:06:00:: - a featured article of merchandise sold at a loss in order to draw customers (synonyms: drawing card, loss leader)

Analysis:
- Sense 1 refers to a person who leads/guides/inspires others in some domain. This fits perfectly with "a leader in cancer-gene research" - someone who is at the forefront of that field, guiding or inspiring others.
- Sense 2 refers to a retail/marketing concept (loss leader), which is completely unrelated to the context of scientific research and a person (Robert Weinberg).

Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1 (leader%1:18:00::).

The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}

Wait, looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=leader%1:18:00:: ...
2. sense_key=leader%1:06:00:: ...

So sense_index should be 1.

Let me double-check:
- The context describes Robert Weinberg as a prominent researcher in cancer-gene research.
- "Leader" here means someone who is a leading figure/expert in the field.
- This matches sense 1: "a person who rules or guides or inspires others"
- Sense 2 is about merchandise/retail, which makes no sense here.

Therefore, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: Evidence
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. <t>Evidence</t> now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "Evidence" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses scientific research about the p53 gene and its role in cancer.
 - The specific sentence is: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."
 - This is talking about scientific data/information that supports the belief that p53 is involved in other cancers.
 - Researchers found specific data (23 of 38 breast tumors had mutations) that supports this claim.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
    - This seems to fit well. The "evidence" here is the knowledge/data (the findings about chromosome 17 mutations) that forms the basis for believing that p53 is involved in other cancers.

 2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
    - This is more about a sign or indication. While the mutations could be seen as indications, the context emphasizes the emerging scientific data/knowledge that supports a hypothesis, not just a single indication.

 3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved
    - This is specifically legal evidence. The context is scientific/medical research, not legal proceedings.

 Comparing sense 1 and sense 2:
 - Sense 1 focuses on "basis for belief" - the grounds or knowledge supporting a conclusion.
 - Sense 2 focuses on "indication" - a sign that makes something evident.

 In the context: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."
 - This refers to scientific findings/data that support the belief/conclusion about p53's role.
 - The example for sense 1 is very similar: "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling" - this is parallel to "evidence... that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers"
 - The example for sense 2 is about trembling being evidence of fear - a more direct sign/symptom.

 Also, sense 1 has synonym "grounds" which fits well with scientific grounds for a claim.

 Therefore, sense 1 (evidence%1:09:00::) is the best fit.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys. The user provided:
 1. evidence%1:09:00::
 2. evidence%1:10:01::
 3. evidence%1:10:00::

 In WordNet:
 - evidence%1:09:00:: is the "grounds" sense - the basis for belief (noun.artifact? No, 1:09 is noun.cognition I think)
 - evidence%1:10:00:: is the legal sense
 - evidence%1:10:01:: is the indication/sign sense

 Actually, let me verify the lexicographer files:
 - 1:09 is noun.cognition
 - 1:10 is noun.communication

 But regardless of the file, the definitions provided are:
 1. basis for belief/knowledge
 2. indication that makes something evident
 3. legal means

 The context is clearly scientific evidence - data that supports a scientific hypothesis. This aligns with sense 1 (basis for belief). The text mentions specific research findings (the Edinburgh study with 23 of 38 breast tumors) that provide the grounds for believing p53 is involved in other cancers.

 Sense 2 would be more like "The mutated chromosome was evidence of cancer" - where the mutation itself is a sign. But here "Evidence is emerging" refers to the body of scientific data accumulating.

 So the answer should be sense index 1.

 Wait, I need to make sure about the index numbers. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=...
 2. sense_key=...
 3. sense_key=...

 So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

 Let me reconsider if it could be sense 2. "Evidence now is emerging that..." - could this be "indications are emerging"? The text says researchers found specific mutations. These findings are indications. However, the phrase "Evidence is emerging that..." is a standard scientific idiom referring to the accumulation of data supporting a hypothesis, which aligns more with sense 1 (the body of knowledge/grounds).

 Also, looking at the example for sense 1: "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer" - this is almost exactly parallel to "evidence that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers."

 The example for sense 2: "his trembling was evidence of his fear" - this is a direct manifestation/sign.

 Therefore, sense 1 is definitely the correct choice.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: now
Target surface form: now
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence <t>now</t> is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "now" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
"Evidence <t>now</t> is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."

The sentence is talking about evidence that is currently emerging at the present time. It's describing a current state of affairs in scientific research.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
- This is for historical present tense narration, like in stories. The context here is a news article/reporting about scientific discoveries, but it's not a narrative past event being described in historical present. It's talking about current emerging evidence.

2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
- This means "nowadays" or "in these times." The example "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles" suggests a general current period. In our context, "Evidence now is emerging" could fit here, but let me check others.

3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
- This is clearly not it. No command here.

4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
- This means at this very moment/present time. "Evidence now is emerging" - this seems like a good fit. Evidence is currently emerging.

5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
- This means "immediately." Not the right meaning here.

6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
- Not transitional here.

7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now
- "Just now" meaning a moment ago. Not this.

Now between sense 2 (nowadays, in these times) and sense 4 (at the present moment).

Sense 2: "in these times; nowadays" - This refers to a broader current era. Example: "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets" - this is a general statement about modern times.

Sense 4: "at the present moment" - This refers to the current time, the present. Example: "goods now on sale" - currently on sale.

In the sentence "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too," the word "now" indicates that at the present time (as of the writing of the article), evidence is emerging. It's about the current state/moment.

However, sense 2 could also work because it's talking about current scientific research trends. But "emerging" suggests something happening currently, in the present moment/period.

Let me look more carefully at the distinction between sense 2 and sense 4.

Sense 2 (now%4:02:00::): "in these times; nowadays" - synonyms: nowadays, today. This is about the current era/modern times in general.
Sense 4 (now%4:02:04::): "at the present moment" - synonyms: at present. This is about right now, currently.

In news/scientific reporting, "Evidence now is emerging" typically means "currently" or "at present" - sense 4. It's not necessarily contrasting with the past era broadly (like "nowadays we use computers"), but rather saying that currently, as we speak, evidence is coming to light.

Actually, looking at the example for sense 4: "goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator" - this is attributive/descriptive. But "Evidence now is emerging" uses "now" as an adverb modifying "is emerging."

Wait, let me reconsider sense 2. The example "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets" - here "now" means "nowadays." In "Evidence now is emerging," it could mean "currently" or "nowadays."

But in WordNet, sense 4 is typically the more common "at present" meaning. Let me think about which sense index corresponds to which.

The sense keys:
- now%4:02:00:: - in these times; nowadays
- now%4:02:04:: - at the present moment

In the context of scientific discovery being reported, "Evidence now is emerging" means evidence is currently coming to light. This aligns with "at the present moment" (sense 4) better than "nowadays" (sense 2). "Nowadays" would suggest a general trend over the current era, whereas "now" here points to the current state of affairs following the discovery just mentioned.

Also, looking at the flow: The discovery was made, and "now" (at present) evidence is emerging about other cancers too. This temporal sequence suggests "at the present moment" following a past event.

I think sense 4 (index 4) is the best choice.

Wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user lists:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:05::
2. sense_key=now%4:02:00::
3. sense_key=now%4:02:02::
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04::
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01::
6. sense_key=now%4:02:07::
7. sense_key=now%4:02:06::

So the indices are 1-7 as listed. I need to return the index number.

Sense 4 in the list is: sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 4}.

Let me double-check if sense 2 could be better. "Evidence nowadays is emerging" - that sounds a bit off. "Evidence at present is emerging" or "Evidence currently is emerging" sounds better. The word "now" in this context functions to say "as of the current time" which is sense 4.

Yes, I'm confident it's sense index 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emerge
Target surface form: emerging
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is <t>emerging</t> that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emerge%2:30:00:: | definition=come out into view, as from concealment | examples=Suddenly, the proprietor emerged from his office
2. sense_key=emerge%2:30:02:: | definition=come out of | synonyms=issue, come out, come forth, go forth, egress | examples=Water issued from the hole in the wall; The words seemed to come out by themselves
3. sense_key=emerge%2:30:01:: | definition=become known or apparent | examples=Some nice results emerged from the study
4. sense_key=emerge%2:38:00:: | definition=come up to the surface of or rise | examples=He felt new emotions emerge
5. sense_key=emerge%2:42:00:: | definition=happen or occur as a result of something | synonyms=come forth

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "emerging" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
"Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."

The sentence means that evidence is becoming known or apparent that the p53 gene is involved in other cancers.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. emerge%2:30:00:: - come out into view, as from concealment (e.g., Suddenly, the proprietor emerged from his office)
   - This is about physical appearance from hiding. Not right for "evidence emerging."

2. emerge%2:30:02:: - come out of (synonyms: issue, come out, come forth, go forth, egress; e.g., Water issued from the hole)
   - This is about physical emanation or exiting from something. Not right for abstract evidence.

3. emerge%2:30:01:: - become known or apparent (e.g., Some nice results emerged from the study)
   - This fits perfectly. Evidence is becoming known or apparent.

4. emerge%2:38:00:: - come up to the surface of or rise (e.g., He felt new emotions emerge)
   - This could work metaphorically for emotions, but "evidence" becoming known is better captured by sense 3.

5. emerge%2:42:00:: - happen or occur as a result of something (synonyms: come forth)
   - This suggests causation/result. The evidence isn't happening as a result of something in the way this sense implies. It's more about becoming known.

Sense 3 is clearly the best fit: "become known or apparent" with the example "Some nice results emerged from the study." The context is about scientific evidence becoming known/apparent.

The user wants only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}.

Wait, I need to make sure about the indexing. The candidate senses are numbered 1-5. So sense 3 corresponds to emerge%2:30:01::.

Let me double-check:
- 1: emerge%2:30:00::
- 2: emerge%2:30:02::
- 3: emerge%2:30:01::
- 4: emerge%2:38:00::
- 5: emerge%2:42:00::

Yes, index 3 is the one with definition "become known or apparent".

The instruction says: "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." and "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

So I should return: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is <t>involved</t> in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "involved" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about cancer research and the p53 gene
 - The specific sentence is: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is <t>involved</t> in other cancers, too."
 - This means the p53 gene is connected to or participates in other cancers as well.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
    - This fits perfectly. The gene is connected by participation/association to other cancers.

 2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
    - This suggests being stuck or hindered, which doesn't fit the context of a gene being involved in cancer processes.

 3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
    - This is about emotional attachment, clearly not applicable to a gene.

 4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious
    - This describes complexity, not the relationship of participation.

 5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped
    - This means surrounded or covered, not applicable here.

 The context clearly indicates that the p53 gene participates in or is associated with other cancers. This matches sense 1: "connected by participation or association or use".

 The example given for sense 1 includes "the problems involved" which shows the same usage pattern - something being connected to or participating in something else.

 Therefore, the correct answer is sense_index: 1.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in <t>other</t> cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "other" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about cancer research and the p53 gene
 - The specific sentence is: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in <t>other</t> cancers, too."
 - This means the p53 gene is involved in additional cancers beyond the ones already mentioned (which were likely the human cancer cells discussed earlier in the text).

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
    - This sense means "additional" or "different from those already mentioned"
    - The example "the construction of highways and other public works" fits well - "other public works" means public works other than highways
    - In our context, "other cancers" means cancers other than the ones already discussed

 2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
    - This refers to time, like "the other day"
    - Doesn't fit our context at all

 3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
    - This means "former" or "previous"
    - Doesn't fit - we're not talking about past cancers, but additional/different types of cancers

 4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail
    - This means "strange" or "unusual"
    - Doesn't fit - we're not saying the cancers are strange, just that they are additional/different ones

 The correct sense is clearly sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" - meaning additional cancers beyond those already discussed in the text.

 The JSON output should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other <t>cancers</t>, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "cancers" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about medical research on cancer (the disease)
 - It mentions "cancerous ones" (referring to cells)
 - It mentions "human cancer cells"
 - It mentions "cancer-gene research"
 - The target word "cancers" appears in: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other <t>cancers</t>, too."
 - It then mentions "breast tumors"

 The candidate senses are:
 1. cancer%1:26:00:: - any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division...
 2. cancer%1:18:00:: - (astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer
 3. cancer%1:17:00:: - a small zodiacal constellation...
 4. cancer%1:15:00:: - the fourth sign of the zodiac...
 5. cancer%1:05:00:: - type genus of the family Cancridae (crustaceans)

 Clearly, the context is about the disease cancer (malignant neoplastic disease), not the zodiac sign or the constellation or the genus of crabs.

 The sentence "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too" refers to other types of malignant diseases/growths.

 So the correct sense is sense 1: cancer%1:26:00:: - any malignant growth or tumor...

 The index would be 1 (since it's the first one listed).

 Wait, let me check the format. The user wants:
 {"sense_index": 3}

 So I need to return the index number. Looking at the list:
 1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00::
 2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00::
 3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00::
 4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00::
 5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00::

 So sense 1 is the correct one.

 Therefore: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: too
Target surface form: too
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, <t>too</t>. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=too%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits | synonyms=excessively, overly, to a fault | examples=too big
2. sense_key=too%4:02:01:: | definition=in addition | synonyms=besides, also, likewise, as well | examples=he has a Mercedes, too

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "too" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
The passage discusses the p53 gene and its involvement in cancer. The specific sentence containing "too" is: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=too%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits | synonyms=excessively, overly, to a fault | examples=too big
   - This sense means "excessively" or "more than necessary"
   - Example: "too big", "too much"
   - This doesn't fit the context here

2. sense_key=too%4:02:01:: | definition=in addition | synonyms=besides, also, likewise, as well | examples=he has a Mercedes, too
   - This sense means "also" or "in addition"
   - The context is saying that the p53 gene is involved in other cancers (in addition to the ones previously mentioned)
   - This fits perfectly - "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too" means it's involved in other cancers as well/in addition to the previously discussed cancers.

So the correct sense is sense 2 (index 2).

Wait, let me check the indexing. The user wants me to return {"sense_index": X}. The candidate senses are labeled 1 and 2 in the prompt, so I should return the index number as listed.

Sense 1: excessively/too much
Sense 2: in addition/also

The context clearly uses "too" to mean "also" or "in addition" - the gene is involved in other cancers in addition to the ones already mentioned.

Therefore, the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have <t>found</t> that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "found" (lemma "find") in the given context.

Let me analyze the context carefully:

"Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have <t>found</t> that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies."

The researchers discovered or determined through their research/study that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. find%2:40:02:: - come upon, as if by accident; meet with (happen, chance, bump, encounter)
   - This implies accidental discovery. The research finding seems intentional/scientific, not accidental.

2. find%2:39:02:: - discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (detect, observe, discover, notice)
   - Examples: "She detected high levels of lead", "We found traces of lead"
   - This fits well. They discovered/determined the existence/presence of the mutation.

3. find%2:40:00:: - come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost (regain)
   - This is about locating a physical object. Not quite right for a scientific finding.

4. find%2:32:00:: - establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (determine, find out, ascertain)
   - Examples: "find the product of two numbers", "The physicist who found the elusive particle"
   - This also fits very well. The researchers established this fact after investigation/study.

5. find%2:31:10:: - come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds (feel)
   - Not applicable. This is scientific, not emotional.

6. find%2:39:01:: - perceive or be contemporaneous with (witness, see)
   - "We found Republicans winning" - this is about witnessing an event. Not quite right.

7. find%2:40:01:: - get something or somebody for a specific purpose
   - Not applicable.

8. find%2:36:00:: - make a discovery, make a new finding (discover)
   - Examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays", "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"
   - This is about discovering something new. The researchers found that... (a fact). This could work.

9. find%2:31:09:: - make a discovery (discover)
   - Examples: "She found that he had lied to her"
   - This is very close to sense 8 but framed as a clausal discovery. "found that..."

10. find%2:40:03:: - obtain through effort or management
    - Not applicable.

11. find%2:32:01:: - decide on and make a declaration about (rule)
    - Legal context. Not applicable.

12. find%2:30:00:: - receive a specified treatment (abstract)
    - Not applicable.

13. find%2:39:05:: - perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place
    - Reflexive. Not applicable.

14. find%2:40:15:: - get or find back; recover the use of
    - Not applicable.

15. find%2:38:10:: - succeed in reaching; arrive at
    - "The arrow found its mark" - physical reaching. Not applicable.

16. find%2:30:13:: - accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation
    - Not applicable.

Now I need to decide between senses 2, 4, 8, and 9.

Sense 2 (find%2:39:02::): "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - synonyms: detect, observe, discover, notice. This is about detecting or noticing something.

Sense 4 (find%2:32:00::): "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain. This is about establishing facts through systematic study.

Sense 8 (find%2:36:00::): "make a discovery, make a new finding" - synonyms: discover. Examples: Roentgen discovered X-rays.

Sense 9 (find%2:31:09::): "make a discovery" - synonyms: discover. Examples: "She found that he had lied to her".

The context: "Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies."

This is a scientific research context. The researchers conducted a study and established this fact.

Sense 4 specifically mentions "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". The researchers did an investigation/study of breast tumors.

Sense 9 is "make a discovery" with the example "She found that he had lied to her" - this is about discovering a fact, often through some means, but the gloss is very brief.

Sense 2 is about determining existence/presence/fact. "We found traces of lead" - this is about detecting something physical.

Sense 8 is about making a new finding/discovery, often of a new entity (X-rays, elementary particle).

In the context, the researchers are establishing a statistical/observational fact about breast tumors through their research. The phrase "have found that..." strongly suggests either sense 4 or 9.

Let me look more carefully at the distinction between sense 4 and sense 9.

Sense 4: find%2:32:00:: - establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study
- This is under verb.cognition (2:32)
- Synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain
- Examples: find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize

Sense 9: find%2:31:09:: - make a discovery
- This is under verb.cognition (2:31)
- Synonyms: discover
- Examples: She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover

Wait, sense 8 is find%2:36:00:: - make a discovery, make a new finding
- This is under verb.creation (2:36)
- Synonyms: discover
- Examples: Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle

Sense 8 seems to be about discovering new entities/phenomena (X-rays, particles). The researchers here are not discovering a new entity, but establishing a fact about existing ones (chromosome 17, p53, breast tumors).

Sense 9 is "make a discovery" with clausal complement "found that...". But sense 4 also works with "found that..." in scientific contexts.

Actually, looking at the examples:
- Sense 4: "The physicist who found the elusive particle" - this is finding a specific entity, but also establishing its existence through investigation.
- Sense 9: "She found that he had lied to her" - this is discovering a fact.

But the context here is explicitly scientific research: "Researchers... have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors..." This is the result of an investigation or study.

Sense 4's definition explicitly mentions "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". This matches perfectly with researchers conducting a study.

Sense 2's definition: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". This could also work, but the examples are more about detecting physical substances ("traces of lead", "high levels of lead"). The context here is about a genetic mutation pattern found through research.

Sense 9 is very general "make a discovery".

I think sense 4 is the best fit because:
1. The subject is researchers conducting a study
2. The result is establishing a fact through investigation
3. The definition explicitly mentions "investigation, experiment, survey, or study"

Wait, let me reconsider sense 2. The definition is "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". The researchers determined the fact that in 23 of 38 breast tumors... But the examples for sense 2 are "She detected high levels of lead", "We found traces of lead". These are about detecting physical presence. The context is about finding a pattern/statistical fact in a study.

Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". The example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" - this is very similar to scientific discovery through investigation.

But actually, the target is "found that..." which introduces a clause. Sense 9's example is exactly "She found that he had lied to her". Sense 4's examples don't have clausal complements.

However, WordNet senses often group by semantic type rather than syntactic frame. The question is about the meaning.

Let me look at the broader context again. The whole passage is about scientific discovery:
- "Dr. Vogelstein found" (earlier in text - probably sense 4 or 8 or 2)
- "the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene"
- "the gene they had found" (sense 3 or 8?)
- "they found the two were identical" (sense 9 or 4?)
- "Researchers... have found that..."

In the sentence "they found the two were identical", this is clearly a clausal discovery. But our target is later: "Researchers... have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors..."

I need to be careful. In WSD for "find", the distinction between sense 2 (discover/detect) and sense 4 (establish through investigation) and sense 9 (make a discovery) can be subtle.

Let me check if there's a sense that specifically fits "find that" constructions. Sense 9 has the example "She found that he had lied to her". But sense 4 is about establishing facts through study.

Actually, looking at WordNet mappings, sense 9 (find%2:31:09::) is often used for "find that" where it means "discover". But sense 4 (find%2:32:00::) is "determine, find out, ascertain".

In scientific contexts, when researchers "find that X", it often maps to sense 4 or sense 9.

But wait - sense 2:39:02 is "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". This is very broad. The fact that in 23 of 38 tumors there is a mutation is a "fact" that they discovered.

However, I should look at the synonyms and examples to distinguish:
- Sense 2 synonyms: detect, observe, discover, notice. Examples: detect high levels of lead, found traces of lead.
- Sense 4 synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain. Examples: find the product, physicist found the elusive particle.
- Sense 9 synonyms: discover. Examples: found that he had lied.

The key difference between sense 2 and sense 4 is that sense 2 is more about perception/detection (like noticing something), while sense 4 is more about systematic establishment through study.

The researchers in Edinburgh didn't just happen to notice this; they established it through a study of breast tumors. So sense 4 seems better than sense 2.

Between sense 4 and sense 9: Sense 9 is "make a discovery" which is quite general. Sense 4 specifically mentions investigation/study. Given the subject "Researchers" and the scientific context, sense 4 seems most appropriate.

But let me double-check sense 8. Sense 8 is "make a discovery, make a new finding" - examples include Roentgen discovering X-rays and physicists finding a new elementary particle. This is about discovering something new to science. The mutation pattern in breast tumors might be a new finding, but the wording "found that..." followed by a clause is more characteristic of sense 9 or 4.

Actually, looking at the example for sense 4: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" - this is a transitive use without "that". But our target has a "that" clause.

Sense 9: "She found that he had lied to her" - this has the exact syntactic frame.

However, the instructions say "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense."

In many WSD datasets (like SemCor or Senseval), when researchers "find that..." in a scientific paper, it is often tagged as sense 4 (establish after investigation) or sense 9 (make a discovery).

Let me think about the nuances:
- If the meaning is "determine through research", that's sense 4.
- If the meaning is "discover a fact", that's sense 9.

But sense 4's gloss says "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". The researchers in Edinburgh conducted a study of 38 breast tumors. This is clearly an investigation/study. So sense 4 fits very well.

Sense 2's gloss says "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". While they did determine a fact, the systematic nature of the research points more to sense 4.

Wait, I should also consider sense 2:39:02 more carefully. Is there any reason to prefer it? Its examples are about detecting substances. The context is about detecting a mutation pattern. But "traces of lead" is a physical substance, while "that in 23 of 38 breast tumors..." is an abstract fact. Sense 4 handles abstract facts established by study better.

Let me reconsider the earlier instances in the text to see if there's a pattern:
- "Dr. Vogelstein found" - found a deletion (physical genetic change)
- "the gene they had found" - found a gene (physical entity)
- "they found the two were identical" - found a fact
- "Researchers... have found that..." - found a fact

For "they found the two were identical", that might be sense 9 or 4.
For "Researchers... have found that...", it's a research result.

I think sense 4 is the strongest candidate. But let me also consider if sense 2 is intended. In some WSD systems, "find" in scientific contexts with "that" clauses goes to sense 9 (find%2:31:09::).

Actually, looking at the Princeton WordNet:
- find%2:31:09:: "make a discovery" - "She found that he had lied to her"
- find%2:32:00:: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize"

The example for sense 4 is about finding a particle (a thing), not a "that" clause. The example for sense 9 is exactly "found that".

But the definition of sense 9 is just "make a discovery". The definition of sense 4 is about establishing through study.

In the context, the researchers are making a discovery through their study. Both could apply. But which is the "single best"?

I think the key is that the researchers didn't just "make a discovery" in a general sense; they "established after an investigation" a specific statistical fact. The systematic methodology (studying 38 breast tumors) strongly aligns with sense 4's mention of "investigation, experiment, survey, or study".

However, I want to be careful. Let me look at sense 2 again: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". The existence/presence/fact of the mutation. But the examples are "detect high levels of lead", "traces of lead". These are about detecting the presence of something concrete. The mutation is concrete, but the statement is about a pattern across tumors.

Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding". This could work if the finding is new to science. But the passage says "Evidence now is emerging..." and these researchers are adding to it. It's a new finding.

But sense 8 examples are about discovering X-rays or elementary particles - major scientific discoveries of entities. Finding that 23/38 tumors have a mutation is more of an observational study result.

I think the choice is between 4 and 9. Let me think about which one WordNet would distinguish as the right sense.

In WordNet, sense 9 (find%2:31:09::) is in the same synset as "discover" (verb.cognition). Sense 4 (find%2:32:00::) is grouped with "determine", "find out", "ascertain".

The difference:
- Sense 9: You discover something is true (often surprising, or through some means).
- Sense 4: You ascertain/establish something through systematic effort.

Given that these are researchers conducting a study with 38 tumors, the systematic aspect is prominent. They ascertained this fact through their investigation.

But wait - the phrase "have found that" is extremely common in academic writing, and in WordNet-annotated corpora, how is it tagged?

In SemCor, "find" when used as "find that" in the sense of discovering a fact is often sense 9. But sense 4 is also used for "find" when it means "determine".

Let me look at the exact wording of sense 4 again: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". This is almost a perfect description of what the researchers did. They conducted a study (survey of tumors) and established the fact.

Sense 9: "make a discovery". While true, it's less specific about the method.

I think I'll go with sense 4. But let me reconsider one more time.

Actually, looking at the synonyms for sense 2: detect, observe, discover, notice. The researchers observed/detected the mutation. But sense 4's synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain. These fit better for a research conclusion.

Another angle: The context says "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers... have found that..." This positions their finding as part of emerging evidence - they discovered/observed this pattern.

But "have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors..." - the number 23 of 38 suggests a systematic study, which is an investigation.

I think sense 4 is the best fit. However, I recall that in some WSD tasks, "find that" where it introduces a proposition is often sense 9. But sense 4 can also take "that" clauses (e.g., "I found that the solution was...").

Let me check if there's any other clue. The word "found" appears multiple times in the passage:
1. "Dr. Vogelstein found" - probably sense 2 (discovered the presence of a deletion) or sense 4
2. "the gene they had found" - sense 3 or 8 (located/discovered the gene)
3. "they found the two were identical" - sense 9 or 4
4. "Researchers... have found" - our target

The fact that the target is specifically about researchers finding a statistical pattern in a study of tumors makes me lean toward sense 4.

Wait, I should look at sense 2's examples again: "We found traces of lead in the paint". This is about finding evidence of something. The researchers found evidence of mutation. But sense 4 is more about the process of establishing through study.

Actually, I want to check one more thing. Is there a sense specifically for "discover or perceive"? Sense 6 is "perceive or be contemporaneous with" (witness, see). Not right.

Let me make a decision. I will choose sense 4: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study.

But I'm not entirely sure. Let me reconsider sense 9 one more time. The example "She found that he had lied to her" is very close syntactically and semantically. The researchers found that [something was true]. In WordNet, sense 9 might be the primary sense for clausal "find that" when it means discovering a fact.

However, sense 4's definition explicitly covers "study" and the example "The physicist who found the elusive particle" is scientific. The researchers in our context are like the physicist - conducting research to establish facts.

I think sense 4 is better because of the explicit mention of "investigation" and "study" in the gloss, which matches the research context perfectly.

Actually, on further reflection, I want to check if sense 2 might be the intended answer. The definition "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" with synonyms detect, observe, discover, notice. The researchers discovered the fact that... But the examples are about physical detection.

Let me think about the WordNet hierarchy:
- Sense 2 (2:39:02) is under verb.perception
- Sense 4 (2:32:00) is under verb.cognition
- Sense 9 (2:31:09) is under verb.cognition

Finding a fact through research is a cognitive act (cognition), not a perceptual act (perception). So sense 2 (perception) is less likely than sense 4 or 9 (cognition).

Between sense 4 and 9 (both cognition):
- Sense 4: determine, ascertain (establishing truth through reasoning/investigation)
- Sense 9: discover (coming to know something)

In scientific writing, "we found that" is often used to report results of an investigation. "Find out" (synonym of sense 4) is very close. But "discover" (synonym of sense 9) is also close.

However, the critical difference is that sense 4 emphasizes the methodical establishment: "after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". The context explicitly describes researchers doing a study (23 of 38 breast tumors). This methodological aspect makes sense 4 the best fit.

I'll go with sense 4.

Wait, I want to double-check the index. The candidates are numbered 1-16. Sense 4 is:
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study

Yes, index 4.

But let me reconsider one more time. Is there any chance it's sense 2?
"Researchers... have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated..."
If I replace with synonyms:
- Sense 2: "have detected that...", "have observed that...", "have discovered that...", "have noticed that..."
- Sense 4: "have determined that...", "have found out that...", "have ascertained that..."
- Sense 9: "have discovered that..."

"Have determined that" fits very well in scientific context.
"Have discovered that" also fits.
"Have detected that" is a bit less natural with a "that" clause (we usually say "detected a mutation", not "detected that...").

"Have observed that" fits okay.

But "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - the researchers surveyed 38 tumors. This is very specific.

I think sense 4 is correct.

Actually, looking at the example for sense 4 again: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize". Finding a particle is discovering an entity. But the definition is broad enough to cover establishing facts through study.

And sense 9: "She found that he had lied to her". This is an everyday discovery, not necessarily systematic research.

Given the scientific research context, sense 4 is more appropriate.

Final answer: {"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: breast
Target surface form: breast
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 <t>breast</t> tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=breast%1:08:01:: | definition=the front of the trunk from the neck to the abdomen | synonyms=chest | examples=he beat his breast in anger
2. sense_key=breast%1:08:00:: | definition=either of two soft fleshy milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman | synonyms=bosom, knocker, boob, tit, titty
3. sense_key=breast%1:13:00:: | definition=meat carved from the breast of a fowl | synonyms=white meat
4. sense_key=breast%1:05:00:: | definition=the part of an animal's body that corresponds to a person's chest

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "breast" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The text is about cancer research, specifically discussing the p53 gene and its relation to various cancers. The specific sentence containing the target word is: "Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 <t>breast</t> tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies."

 The phrase is "breast tumors" - this refers to tumors located in the breast. The text discusses breast cancer striking women.

 Candidate sense analysis:
 1. sense_key=breast%1:08:01:: - "the front of the trunk from the neck to the abdomen" (chest) - This is the general chest area.
 2. sense_key=breast%1:08:00:: - "either of two soft fleshy milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman" - This is the specific anatomical breast (mammary gland).
 3. sense_key=breast%1:13:00:: - "meat carved from the breast of a fowl" - This is culinary, clearly not relevant.
 4. sense_key=breast%1:05:00:: - "the part of an animal's body that corresponds to a person's chest" - This is about animals.

 In the context of "breast tumors" and "breast cancer" affecting women, the word refers to the mammary glands (sense 2), not just the general chest area (sense 1). While "breast" can sometimes refer to the chest generally, in medical contexts discussing breast cancer and breast tumors in women, it specifically refers to the mammary glands.

 Sense 2 synonyms: bosom, knocker, boob, tit, titty - these all refer to the female breast/mammary gland.
 Sense 1 synonyms: chest - this is more general.

 The context mentions "breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families" and "predispose women to the cancer" - this clearly indicates the female mammary gland, not just the chest area.

 Therefore, sense 2 (breast%1:08:00::) is the correct choice.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense keys:
 - breast%1:08:01:: is the chest/trunk
 - breast%1:08:00:: is the female breast/mammary gland

 Yes, in WordNet:
 - 1:08:00 is usually the first sense (most common) for breast as mammary gland
 - 1:08:01 is the chest

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
 - breast.n.01: either of two soft fleshy milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman (synonyms: bosom, knocker, boob, tit, titty)
 - breast.n.02: the front of the trunk from the neck to the abdomen (synonyms: chest)

 So sense_index would be 2 (if we're 1-indexing based on the order provided).

 Wait, the user lists:
 1. sense_key=breast%1:08:01:: ...
 2. sense_key=breast%1:08:00:: ...
 3. sense_key=breast%1:13:00:: ...
 4. sense_key=breast%1:05:00:: ...

 So:
 - Index 1: chest/trunk
 - Index 2: female breast/mammary gland
 - Index 3: meat
 - Index 4: animal part

 The context is clearly referring to human female breasts (mammary glands) where tumors occur. So the answer should be index 2.

 Let me verify once more. The text says "breast tumors" and discusses breast cancer in women. This is definitely referring to the mammary glands, not the chest generally.

 Therefore: {"sense_index": 2}