[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: equal
Target surface form: equal
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an <t>equal</t> academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=equal%3:00:00:: | definition=having the same quantity, value, or measure as another | examples=on equal terms; all men are equal before the law
2. sense_key=equal%3:00:03:: | definition=having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task | synonyms=adequate | examples=she had adequate training; her training was adequate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "equal" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The text discusses education, tracking, and academic potential. The key sentence is: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."

 This is saying that people don't believe everyone has the same amount or level of academic potential.

 Candidate sense analysis:

 1. sense_key=equal%3:00:00:: | definition=having the same quantity, value, or measure as another | examples=on equal terms; all men are equal before the law
    - This fits well. The context is about having the same quantity/measure of academic potential. "Equal" here means identical in amount or value.

 2. sense_key=equal%3:00:03:: | definition=having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task | synonyms=adequate | examples=she had adequate training; her training was adequate
    - This doesn't fit. The context isn't about being adequate or having sufficient resources for a task. It's about comparison between people's potentials being the same or different.

 The phrase "equal academic potential" clearly refers to having the same quantity/level of potential as others, not about being adequate for a task.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: AtlasCloud


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal <t>academic</t> potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "academic" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 The text discusses education, students, educational ladder, academic potential, tracking in schools, gifted youngsters, etc.

 The specific target sentence is: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal <t>academic</t> potential."

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
    - This refers to things related to educational institutions (academia/academy)
    - "Academic potential" here could mean potential related to academia/education

 2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
    - This refers to abstract/theoretical matters with no practical application
    - "Academic potential" in this sense would mean theoretical potential, which doesn't fit the context about students and education

 3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic
    - This refers to being scholarly in a pedantic way
    - "Academic potential" here would mean potential for being pedantic/scholarly in a narrow sense, which doesn't fit

 Now, looking at the context:
 - The text is about education, students, schools, curriculum
 - "Academic potential" refers to the potential for academic achievement/learning in an educational setting
 - The phrase "academic potential" is commonly used to mean one's potential for success in educational/academic pursuits

 Sense 1 ("associated with academia or an academy") fits best because:
 - "Academic potential" means potential related to academia/education
 - The context is about schools, students, education, tracking
 - The examples include "academic curriculum" which is similar to "academic potential" in that both relate to educational contexts

 Sense 2 (theoretical) doesn't fit because the text isn't talking about theoretical potential vs practical potential.

 Sense 3 (pedantic/scholarly) doesn't fit because it's not about being donnish or pedantic, but about educational capability.

 Therefore, the best sense is sense 1 (index 1).

 Wait, let me double-check the sense keys and indices:
 - The user lists them as 1, 2, 3
 - Sense 1: academic%3:01:00::
 - Sense 2: academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01
 - Sense 3: academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00

 So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}

 But let me reconsider. Is "academic potential" using "academic" in the sense of "associated with academia" or could it be something else?

 Actually, looking at WordNet, "academic" as an adjective:
 - Sense 1: associated with academia or an academy (pertaining to educational institutions)
 - Sense 2: hypothetical or theoretical (an academic question)
 - Sense 3: scholarly, donnish, pedantic

 In "academic potential", we are talking about the potential one has for academic work/achievement - i.e., potential related to education/academia. This is clearly sense 1.

 The context is about students moving up the educational ladder, mastering 3 R's, gifted youngsters, tracking in schools - all educational institutional contexts. "Academic potential" refers to the potential to succeed in this educational system.

 So yes, sense 1 is correct.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Chutes

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potential
Target surface form: potential
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic <t>potential</t>. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "potential" in the given context.

Target word: potential
Context: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic <t>potential</t>."

Candidate senses:
1. potential%1:26:00:: - the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
2. potential%1:19:00:: - the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage

Analysis:
The context is about education, academic ability, and students' capacity to learn. The phrase "academic potential" refers to the inherent capacity or ability of students to achieve academically.

Sense 1 refers to inherent capacity for coming into being, which fits perfectly with "academic potential" - the capacity to develop, learn, and achieve.

Sense 2 refers to electrical potential/voltage, which is clearly unrelated to the educational context about students and academic ability.

Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1 (index 1).

I need to return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}, but with the correct index, which is 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: generally
Target surface form: generally
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is <t>generally</t> desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=generally%4:02:02:: | definition=usually; as a rule | synonyms=by and large, more often than not, mostly | examples=by and large it doesn't rain much here
2. sense_key=generally%4:02:01:: | definition=without distinction of one from others | synonyms=in general, in the main | examples=he is interested in snakes in general
3. sense_key=generally%4:02:00:: | definition=without regard to specific details or exceptions | synonyms=broadly, loosely, broadly speaking | examples=he interprets the law broadly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "generally" in the given context.

Context analysis:
The sentence containing "generally" is: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones."

The author is making a general statement about the desirability of using older textbooks versus newer ones. The word "generally" here seems to mean "usually" or "as a rule" or "in most cases" - suggesting that while there might be exceptions, the usual or standard recommendation is to use older textbooks.

Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=generally%4:02:02:: | definition=usually; as a rule | synonyms=by and large, more often than not, mostly | examples=by and large it doesn't rain much here
   - This sense implies "usually" or "as a rule" - meaning in most cases or instances.
   - In the context: "It is usually desirable to use older textbooks" - this fits well. It suggests that as a general rule, older textbooks are better, though there might be exceptions.

2. sense_key=generally%4:02:01:: | definition=without distinction of one from others | synonyms=in general, in the main | examples=he is interested in snakes in general
   - This sense seems to mean "in general" as in "not specific" or "applies to all collectively."
   - The example "interested in snakes in general" suggests speaking about the category as a whole.
   - In our context, "It is without distinction desirable" doesn't quite fit. The author isn't saying that it's desirable without distinction (i.e., applies to all textbooks equally without distinguishing between them). Rather, they're saying that usually/as a rule it's desirable.

3. sense_key=generally%4:02:00:: | definition=without regard to specific details or exceptions | synonyms=broadly, loosely, broadly speaking | examples=he interprets the law broadly
   - This sense suggests speaking in broad terms, not getting into specifics.
   - "Broadly speaking" or "loosely" - this doesn't fit as well because the author is making a specific recommendation about textbooks, not speaking broadly or loosely about the topic.

Comparing sense 1 and sense 2:
Sense 1 (usually; as a rule) vs Sense 2 (in general, without distinction).

The phrase "It is generally desirable" most commonly means "It is usually desirable" or "As a general rule, it is desirable." This aligns with sense 1.

Sense 2 would be more like speaking about something "in general" as opposed to specific instances - e.g., "I like dogs generally" (meaning I like dogs in general, as a category). But here we have "It is generally desirable" - the "it" refers to the action of using older textbooks. The desirability is general in the sense of "usually" or "as a rule" rather than "without distinction."

Also, looking at the flow of the argument:
The author is making a prescriptive claim about educational policy. "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks" means that as a rule, or in most cases, this is the desirable approach. This is consistent with "usually; as a rule."

Therefore, sense_index 1 seems to be the best fit.

Wait, I need to check the sense keys carefully. The user lists:
1. sense_key=generally%4:02:02::
2. sense_key=generally%4:02:01::
3. sense_key=generally%4:02:00::

So the indices correspond to:
- Index 1: usually; as a rule
- Index 2: without distinction of one from others
- Index 3: without regard to specific details or exceptions

Given the context "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks", the meaning is clearly "usually" or "as a rule" - it is typically desirable, in most cases desirable. This matches sense 1.

Sense 2 would be like "generally speaking" in the sense of "about the general category" - but that's not the usage here.
Sense 3 would be like speaking broadly or loosely - but the author is being quite specific and definitive, not loose or broad in interpretation.

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: desirable
Target surface form: desirable
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally <t>desirable</t> to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=desirable%3:00:00:: | definition=worth having or seeking or achieving | examples=a desirable job; computer with many desirable features
2. sense_key=desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 | definition=worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse | synonyms=suitable, worthy | examples=the parents found the girl suitable for their son

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "desirable" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:

 The text discusses education, tracking students, and textbooks. The specific sentence containing the target word is:
 "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones."

 The context suggests that using older textbooks is "worth having or seeking or achieving" - it's a good thing, beneficial, something to be desired or sought after.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=desirable%3:00:00:: | definition=worth having or seeking or achieving | examples=a desirable job; computer with many desirable features
    - This seems to fit the general meaning of "desirable" as something good, beneficial, worth doing or having.
    - The example "a desirable job" and "computer with many desirable features" align with the general sense of something being good to have or seek.

 2. sense_key=desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 | definition=worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse | synonyms=suitable, worthy | examples=the parents found the girl suitable for their son
    - This is a specific sense related to marriage/eligibility as a spouse.
    - The context is about textbooks and education, not about marriage or choosing a spouse.
    - This clearly doesn't fit.

 The context is about educational practices - specifically about using older textbooks being preferable/beneficial. This matches sense 1: "worth having or seeking or achieving" - using older textbooks is worth doing, beneficial, desirable in the general sense.

 Sense 2 is specifically about being suitable as a spouse (marriage context), which is completely irrelevant here.

 Therefore, the correct sense is index 1.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense keys. The user asks for the "sense_index" in the JSON. Looking at the candidates:
 - Candidate 1 has sense_key desirable%3:00:00::
 - Candidate 2 has sense_key desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00

 The question asks for the "single best indexed sense". The candidates are numbered 1 and 2 in the list. So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

 Let me verify the context once more to make sure I'm not missing anything:
 "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks..."
 This means it is good/worthwhile/beneficial to use older textbooks. This is the general adjectival sense of "desirable" meaning "worth having or seeking".

 Sense 2 is specifically about being "worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse" - this is clearly not the meaning here.

 So the answer is sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: use
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to <t>use</t> older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "use" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones."

 The sentence is saying that it is desirable to employ or utilize older textbooks instead of newer ones. The meaning here is about putting textbooks into service or employing them for a particular purpose (education/teaching).

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home

 This seems to fit best. The context is about employing/utilizing older textbooks for the purpose of education.

 2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely

 This implies habitual consumption, like drug use. Doesn't fit textbooks.

 3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions

 This means to exhaust or deplete. The context isn't about using up textbooks, but rather choosing to employ them instead of newer ones.

 4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections

 This implies exploitation or taking advantage of something/someone for personal gain. Not the right sense here.

 5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion

 This is about practicing or applying principles/religions. While "apply" is similar, the specific sense here is about employing physical objects (textbooks) for their intended purpose.

 6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

 This is the "used to" construction for past habitual actions. The target word is "use" in the infinitive form "to use", not "used to".

 So sense 1 is clearly the best fit: "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose".

 The context is advocating for the employment/utilization of older textbooks in education, as opposed to newer ones. This matches the definition of putting something into service for its intended purpose.

 Therefore, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rather
Target surface form: rather
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- <t>rather</t> than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead | examples=rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter
2. sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of | examples=it was rather cold; the party was rather nice
3. sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner | examples=clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia
4. sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite | examples=quite tasty; quite soon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "rather" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones."

 The phrase here is "rather than". This is a comparative construction where "rather" is being used to indicate a preference or choice between two alternatives: older textbooks vs. newer ones.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead | examples=rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter

 2. sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of | examples=it was rather cold; the party was rather nice

 3. sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner | examples=clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia

 4. sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite | examples=quite tasty; quite soon

 The context shows "rather than" connecting two alternatives: older textbooks vs. newer ones. The meaning is expressing a preference for older textbooks over newer ones.

 Looking at sense 1: "on the contrary", "instead" - the examples include "rather than disappoint the children..." and "rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter". This seems to fit the "rather than" construction where it means "instead of".

 Looking at sense 3: "more readily or willingly", "preferably", "sooner" - examples include "I'd rather be in Philadelphia" and "preferably with warm water". This also involves preference.

 Wait, I need to be careful here. In WordNet, "rather" has specific sense distinctions.

 Sense 1 (rather%4:02:02::) is defined as "on the contrary" with synonym "instead". The examples show:
 - "rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left"
 - "he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter"

 Sense 3 (rather%4:02:01::) is defined as "more readily or willingly" with synonyms "preferably, sooner". Examples:
 - "clean it well, preferably with warm water"
 - "I'd rather be in Philadelphia"

 In the given context: "use older textbooks... rather than newer ones"

 This is the "rather than" construction indicating preference or choice. But which sense is it?

 Actually, looking at the examples for sense 1, it includes "rather than disappoint the children..." which is similar to our construction "rather than newer ones".

 However, sense 3 has "I'd rather be in Philadelphia" which uses "rather" with a preference meaning.

 But in the phrase "rather than", when it's used to indicate preference between two alternatives (X rather than Y), this typically corresponds to sense 1 or sense 3 depending on the exact WordNet classification.

 Let me look more carefully at the definitions:

 Sense 1: "on the contrary" - this seems to be for contrastive/contradictory uses.
 Sense 3: "more readily or willingly" - this is for preference.

 In "use older textbooks rather than newer ones", we are expressing a preference for older textbooks over newer ones. This aligns with "preferably" (sense 3).

 However, the example for sense 1 includes "rather than disappoint the children..." which looks like the same construction.

 Wait, I need to look at the actual WordNet sense keys to be sure. The user provided:
 - sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: (sense 1 in the list)
 - sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: (sense 2)
 - sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: (sense 3)
 - sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: (sense 4)

 In WordNet:
 - rather%4:02:02:: is "on the contrary; rather than" - used for "instead"
 - rather%4:02:01:: is "more readily or willingly" - used for preference like "I'd rather"

 But actually, looking at standard WordNet:
 - rather%4:02:00:: - quite, rather (to a degree)
 - rather%4:02:01:: - preferably, sooner, rather (more readily or willingly)
 - rather%4:02:02:: - rather, instead (on the contrary)

 The phrase "rather than" can be ambiguous. In "I'd rather X than Y", it's sense 3 (preferably). In "X rather than Y" where it means "instead of", it might be sense 1.

 But in the example given for sense 1: "rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks" - this is "rather than [verb phrase]".

 In our case: "use older textbooks... rather than newer ones" - this is "rather than [noun phrase]".

 Actually, looking at the example for sense 3: "I'd rather be in Philadelphia" - this is "would rather".

 The construction here is "It is desirable to use X rather than Y". This means "preferably use X instead of Y".

 But looking at the synonyms for sense 1: "instead"
 Synonyms for sense 3: "preferably, sooner"

 The context suggests preference: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks... rather than newer ones." The word "desirable" indicates preference.

 However, the phrase "rather than" itself is often associated with sense 1 (instead/on the contrary) in WordNet.

 Let me reconsider. The user lists the senses as:
 1. sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead
 2. sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of
 3. sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner
 4. sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite

 In the sentence: "use older textbooks... rather than newer ones"

 This is clearly not sense 2 (kind of/sort of) or sense 4 (quite).

 It's between sense 1 (instead/on the contrary) and sense 3 (preferably).

 The phrase "rather than" here indicates a preference for the first option over the second. The author is saying it is desirable to choose older textbooks instead of newer ones.

 In WordNet, the sense "rather than" as a conjunction meaning "instead of" is typically sense 1 (rather%4:02:02::).

 But wait, sense 3 also deals with preference. Let me look at the examples again:

 Sense 1 examples: "rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter"

 Sense 3 examples: "clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia"

 The first example for sense 1 shows "rather than" + verb. The second shows "rather" as a standalone adverb meaning "instead".

 Our example is "rather than" + noun phrase ("newer ones").

 Actually, looking carefully at the sense 1 definition: "on the contrary". This doesn't seem right for "use X rather than Y". "On the contrary" is used for contradiction, not preference.

 But the synonym is "instead". "Use older textbooks instead of newer ones" - that works.

 Sense 3: "more readily or willingly" - "use older textbooks more readily than newer ones" - that also works.

 However, the key is the specific WordNet sense mapping. In WordNet:
 - Sense rather%4:02:02:: (which is index 1 in the list) covers "rather than" meaning "instead of"
 - Sense rather%4:02:01:: (which is index 3 in the list) covers "would rather" and preference

 But looking at the actual context: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks... rather than newer ones."

 This is equivalent to: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks instead of newer ones" or "It is generally desirable to preferably use older textbooks over newer ones."

 Given that the definition for sense 3 is "more readily or willingly" and the synonym is "preferably", and the sentence is about what is "desirable" (i.e., preferred), sense 3 seems like a strong candidate.

 However, the phrase "rather than" is lexically associated with sense 1 in many dictionaries.

 Let me check the WordNet documentation mentally. In WordNet 3.0 or 3.1:
 - rather%4:02:00:: - quite, rather (to a degree)
 - rather%4:02:01:: - preferably, sooner, rather (more readily or willingly)
 - rather%4:02:02:: - rather, instead (on the contrary; rather than)

 Actually, looking at the examples provided by the user for sense 1: "rather than disappoint the children..." - this shows that sense 1 covers the "rather than" construction.

 The examples for sense 3: "I'd rather be in Philadelphia" - this shows sense 3 covers the "would rather" construction.

 In our sentence, we have "use X rather than Y". This matches the pattern in sense 1's example: "rather than disappoint the children..."

 Therefore, sense 1 (index 1) is the correct choice.

 Wait, but let me double-check. Is there any possibility it's sense 3?

 "I'd rather be in Philadelphia" = I would prefer to be in Philadelphia.
 "use older textbooks rather than newer ones" = use older textbooks instead of newer ones.

 While both involve preference, the syntactic construction determines the sense. "Rather than" as a coordinator/conjunction meaning "instead of" is distinct from "would rather" meaning "would prefer to".

 Also, note that in sense 3, the examples include "preferably with warm water" which is an adverbial use, not "rather than".

 Therefore, the best sense is sense 1: "on the contrary" / "instead" with the "rather than" construction.

 So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

 But wait, I should verify the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=rather%4:02:02::
 2. sense_key=rather%4:02:04::
 3. sense_key=rather%4:02:01::
 4. sense_key=rather%4:02:00::

 So index 1 corresponds to rather%4:02:02::.

 Yes, the answer is 1.

 Actually, let me reconsider one more time. Could it be sense 3?

 The sentence: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks... rather than newer ones."

 If we substitute the synonyms:
 - Sense 1 (instead): "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks... instead of newer ones." - This works perfectly.
 - Sense 3 (preferably): "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks... preferably than newer ones." - This doesn't work grammatically. "Preferably than" is not idiomatic English. You would say "preferably to" or just "preferably", not "preferably than".

 Therefore, it cannot be sense 3 because "preferably than" is ungrammatical, whereas "rather than" is grammatical.

 Also, "sooner than" would work ("use older textbooks sooner than newer ones"), but that changes the meaning to temporal priority rather than preference, which doesn't fit the context about textbooks being "desirable".

 So sense 1 is definitely correct.

 Final check: The context is about choosing between two types of textbooks (older vs. newer) and expressing a preference for the older ones. The phrase "rather than" introduces the rejected alternative. This is the "instead of" meaning.

 Answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: newer
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than <t>newer</t> ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to disambiguate the sense of "newer" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

The context is about education and textbooks. The specific sentence is:
"It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than <t>newer</t> ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial."

Here, "newer" is being contrasted with "older" textbooks. The author is saying older textbooks are better than newer ones because newer ones are "modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial."

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
   - This seems to fit. "Newer" textbooks would be those that have been made or published more recently.

2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
   - This is about being original/novel, not about recency.

3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
   - This applies to people, not textbooks.

4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
   - Not about textbooks being unprecedented.

5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has not only 15,000 miles on it
   - This is about being different/replacement, not specifically about recency.

6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
   - This is about condition (unused), not about publication date.

7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
   - This could be tempting because the text mentions "modish, trendy" which aligns with "newfangled". However, "newer" here is primarily establishing a temporal contrast with "older", not necessarily emphasizing that they are gratuitously new or newfangled in a negative sense (though the author does criticize them).

8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
   - Too specific, historical linguistic term.

9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
   - Specific to languages.

10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
    - Specific to crops.

11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him
    - About familiarity, not textbooks.

The key contrast here is between "older" and "newer" textbooks. The author prefers older textbooks to newer ones. This is a temporal contrast - textbooks that were published recently vs. textbooks published longer ago.

Sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered" - this fits perfectly. Newer textbooks are those that have been made/published more recently.

Sense 7 is "gratuitously new" or "newfangled". While the author does criticize the newer textbooks as "modish" and "trendy", the word "newer" itself is functioning primarily as the comparative of "new" in the sense of recent. The negative connotation comes from the surrounding context ("modish, trendy...silly"), not necessarily from the word "newer" itself having a built-in negative connotation of "newfangled."

However, looking closely at sense 7: "(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new". The examples are "newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines". This sense specifically captures the "unnecessarily new" or "new for the sake of being new" meaning.

But in the context: "rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy..." - the author is describing the newer textbooks as modish and trendy. But is "newer" being used to mean "newfangled" specifically, or just "more recent"?

The contrast is with "older textbooks". This suggests a simple temporal opposition: old vs. new (recent).

Sense 1 covers "having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made". This is the basic sense of "new" as opposed to old.

Sense 7 is more specific: "gratuitously new" - this implies an unnecessary or excessive newness.

Given that the text explicitly contrasts "older" with "newer", and the primary contrast is temporal (20 years ago vs. now, in the broader context about education), Sense 1 seems most appropriate.

Sense 5: "other than the former one(s); different" - this could work for "new" as in "I have a new car" (replacement), but when contrasting explicitly with "older", the temporal meaning (Sense 1) is stronger.

Let me reconsider Sense 7. The author says newer textbooks are "modish, trendy, often downright silly". This suggests that "newer" here might carry the connotation of "newfangled" - new in a flashy but insubstantial way. However, the word "newer" is modifying "textbooks" and is in direct contrast to "older".

In WordNet, sense 1 is the primary adjectival sense: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being..."

Sense 7 is satellite ADJ (indicated by %5:00:02) meaning it's a specific usage.

Given the explicit contrast with "older", Sense 1 (recently made) is the most straightforward fit. The criticism of the newer textbooks as trendy is an evaluation of those recent textbooks, not necessarily the meaning of "newer" itself.

Actually, looking at the instruction: "Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense."

The context establishes a clear temporal dichotomy: older textbooks vs. newer textbooks. The author prefers the older ones because the newer ones are trendy and silly. But the meaning of "newer" is simply "more recent in publication."

Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

Wait, let me double-check sense 1 vs sense 5.

Sense 1: not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered
Sense 5: other than the former one(s); different

Sense 5 examples: "they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it"

The second example shows that "new" can mean "different from the previous one" even if not temporally recent (four years old). But in our context, "newer" is explicitly contrasted with "older", which strongly suggests the temporal recency meaning (Sense 1).

Also, Sense 7 examples: "newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines" - this matches the tone of the passage (criticizing newer educational methods/textbooks as trendy), but the specific word "newer" in the phrase "rather than newer ones" where "ones" refers back to "textbooks", and the explicit mention of "older textbooks" earlier, makes Sense 1 the better choice.

The author is saying: use old textbooks (20 years old) rather than newer ones (recently published). This is clearly Sense 1.

Final check: The index numbers in the candidate list are 1-11. I need to return the index number (1-11), not the sense key.

So the answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer <t>ones</t>. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "ones" (lemma "one") in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer <t>ones</t>."
- Here, "ones" is a pronoun referring back to "textbooks".
- The structure is "older textbooks... rather than newer ones" - this is a comparative construction where "ones" stands in for "textbooks" to avoid repetition.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
- This is the numerical sense (the number 1).
- In the context, "ones" is not referring to the number 1.
- This doesn't fit.

2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered
- This sense refers to "a single person or thing".
- In the context, "ones" is plural and refers to "textbooks" (plural).
- This is the pronominal use where "one" replaces a noun to avoid repetition.
- In WordNet, this corresponds to sense 1:09:00 which is "a single person or thing" - but wait, looking at the examples: "he is the best one" and "this is the one I ordered", these show "one" being used as a pronoun substituting for a noun.
- Actually, looking more carefully at WordNet, the sense one%1:09:00:: is indeed "a single person or thing" and is used as a pronoun.

Wait, let me reconsider the WordNet senses for "one":

In WordNet, "one" has several senses:
- 1:23:00:: - the number (cardinal number)
- 1:09:00:: - used of a single unit or thing; not two or more (but actually looking at standard WordNet...)
- Actually, let me check the standard WordNet senses for "one":

Looking at Princeton WordNet 3.1:
- one (n) sense 1: the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number (1, I, ace, single, unity) - 1:23:00::
- one (n) sense 2: a single person or thing - 1:09:00::

The example given for sense 2 is: "he is the best one"; "this is the one I ordered"

In the context: "rather than newer ones" - here "ones" is substituting for "textbooks". This is the use of "one" as a pronoun referring back to a previously mentioned noun.

However, I need to be careful. The target is "ones" (plural). Sense 2 (1:09:00::) is defined as "a single person or thing" - singular. But "ones" is plural here.

Wait, WordNet might handle the plural "ones" under the same sense as the singular "one" when used as a pronoun.

Let me look at the examples again:
- "he is the best one" - singular
- "this is the one I ordered" - singular

But in the context: "newer ones" - plural, referring to "textbooks".

Actually, looking at standard WSD for "one", when it substitutes for a plural noun like "textbooks", it would still be the same sense - the pronominal sense (a single person or thing / used to refer to a person or thing mentioned earlier).

But wait, is there another sense? Let me reconsider.

Actually, looking at the provided senses:
1. Numerical sense (1:23:00::)
2. "a single person or thing" (1:09:00::)

In the sentence "rather than newer ones", "ones" is clearly not the number 1. It's a pronoun substituting for "textbooks".

Between the two options:
- Option 1 is definitely wrong (it's the number).
- Option 2 is "a single person or thing" - while the definition says "single", this is the pronominal sense in WordNet. The plural "ones" would be the plural form of this pronoun.

Actually, I should verify if WordNet distinguishes between singular and plural for this sense. Typically, "ones" as a plural pronoun would still map to the same lexicographic sense as "one" the pronoun, just inflected for plural.

So the answer should be sense 2 (index 2).

But wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user lists:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00::
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00::

So index 1 is the number, index 2 is the pronoun.

The context clearly uses "ones" as a pronoun replacing "textbooks", so it should be sense 2.

But let me reconsider if there's any ambiguity. Could it be the number sense? "newer 1s"? No, that doesn't make sense in context. It's clearly "newer textbooks" = "newer ones".

Therefore, the correct answer is sense_index: 2.

Wait, I need to make sure about the sense numbering. The user lists:
Candidate sense 1: ...
Candidate sense 2: ...

So the indices are 1 and 2.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

Let me verify once more:
- "ones" in "newer ones" refers back to "textbooks"
- This is the anaphoric use of "one" as a pronoun
- This corresponds to sense 1:09:00:: "a single person or thing" (though it's plural here, it's the same lexicographic sense)
- The other sense is clearly the number

Yes, sense 2 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, <t>often</t> downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "often" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
"The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial."

The sentence is describing newer textbooks. It says they are modish, trendy, and "often downright silly."

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
- This sense refers to frequency in time, happening many times at short intervals.

2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
- This sense seems to overlap with "much" or "a great deal" in quantity.

3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances | examples=?
- This sense refers to "in many cases or instances."

In the context: "The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial."

Here, "often" is modifying "downright silly." It's saying that newer textbooks are frequently downright silly. But wait, is it about frequency over time, or about instances/cases?

Let me think carefully. The sentence is making a generalization about newer textbooks as a class. "The latter [newer textbooks] are modish, trendy, often downright silly..."

This seems to be saying "in many cases" or "frequently" - newer textbooks are downright silly.

But let's look at the distinctions between the senses more carefully.

Sense 1: "many times at short intervals" - This is the prototemporal frequency sense. "We often met over a cup of coffee" - this is about repeated events over time.

Sense 2: "frequently or in great quantities" - This seems to be about quantity/volume. "I don't drink much" - this is about the amount.

Sense 3: "in many cases or instances" - This is about the proportion of cases in a generalization. "Boys often like trucks" - this would be sense 3, not sense 1, because it's not about one boy doing something repeatedly over time, but about many instances/cases among a population.

In our context: "The latter [textbooks] are modish, trendy, often downright silly"

This is a generalization about a category of items (newer textbooks). It's saying that among newer textbooks, in many cases/instances, they are downright silly. This is a generic statement about a class, not about a repeated event over time by a single subject.

Wait, but "often" in "they are often downright silly" could be interpreted as "frequently" in the sense of "many times" or "in many cases."

Let me reconsider the WordNet senses. In WordNet, "often" adverb senses:

Sense 1: many times at short intervals ('frequently', 'oftentimes', 'oft', 'ofttimes')
Sense 2: frequently or in great quantities ('much', 'a great deal')
Sense 3: in many cases or instances

Actually, looking at the context again: "The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly"

If I say "New textbooks are often silly," I mean "in many cases, new textbooks are silly" - this maps to sense 3.

But wait, is there a difference between sense 1 and sense 3 in actual usage? Let me think about WordNet's specific partitioning.

Sense 1 examples: "we often met over a cup of coffee" - habitual, repeated events.
Sense 3: "in many cases or instances" - generic, characterizing a class.

The context here is characterizing newer textbooks as a class. "The latter are... often downright silly." This is a generic statement about instances of newer textbooks. So sense 3 seems most appropriate.

However, I should double-check. Could sense 1 work? "Many times at short intervals" - this doesn't quite fit because we're not talking about events happening at short intervals over time. We're talking about properties of textbooks.

Could sense 2 work? "Frequently or in great quantities" - with synonyms "much, a great deal." This seems to be about degree or quantity. "I don't travel much" - but "they are much downright silly" doesn't work grammatically. "Often" here isn't replacing "much."

So sense 3: "in many cases or instances" seems correct.

Wait, let me reconsider whether this is actually sense 1. In common parlance, "often" in "They are often silly" is frequently just the standard frequency adverb. But WordNet makes a subtle distinction.

Let me look at the examples again:
Sense 1: "we often met over a cup of coffee" - specific repeated events
Sense 2: "I don't drink much; I don't travel much" - quantity/degree
Sense 3: "in many cases or instances" - no example given, but implies generic statements

The sentence "The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly" is a generic characterization. It's saying that if you look at instances of newer textbooks, many of them are downright silly. This is exactly "in many cases or instances."

Actually, I want to be careful. Let me think about whether WordNet sense 3 for "often" is actually used for generic statements. Yes, typically "in many cases or instances" corresponds to sentences like "Snakes are often poisonous" meaning "in many cases, snakes are poisonous."

Therefore, the answer should be sense_index 3.

But wait, I should verify if there's any reason to prefer sense 1. "Often" modifying an adjective phrase "downright silly" in a generic statement... In WordNet, sense 1 is the most common sense, but the disambiguation should be based on the specific semantic distinction.

Let me check if the target is modifying the adjective "silly" or the whole clause. "often downright silly" - it's modifying the adjective phrase, indicating the frequency with which the property holds across the subject referents.

Given that the subject is "The latter" (referring to newer textbooks as a plural class), and the statement is generic, sense 3 is the best fit.

One more check: Could this be sense 2? "Frequently or in great quantities" with synonyms "much, a great deal." If we substitute: "The latter are modish, trendy, much downright silly" - ungrammatical. "a great deal downright silly" - also doesn't work well. So not sense 2.

Between sense 1 and 3: If we substitute sense 1 synonyms: "The latter are modish, trendy, frequently downright silly" - this works. If we substitute sense 3: "The latter are modish, trendy, in many cases downright silly" - this also works and perhaps captures the meaning better.

But in WordNet, sense 1 is specifically "many times at short intervals" which implies temporal repetition. Textbooks being silly isn't really a temporal repetition but a distribution across instances. So sense 3 is more accurate.

I recall that in WordNet, "often" sense 3 (in many cases or instances) is indeed the generic/statistical sense, while sense 1 is the temporal/habitual sense. Since this is a generic statement about a class of textbooks, sense 3 is correct.

Final answer: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dubious
Target surface form: dubious
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on <t>dubious</t> psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02 | definition=fraught with uncertainty or doubt | synonyms=doubtful | examples=they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted
2. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00 | definition=open to doubt or suspicion; ; ; ; - Karen Horney | synonyms=doubtful, dubitable, in question | examples=the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed
3. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00 | definition=not convinced | examples=they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "dubious" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is talking about textbooks being based on "dubious psychological and sociological theories"
 - The context suggests these theories are questionable, open to doubt, not reliable
 - The author is criticizing newer textbooks for being based on theories that are not solid or trustworthy

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02 | definition=fraught with uncertainty or doubt | synonyms=doubtful | examples=they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted
    - This seems to relate to uncertainty about whether something will happen or is true
    - The examples suggest uncertainty about outcomes

 2. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00 | definition=open to doubt or suspicion; ; ; ; - Karen Horney | synonyms=doubtful, dubitable, in question | examples=the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed
    - This relates to something being questionable, suspicious, or open to doubt regarding its validity/integrity
    - The examples mention a "dubious record" and "doubtful past" - suggesting something morally or factually questionable

 3. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00 | definition=not convinced | examples=they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious
    - This describes a person's state of mind - being unconvinced
    - This is about the subject feeling doubt, not the object being doubtful

 In the target context: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories"
 - Here, "dubious" modifies "theories"
 - The theories themselves are being described as questionable, open to doubt, not reliable
 - It's not about people being unconvinced (sense 3)
 - It's about the theories being of questionable validity or reliability

 Comparing sense 1 and sense 2:
 - Sense 1 (fraught with uncertainty): This is more about being uncertain or doubtful in the sense of "we don't know if it will work"
 - Sense 2 (open to doubt or suspicion): This fits better for describing theories that are questionable, suspect, or dubious in the sense of being unreliable or ethically/factually suspect

 The phrase "dubious psychological and sociological theories" suggests these theories are questionable, not well-founded, possibly pseudoscientific or trendy (as the context mentions "modish, trendy, often downright silly").

 Sense 2 seems to fit best because:
 - It describes something (theories) as being open to doubt or suspicion
 - The synonyms include "dubitable" and "in question"
 - The example "he has a dubious record indeed" aligns with describing theories as dubious (questionable quality/validity)

 Sense 1 focuses more on uncertainty about outcomes or states ("doubtful that the cord would hold"), while sense 2 focuses on things being questionable or suspect ("dubious record").

 The context is criticizing the foundations of the textbooks - saying they are based on theories that are questionable/suspect rather than on experience. This aligns with sense 2.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: psychological
Target surface form: psychological
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious <t>psychological</t> and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=psychological%5:00:00:mental:00 | definition=mental or emotional as opposed to physical in nature | examples=give psychological support; psychological warfare
2. sense_key=psychological%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or determined by psychology | examples=psychological theories

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "psychological" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "They are based on dubious <t>psychological</t> and sociological theories rather than on educational experience."

 The word "psychological" is modifying "theories" and is paired with "sociological" (which relates to sociology). The context is about textbooks being based on theories from psychology and sociology rather than educational experience.

 Candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=psychological%5:00:00:mental:00 | definition=mental or emotional as opposed to physical in nature | examples=give psychological support; psychological warfare
 2. sense_key=psychological%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or determined by psychology | examples=psychological theories

 Analysis:
 - Sense 1 refers to "mental or emotional as opposed to physical" - this is the sense used when distinguishing psychological factors from physical ones (e.g., psychological warfare vs physical warfare, psychological support vs material support).
 - Sense 2 refers to "of or relating to or determined by psychology" - this is the disciplinary sense, relating to the field of psychology.

 In the context, "psychological" is paired with "sociological" (relating to sociology) and modifies "theories". This clearly indicates the disciplinary meaning - theories from the field of psychology. The example given for sense 2 is literally "psychological theories", which matches exactly.

 Sense 1 would be used in contexts like "psychological damage" (mental damage vs physical damage), "psychological thriller" (playing on mental states), etc. But here, it's about academic disciplines and their theories.

 Therefore, sense 2 (index 2) is the correct choice.

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rather
Target surface form: rather
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories <t>rather</t> than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead | examples=rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter
2. sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of | examples=it was rather cold; the party was rather nice
3. sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner | examples=clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia
4. sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite | examples=quite tasty; quite soon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "rather" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories <t>rather</t> than on educational experience."

 This is the phrase "rather than" which is used to indicate a preference or choice between two alternatives - specifically indicating that the first option is chosen over the second, or in this case, indicating what something is based on instead of something else.

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead | examples=rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter

 This sense includes "rather than" examples. The example given is "rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left" which shows the "instead of" meaning.

 2. sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of | examples=it was rather cold; the party was rather nice

 This is the adverbial sense meaning "somewhat" or "fairly" - modifying adjectives. Not applicable here.

 3. sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner | examples=clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia

 This is the preference sense, often used with "would" (I'd rather). While "rather than" can relate to preference, this specific sense seems to be about the adverb meaning "preferably" or "sooner".

 4. sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite | examples=quite tasty; quite soon

 This is similar to sense 2, meaning "quite" or "fairly".

 In the target sentence: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience."

 The phrase "rather than" here means "instead of" or indicates a contrast between what they are based on (dubious theories) versus what they should be based on (educational experience).

 Looking at sense 1: "on the contrary" with synonym "instead" and examples including "rather than disappoint the children..." - this matches perfectly.

 Sense 3 has "preferably, sooner" which is different - that's the "I'd rather" construction.

 So the correct sense is sense 1 (index 1).

 Wait, let me double-check the sense keys and indices:

 1. rather%4:02:02::
 2. rather%4:02:04::
 3. rather%4:02:01::
 4. rather%4:02:00::

 The indices appear to be:
 - Index 1: rather%4:02:02:: (on the contrary, instead)
 - Index 2: rather%4:02:04:: (to some extent, kind of)
 - Index 3: rather%4:02:01:: (more readily or willingly, preferably)
 - Index 4: rather%4:02:00:: (to a degree, quite)

 Actually, looking at the format, the user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=...
 2. sense_key=...
 3. sense_key=...
 4. sense_key=...

 So I should return the number from the list (1, 2, 3, or 4).

 The context is "theories rather than on educational experience" - this is clearly the "instead of" meaning, which corresponds to sense 1.

 Sense 1 examples: "rather than disappoint the children..." - this is exactly the same construction.

 Sense 3 is about preference ("I'd rather"), which is different from the "instead of" meaning used here.

 Therefore, the answer is sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on <t>educational</t> experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "educational" in the given context.

Target word: educational
Context: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on <t>educational</t> experience."

Candidate senses:
1. educational%3:01:00:: - relating to the process of education (examples: educational psychology)
2. educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 - providing knowledge (examples: an educational film)

Let me analyze the context. The sentence says textbooks are based on dubious theories rather than on "educational experience."

What does "educational experience" mean here? It means experience related to the process of education - i.e., practical experience in teaching/learning, as opposed to abstract theories.

Sense 1: "relating to the process of education" - This fits "educational experience" as experience pertaining to the field/process of education.

Sense 2: "providing knowledge" - This would mean experience that provides knowledge. While all experience can provide knowledge, the contrast here is between "psychological and sociological theories" and "educational experience." The author is saying textbooks should be based on practical experience in education rather than on abstract theories from psychology and sociology.

"Educational experience" in this context refers to experience within the domain/process of education (teaching, schooling, etc.), not experience that is instructive or provides knowledge.

Sense 1 examples: "educational psychology" - psychology related to education. Similarly, "educational experience" = experience related to education.

Sense 2 examples: "an educational film" - a film that provides knowledge/instruction. If we used sense 2, "educational experience" would mean an experience that teaches you something, but the context suggests it's about the field of education.

The contrast is between theories from other fields (psychology, sociology) and experience from the field of education itself. So sense 1 is correct.

The answer should be JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experience
Target surface form: experience
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational <t>experience</t>. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experience%1:09:01:: | definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
2. sense_key=experience%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
3. sense_key=experience%1:11:00:: | definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "experience" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text discusses education and textbooks
- It contrasts newer textbooks (based on "dubious psychological and sociological theories") with older textbooks
- The key phrase is: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience"
- Here, "educational experience" refers to the accumulated knowledge or practical wisdom gained from participating in educational activities over time, not a specific event or instance.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=experience%1:09:01:: | definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
   - This fits the context well. "Educational experience" here refers to the accumulated knowledge/wisdom from practical involvement in education. It's about practical expertise gained over time, not a specific event.

2. sense_key=experience%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
   - This refers to the content of a specific observation or participation. While close, the context suggests accumulated wisdom/knowledge (contrasted with theories), not just the content of a specific event.

3. sense_key=experience%1:11:00:: | definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention
   - This refers to a specific event. "Educational experience" in this context doesn't mean a specific event, but rather the accumulated practical knowledge.

The best fit is sense 1: "the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities"

The phrase "educational experience" here contrasts with "theories" - it refers to practical, accumulated knowledge from doing education, not a specific event (sense 3) or the content of observation (sense 2). The examples for sense 1 ("a man of experience", "experience is the best teacher") align with this interpretation of accumulated wisdom/knowledge.

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reasons
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the <t>reasons</t> American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "reasons" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

The target sentence is: "One of the <t>reasons</t> American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods."

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration

2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly

3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil

4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions

5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice

6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Now, analyzing the context:
- The sentence is explaining why American students do poorly in math tests compared to other countries.
- It says "One of the reasons... is the influence of the 'New Math'..."
- This is identifying a cause or explanation for the phenomenon (poor performance in math tests).

Let me compare the relevant senses:

Sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action" - This seems to be about motives for beliefs/actions. The context is about explaining a phenomenon (poor performance), not necessarily a motive for a belief.

Sense 2: "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon" - This fits well. The "reason" here is explaining the cause of why American students do poorly.

Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening" | synonyms=cause, grounds - This also seems relevant. It mentions "cause" as a synonym.

Sense 6: "a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion" - This is more about logical justification in arguments.

Sense 2 vs Sense 5:
- Sense 2 focuses on "explanation of the cause of some phenomenon"
- Sense 5 focuses on "justification for something existing or happening" with synonyms including "cause"

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 2 example: "the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly" - This is explaining why something happened (steady state not reached).
- Sense 5 example: "he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice" - This is about justification.

In the target sentence, we're looking for an explanation of why American students do poorly - it's identifying a cause of a phenomenon. This aligns closely with Sense 2.

However, let me look at Sense 1 again: "a rational motive for a belief or action" - examples include "the reason that war was declared". This could also fit.

But wait, looking at WordNet structure:
- Sense 1 (reason%1:16:00::) is under noun.cognition - motive
- Sense 2 (reason%1:10:01::) is under noun.communication - explanation
- Sense 5 (reason%1:10:00::) is under noun.communication - justification

The context is: "One of the reasons American students do so poorly... is the influence of..."

This is clearly causal. It's explaining the cause of the poor performance.

Between Sense 2 and Sense 5:
- Sense 2: "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon"
- Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening"

The word "cause" appears in both contexts. But Sense 2 specifically mentions "explanation of the cause", while Sense 5 mentions "justification".

In the sentence, the author is explaining why students do poorly - identifying the cause. This is more of an explanation/cause rather than a justification. The New Math isn't justifying the poor performance; it's causing/explaining it.

Sense 2 example: "the reason a steady state was never reached was that..." - this is parallel to "the reason American students do so poorly... is the influence..."

Sense 5 example: "he had no cause to complain" - this is different, it's about having grounds/justification.

Therefore, Sense 2 seems best.

Wait, I need to check the sense indices. The user lists them as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. So Sense 2 would be index 2.

But let me double-check Sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action" - example "the reason that war was declared". This is also causal.

Actually, looking at WordNet more carefully:
- reason%1:16:00:: is the first sense - "a rational motive for a belief or action"
- reason%1:10:01:: is the second sense - "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon"

The distinction between 1 and 2 is subtle. Sense 1 is about rational motives (grounds for declaring war). Sense 2 is about explanations of causes (why a steady state wasn't reached).

In our context, the poor math performance is a phenomenon, and the New Math influence is the explanation of its cause. This fits Sense 2 perfectly.

Sense 5 is "a justification for something existing or happening". While related, the context is more about explanation/causation than justification.

Therefore, the best sense is Sense 2.

Wait, I should verify the indexing. The user lists:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00::
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01::
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00::
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00::
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00::
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01::

So sense 2 is reason%1:10:01:: - "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon".

Yes, this is the correct choice.

One final check: Could it be sense 5 (reason%1:10:00:: - cause, grounds)?
Example: "he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice"
This is about having a basis or warrant for something.

But the structure "One of the reasons X is Y" where Y explains why X happens is more about causal explanation than justification. The author isn't saying the poor performance is justified; they're explaining why it occurs.

So Sense 2 is definitely better.

Answer: {"sense_index": 2}