[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: director
Target surface form: director
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, <t>director</t> of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=director%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who controls resources and expenditures | synonyms=manager, managing director
2. sense_key=director%1:18:03:: | definition=member of a board of directors
3. sense_key=director%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who supervises the actors and directs the action in the production of a show | synonyms=theater director, theatre director
4. sense_key=director%1:18:04:: | definition=the person who directs the making of a film | synonyms=film director
5. sense_key=director%1:18:01:: | definition=the person who leads a musical group | synonyms=conductor, music director

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "director" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is: "says Samuel Broder, <t>director</t> of the National Cancer Institute."
- Samuel Broder is identified as the director of the National Cancer Institute.
- The National Cancer Institute is a major government organization/institution.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=director%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who controls resources and expenditures | synonyms=manager, managing director
   - This seems like a general administrative/managerial role. While a director of an institute does control resources, this sense seems more focused on financial/business management.

2. sense_key=director%1:18:03:: | definition=member of a board of directors
   - This is about being on a board of directors, not necessarily being the head of an organization. The context says "director of the National Cancer Institute" which implies he's the head/administrator, not just a board member.

3. sense_key=director%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who supervises the actors and directs the action in the production of a show | synonyms=theater director, theatre director
   - This is about theater/film production, not relevant here.

4. sense_key=director%1:18:04:: | definition=the person who directs the making of a film | synonyms=film director
   - This is about filmmaking, not relevant.

5. sense_key=director%1:18:01:: | definition=the person who leads a musical group | synonyms=conductor, music director
   - This is about music/orchestra, not relevant.

Wait, I need to look more carefully at the WordNet senses. The sense keys provided are:
- director%1:18:00::
- director%1:18:03::
- director%1:18:02::
- director%1:18:04::
- director%1:18:01::

In WordNet, the format is lemma%lexfile:lexid:...

The lexfile 1:18 is "noun.person".

Let me think about the specific senses:
- Sense 00: usually the most common sense, often "manager" or "administrator"
- Sense 01: music director/conductor
- Sense 02: theater director
- Sense 03: member of board of directors
- Sense 04: film director

Actually, looking at the definitions provided:
1. someone who controls resources and expenditures (manager, managing director)
2. member of a board of directors
3. someone who supervises the actors... (theater director)
4. the person who directs the making of a film (film director)
5. the person who leads a musical group (conductor, music director)

Now, "director of the National Cancer Institute" - this is the head of a major research institute. In government and academic contexts, the head of an institute is often called the "director."

Which sense fits best?
- It's not a theater director (3)
- It's not a film director (4)
- It's not a music director (5)
- It's not specifically a member of a board of directors (2) - while he might be on boards, the title "Director of the National Cancer Institute" refers to being the head/administrator of the institute.

Sense 1: "someone who controls resources and expenditures" with synonyms "manager, managing director" seems closest. The director of a major institute like NCI certainly controls resources and expenditures and is a high-level manager.

However, I should check if there's a sense for "administrative head of an organization" which might be sense 1.

Actually, looking at WordNet 3.1 or similar:
- director, manager, managing director - someone who controls resources and expenditures
- director - member of a board of directors
- director, theater director, theatre director - someone who supervises actors
- director, film director - film maker
- conductor, music director, director - person who leads a musical group

For the head of a government institute like NCI, "director" is used in the sense of an executive leader who manages the organization. This aligns with sense 1 (manager/administrator).

Sense 2 is specifically about being a member of a board, not the executive leader.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

Wait, I need to be careful. Let me reconsider sense 2: "member of a board of directors". Is it possible that "Director of the National Cancer Institute" implies he is on the board? No, typically the "Director" of a government institute is the chief executive/administrator.

Sense 1: "someone who controls resources and expenditures" - this is a bit narrow (focusing on resources/expenditures) but "managing director" is a synonym, which fits well with being the head of an institute.

Actually, looking at WordNet more carefully, sense 1 (director%1:18:00::) is defined as "someone who controls resources and expenditures" but in practice, this sense is used for the head of an organization.

Let me verify the indices. The user lists:
1. sense_key=director%1:18:00::
2. sense_key=director%1:18:03::
3. sense_key=director%1:18:02::
4. sense_key=director%1:18:04::
5. sense_key=director%1:18:01::

So:
- Index 1: 00 - manager/administrator
- Index 2: 03 - board member
- Index 3: 02 - theater
- Index 4: 04 - film
- Index 5: 01 - music

Samuel Broder as director of NCI is clearly not theater, film, or music. He's also not primarily described as a board member (though he might serve on boards). He is the administrative head, which is sense 1 (manager/managing director type).

Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 1.

But let me double-check. Is there any ambiguity? Could "director" in this context mean something else? The National Cancer Institute is part of NIH. The head is indeed called the "Director." This is an executive/administrative position.

Sense 1 mentions "managing director" as a synonym, which fits well.

So I'll go with 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: public
Target surface form: public
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the <t>public</t>, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=public%1:14:00:: | definition=people in general considered as a whole | synonyms=populace, world | examples=he is a hero in the eyes of the public
2. sense_key=public%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of people sharing some common interest | examples=the reading public

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "public" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "All this may not be obvious to the <t>public</t>, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

 The speaker (Samuel Broder) is talking about how the basic research findings may not be obvious to the general population/people, who are more concerned with treatment advances rather than basic research mechanisms.

 Candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=public%1:14:00:: | definition=people in general considered as a whole | synonyms=populace, world | examples=he is a hero in the eyes of the public
 2. sense_key=public%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of people sharing some common interest | examples=the reading public

 Analysis:
 - Sense 1 refers to the general population, people in general, the populace at large.
 - Sense 2 refers to a specific subset of people with a common interest (like "the reading public", "the theater-going public").

 In the context, "the public" refers to the general population who are concerned about cancer treatment advances. This is not a specific subset with a particular interest (like "the reading public"), but rather the general populace as a whole.

 The phrase "the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment" refers to the general population of people who are concerned with medical treatment - this is the general public, not a specialized subgroup.

 Therefore, sense 1 (people in general considered as a whole) is the correct choice.

 The JSON output should be: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Phala

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: concerned
Target surface form: concerned
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is <t>concerned</t> about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=concerned%3:00:00:: | definition=feeling or showing worry or solicitude | examples=concerned parents of youthful offenders; was concerned about the future
2. sense_key=concerned%5:00:00:involved:00 | definition=involved in or affected by or having a claim to or share in | synonyms=interested | examples=a memorandum to those concerned; an enterprise in which three men are concerned
3. sense_key=concerned%5:00:01:involved:00 | definition=culpably involved | synonyms=implicated | examples=all those concerned in the bribery case have been identified; named three officials implicated in the plot

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "concerned" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about genetic testing for cancer risk, specifically retinoblastoma.
 - Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute, is speaking.
 - He says: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is <t>concerned</t> about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

 The key phrase is "concerned about advances in treatment". The public is worried or anxious about advances in treatment (likely meaning they want to see advances in treatment, or they are worried about the state of treatment).

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=concerned%3:00:00:: | definition=feeling or showing worry or solicitude | examples=concerned parents of youthful offenders; was concerned about the future
    - This sense means worried, anxious, showing concern.
    - The example "was concerned about the future" matches the structure "concerned about advances in treatment".
    - The public is worried/anxious about advances in treatment (or perhaps eager to see them, but the word "concerned" here suggests worry/solicitude).

 2. sense_key=concerned%5:00:00:involved:00 | definition=involved in or affected by or having a claim to or share in | synonyms=interested | examples=a memorandum to those concerned; an enterprise in which three men are concerned
    - This sense means "involved in" or "affected by".
    - Example: "those concerned" = those involved.
    - The context doesn't suggest the public is "involved in" advances in treatment in the sense of having a share or being a party to it. Rather, they are worried about it.

 3. sense_key=concerned%5:00:01:involved:00 | definition=culpably involved | synonyms=implicated | examples=all those concerned in the bribery case have been identified; named three officials implicated in the plot
    - This means being implicated in something wrong, culpably involved.
    - Clearly doesn't fit. The public is not culpably involved in advances in treatment.

 So sense 1 is the best fit. The public is worried/anxious about advances in treatment (meaning they are anxious to see improvements, or worried about the current state of treatment).

 Wait, let me reconsider. Could "concerned" here mean "interested in" (sense 2)?
 "The public, which is concerned about advances in treatment..."
 If it meant "interested in", it would be similar to "concerned with" or "concerned in", but "concerned about" typically means worried/anxious.

 The phrase "concerned about" strongly collocates with the worry/anxiety sense (sense 1).
 Examples:
 - "concerned about the future" (from sense 1)
 - "concerned about advances in treatment" (our context)

 The public is worried/anxious regarding advances in treatment. They want to see progress in treatment (they are anxious for it).

 Therefore, sense 1 is correct.

 The output should be JSON: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: advance
Target surface form: advances
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about <t>advances</t> in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=advance%1:11:00:: | definition=a movement forward | synonyms=progress, progression | examples=he listened for the progress of the troops
2. sense_key=advance%1:11:01:: | definition=a change for the better; progress in development | synonyms=improvement, betterment
3. sense_key=advance%1:10:00:: | definition=a tentative suggestion designed to elicit the reactions of others | synonyms=overture, approach, feeler | examples=she rejected his advances
4. sense_key=advance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of moving forward (as toward a goal) | synonyms=progress, progression, procession, advancement, forward motion, onward motion
5. sense_key=advance%1:21:00:: | definition=an amount paid before it is earned | synonyms=cash advance
6. sense_key=advance%1:04:01:: | definition=increase in price or value | synonyms=rise | examples=the news caused a general advance on the stock market

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "advances" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text discusses genetic testing for cancer (retinoblastoma)
 - It mentions basic research and its potential impact on treatment
 - The specific sentence: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about <t>advances</t> in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."
 - The public is concerned about "advances in treatment" - meaning improvements or progress in how cancer is treated.

 Candidate sense analysis:
 1. advance%1:11:00:: - a movement forward (physical movement, like troops)
 2. advance%1:11:01:: - a change for the better; progress in development (improvement, betterment)
 3. advance%1:10:00:: - a tentative suggestion (overture, approach - usually romantic or diplomatic)
 4. advance%1:04:00:: - the act of moving forward toward a goal (procession, forward motion)
 5. advance%1:21:00:: - money paid before earned (cash advance)
 6. advance%1:04:01:: - increase in price or value (stock market)

 The context is about "advances in treatment" - this refers to improvements or progress in medical treatment. The public is concerned about improvements/developments in cancer treatment.

 Sense 2 (advance%1:11:01::) fits best: "a change for the better; progress in development" with synonyms "improvement, betterment".

 Sense 1 is more about physical movement.
 Sense 4 is about the act of moving forward (process).
 Sense 2 captures the meaning of "progress/improvement" in a field (medical treatment).

 The phrase "advances in treatment" typically means improvements or progress in treatment methods.

 So the best sense is sense_key=advance%1:11:01:: which corresponds to index 2 (if we count from 1).

 Wait, let me check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=...
 2. sense_key=...
 3. sense_key=...
 etc.

 So sense 2 is advance%1:11:01::.

 Actually, looking at the glosses:
 - Sense 1: "a movement forward" - physical movement
 - Sense 2: "a change for the better; progress in development" - this is the abstract progress/improvement meaning
 - Sense 4: "the act of moving forward (as toward a goal)" - this is also progress but more about the action/process

 In the context of "advances in treatment", we mean improvements or developments in treatment. This aligns with sense 2: "a change for the better; progress in development".

 Sense 4 could also be considered, but "advances" in the plural form referring to medical/scientific progress is typically sense 2 (improvement/betterment) or sometimes sense 1, but sense 2 specifically mentions "change for the better" and "progress in development" which fits medical advances.

 Actually, looking at WordNet:
 - advance%1:11:01:: is "a change for the better; progress in development" - synonyms: improvement, betterment
 - advance%1:04:00:: is "the act of moving forward (as toward a goal)" - synonyms: progress, progression, procession...

 In common usage, "advances in medicine" refers to improvements/developments, which would be sense 2.

 But let me reconsider sense 1 vs sense 2 vs sense 4:
 - Sense 1 (advance%1:11:00::): "a movement forward" - this is a noun referring to the movement itself, like troops advancing.
 - Sense 2 (advance%1:11:01::): "a change for the better; progress in development" - this is about improvement.
 - Sense 4 (advance%1:04:00::): "the act of moving forward (as toward a goal)" - this is the act/process.

 "Advances in treatment" = improvements in treatment = sense 2.

 The public is concerned about improvements/developments in treatment (how to get better cures), not just the physical movement or the act of moving forward.

 Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice.

 Wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=advance%1:11:00::
 2. sense_key=advance%1:11:01::
 3. sense_key=advance%1:10:00::
 4. sense_key=advance%1:04:00::
 5. sense_key=advance%1:21:00::
 6. sense_key=advance%1:04:01::

 So the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

 But let me double-check if sense 4 could be correct. Sense 4 is "the act of moving forward (as toward a goal)". In scientific contexts, "advances" can mean progress toward a goal. However, sense 2 specifically mentions "progress in development" and "change for the better" which is more specific to the context of medical treatment improvements.

 Also, looking at the examples provided:
 - Sense 1 example: "he listened for the progress of the troops" - military/physical
 - Sense 3 example: "she rejected his advances" - romantic
 - Sense 6 example: "the news caused a general advance on the stock market" - financial

 Sense 2 has no example provided in the list, but the gloss "a change for the better; progress in development" with synonyms "improvement, betterment" clearly fits "advances in treatment".

 Yes, sense 2 is correct.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: treatment
Target surface form: treatment
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in <t>treatment</t>, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "treatment" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about genetic testing for cancer (retinoblastoma)
 - It mentions predicting whether an individual could develop cancer
 - It mentions basic research vs. advances in "treatment"
 - The quote is: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in <t>treatment</t>, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

 The context is clearly medical. The public is concerned about advances in medical treatment (therapies, procedures to cure or manage cancer), while the speaker is talking about basic research.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
    - This is the medical sense. "Care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures...)"
    - Synonym: intervention
    - This fits perfectly with "advances in treatment" in a cancer context.

 2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
    - This is about management/handling, not medical care.
    - Examples: handling of prisoners, treatment of water sewage
    - Doesn't fit the medical context of cancer.

 3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
    - This is artistic treatment.
    - Example mentions architecture.
    - Not relevant to medical context.

 4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased
    - This is about discourse/discussion of a topic.
    - Not relevant to medical procedures.

 The context is clearly about medical treatment for cancer. The public is concerned about advances in medical treatment (therapies, cures), while the researcher is talking about basic genetic research.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: basic
Target surface form: basic
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this <t>basic</t> research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=basic%3:00:00:: | definition=pertaining to or constituting a base or basis | examples=a basic fact; the basic ingredients
2. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:standard:01 | definition=reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality | synonyms=canonic, canonical | examples=a basic story line; a canonical syllable pattern
3. sense_key=basic%5:00:02:first:00 | definition=serving as a base or starting point | synonyms=introductory | examples=a basic course in Russian; basic training for raw recruits
4. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:alkaline:00 | definition=of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "basic" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this <t>basic</t> research will begin showing results there soon."

 The context is about cancer research. Samuel Broder is talking about research into the fundamental workings of cancer - specifically about studying the basic workings/mechanisms of cancer at a molecular/genetic level. He contrasts this with "advances in treatment" that the public is concerned about. He's saying that while the public wants treatment advances, this fundamental/basic research (understanding the underlying mechanisms) will eventually lead to treatment results.

 The phrase "basic research" is a common collocation referring to fundamental scientific research aimed at understanding underlying principles rather than immediate practical applications.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=basic%3:00:00:: | definition=pertaining to or constituting a base or basis | examples=a basic fact; the basic ingredients
    - This seems like the most general sense. "Basic research" means research that deals with the fundamental principles, the basis of something. This fits well with "basic workings of cancer" mentioned earlier in the text ("most basic workings of cancer").

 2. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:standard:01 | definition=reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality | synonyms=canonic, canonical | examples=a basic story line; a canonical syllable pattern
    - This sense seems to relate to "canonical" or standard forms. "Basic storyline" suggests a simplified version. This doesn't fit "basic research" which isn't about simplification but about fundamentals.

 3. sense_key=basic%5:00:02:first:00 | definition=serving as a base or starting point | synonyms=introductory | examples=a basic course in Russian; basic training for raw recruits
    - This is about introductory/elementary levels (like Basic English, basic training). While "basic research" could theoretically be introductory, in scientific contexts "basic research" (also called fundamental research) is not about being "introductory" or "for beginners" but about studying fundamental principles. However, this sense does relate to "base or starting point."

 4. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:alkaline:00 | definition=of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base
    - This is the chemical sense (basic vs. acidic). Not relevant here.

 So it's between sense 1 and sense 3.

 Let's look more carefully:

 Sense 1: "pertaining to or constituting a base or basis" - This aligns with "fundamental" - dealing with the foundation or basis of something. "Basic research" is research into the fundamental principles. The text mentions "fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer" - here "basic" modifies "workings" (workings = mechanisms/operations). So "basic workings" = fundamental mechanisms.

 Sense 3: "serving as a base or starting point" - synonyms=introductory. This is more about being elementary or preliminary. "Basic training" is for beginners. "Basic course" is introductory.

 In the phrase "basic research", this is a technical term in science policy and research methodology. Basic research (or fundamental research) is "experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundations of phenomena and observable facts, without any particular application or use in view" (OECD definition).

 WordNet sense 1 ("pertaining to or constituting a base or basis") captures this meaning of being foundational/fundamental.

 WordNet sense 3 is more about being introductory/elementary (for beginners).

 The context supports sense 1: "fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer" - here "basic" parallels "fundamental." Also "basic research" is contrasted with treatment advances (applied research), indicating it's about the foundational understanding.

 Therefore, sense 1 (basic%3:00:00::) is the best choice.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet senses for "basic":

 In WordNet 3.0/3.1:
 - basic (adj) 1: pertaining to or constituting a base or basis; "a basic fact"; "the basic ingredients"; "basic changes in public opinion occur because of changes in priorities"
 - basic (adj) 2: reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality; "a basic story line"; "a canonical syllable pattern" [syn: canonic, canonical]
 - basic (adj) 3: serving as a base or starting point; "a basic course in Russian"; "basic training for raw recruits"; "a set of basic tools" [syn: introductory]
 - basic (adj) 4: of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base

 So sense 1 is indeed the "fundamental/constituting a basis" sense.

 In the context: "fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer" and "this basic research"

 "Basic workings" = fundamental mechanisms
 "Basic research" = fundamental research

 This clearly matches sense 1.

 Sense 3 would be for "basic English" or "basic skills" - elementary/introductory level.

 Therefore, the answer is sense_index: 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: begin
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will <t>begin</t> showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target lemma "begin" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

Context analysis:
The sentence containing the target word is: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

Key elements:
- Subject: "this basic research"
- Verb: "will begin"
- Object/complement: "showing results"
- Temporal marker: "soon"

The meaning here is that the research will start to show results in the future. It's about initiating or starting an action (showing results).

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
   - This seems to fit. "Begin showing results" = take the first steps in carrying out the action of showing results.

2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
   - This is about something having a beginning (intransitive), not about initiating an action. The target usage is transitive or at least involves an activity (showing results).

3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
   - This is about causing something else to start. While "begin showing results" could fit, this sense seems more about initiating events/wars/hostilities rather than processes like showing results. But let's compare with sense 1.

4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say; he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
   - Not relevant. Not about speaking.

5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
   - Not relevant. Not about being first in a series.

6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
   - This is intransitive - events beginning. But here "begin" is used with "showing results" (an activity), so it's not just an event beginning on its own.

7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
   - This is about how something starts or where it starts. Not about initiating an action.

8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
   - This is for specific activities like smoking a cigar or cooking soup. "Showing results" doesn't fit this pattern as well as sense 1.

9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem...
   - Not relevant. No negative construction here.

10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age...
    - Not relevant.

Now comparing sense 1 and sense 3:
- Sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" - focuses on the agent starting to do something.
- Sense 3: "set in motion, cause to start" - focuses on causing something to start.

In "this basic research will begin showing results":
- The research is the subject
- It will begin (start) showing results
- This is the research taking the first steps in manifesting results? Or the research causing results to start appearing?

Actually, looking closely: "begin showing results" - the research is the subject that begins the activity of showing results. This is more like sense 1: taking the first step in carrying out an action (the action being "showing results").

Sense 3 examples: "started a war", "began hostilities" - these are about initiating conflict or events. "Showing results" is not something being set in motion as an independent entity, but rather the research itself starting to manifest results.

Sense 1 examples: "We began working at dawn" - parallels "research will begin showing results". Working and showing results are both activities.

Also, sense 1 has synonyms like "get down", "get", "start out", "start", "set about", "set out" which fit well with beginning to show results.

Sense 3 synonyms: "lead off", "start", "commence" - also possible, but "lead off" and "commence" feel more formal/ceremonial or about initiating distinct events.

The key distinction in WordNet:
- Sense 1 (begin%2:30:00::) is typically for beginning an activity/task (often with -ing form or to-infinitive)
- Sense 3 (begin%2:30:01::) is for setting in motion, causing to start (often with noun objects like "war", "hostilities", "discussion")

"Showing results" is an activity, so sense 1 is better.

Also, sense 1 is the most general sense of starting an activity.

Let me double-check sense 6 (have a beginning, of a temporal event): This would be "The concert begins at 8pm" - intransitive. But here we have "begin showing" which is transitive or at least takes a complement, so not sense 6.

Sense 2: "have a beginning" - intransitive, not fitting.

So sense 1 is the best fit.

Wait, let me look at sense 8 again: "begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object" - examples: "begin a cigar" (start smoking), "started the soup" (start cooking). These are specific activities with implied verbs. "Begin showing results" doesn't have an implied verb in the same way - "showing" is already explicit.

Therefore, sense 1 is correct: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" - the action being "showing results".

The sentence means: the research will start to show results (will take the first steps in showing results).

Index: 1

Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists them as:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00::
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00::
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01::
...

So I should return {"sense_index": 1} if I choose the first one.

Let me verify once more. Could it be sense 6?
"have a beginning, of a temporal event" - examples: "WW II began in 1939", "The company's Asia tour begins next month"
In these, the subject is the event itself. In our sentence, "this basic research" is not an event, it's an entity/agent. And "showing results" is what it begins to do. So no.

Could it be sense 3?
"set in motion, cause to start" - If research begins showing results, is it setting results in motion? Or is the research itself performing the action of showing? The research is the thing that shows results, so it's the actor performing the action. So sense 1 is better.

Yes, sense 1.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: showing
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin <t>showing</t> results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "showing" in the given context. The target lemma is "show" and the surface form is "showing".

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin <t>showing</t> results there soon."
- The context is about basic research on cancer genetics and how it will eventually produce visible or noticeable results in treatment advances.
- The phrase is "showing results" - meaning to produce results, make results visible/apparent, or demonstrate results.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: - give an exhibition of to an interested audience (demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate)
   - This is about presenting something to an audience, like showing dogs or demoing software. Not quite right for "showing results" in this context.

2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: - establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment (prove, demonstrate, establish)
   - This is about proving or demonstrating validity. While research can demonstrate things, "showing results" here seems more about producing visible outcomes rather than proving validity.

3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: - provide evidence for (testify, bear witness, prove, evidence)
   - Example: "The blood test showed that he was the father"
   - This is about providing evidence or proving something. The research will provide evidence through results? Maybe, but let's check others.

4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: - make visible or noticeable
   - Example: "She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings"
   - This is about making something visible or apparent. "Showing results" could fit here - making results visible or apparent.

5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: - show in, or as in, a picture (picture, depict, render)
   - Not relevant here.

6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: - give expression to (express, evince)
   - Example: "She showed her disappointment"
   - This is about expressing emotions or qualities. Not quite right for "showing results".

7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: - indicate a place, direction, person, or thing (indicate, point, designate)
   - Example: "I showed the customer the glove section"
   - This is about pointing out or indicating location. Not right.

8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: - be or become visible or noticeable (show up)
   - Example: "His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show"
   - This is about becoming visible or noticeable. "Results will begin showing" - this could work. The results will become visible/noticeable.

9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: - indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments (read, register, record)
   - Not relevant.

10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: - give evidence of, as of records
    - Example: "The diary shows his distress"
    - This is about evidence from records. Not quite.

11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: - take (someone) to their seats (usher)
    - Not relevant.

12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: - finish third or better in a horse or dog race
    - Not relevant.

Now between sense 4 (make visible or noticeable) and sense 8 (be or become visible or noticeable).

Sense 4 (show%2:39:00::) is transitive: "make visible or noticeable" - the subject makes something visible.
Sense 8 (show%2:39:01::) is intransitive: "be or become visible or noticeable" - the subject becomes visible.

In the sentence: "this basic research will begin showing results there soon"

"Showing" here is transitive - it has an object "results". The research will show (produce/make visible) results.

So sense 4 seems better: "make visible or noticeable" - the research will make results visible.

But wait, let me look at sense 2 again: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" - prove, demonstrate, establish.

And sense 3: "provide evidence for" - testify, bear witness, prove, evidence.

Actually, looking at the phrase "showing results" - this is a common collocation meaning to produce results or to demonstrate results.

But let's look more carefully at the specific senses and their examples.

Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable" - examples: "She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please"
This is about displaying or revealing something.

Sense 8: "be or become visible or noticeable" - examples: "His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show"
This is about something being apparent or visible.

In "research will begin showing results", the research is the agent making the results visible/apparent. So it's transitive.

But wait, there's also sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment"
Examples: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture"

And sense 3: "provide evidence for"
Examples: "The blood test showed that he was the father"

Actually, looking at the context again: "this basic research will begin showing results there soon"

The meaning is that the research will start to produce visible outcomes or benefits in the area of treatment.

But I need to be careful. In WordNet, "show" has many senses.

Let me reconsider sense 8: "be or become visible or noticeable" - this is intransitive. But in our sentence, "showing" has an object "results", so it must be transitive.

So sense 8 is out because it's intransitive (like "the stain shows").

Sense 4 is transitive: "make visible or noticeable" - "She showed her talent"

But "showing results" - is this about making results visible, or is it about demonstrating/proving something?

Actually, looking at the broader context: The research will begin to show (produce/manifest) results in treatment advances.

But let's look at sense 2 again: "establish the validity of something..."
This seems to be about demonstrating or proving a point.

Sense 3: "provide evidence for" - "The blood test showed that he was the father"

In our sentence, the structure is "research will begin showing results". This is different from "research will begin showing that X is true".

"Showing results" is a specific idiom meaning to produce results or to have results become apparent.

But looking at the WordNet senses, which one covers "show results"?

Sense 4: make visible or noticeable - "Show me your results" - this could work.
Sense 2: establish validity - not quite, because it's not about proving something but about producing outcomes.

Wait, I should look at sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records" - "The diary shows his distress"

But "research showing results" - the research is the subject, not the record.

Let me think about this differently. The phrase is "begin showing results". This means to start to produce or display results.

In WordNet, the sense "make visible or noticeable" (sense 4) seems closest. When research shows results, it makes those results visible or apparent to people.

But let me check if there's a sense about "manifesting" or "producing".

Actually, looking at sense 8 again: "be or become visible or noticeable". Even though the examples are intransitive, could it be used transitively? No, the definition says "be or become", which is intransitive.

Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable" - transitive.

But wait, there's also the sense of "show" meaning "to demonstrate" or "prove" which is sense 2.

Let me look at the examples for sense 2: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture"

This is about demonstrating or establishing something through evidence.

In our context: "this basic research will begin showing results"

If we interpret "results" as the outcome of the research that demonstrates its validity or success, then sense 2 might work. But "showing results" is more about the results becoming apparent or visible, not about proving the research is valid.

Actually, looking at common usage: "The treatment is showing results" means the treatment is producing visible improvements.

This seems closest to sense 4: make visible or noticeable. The research will make results visible.

Or sense 8, but that's intransitive.

Wait, I need to check if sense 8 can be transitive. The definition says "be or become visible or noticeable". The examples are "His good upbringing really shows" (intransitive) and "The dirty side will show" (intransitive). So definitely intransitive.

Sense 4 examples: "She showed her talent for cooking" (transitive), "Show me your etchings" (transitive). So this fits the transitive structure.

But is "showing results" about making something visible? Yes, in a figurative sense. The research will make the results visible/apparent to the public.

But let me reconsider sense 2. Could "showing results" mean demonstrating results? Like demonstrating the validity of the research through results?

Actually, looking at the sentence: "I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

The speaker (Samuel Broder) is saying that while the public wants treatment advances, the basic research will soon start to produce visible outcomes in that area.

I think sense 4 is the best fit: make visible or noticeable.

But let me double-check sense 3: "provide evidence for". Could "showing results" mean providing evidence through results? "The research will begin providing evidence for results"? That doesn't make sense. The research produces results, it doesn't provide evidence for results.

Sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records" - "The diary shows his distress". This is about something giving evidence of something else. "Research showing results" would mean the research gives evidence of results? No, the research produces results.

So between sense 2, 3, 4, and 10, sense 4 seems best.

But wait, I should look at sense 1: "give an exhibition of to an interested audience". No, that's about presenting to an audience.

Sense 6: "give expression to" - express emotions. No.

So I think it's sense 4.

But let me reconsider the wording. The target is "showing" and the lemma is "show". The sense keys are provided with indices.

Sense 4 is: show%2:39:00::
Sense 8 is: show%2:39:01::

Sense 4: make visible or noticeable
Sense 8: be or become visible or noticeable

In "research will begin showing results", if we think of it as "results will begin to be shown (by the research)", then it's passive. But it's active voice: "research ... showing results".

So the research is the agent making the results visible.

Therefore, sense 4.

But I want to check if there's any other sense that might fit better.

Sense 2: establish the validity of something...
If we interpret "results" as the proof or validation, then "showing results" could mean demonstrating/proving outcomes. But the definition specifically mentions "establish the validity of something", and the examples are about demonstrating instability or validity of a conjecture. This is about proving a point, not about producing outcomes.

Sense 3: provide evidence for - again, about proving something.

Sense 4 seems to be the general sense of making something visible or apparent, which covers "showing results" (making results apparent).

Actually, looking at WordNet online or standard usage, "show" in "show results" is often sense 4 or similar.

But I should verify the exact sense keys. The user provided:

4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please

8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show

Given that "showing" in the sentence has a direct object "results", it must be transitive. Sense 4 is transitive, sense 8 is intransitive.

Therefore, the answer is sense 4.

Wait, I need to check if "showing" could be part of a phrasal verb or something? No.

Also, could it be sense 2 with "results" as the thing being demonstrated? "Showing results" as in demonstrating the results? But results are the outcome, not the thing being proven.

Actually, looking at the context again: "this basic research will begin showing results there soon"

This means the research will start to yield results or produce results that are visible in the treatment area.

I think sense 4 is correct.

But I want to make sure about the indexing. The user lists them as:
1. sense_key=...
2. sense_key=...
...
12. sense_key=...

So I need to return the index number.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 4}

But let me reconsider one more time. Is there any chance it's sense 8?

Sense 8: "be or become visible or noticeable"
If the sentence were "the results will begin showing soon", then yes, sense 8.
But it's "research will begin showing results", so transitive.

Unless... "showing" is being used intransitively with "results" as an adverbial or something? No, "results" is clearly the object.

What about sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records"?
"The diary shows his distress" - transitive.
Could "research showing results" be similar? The research gives evidence of results? That seems odd. The research produces results, it doesn't give evidence of results.

Sense 4: "She showed her talent" - she made her talent visible/apparent.
"Research showing results" - research making results visible/apparent.

Yes, that fits.

One final check: could it be sense 2?
"establish the validity of something..."
"The experiment showed the instability..."
"Research showing results" - if "results" means findings that validate something, but the sentence is about the research producing practical outcomes in treatment, not about validating a theory.

The context is: basic research will begin showing results [in treatment advances] soon.

This is about the research yielding fruit, producing visible outcomes.

Sense 4 is the best choice.

Index 4.

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing <t>results</t> there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "results" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about cancer research and genetic testing
 - Samuel Broder is talking about basic research showing "results" soon
 - The quote is: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing <t>results</t> there soon."

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot
    - This seems to refer to outcomes or consequences of actions/events
    - Examples mention "magnetic effect", "decision had depressing consequences"

 2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent
    - This is about solutions to problems, answers
    - Examples: "peaceful solution", "answers were in the back of the book"

 3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination
    - This seems to be about the end product or outcome of a process
    - Example: "he listened for the results on the radio" - this could be election results, test results, etc.

 4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role
    - This is a technical linguistic term about semantic roles

 In the context: "this basic research will begin showing results there soon"
 - He's talking about basic research producing outcomes or findings
 - "Showing results" means producing visible outcomes or effects from the research
 - This is about the research yielding outcomes, consequences, or effects

 Looking at sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" - this fits well. The research (previous phenomenon) causes results (following phenomena).

 Looking at sense 3: "something that results" - this is quite vague. The example "he listened for the results on the radio" suggests things like election results, sports results, etc. - the outcome of a process.

 Actually, looking more carefully:
 - Sense 1 (result%1:19:00::) is under noun.person? No, looking at the sense key format: result%1:19:00::
 - The "1" means noun
 - "19" is the lexicographer file number. In WordNet:
   - 19 is "phenomenon"
   - 10 is "communication"
   - 11 is "act" or maybe "group"? Let me check... actually:
   - 09: cognition
   - 10: communication
   - 11: possession? No...

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet lexicographer file numbers:
 - 19: phenomenon
 - 10: communication
 - 11: act? Or maybe 11 is different...

 Wait, sense 3 is result%1:11:00:: - 11 might be "act" or "event"?
 Actually, checking WordNet structure:
 - 1:19 is "phenomenon"
 - 1:10 is "communication"
 - 1:11 is... I think 11 is "group" in some versions, but let me think about the definitions.

 Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" - this is the causal consequence sense.
 Sense 3: "something that results" - this is the generic end-product sense.

 In the context "showing results", this is an idiom meaning to produce successful outcomes or to be effective. But literally, it means the research will produce outcomes/consequences.

 The phrase "showing results" here means that the research will begin to produce visible outcomes or effects in terms of treatment advances.

 Between sense 1 and sense 3:
 - Sense 1 emphasizes the causal relationship: a phenomenon caused by a previous phenomenon
 - Sense 3 is more generic: something that results

 However, looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1 examples: "the magnetic effect was greater...", "his decision had depressing consequences"
 - Sense 3 examples: "he listened for the results on the radio"

 The example for sense 3 ("listened for the results on the radio") suggests things like election results, which are the outcomes of events.

 In scientific contexts, "results" usually refers to the findings or outcomes of experiments or research.

 But let's look at the specific phrase: "basic research will begin showing results"

 This means the research will produce outcomes that can be seen in the treatment of cancer.

 Sense 1 definition: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon"
 - The research causes the results (phenomena like new treatments, understanding, etc.)

 Sense 3 definition: "something that results"
 - This is very vague

 Actually, looking at WordNet more carefully:
 - result%1:19:00:: is the "consequence, effect, outcome" sense - the causal outcome
 - result%1:11:00:: might be... actually I should check what lexfile 11 is.

 In WordNet 3.0:
 - 19: phenomenon
 - 10: communication
 - 11: act

 Wait, if 11 is "act", then "something that results" doesn't fit well.

 Let me reconsider. The sense keys provided are:
 1. result%1:19:00:: (phenomenon)
 2. result%1:10:00:: (communication - like answer/solution)
 3. result%1:11:00::
 4. result%1:10:01:: (also communication, but different sense)

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet:
 - result%1:11:00:: is likely the "final result, outcome, termination" sense - this is under "act" (as in the result of an action)
 - result%1:19:00:: is "consequence, effect, outcome" under "phenomenon"

 The distinction in WordNet is often:
 - 1:19 - the causal consequence (effect)
 - 1:11 - the end product of a process (often plural "results" as in election results)

 In the context: "showing results" - this is about research producing outcomes.

 The example for sense 3 is "he listened for the results on the radio" - this is about hearing outcomes of events (like election results).

 But in the sentence: "basic research will begin showing results" - this means producing effects or outcomes in the real world (treatment advances).

 Actually, looking at the synonyms:
 Sense 1: consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot
 Sense 3: resultant, final result, outcome, termination

 Both have "outcome" as a synonym.

 But sense 1 is defined as "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon"
 Sense 3 is "something that results"

 The phrase "showing results" typically means becoming visible or manifest, producing tangible outcomes.

 In the context of scientific research, "results" can mean:
 1. The findings published in papers (sense 3? sense 2?)
 2. The practical outcomes/effects in the real world (sense 1)

 Given the context: "concerned about advances in treatment" and "this basic research will begin showing results there soon" - "there" refers to advances in treatment.

 So he's saying basic research will soon show effects/outcomes in the area of treatment.

 This fits sense 1 best: a phenomenon (treatment advances) that follows and is caused by the previous phenomenon (basic research).

 Sense 2 is about solutions/answers to problems - doesn't fit.
 Sense 4 is a technical semantic role - doesn't fit.
 Sense 3 is possible, but sense 1 emphasizes the causal aspect which is important here (research → results).

 Also, looking at the examples for sense 1: "his decision had depressing consequences for business" - this is very similar to "basic research will begin showing results there soon" - both talk about effects of actions on domains.

 The example for sense 3: "he listened for the results on the radio" - this is about receiving information about outcomes, not about effects manifesting.

 Therefore, sense 1 (result%1:19:00::) is the best choice.

 Wait, I need to be careful. The user asks for the "sense_index" which corresponds to the numbering in the candidate list (1, 2, 3, or 4).

 So if I choose sense_key result%1:19:00::, that is index 1.

 Let me double-check sense 3. Could "results" here mean the findings of the research?

 "Basic research will begin showing results" - if this means the research will begin to produce findings/data, that could be sense 3.

 But the context suggests practical outcomes: "concerned about advances in treatment" ... "showing results there soon" - "there" refers to treatment advances.

 So it's about the research leading to treatment advances (effects/outcomes), not just producing research findings.

 Also, the phrase "show results" is an idiom meaning to be effective or successful, which aligns with sense 1 (effects/consequences).

 Therefore, I choose index 1.

 Actually, let me reconsider one more time. In scientific contexts, when we say "the results showed...", we usually mean sense 3 - the data/findings. But here the phrase is "showing results" (transitive - the research is showing results), not "the results showed..." (intransitive - the results indicate...).

 "Research showing results" = research producing visible outcomes.

 I think sense 1 is correct.

 But let me look at the WordNet definitions again carefully:

 Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon"
 - This is the general sense of consequence/effect.

 Sense 3: "something that results"
 - This is very close to the word "result" itself.

 In many WSD datasets, "result" in the context of scientific experiments is often sense 3 (the final result/outcome of the experiment).

 But here the specific context is about basic research leading to treatment advances. The "results" are the practical benefits/outcomes.

 I think sense 1 is still better because it captures the causal relationship and the "phenomenon" aspect (treatment advances are phenomena).

 However, looking at the synonyms for sense 3: "resultant, final result, outcome, termination"
 And for sense 1: "consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot"

 "Outcome" appears in both.

 But sense 1 has "effect" and "consequence" which imply causation.
 Sense 3 has "final result" and "termination" which imply the end of a process.

 The context emphasizes that basic research will lead to (cause) treatment advances. So causality is key.

 Therefore: sense_index: 1

 Wait, I want to check if there's any chance it's sense 2. "A statement that solves a problem..." - no, that doesn't fit. The research isn't producing a statement that solves a problem in the sense of an answer to a question. It's producing practical outcomes.

 Sense 4 is definitely out - it's a technical term about semantic roles.

 So it's between 1 and 3.

 Given the phrase "showing results" and the context of research leading to treatment advances, and the parallel with "consequences for business" in the example, I go with 1.

 Final answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: there
Target surface form: there
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results <t>there</t> soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=there%4:02:00:: | definition=in or at that place | synonyms=at that place, in that location | examples=they have lived there for years; it's not there
2. sense_key=there%4:02:02:: | definition=in that matter | synonyms=in that respect, on that point | examples=I agree with you there
3. sense_key=there%4:02:01:: | definition=to or toward that place; away from the speaker | synonyms=thither | examples=go there around noon!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "there" in the given context.

Context analysis:
The sentence containing the target word is: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results <t>there</t> soon."

Let's look at the sentence structure:
- "All this may not be obvious to the public..."
- "...but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

The word "there" is referring to "in that area" or "in that field" - specifically, in the field of cancer treatment or cancer research mentioned earlier in the context.

Now let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=there%4:02:00:: | definition=in or at that place | synonyms=at that place, in that location | examples=they have lived there for years; it's not there
   - This is the locative sense, referring to a physical place.

2. sense_key=there%4:02:02:: | definition=in that matter | synonyms=in that respect, on that point | examples=I agree with you there
   - This is the abstract/anaphoric sense, referring to a matter, respect, or point being discussed.

3. sense_key=there%4:02:01:: | definition=to or toward that place; away from the speaker | synonyms=thither | examples=go there around noon!
   - This is the directional/allative sense, indicating movement toward a place.

In the context: "this basic research will begin showing results there soon"

The "there" here refers to "in that area/field" - specifically, in the area of treatment (cancer treatment) mentioned earlier ("which is concerned about advances in treatment"). It's referring to the domain or matter of cancer treatment.

Wait, let me reconsider. The sentence says: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

The "there" could be interpreted as:
- In treatment (the area just mentioned)
- In that respect/area/domain

But looking at the examples for sense 2: "I agree with you there" - this uses "there" to refer to the point just made.

Actually, looking more carefully at the context:
- The public is concerned about advances in treatment
- The speaker is convinced basic research will begin showing results "there" soon

"there" = in treatment/advances in treatment = in that matter/respect

This aligns with sense 2: "in that matter", "in that respect", "on that point".

Sense 1 would imply a physical location, which doesn't fit because we're talking about abstract research results showing up in the domain of treatment.

Sense 3 is directional, which clearly doesn't fit.

So the best sense is sense 2: there%4:02:02:: - "in that matter", referring to the matter of treatment advances or the field of cancer treatment.

Wait, I need to be careful. Let me look at the specific sentence again:
"I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

Could "there" mean "in that place" referring to "treatment"?
- "showing results in treatment" - yes, this could be locative in an abstract sense.

But WordNet sense 1 is typically for physical locations: "they have lived there for years; it's not there"

Sense 2 is for abstract referents: "I agree with you there" (on that point/in that respect)

In the sentence "showing results there", the "there" refers back to "advances in treatment" or the domain of treatment. It's referring to the matter at hand.

Actually, looking at the broader context, the speaker is saying that while the public cares about treatment advances, the basic research (on genetic mechanisms) will soon show results in that area (treatment).

So "there" = "in treatment" = "in that area/respect/matter"

This is clearly sense 2.

But wait, I should verify the WordNet senses more precisely. In WordNet:
- there%4:02:00:: is the spatial locative "at that place"
- there%4:02:02:: is the pronominal adverb "in that matter/respect"
- there%4:02:01:: is the directional "thither"

The example for sense 2 is "I agree with you there" - meaning "I agree with you on that point."

In our sentence: "showing results there" = "showing results in that domain/respect"

Yes, this is sense 2.

Actually, looking at similar usages:
- "We will see improvements there soon" = in that area/domain
- "The research will pay off there" = in that respect

So sense 2 is correct.

One final check: Could it be sense 1 (physical place)? No, because we're talking about abstract research results in the field of medicine, not a physical location.

Could it be sense 3 (directional)? No, there's no movement toward a place.

Therefore, the answer is sense_index: 2.