[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: capable
Target surface form: capable
Context:
kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is <t>capable</t> to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs. It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=capable%3:00:00:: | definition=(usually followed by `of') having capacity or ability | examples=capable of winning; capable of hard work
2. sense_key=capable%5:00:00:susceptible:00 | definition=possibly accepting or permitting | synonyms=open, subject | examples=a passage capable of misinterpretation; open to interpretation
3. sense_key=capable%3:00:02:: | definition=(followed by `of') having the temperament or inclination for | examples=no one believed her capable of murder
4. sense_key=capable%5:00:00:adequate:00 | definition=having the requisite qualities for | synonyms=adequate to, equal to, up to | examples=equal to the task; the work isn't up to the standard I require
5. sense_key=capable%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=have the skills and qualifications to do things well | synonyms=able | examples=able teachers; a capable administrator

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "capable" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - "kalgebra is a mathematical calculator... Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML operations..."
 - The sentence structure is: "it is capable to make..."
 - However, looking at standard usage, "capable" is usually followed by "of" + gerund (capable of making), but here it's "capable to make"
 - The meaning is about having the ability/capacity to perform operations (arithmetic, logical) and represent graphs

 Candidate senses analysis:

 1. sense_key=capable%3:00:00:: | definition=(usually followed by `of') having capacity or ability | examples=capable of winning; capable of hard work
    - This sense is about having the ability or capacity to do something
    - The context says kalgebra is capable to make operations... (it has the ability)
    - Even though the syntax is "capable to" instead of "capable of", the semantic meaning aligns with having capacity/ability

 2. sense_key=capable%5:00:00:susceptible:00 | definition=possibly accepting or permitting | synonyms=open, subject | examples=a passage capable of misinterpretation
    - This is about being susceptible to something, open to interpretation
    - The context is not about being open to misinterpretation or permitting something in a passive sense
    - Doesn't fit

 3. sense_key=capable%3:00:02:: | definition=(followed by `of') having the temperament or inclination for | examples=no one believed her capable of murder
    - This is about temperament/inclination, usually for negative actions (murder)
    - The context is about software functionality, not temperament
    - Doesn't fit

 4. sense_key=capable%5:00:00:adequate:00 | definition=having the requisite qualities for | synonyms=adequate to, equal to, up to
    - This is about being adequate or equal to a task
    - While related, the context emphasizes ability/capacity to perform operations, not just being adequate
    - The gloss says "having the requisite qualities for" which is close but sense 1 seems more direct

 5. sense_key=capable%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=have the skills and qualifications to do things well | synonyms=able | examples=able teachers; a capable administrator
    - This is about being competent/skilled
    - The context is about software having capabilities/functions, not necessarily about being skilled or competent in the human sense
    - While "able" is a synonym, this sense seems more about competence/qualifications

 Comparing sense 1 and sense 5:
 - Sense 1: "having capacity or ability" - focuses on the potential/capacity
 - Sense 5: "have the skills and qualifications to do things well" - focuses on competence/being good at something

 The context describes what kalgebra can do (make operations, represent graphs) - it's about functional capacity/ability, not necessarily about being competent or skilled (which implies a level of quality/expertise).

 However, looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1 examples: "capable of winning", "capable of hard work" - these are about ability to do actions
 - Sense 5 examples: "able teachers", "capable administrator" - these are about competent people

 The subject here is software (kalgebra), which has the capacity/ability to perform certain operations. This aligns best with sense 1.

 Wait, I need to check the syntax. The context uses "capable to make" which is actually non-standard (should be "capable of making"), but this might be a non-native speaker writing or just a specific construction. The semantic content is clearly about ability/capacity.

 Actually, looking carefully at sense 1: "(usually followed by `of') having capacity or ability"
 And sense 5: "have the skills and qualifications to do things well"

 In computational/software contexts, when we say a program is "capable of" doing something, we usually mean it has the functionality/ability (sense 1), not that it is competent (sense 5).

 Also, sense 4 "adequate" doesn't fit well because the text isn't saying kalgebra is adequate for some standard, but rather listing what it can do.

 Therefore, sense 1 seems to be the best fit.

 Wait, I should reconsider the "to" vs "of" issue. The text says "capable to make" which might be influencing the sense. But looking at the WordNet senses, they specify:
 - Sense 1: followed by 'of'
 - Sense 3: followed by 'of'
 - Sense 2: doesn't specify but examples show "capable of"
 - Sense 4: "adequate to" (but this is the adjective phrase)
 - Sense 5: doesn't specify preposition

 Actually, looking at sense 4: the definition includes "adequate to" and synonyms include "equal to, up to". The example is "equal to the task".

 But the context is "capable to make" - if we parse this as "capable" + "to make", it's ungrammatical in standard English (should be "capable of making"), but if we view it as the software having the capability to perform these operations, it's clearly about ability.

 Let me check if there's any sense that takes "to" infinitive. Standard WordNet entries for "capable" usually all take "of". The use of "to" here might be an error in the source text or a specific dialect, but the meaning is clearly about ability/capacity.

 Between sense 1 and sense 5:
 - Sense 1 is the core sense of having ability/capacity
 - Sense 5 is about being competent/qualified

 For software, having the ability to do math operations is a statement of functional capacity (sense 1), not necessarily a statement about the software being competent or skilled (which would anthropomorphize it more).

 Actually, looking at the definition of sense 5 again: "have the skills and qualifications to do things well" - this really applies to people/animals with skills. Software doesn't have skills in that sense, though we might metaphorically say it does.

 Sense 1 "having capacity or ability" applies to both animate and inanimate subjects. A tool can have the capacity/ability to do something.

 So sense 1 is the best choice.

 Index 1 corresponds to sense_key=capable%3:00:00::

 Wait, I need to make sure about the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=...
 2. sense_key=...
 3. sense_key=...
 4. sense_key=...
 5. sense_key=...

 So I should return {"sense_index": 1}

 But let me double-check sense 4. "Having the requisite qualities for" - could this fit? "It is capable to make simple operations" - could mean "it has the requisite qualities to make simple operations"? It's possible, but sense 1 is more direct about the capacity to perform actions.

 Also, the examples for sense 4 focus on "equal to the task", "up to the standard" - comparative adequacy. The context here is just listing capabilities, not comparing to a standard.

 So yes, sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: make
Context:
kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to <t>make</t> simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs. It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "make" in the given context.

Context analysis:
"kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs."

The key phrase is "make simple MathML operations". The subject is "kalgebra" (a software/calculator), and it is performing operations.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. engage in - examples: make love, make an effort. This could fit "make operations" as in "engage in operations", but let's check others.

2. give certain properties to something - doesn't fit well.

3. make or cause to be or to become - examples: make a mess, create a furor. "Make operations" could mean create operations, but "operations" here are calculations being performed, not created.

4. cause to do - doesn't fit.

5. give rise to - doesn't fit well.

6. create or manufacture a man-made product - This is about manufacturing physical products, not software operations.

7. make, formulate, or derive in the mind - "draw a conclusion" - doesn't fit.

8. compel or make somebody or something to act - doesn't fit.

9. create by artistic means - no.

10. earn - no.

11. create or design - examples: Do my room in blue. Not quite.

12. to compose or represent - examples: form, constitute. "The branches made a roof" - this is about forming/constituting something. Not quite right for operations.

13. reach a goal - no.

14. be or be capable of being changed - no.

15. make by shaping or bringing together constituents - make a dress, make a cake. Physical creation.

16. perform or carry out - examples: make a decision, make a move. This seems promising. "Make operations" could mean perform operations.

17. make by combining materials and parts - construct, build. Physical construction.

18. change from one form into another - no.

19. act in a certain way so as to acquire - make friends. No.

20. charge with a function - no.

21. achieve a point or goal - no.

22. reach a destination - no.

23. institute, enact, or establish - make laws. Close, but "make operations" isn't about establishing laws.

24. carry out or commit - make a mistake, commit a faux-pas. "Carry out" is similar to "perform".

25. form by assembling individuals - no.

26. organize or be responsible for - hold a reception. Could be "organize operations" but less likely than perform.

27. put in order or neaten - make the bed. No.

28. head into a specified direction - no.

29. have a bowel movement - no.

30. undergo fabrication - no.

31. be suitable for - no.

32. add up to - no.

33. amount to - no.

34. constitute the essence of - no.

35. appear to begin an activity - no.

36. proceed along a path - no.

37. reach in time - no.

38. gather and light the materials for - make a fire. No.

39. prepare for eating - cook. No.

40. induce to have sex - no.

41. assure the success of - no.

42. represent fictitiously - no.

43. consider as being - no.

44. calculate as being - no.

45. cause to be enjoyable - no.

46. favor the development of - no.

47. develop into - no.

48. behave in a certain way - make merry. No.

49. eliminate urine - no.

Now comparing sense 1 (engage in) and sense 16 (perform or carry out) and sense 24 (carry out or commit).

Sense 16: "perform or carry out" with examples "make a decision", "make a move".
Sense 24: "carry out or commit" with examples "make a mistake", "commit a faux-pas".
Sense 1: "engage in" with examples "make love", "make an effort".

The context is about a calculator performing mathematical operations. "Make simple MathML operations" means to perform/execute these operations.

Sense 16 seems the best fit: "perform or carry out".

Let me double-check sense 1. "Engage in" is broader. While "make an effort" fits "engage in", and "make operations" could be interpreted as "engage in operations", sense 16 is more specific to performing actions like decisions and moves, which are closer to mathematical operations.

Also, sense 24 is about committing mistakes or faux-pas, which has a negative connotation or specific to errors, not general operations.

Therefore, sense 16 (make%2:36:12::) is the best choice.

Wait, let me check sense 6 again: "create or manufacture a man-made product". The example says "The company has been making toys". This is about production.

Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" - "make a mess". This is about creating a state or condition.

Sense 16: "perform or carry out" - "make a decision". This is about executing an action.

Mathematical operations are actions performed by the calculator. So sense 16 is correct.

Actually, looking at WordNet structure, sense 16 corresponds to "perform or carry out" which is often used with words like "make a calculation", "make a computation", etc.

Yes, I'm confident with sense 16.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simple
Target surface form: simple
Context:
kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make <t>simple</t> MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs. It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "simple" in the given context. I need to analyze the context and match it to the best candidate sense.

Context analysis:
- The sentence is about "kalgebra" (a mathematical calculator)
- It says it can make "simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical)"
- The operations are described as "arithmetic and logical" which suggests basic, uncomplicated operations
- It contrasts with more complex capabilities (2D and 3D graphs are mentioned separately)
- The context suggests these are straightforward, not complicated operations

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
   - This seems relevant - "not complex or complicated or involved"
   - MathML operations that are arithmetic and logical fit "not complex"

2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
   - This also seems very relevant - "easy and not involved or complicated"
   - Synonyms include "elementary" and "uncomplicated"
   - The examples mention "elementary problem in statistics" which fits with mathematical operations

3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
   - This seems less relevant. It's about being bare/mere, not about complexity of operations.

4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed
   - Not relevant to mathematical operations.

5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety
   - Not relevant.

6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes...
   - This is specifically botanical, not relevant here.

7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity
   - This is about aesthetic simplicity (lack of ornamentation), not about complexity of operations.

Now between sense 1 and sense 2:

Sense 1: "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved"
Sense 2: "easy and not involved or complicated"

The key difference:
- Sense 1 focuses on structural simplicity (few parts)
- Sense 2 focuses on ease/difficulty (easy) and is marked as "easy:01" in the sense key

In the context of software capabilities and mathematical operations, "simple" typically means "not difficult" or "basic/elementary" rather than structurally having few parts. The phrase "simple MathML operations" suggests operations that are straightforward, easy to perform, uncomplicated - which aligns with sense 2 (easy:01).

However, looking at the examples for sense 1: "a simple problem; simple mechanisms" - these could also fit.

But sense 2 specifically mentions "elementary" as a synonym, and "elementary" is commonly used for basic arithmetic operations. The example "an elementary problem in statistics" is very close to the context of mathematical operations.

Also, looking at the WordNet structure:
- sense 1 is %3:00:02 (adjective, position 00, sense 02)
- sense 2 is %5:00:00:easy:01 (adjective satellite, linked to easy)

In WordNet, "simple" as "easy" (sense 2) is often used for tasks/operations that are not difficult. "Simple" as "having few parts" (sense 1) is more about physical objects or structural composition.

Given that we're talking about software operations (arithmetic and logical), and the contrast is with more complex capabilities (2D/3D graphs), sense 2 seems most appropriate because:
1. It emphasizes ease/uncomplicated nature (easy)
2. It's about operations being elementary/uncomplicated
3. The context implies these are basic operations compared to more advanced features

Actually, looking more carefully at the sense keys:
- sense 1: simple%3:00:02::
- sense 2: simple%5:00:00:easy:01

In WordNet:
- 3 = adjective
- 5 = adjective satellite

Sense 2 is defined as "easy and not involved or complicated" with synonyms "elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic".

The context mentions "arithmetic and logical" operations which are typically considered "elementary" or "basic" in mathematics. This strongly supports sense 2.

Sense 1 "having few parts" is more structural. While operations can have few steps, the contrast with 2D/3D graphs suggests the difference is in complexity/difficulty level, not necessarily number of parts.

Therefore, sense 2 is the best choice.

Wait, I need to check if the indexing starts at 1 or 0. The candidate senses are numbered 1-7, so I should return the index number as listed.

Sense 2 is the second one in the list.

Let me double-check sense 1 vs sense 2 differentiation:

Sense 1 examples: "a simple problem; simple mechanisms"
Sense 2 examples: "an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson"

"Simple problem" could go either way, but "elementary problem in statistics" strongly aligns with mathematical operations context.

Also, the gloss for sense 2 emphasizes "easy" which fits software capabilities (easy to perform).

Therefore: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: operation
Target surface form: operations
Context:
kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML <t>operations</t> (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs. It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=operation%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being in effect or being operative | examples=that rule is no longer in operation
2. sense_key=operation%1:04:06:: | definition=a business especially one run on a large scale | examples=a large-scale farming operation; a multinational operation
3. sense_key=operation%1:04:03:: | definition=a planned activity involving many people performing various actions | examples=they organized a rescue operation; the biggest police operation in French history
4. sense_key=operation%1:22:00:: | definition=(computer science) data processing in which the result is completely specified by a rule (especially the processing that results from a single instruction) | examples=it can perform millions of operations per second
5. sense_key=operation%1:04:02:: | definition=activity by a military or naval force (as a maneuver or campaign) | synonyms=military operation | examples=it was a joint operation of the navy and air force
6. sense_key=operation%1:04:00:: | definition=a medical procedure involving an incision with instruments; performed to repair damage or arrest disease in a living body | synonyms=surgery, surgical operation, surgical procedure, surgical process | examples=they will schedule the operation as soon as an operating room is available; he died while undergoing surgery
7. sense_key=operation%1:04:05:: | definition=a process or series of acts especially of a practical or mechanical nature involved in a particular form of work | synonyms=procedure | examples=the operations in building a house; certain machine tool operations
8. sense_key=operation%1:22:01:: | definition=process or manner of functioning or operating | synonyms=functioning, performance | examples=the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds
9. sense_key=operation%1:09:00:: | definition=(psychology) the performance of some composite cognitive activity; an operation that affects mental contents | synonyms=process, cognitive process, mental process, cognitive operation | examples=the process of thinking; the cognitive operation of remembering
10. sense_key=operation%1:04:01:: | definition=(mathematics) calculation by mathematical methods | synonyms=mathematical process, mathematical operation | examples=the problems at the end of the chapter demonstrated the mathematical processes involved in the derivation; they were learning the basic operations of arithmetic
11. sense_key=operation%1:04:07:: | definition=the activity of operating something (a machine or business etc.) | examples=her smooth operation of the vehicle gave us a surprisingly comfortable ride

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "operations" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is about "kalgebra", a mathematical calculator
 - It mentions "simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical)"
 - It mentions the software can perform these operations
 - This is clearly about mathematical calculations

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. operation%1:26:00:: - state of being in effect/operative (doesn't fit)
 2. operation%1:04:06:: - business on large scale (doesn't fit)
 3. operation%1:04:03:: - planned activity involving many people (doesn't fit)
 4. operation%1:22:00:: - computer science: data processing by a rule/instruction (possible, but let's check others)
 5. operation%1:04:02:: - military/naval force (doesn't fit)
 6. operation%1:04:00:: - medical procedure/surgery (doesn't fit)
 7. operation%1:04:05:: - process/acts of practical/mechanical nature (possible, but less specific than 10)
 8. operation%1:22:01:: - process or manner of functioning (doesn't fit well)
 9. operation%1:09:00:: - psychology: cognitive activity (doesn't fit)
 10. operation%1:04:01:: - (mathematics) calculation by mathematical methods; synonyms: mathematical process, mathematical operation; examples mention "basic operations of arithmetic"
 11. operation%1:04:07:: - activity of operating something like machine (doesn't fit)

 Sense 10 explicitly mentions:
 - (mathematics) calculation by mathematical methods
 - synonyms: mathematical process, mathematical operation
 - examples: "they were learning the basic operations of arithmetic"

 The context explicitly mentions "arithmetic and logical" operations in a mathematical calculator context. This maps perfectly to sense 10.

 Sense 4 is about computer science data processing, which is close since this is software, but the specific mention of "arithmetic" and the mathematical context points more strongly to sense 10.

 Therefore, the best sense is 10 (operation%1:04:01::).

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 10}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: 3d
Target surface form: 3D
Context:
kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and <t>3D</t> graphs. It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=3-d%1:10:00:: | definition=a movie with images having three dimensional form or appearance | synonyms=three-D
2. sense_key=3-d%1:09:00:: | definition=having a three-dimensional form or appearance | synonyms=three-D | examples=aren't dreams always in 3-D?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target lemma "3d" with surface form "3D" in the given context.

Context analysis:
- The text is about "kalgebra", a mathematical calculator
- It mentions representing "2D and 3D graphs"
- This is clearly referring to two-dimensional and three-dimensional graphs/mathematical representations
- The context is mathematical/technical, not about movies or cinema

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=3-d%1:10:00:: - definition: a movie with images having three dimensional form or appearance (synonyms: three-D)
   - This is the cinematic/movie sense (like 3D movies)

2. sense_key=3-d%1:09:00:: - definition: having a three-dimensional form or appearance (synonyms: three-D, examples: aren't dreams always in 3-D?)
   - This is the general adjectival sense of having three dimensions
   - The example "aren't dreams always in 3-D?" suggests visual/ spatial three-dimensionality, not specifically movies

In the context:
- "3D graphs" refers to graphs with three dimensions (x, y, z axes)
- This is about mathematical visualization with depth/three dimensions
- It's not about movies (sense 1)
- It's about the property of having three dimensions (sense 2)

Sense 2 (3-d%1:09:00::) is the general adjectival sense of being three-dimensional.
Sense 1 (3-d%1:10:00::) is specifically about movies.

The context mentions "representate 2D and 3D graphs" - 2D means two-dimensional, 3D means three-dimensional. This matches sense 2 (having a three-dimensional form).

Therefore, the best sense is sense 2 (index 2).

Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists:
1. sense_key=3-d%1:10:00:: ...
2. sense_key=3-d%1:09:00:: ...

So sense 1 is the movie sense, sense 2 is the dimensional property sense.

The context is about mathematical graphs with three dimensions, so it should be sense 2.

But let me double-check the WordNet sense keys to make sure I understand the numbering correctly.
- 3-d%1:10:00:: - noun (1), artifact (10)? Actually, WordNet sense keys format: lemma%ss_type:lex_filenum:lex_id:head_word:head_id
- 1:10 usually refers to noun.artifact or similar? Actually:
  - 1 = noun
  - 2 = verb
  - 3 = adjective
  - 4 = adverb
  - 5 = adjective satellite

Wait, the format is: lemma%ss_type:lex_filenum:lex_id:head_word:head_id
Where ss_type is:
1=Noun, 2=Verb, 3=Adjective, 4=Adverb, 5=Adjective Satellite

So:
- 3-d%1:10:00:: = Noun (ss_type 1), lex_filenum 10 (noun.artifact?)
- 3-d%1:09:00:: = Noun (ss_type 1), lex_filenum 09 (noun.attribute? or noun.cognition?)

Actually, checking WordNet lexicographer file numbers:
- 09 = noun.attribute? No, usually:
  - 06 = noun.person
  - 09 = noun.attribute? Let me think...

Actually, standard WordNet lex file numbers:
- 00 = adj.all
- 01 = adj.pert
- 02 = adv.all
- 03 = noun.Tops
- 04 = noun.act
- 05 = noun.animal
- 06 = noun.artifact
- 07 = noun.attribute
- 08 = noun.body
- 09 = noun.cognition
- 10 = noun.communication
- 11 = noun.event
- 12 = noun.feeling
- 13 = noun.food
- 14 = noun.group
- 15 = noun.location
- 16 = noun.motive
- 17 = noun.object
- 18 = noun.person
- 19 = noun.phenomenon
- 20 = noun.plant
- 21 = noun.possession
- 22 = noun.process
- 23 = noun.quantity
- 24 = noun.relation
- 25 = noun.shape
- 26 = noun.state
- 27 = noun.substance
- 28 = noun.time
- 29 = verb.body
- 30 = verb.change
- 31 = verb.cognition
- 32 = verb.communication
- 33 = verb.competition
- 34 = verb.consumption
- 35 = verb.contact
- 36 = verb.creation
- 37 = verb.emotion
- 38 = verb.motion
- 39 = verb.perception
- 40 = verb.possession
- 41 = verb.social
- 42 = verb.stative
- 43 = verb.weather
- 44 = adj.ppl

Wait, for nouns:
- 03 = noun.Tops
- 04 = noun.act
- 05 = noun.animal
- 06 = noun.artifact
- 07 = noun.attribute
- 08 = noun.body
- 09 = noun.cognition? No, I think 09 is noun.attribute.
Actually:
- 06 = noun.artifact (man-made objects)
- 07 = noun.attribute (attributes of people and objects)
- 09 = noun.cognition? No...

Let me verify standard WordNet 3.0 lexicographer file numbers:
- noun.artifact = 06
- noun.attribute = 07
- noun.body = 08
- noun.cognition = 09? Actually, looking it up:
  - 03 noun.Tops
  - 04 noun.act
  - 05 noun.animal
  - 06 noun.artifact
  - 07 noun.attribute
  - 08 noun.body
  - 09 noun.cognition
  - 10 noun.communication
  - 11 noun.event
  - 12 noun.feeling
  - 13 noun.food
  - 14 noun.group
  - 15 noun.location
  - 16 noun.motive
  - 17 noun.object
  - 18 noun.person
  - 19 noun.phenomenon
  - 20 noun.plant
  - 21 noun.possession
  - 22 noun.process
  - 23 noun.quantity
  - 24 noun.relation
  - 25 noun.shape
  - 26 noun.state
  - 27 noun.substance
  - 28 noun.time

So:
- 3-d%1:10:00:: = noun.communication (10) - likely the movie as a form of communication/media
- 3-d%1:09:00:: = noun.cognition (09) - or wait, the definition says "having a three-dimensional form or appearance" which sounds like an attribute...

Actually, looking at the glosses provided:
1. "a movie with images having three dimensional form or appearance" - this is clearly the cinematic sense (noun.artifact or noun.communication)
2. "having a three-dimensional form or appearance" - this looks like it could be an adjective, but the sense key starts with 1 (noun). Wait, "having a..." suggests it might be a noun referring to the quality? Or maybe it's a nominalized adjective?

Actually, looking at WordNet 3.0:
- "3-D" or "3D" as a noun can mean:
  1. A movie with images having three dimensional form or appearance (hypernym: movie)
  2. Having a three-dimensional form or appearance (hypernym: appearance?)

Wait, if both are ss_type 1 (noun), then:
- Sense 1 (lex file 10 = noun.communication): a movie
- Sense 2 (lex file 09 = noun.cognition? No, that doesn't make sense for "having a three-dimensional form")

Actually, lex file 09 is noun.cognition (ideas, thoughts, etc.), which doesn't fit.
Lex file 07 is noun.attribute.
Lex file 25 is noun.shape.

But the sense key says 09... maybe I'm wrong about the file numbers, or maybe it's a different version.

Regardless, based on the definitions provided:
- Sense 1 = movie
- Sense 2 = having three-dimensional form (general)

Context: "3D graphs" in mathematics refers to graphs with three dimensions (x, y, z). This is the general three-dimensional sense, not the movie sense.

Therefore, sense 2 is correct.

The user asks for a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}. Since there are two candidates listed as 1 and 2, and sense 2 is the correct one, I should return {"sense_index": 2}.

Wait, I need to be careful. The user says "Choose the single best indexed sense" and the candidates are numbered 1 and 2. So the index refers to the numbering in the candidate list.

Candidate 1: movie sense
Candidate 2: dimensional property sense

Context: mathematical 3D graphs → dimensional property sense → Candidate 2.

So: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: actually
Target surface form: actually
Context:
kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs. It is <t>actually</t> not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra. kalgebra is a MathML based graph calculator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=actually%4:02:01:: | definition=in actual fact | synonyms=really | examples=to be nominally but not actually independent; no one actually saw the shark
2. sense_key=actually%4:02:00:: | definition=used to imply that one would expect the fact to be the opposite of that stated; surprisingly | synonyms=in reality | examples=you may actually be doing the right thing by walking out; she actually spoke Latin
3. sense_key=actually%4:02:03:: | definition=at the present moment | examples=the transmission screen shows the picture that is actually on the air
4. sense_key=actually%4:02:02:: | definition=as a sentence modifier to add slight emphasis | examples=actually, we all help clear up after a meal; actually, I haven't seen the film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "actually" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 "kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs. It is <t>actually</t> not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra. kalgebra is a MathML based graph calculator."

 The sentence containing "actually": "It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra."

 Let's analyze the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=actually%4:02:01:: | definition=in actual fact | synonyms=really | examples=to be nominally but not actually independent; no one actually saw the shark
    - This sense implies "truly" or "in reality" - emphasizing factual reality.
    - Example: "no one actually saw the shark" (in reality/truth)

 2. sense_key=actually%4:02:00:: | definition=used to imply that one would expect the fact to be the opposite of that stated; surprisingly | synonyms=in reality | examples=you may actually be doing the right thing by walking out; she actually spoke Latin
    - This sense implies contrast with expectation, surprise, or "contrary to what might be expected."
    - Example: "she actually spoke Latin" (surprisingly/one wouldn't expect it)

 3. sense_key=actually%4:02:03:: | definition=at the present moment | examples=the transmission screen shows the picture that is actually on the air
    - This sense means "currently" or "now."

 4. sense_key=actually%4:02:02:: | definition=as a sentence modifier to add slight emphasis | examples=actually, we all help clear up after a meal; actually, I haven't seen the film
    - This is a discourse marker, often at the beginning of a sentence, adding emphasis or correcting/clarifying.

 Now let's look at the specific context: "It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra."

 The context explains that kalgebra is based on MathML language, but then states that it's "actually not necessary" to know MathML to use it.

 This seems to convey a sense of contrast or surprise. The expectation might be that since it's based on MathML, you would need to know MathML to use it. But the sentence says the opposite - it's actually (contrary to expectation) not necessary.

 This matches sense 2: "used to imply that one would expect the fact to be the opposite of that stated; surprisingly"

 However, let's consider sense 1 ("in actual fact"). Could it be just emphasizing reality?
 "It is really not necessary..." vs "It is surprisingly not necessary..."

 Given the context: kalgebra is described as based on MathML, which might suggest technical knowledge is required. The sentence then clarifies that contrary to this expectation, you don't need to know MathML. This fits sense 2 well.

 Let's check the examples for sense 2:
 - "you may actually be doing the right thing by walking out" (contrary to what might seem/expect)
 - "she actually spoke Latin" (surprisingly)

 Sense 1 examples:
 - "to be nominally but not actually independent" (in name but not in fact/reality)
 - "no one actually saw the shark" (truly/really)

 In our sentence: "It is actually not necessary..."
 The contrast here is between expectation (based on the fact that it's a MathML-based calculator) and reality (you don't need to know MathML). This aligns with sense 2.

 However, sometimes "actually" in this position can also function as an emphasizer (similar to sense 4 but not at sentence beginning). But sense 4 specifically mentions "as a sentence modifier" and the examples show it at the beginning of sentences.

 Actually, looking more carefully:

 Sense 4: "as a sentence modifier to add slight emphasis" - usually at the beginning: "Actually, we all help..."
 In our case, "actually" is in the middle: "It is actually not necessary..."

 Sense 1 vs Sense 2:
 Sense 1: "in actual fact" - used to assert truth/reality
 Sense 2: implies expectation of opposite, surprisingly

 In the sentence: "It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra."

 Given that the previous sentence described it as "based on content markup MathML language" and capable of MathML operations, one might expect MathML knowledge to be required. The use of "actually" here signals that despite this expectation, it is not necessary. This is sense 2.

 Sense 3 (at the present moment) clearly doesn't fit.

 Let me double-check sense 1. Could it be "it is in actual fact not necessary..."?
 This would just be asserting the reality of the situation without necessarily implying contrast with expectation.

 But given the flow: "It is based on MathML... It is actually not necessary to know MathML..." - there's a contrast between being based on MathML and not needing to know it. This contrastive/surprising element makes sense 2 better.

 Wait, looking at WordNet sense keys and their standard meanings:
 actually%4:02:00:: is typically the "contrary to expectation" sense
 actually%4:02:01:: is typically the "in fact/reality" (emphatic) sense
 actually%4:02:02:: is the discourse marker/sentence adverb
 actually%4:02:03:: is temporal (currently)

 In many disambiguation tasks, the distinction between sense 1 and sense 2 can be subtle. But the key differentiator is whether there's an implication of unexpectedness or contrast with expectation.

 The sentence structure "It is actually not..." where "actually" softens or contrasts with an implied expectation strongly suggests sense 2 (the opposite/contrary expectation sense).

 Also, looking at the gloss for sense 2: "used to imply that one would expect the fact to be the opposite of that stated"
 The stated fact: "not necessary to know MathML"
 Expected opposite: "necessary to know MathML" (because it's a MathML based calculator)
 This fits perfectly.

 Therefore, the best sense is 2.

 Wait, but let me reconsider sense 4. Could it be modifying the whole sentence for emphasis? "Actually, it is not necessary..." But it's positioned as "It is actually not necessary..." not "Actually, it is not necessary..." Though it could still be functioning similarly.

 However, sense 4 examples show it as a sentence modifier (disjunct), typically set off by commas or at the beginning. "It is actually not necessary" - here "actually" seems to modify the predicate "not necessary" rather than the whole sentence as an afterthought.

 Between sense 1 and 2, I think sense 2 is better because of the contrast with the preceding information about it being MathML-based.

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet disambiguation guidelines:
 - Sense 1 (actually%4:02:01::): used to indicate that something is true in reality, especially when contrasted with appearance or expectation, but more neutral/assertive
 - Sense 2 (actually%4:02:00::): specifically for expressing surprise or counter-expectation

 But wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=actually%4:02:01::
 2. sense_key=actually%4:02:00::
 3. sense_key=actually%4:02:03::
 4. sense_key=actually%4:02:02::

 So the index numbers provided (1, 2, 3, 4) correspond to:
 1: %4:02:01::
 2: %4:02:00::
 3: %4:02:03::
 4: %4:02:02::

 In the standard WordNet 3.0 database:
 - actually%4:02:00:: - used to imply that one would expect the fact to be the opposite of that stated; surprisingly
 - actually%4:02:01:: - in actual fact
 - actually%4:02:02:: - as a sentence modifier to add slight emphasis
 - actually%4:02:03:: - at the present moment

 But the user has labeled them:
 1. %4:02:01:: (in actual fact)
 2. %4:02:00:: (opposite of stated/expectation)
 3. %4:02:03:: (present moment)
 4. %4:02:02:: (sentence modifier)

 So if I choose sense 2 (the one labeled "2" by the user), that corresponds to %4:02:00:: which is the "contrary to expectation" sense.

 Given the context, this seems correct. The expectation is that you'd need to know MathML (since it's based on MathML), but actually (contrary to expectation) you don't.

 Final check: Could it be sense 1 (in actual fact)?
 "It is in actual fact not necessary..."
 This is possible but weaker. The contrastive reading is stronger and more communicatively salient here.

 I will go with sense_index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: necessary
Target surface form: necessary
Context:
kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs. It is actually not <t>necessary</t> to know MathML to use kalgebra. kalgebra is a MathML based graph calculator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=necessary%3:00:00:: | definition=absolutely essential
2. sense_key=necessary%5:00:00:inevitable:00 | definition=unavoidably determined by prior circumstances | examples=the necessary consequences of one's actions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "necessary" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The sentence is: "It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra."
 - The meaning here is that knowing MathML is not required/essential/needed to use kalgebra.
 - It's talking about whether something is required or essential for a particular purpose.

 Candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=necessary%3:00:00:: | definition=absolutely essential
    - This sense refers to something being essential, required, or needed.
    - In the context: "not necessary to know MathML" = "not essential to know MathML" = "not required to know MathML"
    - This fits perfectly.

 2. sense_key=necessary%5:00:00:inevitable:00 | definition=unavoidably determined by prior circumstances | examples=the necessary consequences of one's actions
    - This sense refers to inevitability, logical necessity, or causal determination.
    - Example given: "necessary consequences" - meaning inevitable outcomes
    - In the context, knowing MathML is not being described as an inevitable consequence or logically determined outcome.
    - The context is about requirements/needs, not inevitability or causal determination.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}

 Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=necessary%3:00:00:: ...
 2. sense_key=necessary%5:00:00:inevitable:00 ...

 So sense_index should be 1.

 Let me verify the WordNet senses for "necessary":
 - Sense 1 (adj): absolutely essential (as in "necessary supplies")
 - Sense 2 (adj): unavoidably determined by prior circumstances (as in "necessary consequences")

 Yes, the context "not necessary to know" clearly means "not required/essential", not "not inevitable".

 So the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs. It is actually not necessary to <t>know</t> MathML to use kalgebra. kalgebra is a MathML based graph calculator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "know" in the given context.

Context analysis:
- The sentence is: "It is actually not necessary to <t>know</t> MathML to use kalgebra."
- The context is about a mathematical calculator (kalgebra) that uses MathML language.
- The meaning is that users don't need to possess knowledge or understanding of MathML in order to use the software.

Candidate sense analysis:

1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: - "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about"
   - Examples: "I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!"
   - This seems to fit: "possess knowledge or information about MathML"

2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: - "know how to do or perform something"
   - Examples: "She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?"
   - This implies having a skill. While related, the context emphasizes not needing to possess knowledge about MathML (the language), not necessarily the skill to perform actions with it, though they are close.

3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: - "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt"
   - Examples: "I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun"
   - This is about certainty of facts/truths. Not quite right here.

4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: - "be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object"
   - Examples: "She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?"
   - This is about familiarity with persons/objects. MathML is a language/markup, so this could fit, but sense 1 seems more about factual knowledge.

5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: - "have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations"
   - Examples: "I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?"
   - This is about experiencing emotions/sensations. Not applicable.

6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: - "accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority"
   - Not applicable.

7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: - "have fixed in the mind"
   - Examples: "I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs"
   - This is about having learned/memorized something. This is a strong candidate - knowing a language (Latin) is similar to knowing MathML (a markup language).

8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: - sexual intercourse. Not applicable.

9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: - "know the nature or character of"
   - Examples: "we all knew her as a big show-off"
   - Not quite right.

10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: - "be able to distinguish, recognize as being different"
    - Not applicable.

11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: - "perceive as familiar"
    - Examples: "I know this voice!"
    - This is about recognition/familiarity.

Comparing sense 1 and sense 7:
- Sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about"
- Sense 7: "have fixed in the mind" - examples include knowing Latin, knowing irregular verbs.

The context says "not necessary to know MathML". MathML is a language (like Latin in the example for sense 7). However, sense 7 is specifically about having something fixed in the mind (memorized/learned).

But looking at the examples for sense 1: "I know that the President lied" - this is propositional knowledge.
Sense 7 examples: "I know Latin" - this is knowledge of a subject/language.

Actually, looking carefully at WordNet:
- Sense 1 (know%2:31:01::) is often the generic "be aware of" sense.
- Sense 7 (know%2:31:15::) is specifically about having learned/committed to memory.

But in the context "not necessary to know MathML", it means not necessary to have knowledge of MathML, not necessarily memorized it specifically.

However, looking at the examples for sense 7: "I know Latin" - this is exactly parallel to "know MathML". MathML is a language (markup language).

But wait, sense 4 is "be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object" - examples include "She doesn't know this composer".

Let me reconsider the WordNet senses more carefully.

In WordNet 3.0/3.1:
- know%2:31:01:: is usually the sense "know, cognize, cognise" - be cognizant or aware of a fact or specific piece of information.
- know%2:31:00:: is "know" - be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object.
- know%2:31:15:: is "know" - have fixed in the mind.

The example "I know Latin" for sense 15 (which is index 7 in the list provided) suggests that knowing a language falls under sense 15.

But sense 1 is very general: "possess knowledge or information about".

Actually, looking at the sentence: "It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra."

This means: you don't need to possess knowledge about MathML.

Between sense 1 (possess knowledge or information about) and sense 7 (have fixed in the mind - e.g., know Latin), which is better?

Sense 7 seems more specific to knowing a subject or language (like Latin). MathML is a markup language, so knowing MathML is similar to knowing Latin or knowing irregular verbs.

However, sense 1 is broader and covers "possess knowledge or information about". The examples for sense 1 are about knowing facts (that the President lied, who is winning).

Sense 7 examples: "I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs" - this is about knowing a body of knowledge/subject.

Given that MathML is a language/system of knowledge, sense 7 seems most appropriate.

But let me check if there's a sense about knowing how to do something (sense 2 in the list: know%2:31:03:: - know how to do or perform something). The example is "She knows how to knit". This is about skills/procedural knowledge.

Knowing MathML could be interpreted as knowing how to use it (procedural), but the context suggests knowing the language itself (declarative knowledge).

Actually, looking at the sentence again: "not necessary to know MathML" - this is ambiguous between:
1. Not necessary to be aware of MathML's existence (sense 1)
2. Not necessary to know how to write MathML (sense 2 - skill)
3. Not necessary to have learned MathML (sense 7)
4. Not necessary to be familiar with MathML (sense 4)

Given that kalgebra is based on MathML but users don't need to know it, it implies users don't need to understand or be familiar with the MathML language itself.

Sense 4: "be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object" - MathML is an object (a language).
Sense 7: "have fixed in the mind" - know Latin.

In WordNet, "knowing a language" is typically sense 7 (have fixed in the mind). For example, "I know French" would be sense 7.

But sense 1 is also possible as a general "possess knowledge about".

However, looking at the fine-grained distinctions:
- Sense 1 is about being cognizant of specific facts/information.
- Sense 7 is about having a body of knowledge fixed in the mind (like a language).

The context emphasizes that the calculator is based on MathML but users don't need to know it (the language). This is similar to saying "You can use this translation software without knowing French."

Therefore, sense 7 (index 7 in the list: know%2:31:15::) seems the best fit.

Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01::
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03::
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02::
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00::
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04::
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06::
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15::
8. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: (wait, this is duplicate? No, looking again...)

Actually, looking at the list:
1. know%2:31:01::
2. know%2:31:03::
3. know%2:31:02::
4. know%2:31:00::
5. know%2:31:04::
6. know%2:31:06::
7. know%2:31:15::
8. know%2:35:00::
9. know%2:31:11::
10. know%2:31:12::
11. know%2:31:14::

So sense 7 in the list is know%2:31:15:: "have fixed in the mind".

But I should verify if sense 1 could be better. "Be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information" - MathML is not a fact, it's a language/system.

Sense 4: "be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object" - MathML could be considered an object.

However, the example for sense 4 is about knowing a composer or a sister (persons). While it says "person or an object", the examples emphasize persons.

Sense 7 explicitly mentions knowing Latin (a language), which is the closest parallel to knowing MathML (a markup language).

Therefore, index 7 is the best choice.

But let me reconsider sense 2: "know how to do or perform something". Could "know MathML" mean "know how to use/write MathML"? Yes, that's possible. But the example "She knows how to knit" suggests a procedural skill. Knowing a language is more than just a skill; it's having knowledge of vocabulary, grammar, etc. fixed in the mind.

Also, sense 7's definition "have fixed in the mind" with the example "I know Latin" strongly suggests this is the sense for knowing languages/subjects.

Therefore, I choose index 7.

Wait, I need to be careful. The instruction says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

So I should return {"sense_index": 7}.

But let me double-check if there's any other interpretation.

Could it be sense 1? "possess knowledge or information about" - yes, this is also true. You don't need to possess knowledge about MathML.

But sense 7 is more specific to the type of knowledge (a subject/language learned), while sense 1 is more general (awareness of facts).

In WSD tasks, we usually prefer the more specific sense when the context fits. Since MathML is a language (like Latin), and sense 7 specifically covers knowing languages (as shown by the example), sense 7 is better.

Also, sense 1 examples are propositional: "I know that..." whereas sense 7 examples are "I know [subject]".

The target usage is "know MathML" (direct object, no "that"), similar to "know Latin".

Therefore, index 7 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: use
Context:
kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs. It is actually not necessary to know MathML to <t>use</t> kalgebra. kalgebra is a MathML based graph calculator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "use" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is about "kalgebra", a mathematical calculator based on MathML
 - It says "It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra"
 - This means: one does not need to know MathML in order to operate/utilize/employ kalgebra

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
 - This fits well. "Use kalgebra" means to put kalgebra into service, employ it for its purpose (as a calculator).

 2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
 - This implies habitual consumption, like drugs. Not fitting for using a software application in this context.

 3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
 - This means to exhaust or deplete. Not fitting here.

 4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
 - This implies exploiting or taking advantage of something/someone for personal gain. Not the meaning here.

 5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
 - This is more about following or practicing something. While "avail oneself of" is close, the examples suggest abstract principles or religions, not tools/software.

 6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week...
 - This is specifically for "used to" construction, which is not the case here (infinitive "to use").

 The best fit is sense 1: "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose". This is the standard sense of utilizing a tool or software.

 The context is about employing the software kalgebra for its intended purpose (calculations, graphing), without needing to know the underlying MathML language.

 Therefore, the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: now
Target surface form: now
Context:
kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs. It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra. kalgebra is a MathML based graph calculator. Although it was initially MathML oriented it can <t>now</t> be used by everyone with little mathematical knowledge. Here's a screenshot of kalgebra main window

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "now" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about kalgebra, a mathematical calculator
 - It mentions "Nowadays it is capable..."
 - Then: "Although it was initially MathML oriented it can now be used by everyone with little mathematical knowledge."

 The target word "now" appears in the phrase: "it can now be used by everyone"

 Let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: - "in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events" - Examples involve narrating past events using present tense ("President Kennedy now calls..."). This is about historical present tense narration. The context here is not telling a story in historical present; it's describing the current state of software.

 2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: - "in these times; - Nancy Mitford" - synonyms: nowadays, today - Examples: "it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles..." This seems to mean "in the present time/era" as opposed to past times.

 3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: - "used to preface a command or reproof or request" - Examples: "now hear this!; now pay attention" - This is clearly different from the usage in the text.

 4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: - "at the present moment" - synonyms: at present - Examples: "goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator" - This refers to the current moment/state.

 5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: - "without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening" - synonyms: immediately, instantly... - This implies immediacy in action, like answering immediately.

 6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: - "(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity" - Example: "Now the next problem is..." - This is discourse marker usage.

 7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: - "in the immediate past" - Example: "told me just now" - This means "a moment ago".

 Now, looking at the specific sentence: "Although it was initially MathML oriented it can now be used by everyone with little mathematical knowledge."

 This is contrasting the past ("initially") with the present time. The word "now" here means "currently" or "at the present time" as opposed to the past.

 Let me compare sense 2 and sense 4 more carefully:

 Sense 2: "in these times; - Nancy Mitford" - This is more general, referring to the current era/times (like "nowadays"). The synonym is "nowadays, today".

 Sense 4: "at the present moment" - This is more immediate, referring to the current state. Synonym: "at present".

 The context mentions "Nowadays it is capable..." earlier in the text, which clearly corresponds to sense 2 (nowadays).

 Then later: "it can now be used..."

 Both sense 2 and sense 4 could potentially fit, but let's look at the distinctions:

 Sense 2 (now%4:02:00::) is glossed as "in these times" and has examples like "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets" - this is a general statement about current times vs past.

 Sense 4 (now%4:02:04::) is glossed as "at the present moment" with examples like "goods now on sale" - this seems more about the current state.

 However, looking at the contrast drawn in the sentence: "Although it was initially MathML oriented it can now be used..."

 This is contrasting the initial state (past) with the current state (present). The meaning is "nowadays" or "at present" - referring to the current time period.

 But wait, let me look at the examples for sense 2 again: "it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets"

 And sense 4: "goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator"

 The usage "can now be used" seems closer to the general "in these times" (sense 2) or "at the present moment" (sense 4)?

 Actually, looking carefully, sense 2 explicitly has the synonym "nowadays" and the example "we now rarely see..." - the word "now" here functions to contrast with the past over a period of time.

 The sentence is saying that in the past it was MathML-oriented, but currently/presently it can be used by everyone. This temporal contrast suggests sense 2 ("nowadays") or sense 4 ("at present").

 But sense 2 is specifically about "in these times" which is synonymous with "nowadays". The text actually uses "Nowadays" at the beginning of the second sentence, and then later uses "now" in the specific sentence in question.

 Wait, the sentence is: "Although it was initially MathML oriented it can now be used by everyone..."

 This is indicating a change from the past to the present state. This is similar to "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles" - which is example for sense 2.

 However, sense 4 "at the present moment" also fits. But sense 4 examples include "goods now on sale" and "the now-aging dictator" which describe current states.

 Let me check WordNet definitions more carefully. Usually, sense 2 (now%4:02:00::) is the "nowadays" sense - referring to the current era. Sense 4 (now%4:02:04::) is the "at the present moment" sense.

 The distinction is often:
 - Sense 2: temporal, contrasting with the past broadly (nowadays)
 - Sense 4: referring to the current point in time (at present)

 In this context: "it can now be used" - this is about the current capability of the software, contrasting with its initial state. This is similar to "We now have the technology" or "It is now possible".

 Actually, looking at the examples:
 Sense 2: "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles" - this is about frequency in current times vs past.
 Sense 4: "goods now on sale" - this is about current availability.

 But there's also sense 1 which is historical present...

 Let me reconsider sense 5: "without delay" - that's clearly not it.

 Sense 6: "in the immediate past" - that's "just now", not applicable.

 Sense 7: transitional - not applicable.

 So it's between 2 and 4.

 Looking at the WordNet sense ordering, usually:
 now%4:02:00:: is the "nowadays" adverb
 now%4:02:04:: is the "at present" adverb

 The difference is subtle. In WSD tasks, "now" when contrasting with "then" or "initially" or "in the past" usually maps to sense 2 (nowadays/current times) when it's about general time periods, or sense 4 when it's about specific current moment.

 But in this context: "Although it was initially MathML oriented it can now be used..."

 This is a general statement about the present state vs past state. The word "nowadays" appears earlier in the text: "Nowadays it is capable..." which is definitely sense 2.

 The target "now" appears later: "it can now be used..."

 Actually, looking at the pattern "can now be used", this is very similar to the sense 2 example "we now rarely see..." - both indicate a current state contrasting with past.

 However, sense 4 might also be argued. But sense 2 explicitly includes the temporal contrast with past implied by "nowadays".

 Wait, I should check if sense 2 is actually the correct one. Let me look at the sense keys again:

 1. now%4:02:05:: - historical present
 2. now%4:02:00:: - nowadays, today
 3. now%4:02:02:: - command
 4. now%4:02:04:: - at present
 5. now%4:02:01:: - immediately
 6. now%4:02:07:: - transitional
 7. now%4:02:06:: - immediate past

 The index numbers after the colons indicate the order in WordNet. But the user asks for "sense_index" in the output. Looking at the list:
 1. sense_key=now%4:02:05::
 2. sense_key=now%4:02:00::
 3. sense_key=now%4:02:02::
 4. sense_key=now%4:02:04::
 5. sense_key=now%4:02:01::
 6. sense_key=now%4:02:07::
 7. sense_key=now%4:02:06::

 So the indices are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 corresponding to the list order.

 Now, which one fits best?

 The context is describing the current state of the software kalgebra. It says:
 1. "Nowadays it is capable..." (this is definitely sense 2)
 2. "It is actually not necessary..."
 3. "Although it was initially MathML oriented it can now be used by everyone..."

 The word "now" here contrasts with "initially" (in the past). It means "at the present time" or "currently".

 Between sense 2 (nowadays) and sense 4 (at the present moment):

 Sense 2 is for general temporal reference to the current era (nowadays).
 Sense 4 is for specific current moment or immediate present (at present).

 In the sentence "it can now be used", this is a general statement about current capability, not referring to this exact instant. It's synonymous with "nowadays" or "currently".

 Also, the fact that "Nowadays" appears earlier in the text suggests the text is using "now" in the same temporal sense (current times vs past).

 Moreover, sense 2 examples include "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles" which is exactly this type of usage - describing a current state that contrasts with the past.

 Sense 4 examples are "goods now on sale" (implying currently available) and "the now-aging dictator" (currently in the state of aging).

 But "can now be used" fits better with sense 2's "nowadays" meaning. However, both are close.

 Actually, looking at WordNet glosses:
 - Sense 2: "in these times" - Nancy Mitford example
 - Sense 4: "at the present moment"

 The phrase "can now be used" suggests that previously it couldn't be used by everyone, but currently it can. This is a change over time, which aligns with sense 2 (nowadays/in these times).

 However, many WSD systems would classify this as sense 4 (at present) because it's not explicitly about "these days" in a broad cultural sense, but about the current status.

 But wait, sense 2 is specifically the "nowadays" sense. The text uses "Nowadays" explicitly in the previous sentence. Then it uses "now" in the target sentence. They are clearly equivalent in this context.

 However, looking at the candidate list, sense 2 is index 2 (now%4:02:00::) and sense 4 is index 4 (now%4:02:04::).

 Let me reconsider if it could be sense 1 (historical present). The text is describing the software in descriptive prose, not narrating a sequence of past events in the historical present. So no.

 Sense 5 (immediately)? No.

 Sense 6 (in the immediate past)? No, "just now" would be the usage.

 Sense 7 (transitional)? No, it's not changing the subject.

 So it's between 2 and 4.

 The key distinction in WordNet:
 - now%4:02:00:: refers to the current time period in general (nowadays, today)
 - now%4:02:04:: refers to the present moment specifically (at present)

 In software descriptions: "It can now be used..." usually means "Currently/At present it can be used" (sense 4) or "Nowadays it can be used" (sense 2).

 But given that the text explicitly uses "Nowadays" earlier for the same type of temporal reference, and the structure "Although it was initially... it can now..." parallels "we now rarely see" (sense 2 example), I think sense 2 is the best fit.

 Actually, looking at the example for sense 2: "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets" - this is exactly the same construction: subject + now + verb + ...

 And sense 4 examples are noun phrases: "goods now on sale" (post-modifying noun), "the now-aging dictator" (pre-modifying adjective).

 So "can now be used" with the verb "be used" fits the sense 2 pattern better.

 Wait, "goods now on sale" - "now" post-modifies the noun? Actually it's "goods [now on sale]" - now is part of the participial phrase.

 But "can now be used" - "now" is an adverb modifying "be used".

 In "we now rarely see", "now" is an adverb modifying "see".

 So syntactically, "can now be used" is like "we now rarely see" - both have "now" as a sentence adverb or verb modifier indicating current time vs past.

 Therefore, sense 2 (nowadays/in these times) seems correct.

 But I want to double-check sense 4. Could "at the present moment" work? Yes, but the examples for sense 4 seem more about the immediate present or current status, while sense 2 is about the current era/time period contrasting with the past.

 Given the contrast with "initially" (in the past), sense 2 emphasizing the current time period as opposed to the past is perfect.

 I will go with sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: used
Context:
kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs. It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra. kalgebra is a MathML based graph calculator. Although it was initially MathML oriented it can now be <t>used</t> by everyone with little mathematical knowledge. Here's a screenshot of kalgebra main window

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "used" in the given context. The target lemma is "use" and the surface form is "used".

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about "kalgebra", a mathematical calculator based on MathML
- It says "Although it was initially MathML oriented it can now be used by everyone with little mathematical knowledge"
- This means that now everyone (even those with little mathematical knowledge) can utilize/employ this tool

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
   - This seems to fit: "it can now be used by everyone" = "it can now be put into service by everyone" or "employed by everyone"
   - The passive construction "be used by" fits well with this sense of utilizing or employing something for its purpose

2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
   - This is about habitual consumption, like drugs. Doesn't fit the context of using a calculator.

3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
   - This is about using up resources completely. Not fitting here.

4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
   - This is about exploiting something for personal advantage. The context doesn't suggest exploitation or achieving an end by using something to one's advantage in a manipulative way.

5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
   - This is about availing oneself to something, like practicing a religion. Not quite right for using a calculator.

6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall
   - This is the "used to" construction indicating past habitual actions. The target is "used" in "can now be used", which is passive voice, not the "used to" idiom.

So the best fit is sense 1: "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose"

The context says the calculator can now be "used by everyone" meaning it can be utilized or employed by everyone, even those with little mathematical knowledge. This matches sense 1 perfectly.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: little
Target surface form: little
Context:
kalgebra is a mathematical calculator based on content markup MathML language. Nowadays it is capable to make simple MathML operations (arithmetic and logical) and to representate 2D and 3D graphs. It is actually not necessary to know MathML to use kalgebra. kalgebra is a MathML based graph calculator. Although it was initially MathML oriented it can now be used by everyone with <t>little</t> mathematical knowledge. Here's a screenshot of kalgebra main window

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=little%3:00:01:: | definition=limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=small | examples=a little dining room; a little house
2. sense_key=little%3:00:03:: | definition=(quantifier used with mass nouns) small in quantity or degree; not much or almost none or (with `a') at least some | synonyms=slight | examples=little rain fell in May; gave it little thought
3. sense_key=little%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=(of children and animals) young, immature | synonyms=small | examples=what a big little boy you are; small children
4. sense_key=little%5:00:00:unimportant:00 | definition=(informal) small and of little importance | synonyms=fiddling, footling, lilliputian, niggling, piddling, piffling | examples=a fiddling sum of money; a footling gesture
5. sense_key=little%5:00:00:soft:04 | definition=(of a voice) faint | synonyms=small | examples=a little voice; a still small voice
6. sense_key=little%3:00:00:: | definition=low in stature; not tall | synonyms=short | examples=he was short and stocky; short in stature
7. sense_key=little%5:00:00:lowercase:00 | definition=lowercase | synonyms=minuscule, small | examples=little a; small a
8. sense_key=little%5:00:00:emotional:00 | definition=small in a way that arouses feelings (of tenderness or its opposite depending on the context) | examples=a nice little job; bless your little heart

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "little" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The sentence is: "Although it was initially MathML oriented it can now be used by everyone with <t>little</t> mathematical knowledge."
 - The meaning here is that you don't need much mathematical knowledge to use it - only a small amount is required.
 - "mathematical knowledge" is a mass noun (uncountable), referring to the amount/quantity of knowledge.

 Candidate senses analysis:
 1. sense_key=little%3:00:01:: - "limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent" - This is for physical size or countable things (dining room, house). Not quite right for knowledge.
 2. sense_key=little%3:00:03:: - "(quantifier used with mass nouns) small in quantity or degree; not much or almost none or (with `a') at least some" - This fits perfectly. "mathematical knowledge" is a mass noun, and the meaning is "not much" knowledge.
 3. sense_key=little%5:00:00:young:00 - "young, immature" - Not applicable here.
 4. sense_key=little%5:00:00:unimportant:00 - "small and of little importance" - While knowledge could be unimportant, the context emphasizes the amount/quantity of knowledge needed, not its importance.
 5. sense_key=little%5:00:00:soft:04 - "(of a voice) faint" - Not applicable.
 6. sense_key=little%3:00:00:: - "low in stature; not tall" - Physical height, not applicable.
 7. sense_key=little%5:00:00:lowercase:00 - "lowercase" - Not applicable.
 8. sense_key=little%5:00:00:emotional:00 - "small in a way that arouses feelings" - Not applicable.

 The best fit is sense 2: "little%3:00:03::" which is specifically for mass nouns indicating small quantity or degree.

 Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=little%3:00:01::
 2. sense_key=little%3:00:03::
 3. sense_key=little%5:00:00:young:00
 4. sense_key=little%5:00:00:unimportant:00
 5. sense_key=little%5:00:00:soft:04
 6. sense_key=little%3:00:00::
 7. sense_key=little%5:00:00:lowercase:00
 8. sense_key=little%5:00:00:emotional:00

 So sense 2 is the one with definition "(quantifier used with mass nouns) small in quantity or degree..."

 The context: "little mathematical knowledge" - knowledge is a mass noun, and it means a small amount/degree of knowledge.

 Therefore, the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.