[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: Labor
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World <t>Labor</t> Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "Labor" (capitalized in the text as "<t>Labor</t>") in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text mentions "The World <t>Labor</t> Organisation"
 - This refers to an international organization
 - The context discusses wages, immigrants, workers, economic growth, social systems, and public budgets
 - The organization is estimating financial contributions of immigrants to public budgets

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: - a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages (synonyms: labour, working class, proletariat)
    - This refers to the class of workers, not an organization.

 2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: - productive work (especially physical work done for wages) (synonyms: labour, toil)
    - This refers to work itself, not an organization.

 3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: - concluding state of pregnancy (synonyms: parturiency, labour, confinement...)
    - Clearly not relevant here.

 4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: - an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement (synonyms: labor movement, trade union movement)
    - This refers to the labor movement, not a specific organization named "World Labor Organisation".

 5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: - a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900... (synonyms: British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour)
    - This is specifically the British Labour Party, not the "World Labor Organisation".

 6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: - the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 (synonyms: Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL)
    - This is the US Department of Labor. The text mentions "World Labor Organisation" which sounds like it could be the International Labour Organization (ILO), but the sense here is specifically the US federal department.

 Wait, let me reconsider. The text says "World Labor Organisation". In reality, this is likely referring to the International Labour Organization (ILO), which is a United Nations agency.

 But looking at the WordNet senses provided:
 - Sense 6 is specifically the US Department of Labor ("the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States")
 - Sense 4 is the labor movement/trade union movement
 - Sense 5 is the British Labour Party

 None of these exactly match "World Labor Organisation" which would be an international organization. However, looking at the pattern, "World Labor Organisation" is likely being used to refer to an organization dealing with labor issues.

 Actually, looking more carefully at the context: "The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany..." - this suggests an international body that studies labor markets across countries.

 But among the given options, which is the best fit?

 Sense 6 (Department of Labor) is specifically US-based.
 Sense 4 is the labor movement.
 Sense 1 is the working class.
 Sense 2 is work itself.

 Wait, I need to look at the sense keys more carefully. The sense keys follow the format: labor%1:14:01:: etc.

 Let me reconsider the text. "The World Labor Organisation" - in many European contexts, this might be referring to the ILO (International Labour Organization), but written as "World Labor Organisation" in the text.

 However, looking at the available senses, none explicitly mention an international organization. But sense 6 mentions "the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States".

 But the text mentions Germany, so it can't be the US Department of Labor if it's talking about Germany specifically, unless it's comparing data. But "World Labor Organisation" suggests a global entity.

 Let me reconsider if there's any other interpretation. Could "Labor" here refer to the Labor Party? No, because it says "World Labor Organisation", not "Labor Party".

 Could it be sense 4: "an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action... or the leaders of this movement"? No, that doesn't fit "Organisation" well.

 Could it be sense 1: "a social class"? No, "World Labor Organisation" clearly refers to an organization.

 Actually, looking at the real world, there is no "World Labor Organisation" - there's the International Labour Organization (ILO). But in the context of this WSD task, I have to choose from the given senses.

 Let me look at the examples and synonyms again:

 Sense 6: synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL. Definition: the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913.

 This is clearly US-specific.

 But the text mentions Germany. However, international organizations can report on various countries.

 Wait, is it possible that "World Labor Organisation" is a fictional or alternative name used in the text for the ILO, and the closest WordNet sense is sense 6, treating it as a metonym or organization type?

 Or perhaps I should look at whether "Labor" here refers to the concept of labor/workforce in general, modified by "World" and "Organisation"?

 Actually, looking at the structure: "The World Labor Organisation" - this is a proper noun referring to a specific organization.

 Among the choices:
 - Sense 6 is the only one that refers to a specific governmental/organizational entity dealing with labor.
 - Even though it's defined as the US department, WordNet senses can sometimes be used metonymically or the definition might be schematic as the instructions say.

 But wait, looking at sense 4 again: "an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement" - synonyms: labor movement, trade union movement.

 This is not a specific organization with "Organisation" in its name.

 Sense 5 is specifically the British Labour Party.

 Sense 1 is a social class.

 Sense 2 is work.

 Sense 3 is childbirth.

 Sense 7 is any piece of work/undertaking.

 So the only one that refers to an organization is sense 6 (Department of Labor) or possibly sense 5 (Labour Party) or sense 4 (labor movement).

 Given that it's called "World Labor Organisation", and it's estimating things about Germany and immigrants, and it's distinct from the British Labour Party (sense 5) and the US Department of Labor (sense 6)...

 Actually, in reality, the ILO (International Labour Organization) is often referred to in various ways. But strictly among the WordNet senses provided, sense 6 is the closest to an official organization dealing with labor statistics and policy, even though it's US-specific in the definition.

 But there's a problem: the text mentions Germany, and the US Department of Labor doesn't typically estimate lifetime contributions for German immigrants. The ILO would.

 However, looking at the constraints: I must choose from the given senses. The instructions say "WordNet glosses are schematic". This suggests that the gloss might not capture all nuances, and I should look at the core meaning.

 The core meaning of sense 6 is a government department dealing with labor.
 The core meaning of sense 4 is the labor movement.
 The core meaning of sense 1 is the working class.

 "World Labor Organisation" is most likely referring to the ILO. In WordNet, the ILO might not be explicitly listed, but sense 6 (Department of Labor) is the only governmental agency sense.

 But actually, looking at WordNet 3.0 or 3.1, there might be a sense for the ILO. Let me think... WordNet does have the ILO as a separate entry usually, but here it's not listed among the candidates.

 Wait, looking at the candidates again:
 1. labor%1:14:00:: - working class
 2. labor%1:04:00:: - productive work
 3. labor%1:26:00:: - childbirth
 4. labor%1:14:04:: - labor movement
 5. labor%1:14:02:: - British Labour Party
 6. labor%1:14:01:: - Department of Labor (US)
 7. labor%1:04:01:: - undertaking/project

 None explicitly mention the ILO.

 However, in many contexts, "Labor" when referring to an organization in the context of international labor standards might be interpreted as sense 6 by extension, or perhaps the text is using "World Labor Organisation" to refer to the ILO, and among the given options, sense 6 is the only one that is an organization (noun.group - 1:14).

 But sense 5 is also an organization (political party).
 Sense 4 is a movement (could be considered an organization).
 Sense 1 is a group/class.

 Given the specific name "World Labor Organisation", and the fact that it produces estimates about labor markets, the closest match is sense 6, treating it as a governmental/official organization dealing with labor, even though the gloss specifies US.

 Alternatively, could it be that "Labor" here is being used in the sense of "labor movement" (sense 4)? "The World Labor Organisation" could be interpreted as an organization of the world labor movement? But that's a stretch.

 Or could it be sense 1, referring to the global working class? "The World Labor Organisation estimates..." - no, organizations estimate, social classes don't.

 So it's between sense 4, 5, and 6.
 - Sense 5 is specifically British.
 - Sense 6 is specifically US.
 - Sense 4 is the movement in general.

 "World" suggests international. Neither 5 nor 6 are international. But sense 4 (labor movement) can be international (international labor movement).

 However, "Organisation" in the name suggests a specific institutional entity, not a movement.

 Given the constraints and the schematic nature of WordNet glosses, and the fact that sense 6 is the only one denoting a formal government department/agency (which "Organisation" suggests), and the text discusses labor statistics and policy (typical of labor departments), sense 6 seems the most plausible, even with the "World" modifier which might be an error in the text or referring to the ILO which isn't separately listed.

 Actually, looking at the text again carefully: "The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany..."

 In real-world knowledge, this is definitely the ILO (International Labour Organization). In WordNet, the ILO is often listed as a separate sense or as part of the "Department of Labor" hierarchy? No, that doesn't make sense.

 Wait, I should check if sense 6 could be interpreted broadly. The gloss says "the federal department..." but maybe the schematic meaning is just "a government department dealing with labor".

 Or perhaps the answer is sense 4, interpreting "World Labor Organisation" as the international labor movement organizationally represented?

 But let's look at the synonyms for sense 6: Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL. These are specific US entities.

 Synonyms for sense 4: labor movement, trade union movement.

 Synonyms for sense 5: British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour.

 Given that "World Labor Organisation" is capitalized as a proper noun, and refers to an entity that produces economic estimates, and given the options, I think the intended answer is sense 6, assuming that "World Labor Organisation" is either a mistake for "Department of Labor" in the text (unlikely given Germany is mentioned), or more likely, the WSD system expects us to map "World Labor Organisation" (ILO) to the closest available sense which is the Department of Labor sense, or there's an error in my analysis.

 Let me reconsider sense 1: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages". Could "World Labor" mean the global working class? "The World Labor Organisation" - if "Organisation" is not part of the name but a separate word? No, the tags are <t>Labor</t>, so "World" and "Organisation" are outside the target.

 Wait, the target is just "Labor" within "World Labor Organisation". So the question is: what sense does "Labor" have in the proper noun "World Labor Organisation"?

 In "Department of Labor", "Labor" is sense 6.
 In "Labour Party", "Labor" is sense 5.
 In "World Labor Organisation", "Labor" likely refers to the domain of work/employment, similar to sense 6.

 But let's consider if it could be sense 2: "productive work". "World productive work Organisation"? No, that doesn't make sense.

 Sense 7: "undertaking". "World undertaking Organisation"? No.

 So it's between senses 4, 5, and 6 as they are the only group/organization-related senses.

 Between these, sense 6 (Department of Labor) is the only one that refers to a governmental administrative body dealing with labor statistics and policy, which matches the function described (estimating contributions to budgets).

 Even though the gloss mentions "United States", the schematic meaning is likely "government department dealing with labor". The "World" modifier in the text might be an error, or referring to the ILO which is not in the list, but sense 6 is the closest match.

 However, I should also consider if "Labor" in "World Labor Organisation" could be interpreted as the labor movement (sense 4). The ILO is indeed associated with the labor movement. But the ILO is an organization, not the movement itself.

 Given the choices, and that sense 6 is indexed as 1:14:01 (noun.group), and sense 5 is 1:14:02, and sense 4 is 1:14:04, and sense 1 is 1:14:00...

 Actually, looking at the sense keys:
 - 1:14:00 - working class
 - 1:14:01 - Department of Labor
 - 1:14:02 - British Labour Party
 - 1:14:04 - labor movement

 The numbering suggests 1:14:01 and 1:14:02 are specific organizations, while 1:14:00 and 1:14:04 are more general groups/movements.

 "World Labor Organisation" is a specific organization (like Department of Labor, like Labour Party), not a general class or movement. So it's either 1:14:01 or 1:14:02.

 Between US Department of Labor and British Labour Party, which is more likely to be referred to as "World Labor Organisation"? Neither, but if forced to choose, the Department of Labor is a better fit for an organization that produces economic estimates about labor markets than a political party.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense 6 (index 6 in the list provided).

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00::
 2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00::
 3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00::
 4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04::
 5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02::
 6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01::
 7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01::

 So index 6 corresponds to labor%1:14:01:: (Department of Labor).

 I will go with index 6.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: organisation
Target surface form: Organisation
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor <t>Organisation</t> estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=organisation%1:14:01:: | definition=the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something | synonyms=administration, governance, governing body, establishment, brass, organization | examples=he claims that the present administration is corrupt; the governance of an association is responsible to its members
2. sense_key=organisation%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people who work together | synonyms=organization
3. sense_key=organisation%1:09:00:: | definition=an organized structure for arranging or classifying | synonyms=arrangement, organization, system | examples=he changed the arrangement of the topics; the facts were familiar but it was in the organization of them that he was original
4. sense_key=organisation%1:07:00:: | definition=an ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being methodical and well organized | synonyms=organization, system | examples=his compulsive organization was not an endearing quality; we can't do it unless we establish some system around here
5. sense_key=organisation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of organizing a business or an activity related to a business | synonyms=organization | examples=he was brought in to supervise the organization of a new department
6. sense_key=organisation%1:04:01:: | definition=the activity or result of distributing or disposing persons or things properly or methodically | synonyms=organization | examples=his organization of the work force was very efficient
7. sense_key=organisation%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of forming or establishing something | synonyms=constitution, establishment, formation, organization | examples=the constitution of a PTA group last year; it was the establishment of his reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "Organisation" (British spelling of "organization") in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text mentions "The World Labor Organisation"
 - This is referring to an international body/entity that estimates things about immigrants and public budgets
 - It's clearly referring to a specific named organization (ILO - International Labour Organization, though spelled with 's' here as Organisation)
 - This is a group of people who work together for a specific purpose (labor/work-related issues)

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=organisation%1:14:01:: - "the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something" - synonyms include administration, governance, governing body, establishment, brass. This seems to refer to the administrative body itself, the people/committees.

 2. sense_key=organisation%1:14:00:: - "a group of people who work together" - synonyms: organization. This is a more general sense of an organized group.

 3. sense_key=organisation%1:09:00:: - "an organized structure for arranging or classifying" - about structure/arrangement, not a physical group.

 4. sense_key=organisation%1:07:00:: - "an ordered manner; orderliness..." - about the quality of being organized.

 5. sense_key=organisation%1:04:00:: - "the act of organizing a business..." - about the act/process.

 6. sense_key=organisation%1:04:01:: - "the activity or result of distributing..." - about distribution/arrangement activity.

 7. sense_key=organisation%1:04:02:: - "the act of forming or establishing something" - about formation/establishment.

 The context refers to "The World Labor Organisation" - this is clearly referring to the International Labour Organization (ILO), which is an international organization/agency.

 Now, is it sense 1 or sense 2?

 Sense 1 (organisation%1:14:01::) focuses on "the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something" - this emphasizes the administrative body, the governing aspect.

 Sense 2 (organisation%1:14:00::) is simply "a group of people who work together" - more general.

 The World Labor Organisation is indeed a group of people who work together (sense 2), but it's also an administrative body (sense 1).

 However, looking at the examples for sense 1: "he claims that the present administration is corrupt; the governance of an association is responsible to its members" - these focus on the governing/administrative aspect.

 For sense 2: no examples given, just synonym "organization".

 The World Labor Organisation is an international organization. In WordNet, "organization" as "a group of people who work together" (sense 1:14:00) is the hypernym for things like "company", "institution", "enterprise", etc.

 Sense 1:14:01 seems to be more specific to administrative bodies within something (like the administration of a government, the governing body of an association).

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
 - organisation%1:14:00:: is the general "organization" - a group of people who work together
 - organisation%1:14:01:: is more specific to administrative bodies (the administration, governance)

 The World Labor Organisation is an international organization. It's not just any group of people, but a formal entity. However, sense 2 (1:14:00) is the broader category that would include international organizations.

 But wait, looking at the synonyms for sense 1: "administration, governance, governing body, establishment, brass" - these suggest the people in charge of running something.

 The World Labor Organisation is an entity that produces estimates and reports - it's functioning as an organization in the general sense.

 Actually, looking at typical WSD for "Organization" in named entities like "World Health Organization", "United Nations Organization", etc., these typically map to sense 1:14:00 (a group of people who work together) or sometimes 1:14:01 if emphasizing the administrative aspect.

 But in this context: "The World Labor Organisation estimates..." - this treats it as an entity that performs actions (estimating). This is consistent with it being a group of people working together.

 However, sense 1 (1:14:01) might also fit because international organizations do administer things.

 Let me look more carefully at the definitions:

 Sense 1: "the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something"
 - This emphasizes the people who administer
 - Examples: "present administration", "governance of an association"

 Sense 2: "a group of people who work together"
 - Very general
 - Synonym: organization

 The World Labor Organisation is indeed a group of people who work together. But is it sense 1 or 2?

 In WordNet, "organization" (noun.group) has:
 - Sense 1: organization, organisation - a group of people who work together
 - Sense 2: organization, organisation - the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something; "he claims that the present administration is corrupt"; "the governance of an association is responsible to its members"; "he quickly became recognized as a member of the establishment"

 Wait, I think I may have the indices reversed in my reading. Let me check the candidate senses again as provided:

 1. sense_key=organisation%1:14:01:: | definition=the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something
 2. sense_key=organisation%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people who work together

 In WordNet, the lexicographer file 1:14 is noun.group.

 Typically, in WordNet:
 - organisation%1:14:00:: = a group of people who work together
 - organisation%1:14:01:: = administration, governance, etc.

 The World Labor Organisation is an international organization. It is a group of people who work together (sense 2). It is also an administrative body (sense 1).

 But which is the better fit?

 The context mentions it as an entity that "estimates" things. This is an action performed by the organization as a whole.

 In many WSD datasets, "Organization" referring to named entities like "World Trade Organization", "Health Organization", etc., are typically tagged with the sense "a group of people who work together" (sense 2) rather than the administrative sense (sense 1).

 However, sense 1 could also apply because the ILO does administer labor standards.

 But looking at the examples for sense 1: "the present administration", "governance of an association", "member of the establishment" - these refer to the ruling/managing body within a larger structure, or the establishment as the ruling class.

 The World Labor Organisation is not the administration of something larger in this context; it's an independent international organization.

 Therefore, sense 2 (organisation%1:14:00::) - "a group of people who work together" - is the better fit.

 Wait, but I should verify the exact WordNet senses. In WordNet 3.0 or 3.1:

 organisation.n.01 (organisation%1:14:00::): a group of people who work together
 organisation.n.02 (organisation%1:14:01::): an organized structure for arranging or classifying - wait, that doesn't match.

 Let me reconsider. The user provided:
 3. sense_key=organisation%1:09:00:: | definition=an organized structure for arranging or classifying

 So 1:09 is noun.cognition.

 The indices:
 1:14:00 - group of people
 1:14:01 - administrative body (persons who make up a body for administering)

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet:
 - organisation%1:14:00:: is "a group of people who work together"
 - organisation%1:14:01:: is "the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something"

 Yes, that's what the user provided.

 Now, "The World Labor Organisation" - is it referring to the administrative body sense or the general group sense?

 The World Labor Organisation (ILO) is an agency of the United Nations. It is a group of people who work together. It also administers labor standards.

 However, in the context: "The World Labor Organisation estimates..." - this is using the organization as the source of the estimate. This is typical for sense 2 (the group entity).

 Also, sense 1 emphasizes "administering something" and has synonyms like "administration", "governance", "brass", "establishment". While the ILO does administer, the word "Organisation" in its name and in this context refers to the entity as a whole - a group of people working together for labor issues.

 Moreover, sense 1 examples: "the present administration is corrupt", "governance of an association", "establishment". These don't quite fit "World Labor Organisation" which is a specific named international organization.

 Therefore, sense 2 (index 2 in the list: organisation%1:14:00::) is the correct choice.

 Wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=organisation%1:14:01::
 2. sense_key=organisation%1:14:00::
 3. sense_key=organisation%1:09:00::
 etc.

 So if I choose sense 2, I return {"sense_index": 2}.

 But let me double-check if it could be sense 1. The ILO is indeed a governing body in some sense - it governs labor standards. But the definition says "the persons... who make up a body for the purpose of administering something". This is often used for "the administration" of a government, or the "governing body" of an institution.

 The ILO is an institution. But is it an "administration" in this sense? The examples suggest it's about the people in charge: "the present administration", "the governance", "the brass", "the establishment".

 "The World Labor Organisation" refers to the entire organization, not just its administrative arm.

 Therefore, sense 2 is better.

 Actually, looking at the context again: "The World Labor Organisation estimates..." - this is similar to saying "The World Health Organization reports..." or "The United Nations states...". These are typically disambiguated as sense 1:14:00 (a group of people who work together).

 One more check: could it be sense 7 (organisation%1:04:02::) - the act of forming? No, clearly not.
 Sense 5 or 6? No, those are acts/activities.
 Sense 3 or 4? Those are about structure/orderliness, not the entity.

 So it's between 1 and 2.

 I will go with 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Phala

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: age
Target surface form: age
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the <t>age</t> of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=age%1:07:00:: | definition=how long something has existed | examples=it was replaced because of its age
2. sense_key=age%1:28:02:: | definition=an era of history having some distinctive feature | synonyms=historic period | examples=we live in a litigious age
3. sense_key=age%1:28:00:: | definition=a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises | synonyms=eld | examples=she was now of school age; tall for his eld
4. sense_key=age%1:28:03:: | definition=a prolonged period of time | synonyms=long time, years | examples=we've known each other for ages; I haven't been there for years and years
5. sense_key=age%1:28:01:: | definition=a late time of life | synonyms=old age, years, eld, geezerhood | examples=old age is not for sissies; he's showing his years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "age" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the <t>age</t> of 30, will make a net contribution..."

 Here, "age" is used in the phrase "at the age of 30", referring to the specific point in life when someone is 30 years old.

 Let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=age%1:07:00:: | definition=how long something has existed | examples=it was replaced because of its age
    - This refers to the duration of existence of objects, not specifically human life stages with qualifications.

 2. sense_key=age%1:28:02:: | definition=an era of history having some distinctive feature | synonyms=historic period | examples=we live in a litigious age
    - This refers to historical periods (e.g., "the age of dinosaurs", "the digital age"). Not applicable here.

 3. sense_key=age%1:28:00:: | definition=a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises | synonyms=eld | examples=she was now of school age; tall for his eld
    - This refers to specific life stages defined by years, often with legal or social implications (voting age, drinking age, school age). The example "she was now of school age" fits the pattern "at the age of X".
    - The phrase "at the age of 30" fits here - it's a specific time of life defined in years.

 4. sense_key=age%1:28:03:: | definition=a prolonged period of time | synonyms=long time, years | examples=we've known each other for ages; I haven't been there for years and years
    - This refers to a long duration ("for ages"). Not applicable to "at the age of 30".

 5. sense_key=age%1:28:01:: | definition=a late time of life | synonyms=old age, years, eld, geezerhood | examples=old age is not for sissies; he's showing his years
    - This specifically refers to old age, not any specific age like 30.

 The phrase "at the age of 30" clearly refers to a specific time of life defined in years. This matches sense 3: "a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises". While 30 isn't necessarily a specific "qualification" age like "voting age" or "school age", the structure "at the age of X" is the standard usage for this sense. The definition mentions "usually defined in years" which fits perfectly with "age of 30".

 Sense 1 is about duration of existence of things, not specific numerical ages of people.
 Sense 3 is the correct choice for referring to a person's age in years.

 The example "she was now of school age" shows the pattern "of [specific] age", similar to "at the age of 30".

 Therefore, the best sense is index 3.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: contribution
Target surface form: contribution
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net <t>contribution</t> (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=contribution%1:04:02:: | definition=the part played by a person in bringing about a result | synonyms=part, share | examples=I am proud of my contribution in advancing the project; they all did their share of the work
2. sense_key=contribution%1:21:00:: | definition=a voluntary gift (as of money or service or ideas) made to some worthwhile cause | synonyms=donation
3. sense_key=contribution%1:04:00:: | definition=act of giving in common with others for a common purpose especially to a charity | synonyms=donation
4. sense_key=contribution%1:21:01:: | definition=an amount of money contributed | examples=he expected his contribution to be repaid with interest
5. sense_key=contribution%1:04:01:: | definition=a writing for publication especially one of a collection of writings as an article or story

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "contribution" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses immigrants and their economic impact
 - Specifically: "Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries."
 - Then: "The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net <t>contribution</t> (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."

 The key phrase is "net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros". This is clearly referring to a monetary amount - specifically the net monetary value that immigrants add to public budgets.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. contribution%1:04:02:: - "the part played by a person in bringing about a result" - synonyms: part, share. This is about role/participation, not money.

 2. contribution%1:21:00:: - "a voluntary gift (as of money or service or ideas) made to some worthwhile cause" - synonyms: donation. This implies voluntary giving to charity/cause. The context here is about taxes/budgets, not voluntary donations.

 3. contribution%1:04:00:: - "act of giving in common with others for a common purpose especially to a charity" - synonyms: donation. Again, this is about charitable giving, not tax contributions to public budgets.

 4. contribution%1:21:01:: - "an amount of money contributed" - examples: "he expected his contribution to be repaid with interest". This fits best - it's referring to a specific amount of money (150,000 Euros) that is contributed (through taxes/social systems).

 5. contribution%1:04:01:: - "a writing for publication especially one of a collection of writings as an article or story" - clearly not relevant.

 The context specifically mentions "150,000 Euros" which is an amount of money. The definition in sense 4 is "an amount of money contributed" which matches perfectly. The parenthetical "(receipts less expenditure)" confirms this is a financial calculation resulting in a monetary amount.

 Sense 4 (index 4) is the best fit.

 Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=contribution%1:04:02::
 2. sense_key=contribution%1:21:00::
 3. sense_key=contribution%1:04:00::
 4. sense_key=contribution%1:21:01::
 5. sense_key=contribution%1:04:01::

 So sense 4 is contribution%1:21:01:: "an amount of money contributed"

 Yes, this is correct. The context is about a specific monetary amount (150,000 Euros) representing the net financial contribution to public budgets.

 Sense 2 and 3 are about donations/charitable giving, which doesn't fit because this is about mandatory tax/social security contributions, not voluntary gifts.

 Sense 1 is about playing a part/role, which is too abstract for the specific monetary context.

 Sense 5 is about writing/publications, clearly wrong.

 Therefore, the answer is sense_index: 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expenditure
Target surface form: expenditure
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less <t>expenditure</t>) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expenditure%1:21:00:: | definition=money paid out; an amount spent | synonyms=outgo, spending, outlay
2. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spending money for goods or services | synonyms=expending
3. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of consuming something | synonyms=consumption, using up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "expenditure" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The sentence is: "The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less <t>expenditure</t>) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."
 - The phrase "receipts less expenditure" suggests a financial/accounting context where expenditure refers to money going out.
 - The context is about public budgets, net contributions, and financial calculations.
 - The word is used in a technical/financial sense referring to money spent.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=expenditure%1:21:00:: | definition=money paid out; an amount spent | synonyms=outgo, spending, outlay
    - This is a noun referring to the actual money amount (artifact/entity sense)
    - "money paid out" - this fits with "receipts less expenditure" where both receipts and expenditure are monetary amounts being compared

 2. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spending money for goods or services | synonyms=expending
    - This is an act/action noun (act of spending)
    - The context seems to be referring to the amount of money, not the act of spending it
    - "receipts less expenditure" - receipts are amounts, so expenditure here is likely also an amount, not an action

 3. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of consuming something | synonyms=consumption, using up
    - This is about consuming/using up resources
    - Doesn't fit the financial context of public budgets and receipts

 The key phrase is "receipts less expenditure". In accounting/financial contexts:
 - Receipts = money received (income)
 - Expenditure = money spent (outgoings)
 - Both are treated as amounts/quantities of money

 Sense 1 (expenditure%1:21:00::) is defined as "money paid out; an amount spent" - this matches perfectly with the context where it's being subtracted from receipts to calculate a net contribution.

 Sense 2 refers to the act of spending, which would be less appropriate in this mathematical/financial formula context where we're dealing with quantities.

 Therefore, the best sense is sense 1 (index 1).

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys:
 - expenditure%1:21:00:: - This is the noun sense under noun.artifact or noun.possession? Actually, looking at the key:
   - %1:21:00 - 1 means noun, 21 is the lexicographer file number. In WordNet, 21 is noun.possession (I think? Let me recall... actually, WordNet lexicographer file numbers: 21 is "noun.possession"? No, let me think... 01 is noun.Tops, 21 might be noun.possession or something else. Actually, looking at standard WordNet:
   - 21 is usually "noun.possession" or similar? Wait, no, the numbers are:
   - 01: noun.Tops
   - 03: noun.Tops (maybe not)
   - Actually, standard WordNet lexicographer file numbers:
   - 21 is "noun.possession"? No, 21 is "noun.possession" in some versions? Let me check my knowledge...

 Actually, the specific lexicographer file number doesn't matter as much as the definition. The key is:
 - Sense 1: "money paid out; an amount spent" - this is the nominalization referring to the money itself
 - Sense 2: "the act of spending money for goods or services" - this is the action/process
 - Sense 3: "the act of consuming something" - this is consumption

 In the phrase "receipts less expenditure", we're comparing two financial quantities. "Receipts" are amounts of money received. "Expenditure" parallel to that would be amounts of money spent. This aligns with sense 1.

 Also, the synonyms for sense 1 include "outgo, spending, outlay" - "outgo" specifically refers to money going out, which fits the budget context.

 So the answer should be sense_index: 1.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: average
Target surface form: average
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an <t>average</t> of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=average%1:09:00:: | definition=a statistic describing the location of a distribution | synonyms=norm | examples=it set the norm for American homes
2. sense_key=average%1:24:00:: | definition=(sports) the ratio of successful performances to opportunities
3. sense_key=average%1:09:01:: | definition=an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual | examples=he is about average in height; the snowfall this month is below average

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "average" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- "Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries."
- "The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an <t>average</t> of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."

The target word "average" here is used as a noun in the phrase "an average of 150,000 Euros". It refers to a statistic describing the location of a distribution - specifically the mean value of the net contribution.

Let me look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=average%1:09:00:: | definition=a statistic describing the location of a distribution | synonyms=norm | examples=it set the norm for American homes
2. sense_key=average%1:24:00:: | definition=(sports) the ratio of successful performances to opportunities
3. sense_key=average%1:09:01:: | definition=an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual | examples=he is about average in height; the snowfall this month is below average

Sense 1 is about a statistical measure (mean, median, mode) describing the location of a distribution. The context talks about calculating a monetary value (150,000 Euros) as a statistical measure over a population/lifetime. This fits sense 1.

Sense 2 is sports-specific, which clearly doesn't fit.

Sense 3 refers to an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual, like "about average in height". This is more about being ordinary or typical in quality/degree. While related, the context here is specifically about a calculated statistical value (average contribution), not about something being "normal" or "usual" in the sense of ordinary.

Wait, let me reconsider. The phrase is "an average of 150,000 Euros". This is clearly the arithmetic mean - a statistic describing the location of a distribution. This is sense 1.

Sense 3 examples: "he is about average in height" - this uses average as a noun meaning a middle point on a scale, but it's more about the concept of "the usual" or "ordinary level".

Actually, looking at WordNet:
- average%1:09:00:: - "a statistic describing the location of a distribution" (this is the statistical mean/median/mode concept)
- average%1:09:01:: - "an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual" (this is more like "the norm")

In the context "an average of 150,000 Euros", this is referring to the arithmetic mean as a statistical measure. It is a specific calculated value representing the central tendency of a distribution (of immigrant contributions). This aligns with sense 1.

The phrase "averaging 1% of the total budgets" earlier also supports the statistical calculation meaning.

So the answer should be sense_index: 1.

Wait, I need to make sure about the indexing. The user lists:
1. sense_key=average%1:09:00::
2. sense_key=average%1:24:00::
3. sense_key=average%1:09:01::

So sense 1 is the first one in the list. I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

Let me double-check if there's any ambiguity. Could it be sense 3? "an average of 150,000 Euros" - is this saying the normal/usual amount is 150,000? Or is it saying the statistical mean is 150,000?

In economic/statistical reporting, "an average of X" when referring to contributions or estimates from an organization like the World Labor Organisation almost always means the arithmetic mean - a statistical measure. The gloss for sense 1 explicitly mentions "a statistic describing the location of a distribution."

Also, the synonym for sense 1 is "norm", but the example "it set the norm for American homes" might seem more like sense 3. However, WordNet often groups related concepts. The key distinction is that sense 1 is the mathematical/statistical concept, while sense 3 is the evaluative concept ("about average in height" = not particularly tall or short).

Given the context of economic calculation and statistical estimation, sense 1 is clearly the best fit.

The user wants only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So I will return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: budget
Target surface form: budgets
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public <t>budgets</t> during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=budget%1:21:02:: | definition=a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose | examples=the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year
2. sense_key=budget%1:21:03:: | definition=a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them | examples=the president submitted the annual budget to Congress

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "budgets" in the given context. The target lemma is "budget" and the surface form is "budgets" (plural).

 Let me analyze the context:

 The sentence containing the target word is: "Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries."

 And later: "...will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."

 Now let's look at the two candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=budget%1:21:02:: | definition=a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose | examples=the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year

 2. sense_key=budget%1:21:03:: | definition=a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them | examples=the president submitted the annual budget to Congress

 Let me think about the differences:
 - Sense 1 (budget%1:21:02): This refers to a sum of money allocated for a specific purpose. It's about the actual money set aside.
 - Sense 2 (budget%1:21:03): This refers to the document or plan that summarizes intended expenditures and proposals for meeting them. It's the financial plan/document submitted to Congress, etc.

 In the context:
 - "total budgets of European countries" - this is referring to the financial plans or fiscal plans of countries
 - "public budgets" - this is referring to the government's financial plans/output

 However, looking carefully at the usage:
 - "1% of the total budgets" - this suggests the actual amount of money (the sum allocated), not the document itself.
 - "net contribution... to public budgets" - this suggests contributing money to the public funds/plans.

 But wait, let me reconsider. The WordNet senses:
 - 1:21:02 is "a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose"
 - 1:21:03 is "a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them"

 In the text:
 "Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries."

 Here, "budgets" seems to refer to the fiscal plans or financial frameworks of the countries. But actually, looking at the specific wording "total budgets", this could mean the total amount of money allocated/spent.

 However, "public budgets" in the phrase "contribution... to public budgets" is ambiguous. It could mean:
 1. Contributing money to the public funds (the sum of money)
 2. Contributing to the public financial plans/documents

 But looking at the examples:
 - Sense 2 example: "the president submitted the annual budget to Congress" - this is clearly the document/plan
 - Sense 1 example: "the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year" - this is the amount of money

 In our context:
 - "1% of the total budgets of European countries" - this sounds like 1% of the total money allocated by European countries (the sum of money)
 - "contribution... to public budgets" - contributing money to the public funds

 Actually, looking more carefully at the distinction:
 Sense 1 is the monetary amount (the allocation itself).
 Sense 2 is the document/plan.

 In "total budgets of European countries", it's talking about the financial resources/allocations of the countries. It's referring to the money, not the documents. When we say "1% of the total budgets", we mean 1% of the total money allocated, not 1% of the documents.

 Similarly, "contribution to public budgets" means contributing money to the public finances/allocations.

 So sense 1 seems more appropriate: "a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose"

 But wait, let me look at the WordNet hierarchy. Budget is a noun.artifact? No, it's in noun.possession or noun.communication?

 Actually, looking at the sense keys:
 - budget%1:21:02 - 1:21 usually refers to noun.possession (money, property, etc.)
 - budget%1:21:03 - 1:21 also noun.possession? Or 1:10 is noun.communication?

 WordNet sense key format: word%pos:lexical_file_num:sense_num:lex_id

 1:21 is noun.possession (according to WordNet lexicographer file numbers).

 Actually, both are in noun.possession (file 21).

 Let me reconsider the context. The text discusses:
 - Migrants contributing to social systems
 - 1% of total budgets of European countries
 - Net contribution of 150,000 Euros to public budgets

 When talking about contributing money "to budgets", and calculating percentages of "total budgets", this refers to the monetary amounts (the funds), not the documents.

 However, "budget" can also refer to the government's annual financial plan (the document), and by extension the total amount of money involved in that plan.

 But strictly speaking:
 - Sense 1: the sum of money allocated
 - Sense 2: the summary/document of expenditures

 In the context "1% of the total budgets", this is clearly referring to the monetary value (the sum of money), not the document. You can't contribute 150,000 Euros to a document (sense 2), you contribute it to the funds/money (sense 1).

 Therefore, sense 1 (budget%1:21:02::) is the correct choice.

 Wait, but I should double-check. Is there any chance it's sense 2?

 "the president submitted the annual budget to Congress" - this is the document.

 "the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year" - this is the sum of money.

 Our examples:
 - "total budgets of European countries" - parallel to "runs on a budget", this is the amount of money.
 - "public budgets" - parallel to the laboratory example, this is the pool of money.

 So sense 1 is correct: a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose.

 Therefore, the answer should be {"sense_index": 2} (since it's the second one listed, with index 2? Or wait, the sense keys show 02 and 03 at the end... but the instruction says "sense_index" which usually refers to the candidate number, not the WordNet sense number).

 Looking at the instructions: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

 The candidate senses are listed as:
 1. sense_key=...
 2. sense_key=...

 So if I choose the first one, it's index 1. If I choose the second one, it's index 2.

 The sense keys end in 02 and 03, but those are the WordNet sense numbers within the lexicographer file. The user wants the "sense_index" which, given the example {"sense_index": 3} and the fact that there are only 2 candidates, probably means the candidate number (1 or 2).

 Wait, the example shows 3, but there are only 2 candidates here. So clearly "sense_index" refers to the ordinal position in the candidate list (1-indexed).

 So:
 - Candidate 1: sense_key=budget%1:21:02::
 - Candidate 2: sense_key=budget%1:21:03::

 I believe the correct answer is candidate 1.

 So: {"sense_index": 1}

 But let me reconsider once more. Could it be candidate 2?

 In some contexts, "budgets" of countries refers to the annual budget documents/plans. However, the phrase "1% of the total budgets" strongly suggests a quantitative monetary amount, not a document. You don't take 1% of a document (summary of expenditures), you take 1% of the money.

 Also, "net contribution... to public budgets" - contributing money to the budget (the fund), not contributing to the document.

 Therefore, sense 1 is definitely the right choice.

 Final check: The question asks for the "single best indexed sense". The candidates are indexed 1 and 2. I choose 1.

 {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mandate
Target surface form: mandate
Context:
In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his <t>mandate</t> to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth." The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mandate%1:10:00:: | definition=a document giving an official instruction or command | synonyms=authorization, authorisation
2. sense_key=mandate%1:15:00:: | definition=a territory surrendered by Turkey or Germany after World War I and put under the tutelage of some other European power until they are able to stand by themselves | synonyms=mandatory
3. sense_key=mandate%1:04:00:: | definition=the commission that is given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "mandate" in the given context.

Context analysis:
- The text is discussing immigration, economics, and political figures
- Specifically: "Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his <t>mandate</t> to look for missing points of growth..."
- Nicolas Sarkozy was a president of France
- "At the start of his mandate" refers to when he began his term in office

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mandate%1:10:00:: | definition=a document giving an official instruction or command | synonyms=authorization, authorisation
   - This refers to a physical document or official instruction
   - Doesn't fit well with "at the start of his mandate" when referring to a president's term

2. sense_key=mandate%1:15:00:: | definition=a territory surrendered by Turkey or Germany after World War I and put under the tutelage of some other European power until they are able to stand by themselves | synonyms=mandatory
   - This is a historical/political geographical term (like the League of Nations mandates)
   - Doesn't fit at all - Sarkozy didn't take over a territory like this

3. sense_key=mandate%1:04:00:: | definition=the commission that is given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory | synonyms=(none listed but implied)
   - This refers to the authority given to a government/leader through election
   - "At the start of his mandate" clearly refers to the beginning of his term in office after electoral victory
   - This is the standard usage for a president's "mandate" - the period of their elected office and the authority derived from winning the election

The phrase "at the start of his mandate" when referring to Nicolas Sarkozy (a political leader) clearly indicates sense 3 - the period of authority/term of office granted by electoral victory.

Therefore, the answer should be {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of <t>growth</t> "with the teeth." The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "growth" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses economic topics: immigrants, pay, economic growth, Nobel prize winners, companies founded by immigrants, social systems, public budgets.
 - The specific sentence containing the target word is: "Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of <t>growth</t> "with the teeth.""
 - This is clearly referring to economic growth - looking for areas where the economy could grow or expand.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: - Biological growth (organism growing organically). Not relevant here - this is about economics.

 2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: - Progression from simpler to more complex forms (e.g., "growth of culture"). This is more about evolution/development of complexity, not specifically economic expansion.

 3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: - "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important" with synonyms "increase, increment" and examples "the increase in unemployment; the growth of population". This fits economic growth - becoming larger/more important economically.

 4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: - Vegetation that has grown. Not relevant.

 5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: - Gradual beginning or coming forth (emergence). Not quite right for economic growth.

 6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: - Pathology, abnormal proliferation (tumor). Not relevant.

 7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: - Something grown or growing (like hair). Not relevant.

 The context is clearly about economic growth - the expansion of the economy, becoming larger or more important economically. This matches sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important" with synonyms like "increase, increment".

 The phrase "missing points of growth" in an economic context refers to areas where the economy could expand or increase - this aligns with sense 3.

 Sense 2 could be tempting as it mentions "progression from simpler to more complex forms" and gives "growth of culture" as an example, but economic growth is specifically about increase in size/importance (GDP, economic output), not necessarily about complexity or cultural evolution.

 Sense 3 is the standard sense used for economic growth - the increase in economic activity/size.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: question
Target surface form: question
Context:
Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth." The teeth in <t>question</t>, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=question%1:10:00:: | definition=an instance of questioning | synonyms=inquiry, enquiry, query, interrogation | examples=there was a question about my training; we made inquiries of all those who were present
2. sense_key=question%1:10:01:: | definition=the subject matter at issue | synonyms=head | examples=the question of disease merits serious discussion; under the head of minor Roman poets
3. sense_key=question%1:10:03:: | definition=a sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply | synonyms=interrogation, interrogative, interrogative sentence | examples=he asked a direct question; he had trouble phrasing his interrogations
4. sense_key=question%1:07:00:: | definition=uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something | synonyms=doubt, dubiousness, doubtfulness | examples=the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise
5. sense_key=question%1:10:02:: | definition=a formal proposal for action made to a deliberative assembly for discussion and vote | synonyms=motion | examples=he made a motion to adjourn; she called for the question
6. sense_key=question%1:10:04:: | definition=an informal reference to a marriage proposal | examples=he was ready to pop the question

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "question" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "The teeth in <t>question</t>, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect."

 The phrase "the teeth in question" refers back to Nicolas Sarkozy's statement about looking for missing points of growth "with the teeth." So "the teeth in question" means "the teeth being referred to" or "the teeth under discussion."

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=question%1:10:00:: | definition=an instance of questioning | synonyms=inquiry, enquiry, query, interrogation
    - This is about asking a question. Not applicable here.

 2. sense_key=question%1:10:01:: | definition=the subject matter at issue | synonyms=head | examples=the question of disease merits serious discussion; under the head of minor Roman poets
    - This seems close. "The subject matter at issue" - the teeth being discussed/referred to.
    - The phrase "in question" is a common idiom meaning "under consideration" or "being discussed."
    - WordNet sense 2 often corresponds to the idiom "in question" or "the question is..."

 3. sense_key=question%1:10:03:: | definition=a sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply | synonyms=interrogation, interrogative, interrogative sentence
    - This is about the grammatical form of a question. Not applicable.

 4. sense_key=question%1:07:00:: | definition=uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something | synonyms=doubt, dubiousness, doubtfulness
    - This would be "beyond question" or "without question." Not applicable here.

 5. sense_key=question%1:10:02:: | definition=a formal proposal for action made to a deliberative assembly for discussion and vote | synonyms=motion
    - Parliamentary procedure sense. Not applicable.

 6. sense_key=question%1:10:04:: | definition=an informal reference to a marriage proposal
    - "Pop the question." Not applicable.

 The phrase "in question" is an idiom that means "under discussion" or "being referred to." This corresponds to sense 2: "the subject matter at issue."

 Let me verify with the examples given for sense 2: "the question of disease merits serious discussion; under the head of minor Roman poets"

 And synonyms: "head" - as in "under the head of..."

 Actually, looking more carefully at sense 2: "the subject matter at issue" - this fits "the teeth in question" (the teeth at issue/being discussed).

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense mapping. In WordNet, "question" has several senses:

 From WordNet 3.0 or similar:
 - Sense 1: inquiry, query, interrogation (act of asking)
 - Sense 2: head (subject matter at issue) - "the question of disease merits serious discussion"
 - Sense 3: interrogative sentence
 - Sense 4: doubt, dubiousness
 - Sense 5: motion (formal proposal)
 - Sense 6: marriage proposal

 The phrase "in question" typically maps to sense 2 "the subject matter at issue" or sometimes considered a separate usage but in WordNet it's usually sense 2.

 In the context: "The teeth in question" means "the teeth being referred to" or "the teeth under discussion." This aligns with sense 2: "the subject matter at issue."

 Synonym "head" might seem odd, but "under the head of" means "under the category of" or "the subject of."

 So the answer should be sense_index: 2.

 Wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=question%1:10:00::
 2. sense_key=question%1:10:01::
 3. sense_key=question%1:10:03::
 4. sense_key=question%1:07:00::
 5. sense_key=question%1:10:02::
 6. sense_key=question%1:10:04::

 So the indices are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 corresponding to the order given.

 Sense 2 is: sense_key=question%1:10:01:: | definition=the subject matter at issue

 Yes, that's the one.

 Let me verify by looking at typical WSD for "in question":
 - "the person in question" -> usually maps to the sense "the subject matter at issue" or "matter under discussion"
 - In WordNet, this is indeed the second sense (question%1:10:01::)

 So the answer is {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth." The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite <t>effect</t>.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "effect" in the given context.

Context analysis:
The sentence is: "The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite <t>effect</t>."

This means that the measures (teeth) intended to dissuade immigrants produced the opposite result/outcome. The word "effect" here refers to the result or consequence of an action.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Sense 1 fits best: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" with synonyms like consequence, outcome, result. The context talks about the measures having the "opposite effect" - meaning the opposite result or outcome from what was intended.

Sense 2 is about outward appearance/impression - doesn't fit.
Sense 3 is about artificial/contrived impression - doesn't fit.
Sense 4 is about central meaning of speech/literary work - doesn't fit.
Sense 5 is about legal validity - doesn't fit.
Sense 6 is about symptoms from illness/drug - doesn't fit.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pound
Target surface form: pound
Context:
Deutsche Bank pays multi-million <t>pound</t> fine in the USA Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pound%1:23:09:: | definition=16 ounces avoirdupois | synonyms=lb | examples=he got a hernia when he tried to lift 100 pounds
2. sense_key=pound%1:23:01:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Great Britain and Northern Ireland; equal to 100 pence | synonyms=British pound, British pound sterling, pound sterling, quid
3. sense_key=pound%1:23:10:: | definition=a unit of apothecary weight equal to 12 ounces troy
4. sense_key=pound%1:23:08:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Syria; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Syrian pound
5. sense_key=pound%1:23:07:: | definition=the basic unit of money in the Sudan; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Sudanese pound
6. sense_key=pound%1:23:05:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Lebanon; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Lebanese pound
7. sense_key=pound%1:23:04:: | definition=formerly the basic unit of money in Ireland; equal to 100 pence | synonyms=Irish pound, Irish punt, punt
8. sense_key=pound%1:23:03:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Egypt; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Egyptian pound
9. sense_key=pound%1:23:02:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Cyprus; equal to 100 cents | synonyms=Cypriot pound
10. sense_key=pound%1:23:00:: | definition=a nontechnical unit of force equal to the mass of 1 pound with an acceleration of free fall equal to 32 feet/sec/sec | synonyms=lbf.
11. sense_key=pound%1:18:00:: | definition=United States writer who lived in Europe; strongly influenced the development of modern literature (1885-1972) | synonyms=Ezra Pound, Ezra Loomis Pound
12. sense_key=pound%1:10:00:: | definition=a symbol for a unit of currency (especially for the pound sterling in Great Britain) | synonyms=pound sign
13. sense_key=pound%1:06:00:: | definition=a public enclosure for stray or unlicensed dogs | synonyms=dog pound | examples=unlicensed dogs will be taken to the pound
14. sense_key=pound%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of pounding (delivering repeated heavy blows) | synonyms=hammer, hammering, pounding | examples=the sudden hammer of fists caught him off guard; the pounding of feet on the hallway

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "pound" in the given context.

Context: "Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the USA Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA."

The target word is "pound" in the phrase "multi-million pound fine".

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. Weight/mass unit (16 ounces)
2. British currency (pound sterling)
3. Apothecary weight
4. Syrian currency
5. Sudanese currency
6. Lebanese currency
7. Irish currency (obsolete)
8. Egyptian currency
9. Cypriot currency
10. Unit of force
11. Ezra Pound (person)
12. Symbol for currency
13. Dog pound (enclosure)
14. Act of pounding (striking)

In the context of a "multi-million pound fine" being paid by Deutsche Bank in the USA, this is clearly referring to the British currency (pound sterling). Even though the fine is in the USA, the amount is specified in British pounds. This is common in international financial news when referring to amounts in GBP.

The phrase "multi-million pound" modifies "fine", indicating a monetary amount. Among the currency options:
- Sense 2: British pound (Great Britain and Northern Ireland)
- Sense 4: Syrian pound
- Sense 5: Sudanese pound
- Sense 6: Lebanese pound
- Sense 7: Irish pound (formerly)
- Sense 8: Egyptian pound
- Sense 9: Cypriot pound

Given that Deutsche Bank is a German bank, but the context mentions the USA, and "pound" without qualification in international financial contexts typically refers to the British pound sterling (GBP) when discussing large corporate fines, sense 2 is the correct choice.

The other currency senses are for specific countries (Syria, Sudan, Lebanon, Ireland, Egypt, Cyprus) which don't fit the context of Deutsche Bank paying a fine in the USA.

Sense 12 is about the symbol (£), not the currency unit itself in this context.

Therefore, the best sense is sense_key=pound%1:23:01:: (index 2 in the list provided, but I need to check the indexing).

Wait, looking at the list:
1. sense_key=pound%1:23:09::
2. sense_key=pound%1:23:01::
3. sense_key=pound%1:23:10::
...

So the index is the number before the :: in the sense key? No, the user asks for "sense_index". Looking at the instructions: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

The candidate senses are numbered 1-14 in the list. So I should return the number corresponding to the correct sense.

Sense 2 in the list is: "sense_key=pound%1:23:01:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Great Britain and Northern Ireland; equal to 100 pence"

This is the British pound, which is the correct sense for "multi-million pound fine" in this financial context.

So the answer should be: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: usa
Target surface form: USA
Context:
Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the <t>USA</t> Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=usa%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States, United States of America, America, the States, US
2. sense_key=usa%1:14:00:: | definition=the army of the United States of America; the agency that organizes and trains soldiers for land warfare | synonyms=United States Army, US Army, Army

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the target word "usa" (surface form "USA") in the given context.

 Context: "Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the <t>USA</t> Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA."

 Candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=usa%1:15:00:: - This refers to the country/territory: "North American republic containing 50 states..." Synonyms include United States, United States of America, America, the States, US.
 2. sense_key=usa%1:14:00:: - This refers to the military organization: "the army of the United States of America..." Synonyms include United States Army, US Army, Army.

 Analysis:
 - The context mentions "Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the USA" and "Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA."
 - Deutsche Bank is a financial institution paying a fine.
 - The fine is being paid "in the USA" - this refers to the geographical/political entity, the country.
 - It does not refer to the army/military organization. You don't pay fines "in the US Army" in this context; you pay fines in the country.
 - The preposition "in" followed by "USA" strongly suggests the location/country sense.
 - The definition for sense 1 matches: North American republic (the country).
 - The definition for sense 2 matches: the army/land warfare agency, which is clearly not what is meant here.

 Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1 (usa%1:15:00::).

 The user wants the output as a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}, but with the correct index. Since sense 1 is the correct one, I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense keys:
 - usa%1:15:00:: is sense 1
 - usa%1:14:00:: is sense 2

 Yes, sense 1 is the country, sense 2 is the army.

 The context clearly refers to the country where Deutsche Bank is paying a fine.

 So the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Novita