[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: full
Target surface form: full
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a <t>full</t> 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=full%3:00:00:: | definition=containing as much or as many as is possible or normal | examples=a full glass; a sky full of stars
2. sense_key=full%5:00:01:whole:00 | definition=constituting the full quantity or extent; complete | synonyms=entire, total | examples=an entire town devastated by an earthquake; gave full attention
3. sense_key=full%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=complete in extent or degree and in every particular | synonyms=total | examples=a full game; a total eclipse
4. sense_key=full%5:00:00:nourished:00 | definition=filled to satisfaction with food or drink | synonyms=replete | examples=a full stomach
5. sense_key=full%3:00:01:: | definition=(of sound) having marked deepness and body | examples=full tones; a full voice
6. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
7. sense_key=full%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=being at a peak or culminating point | synonyms=broad | examples=broad daylight; full summer
8. sense_key=full%5:00:02:ample:00 | definition=having ample fabric | synonyms=wide, wide-cut | examples=the current taste for wide trousers; a full skirt

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "full" in the given context.

Context analysis:
- The sentence is about bell ringing (change ringing)
- It describes bells: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."
- The phrase "full 360 degrees" suggests completeness or entirety - the bells swing through the complete/entire rotation of 360 degrees.

Candidate sense analysis:
1. "containing as much or as many as is possible or normal" - doesn't fit. Not about capacity/containment.
2. "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete" - synonyms: entire, total. This fits well with "full 360 degrees" meaning complete/entire 360 degrees.
3. "complete in extent or degree and in every particular" - This also seems close. The examples "a full game; a total eclipse" suggest something being complete/unabbreviated.
4. "filled to satisfaction with food or drink" - Not relevant here.
5. "(of sound) having marked deepness and body" - Not about sound quality here.
6. "having the normally expected amount" - Less likely than "complete/entire" for describing a geometric rotation.
7. "being at a peak or culminating point" - Not about peak/culmination.
8. "having ample fabric" - Not about clothing/fabric.

Between sense 2 and sense 3:
- Sense 2 (full%5:00:01:whole:00): entire, total. Examples: "an entire town devastated by an earthquake; gave full attention"
- Sense 3 (full%5:00:00:complete:00): total. Examples: "a full game; a total eclipse"

Looking at the WordNet structure:
- Sense 2 is "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete"
- Sense 3 is "complete in extent or degree and in every particular"

The phrase "full 360 degrees" suggests the entire/complete rotation - all 360 degrees. Both seem plausible.

But "full 360 degrees" is an idiomatic way of saying "complete/entire 360 degrees". Sense 2 specifically mentions "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete" with synonyms "entire, total". The example "gave full attention" aligns with complete/entire attention.

Sense 3 examples: "a full game" (complete game), "a total eclipse" (complete eclipse).

However, "full 360 degrees" is talking about the extent/quantity of the rotation - the whole rotation. Sense 2 seems slightly better because it emphasizes the "full quantity or extent" and uses "entire" as a synonym. "Full 360 degrees" = "entire 360 degrees".

Let me reconsider the sense keys:
- full%5:00:01:whole:00 - This is sense 2 in the list provided by the user (1-indexed)
- full%5:00:00:complete:00 - This is sense 3 in the list provided

Wait, the user lists them as:
1. sense_key=full%3:00:00::
2. sense_key=full%5:00:01:whole:00
3. sense_key=full%5:00:00:complete:00
...

So if I choose sense 2 (the one with whole:00), the index would be 2.
If I choose sense 3 (the one with complete:00), the index would be 3.

Actually, looking carefully:
- Sense 2 is "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete" with synonyms "entire, total"
- Sense 3 is "complete in extent or degree and in every particular" with synonym "total"

For "a full 360 degrees":
- This means the bells rotate through the entire/complete 360 degrees.
- "Full" here modifies "360 degrees" to mean the complete rotation.

In WordNet, "full" sense 1 (3:00:00) is the container sense.
But for "full 360", "full 18 holes (of golf)", etc., this is usually the "entire/complete" sense.

Looking at the glosses again:
Sense 2: "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete" - synonyms: entire, total
Sense 3: "complete in extent or degree and in every particular" - synonyms: total

"Full 360 degrees" is about the quantity/extent of the rotation - the whole rotation. So sense 2 seems correct.

But I should verify. In WordNet 3.0 or 3.1, what are these senses?

full%5:00:01:whole:00 - This is likely the "entire, full, total" sense (e.g., "full moon", "full details")
full%5:00:00:complete:00 - This is likely the "complete, full" sense (e.g., "a full game")

Actually, looking at standard WordNet:
Sense 1: containing as much... (the container sense)
Sense 2: constituting the full quantity or extent; ...
Sense 3: complete in extent or degree...

For "a full 360 degrees", both could work, but "constituting the full quantity or extent" (sense 2) matches "the full 360 degrees" (all 360 degrees) better than "complete in extent or degree" (sense 3) which is more about thoroughness/completeness in every particular.

Also, sense 2 examples include "gave full attention" (complete attention) and "an entire town".
Sense 3 examples include "a full game" (a complete game).

"a full 360 degrees" is like "full attention" - the entire extent/quantity.

Therefore, sense index 2 seems best.

Wait, I should check if there's any other interpretation. Could it be sense 1? No, not about capacity.
Sense 5? No, not about sound.
Sense 7? "full summer" - at peak. "Full 360" is not at peak, it's the complete rotation.

So it's between 2 and 3.

Given the phrase "through a full 360 degrees", it emphasizes the entire arc/extent of the rotation. This aligns with "constituting the full quantity or extent".

I will go with sense 2.

But hold on, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user wants the index from the list provided:
1. sense_key=full%3:00:00::
2. sense_key=full%5:00:01:whole:00
3. sense_key=full%5:00:00:complete:00
...

So:
- If I choose sense_key=full%5:00:01:whole:00, I return {"sense_index": 2}
- If I choose sense_key=full%5:00:00:complete:00, I return {"sense_index": 3}

I think sense 2 (whole:00) is the correct choice.

Let me double-check by looking at actual WordNet entries for "full" to see if my understanding of the sense distinctions is correct.

In WordNet 3.1:
full#2: "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete; 'an entire town devastated by an earthquake'; 'gave full attention'; 'a total failure'" (synonyms: entire, full, total)
full#3: "complete in extent or degree and in every particular; 'a full game'; 'a total eclipse'; 'a total disaster'" (synonyms: full, total)

The difference is subtle. Full#2 is about quantity/extent (all of something). Full#3 is about completeness in every respect (thorough).

"A full 360 degrees" is about the extent of rotation - all 360 degrees, not just part of it. So full#2.

Therefore, the answer is sense_index: 2.

Wait, I should reconsider sense 1. Is it possible "full 360 degrees" means something else? No, sense 1 is clearly about containers/vessels being full.

Also, is there any chance "full" here means something like "maximum"? Like "at full speed"? No, those use different senses (related to maximum/peak - but sense 7 is "full summer" which is about season, not speed).

Sense 7: "being at a peak or culminating point; 'broad daylight'; 'full summer'" (synonyms: broad, full)
This doesn't fit because 360 degrees isn't a peak, it's a complete rotation.

Therefore, sense 2 is definitely the best choice.

Final check: "swing madly through a full 360 degrees" - this is clearly describing the complete rotation through the entire 360 degree circle. Yes, "entire" or "complete" in the sense of "whole quantity/extent".

Sense 2 it is.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: degree
Target surface form: degrees
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 <t>degrees</t>, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=degree%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=grade, level | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=degree%1:26:01:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=level, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=degree%1:10:00:: | definition=an award conferred by a college or university signifying that the recipient has satisfactorily completed a course of study | synonyms=academic degree | examples=he earned his degree at Princeton summa cum laude
4. sense_key=degree%1:23:00:: | definition=a measure for arcs and angles | synonyms=arcdegree | examples=there are 360 degrees in a circle
5. sense_key=degree%1:09:00:: | definition=the highest power of a term or variable
6. sense_key=degree%1:23:03:: | definition=a unit of temperature on a specified scale | examples=the game was played in spite of the 40-degree temperature
7. sense_key=degree%1:07:01:: | definition=the seriousness of something (e.g., a burn or crime) | examples=murder in the second degree; a second degree burn

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "degrees" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about bell ringing (change ringing) in a church
 - It mentions: "the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 <t>degrees</t>"
 - This is clearly referring to angular measurement - the bells swing through a full circle (360 degrees)

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=degree%1:07:00:: - position on a scale of intensity/amount/quality (grade, level)
    - Not this one. Not talking about intensity or quality.

 2. sense_key=degree%1:26:01:: - specific position in a continuum/series/process (level, stage, point)
    - Not this one. Not talking about a stage in a process.

 3. sense_key=degree%1:10:00:: - academic degree
    - Not this one. Not about education.

 4. sense_key=degree%1:23:00:: - a measure for arcs and angles (arcdegree)
    - Examples: "there are 360 degrees in a circle"
    - This matches perfectly! The text says "swing madly through a full 360 degrees" - this is clearly about angular measurement, the bells rotating 360 degrees.

 5. sense_key=degree%1:09:00:: - highest power of a term or variable (mathematical)
    - Not this one. Not mathematics/algebra context.

 6. sense_key=degree%1:23:03:: - unit of temperature
    - Not this one. Not talking about temperature.

 7. sense_key=degree%1:07:01:: - seriousness of something (burn, crime)
    - Not this one. Not talking about severity.

 The correct sense is clearly sense 4: "a measure for arcs and angles" with the example mentioning "360 degrees in a circle". The context explicitly mentions "360 degrees" in the context of bells swinging through a full rotation.

 The index for this sense is 4 (based on the numbering in the candidate list).

 Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The candidates are numbered 1-7. Sense 4 is:
 4. sense_key=degree%1:23:00:: | definition=a measure for arcs and angles | synonyms=arcdegree | examples=there are 360 degrees in a circle

 Yes, that's the one.

 So the answer should be: {"sense_index": 4}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Phala

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: start
Target surface form: starting
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, <t>starting</t> and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=start%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, get, start out, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=start%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=begin, lead off, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
3. sense_key=start%2:38:02:: | definition=leave | synonyms=depart, part, start out, set forth, set off, set out | examples=The family took off for Florida
4. sense_key=start%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=begin | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
5. sense_key=start%2:36:00:: | definition=bring into being | synonyms=originate, initiate | examples=He initiated a new program; Start a foundation
6. sense_key=start%2:36:01:: | definition=get off the ground | synonyms=start up, embark on, commence | examples=Who started this company?; We embarked on an exciting enterprise
7. sense_key=start%2:38:04:: | definition=move or jump suddenly, as if in surprise or alarm | synonyms=startle, jump | examples=She startled when I walked into the room
8. sense_key=start%2:38:01:: | definition=get going or set in motion | synonyms=start up | examples=We simply could not start the engine; start up the computer
9. sense_key=start%2:38:00:: | definition=begin or set in motion | synonyms=go, get going | examples=I start at eight in the morning; Ready, set, go!
10. sense_key=start%2:41:00:: | definition=begin work or acting in a certain capacity, office or job | synonyms=take up | examples=Take up a position; start a new job
11. sense_key=start%2:33:00:: | definition=play in the starting lineup
12. sense_key=start%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=begin | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
13. sense_key=start%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=begin | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
14. sense_key=start%2:38:03:: | definition=bulge outward | synonyms=protrude, pop, pop out, bulge, bulge out, bug out | examples=His eyes popped

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "starting" (lemma: start) in the given context.

Let me analyze the context carefully:

"Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, <t>starting</t> and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."

The sentence describes bells swinging through 360 degrees. They swing, and the action of "starting" is paired with "ending". The bells start (begin) and end (finish) in the inverted, mouth-up position.

So "starting" here means to have a beginning point in a spatial/temporal sense. The bells begin their swing in the inverted position and end in the inverted position after a full 360 degrees.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. start%2:30:00:: - take the first step or steps in carrying out an action. This is about initiating an action by an agent. "We began working at dawn." Here the bells aren't taking steps to carry out an action. Not quite right.

2. start%2:30:01:: - set in motion, cause to start. This is transitive causative. "The U.S. started a war." Here "starting" is intransitive (paired with "ending"). Not this one.

3. start%2:38:02:: - leave. "The family took off for Florida." No, the bells aren't leaving.

4. start%2:42:00:: - have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense. "The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro." This seems promising. The bells have a beginning point in their swing (spatial/temporal).

5. start%2:36:00:: - bring into being. "He initiated a new program." Transitive, creating something. Not this.

6. start%2:36:01:: - get off the ground. "Who started this company?" Not this.

7. start%2:38:04:: - move or jump suddenly, as if in surprise or alarm. "She startled when I walked into the room." This is the "startle" sense. Not this.

8. start%2:38:01:: - get going or set in motion. "We simply could not start the engine." This is about starting a machine/engine. Could be close, but the bells are swinging, not being started like an engine. Also it's transitive usually? "start the engine." Here it's intransitive.

9. start%2:38:00:: - begin or set in motion. "I start at eight in the morning; Ready, set, go!" This is about an activity beginning. But the example "I start at eight" is temporal. The bells "starting" in a position...

10. start%2:41:00:: - begin work or acting in a certain capacity. "Take up a position; start a new job." No.

11. start%2:33:00:: - play in the starting lineup. Sports. No.

12. start%2:42:03:: - have a beginning characterized in some specified way. "The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees." This is about the beginning being characterized by something. The bells start in the inverted position... this could work too. But sense 4 is "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense." The example "The DMZ begins right over the hill" is spatial. The bells begin (their swing) in the inverted position.

Wait, let me look more carefully at sense 4 vs sense 12.

Sense 4: have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense. Examples: "The DMZ begins right over the hill" (spatial beginning), "The second movement begins after the Allegro" (temporal).

Sense 12: have a beginning characterized in some specified way. Examples: "The novel begins with a murder" (the beginning is characterized by a murder), "My property begins with the three maple trees" (the property's boundary starts with those trees).

In the context: "the huge bronze bells... swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."

The bells start (i.e., their swing starts) in the inverted position. This is describing the spatial starting point of the swing. It's paired with "ending" in the same position.

Sense 4 seems best because it's about having a beginning in a spatial sense. The bells' swing has a beginning point that is spatially located ("in the inverted... position").

Sense 12 focuses on the beginning being characterized in some way (e.g., "begins with a murder"). While "begins in the inverted position" could fit, sense 4's spatial sense is more directly about location/position.

Actually, looking at the examples for sense 12: "My property begins with the three maple trees" - this is also spatial. But the definition says "characterized in some specified way" - the "with" preposition is typical.

For sense 4: "The DMZ begins right over the hill" - this is about where something begins spatially.

The bells start (their motion) in a certain position. This is a spatial beginning. The phrase "starting and ending in X" is describing the endpoints of the motion.

Sense 9: "begin or set in motion" - "I start at eight in the morning." This is intransitive, but about beginning an activity. The bells are beginning their swing? But the specific pairing with "ending" and the spatial description makes sense 4 or 12 better.

Sense 8: "get going or set in motion" - usually transitive or about machines.

Let me reconsider sense 4 vs 9. "The bells... swing... starting and ending in the inverted position." The word "starting" here is parallel to "ending". If something "ends in X", then it "begins in X". The verb is describing the state/position at the beginning of the swing.

Sense 4: "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense" - the spatial sense fits perfectly. The swing has its beginning in the inverted position.

Sense 12: "have a beginning characterized in some specified way" - this could also fit, but the characterization is usually more about the manner or content, not the spatial location. Actually, "My property begins with the three maple trees" is spatial. But "begins with" is different from "begins in".

Wait, the example for sense 12: "The novel begins with a murder" - content. "My property begins with the three maple trees" - spatial boundary marker.

The bells begin (their 360 degree swing) in the inverted position. This is a spatial starting point. I think sense 4 is the best match.

But let me double-check if there's any other sense.

Sense 2: "set in motion, cause to start" - transitive. "starting" here is intransitive.

Sense 1: "take the first step" - agentive.

Sense 7: "startle" - no.

Sense 14: "bulge outward" - no.

So it's between 4, 9, and 12.

Sense 9: "begin or set in motion" - examples: "I start at eight in the morning; Ready, set, go!" This is about an event/activity commencing. The bells' swing is an activity. But the specific mention of the position makes it more about the spatial beginning.

Actually, looking at the sentence structure: "swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending... in the inverted... position." This is a participial phrase modifying the swing. The swing starts and ends in that position.

In WordNet, sense 4 (start%2:42:00::) is the "have a beginning" sense, which is the intransitive counterpart to many transitive senses. The gloss "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense" with example "The DMZ begins right over the hill" strongly supports spatial beginnings.

Sense 12 (start%2:42:03::) is "have a beginning characterized in some specified way" - this might be too specific about the characterization. The bells aren't characterized by the inverted position at their beginning; rather, their beginning is located at that position.

Therefore, sense 4 seems the best choice.

Wait, I need to be careful. Let me look at the sense indices. The user lists them as 1-14. Sense 4 is index 4.

But let me reconsider sense 9: "begin or set in motion" - "I start at eight in the morning." If the bells start (moving) at a certain position... but the example is temporal. The gloss says "begin or set in motion" and synonyms are "go, get going". This is about the commencement of movement. The bells start (moving) and end (moving) in the inverted position. Hmm.

Actually, "starting and ending in the inverted position" - this could mean that the motion starts from that position and ends in that position. When you say "the race starts in Boston and ends in New York", that's sense 4 (spatial beginning).

Yes, "The DMZ begins right over the hill" is exactly this type of usage. A boundary or extent has a beginning at a location. The swing's path has a beginning at a location.

I'll go with sense 4.

Wait, I should check if sense 4's examples include spatial beginnings. Yes: "The DMZ begins right over the hill" (spatial), "The second movement begins after the Allegro" (temporal). So spatial is explicitly covered.

Sense 12's examples: "The novel begins with a murder" (content), "My property begins with the three maple trees" (spatial, but "with" not "in").

The preposition "in" with a position strongly suggests sense 4 (spatial beginning point).

Final answer: sense_index 4.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: end
Target surface form: ending
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and <t>ending</t>, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=end%2:42:00:: | definition=have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense; either spatial or metaphorical | synonyms=stop, finish, terminate, cease | examples=the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed; Your rights stop where you infringe upon the rights of other
2. sense_key=end%2:30:01:: | definition=bring to an end or halt | synonyms=terminate | examples=She ended their friendship when she found out that he had once been convicted of a crime; The attack on Poland terminated the relatively peaceful period after WW I
3. sense_key=end%2:42:01:: | definition=be the end of; be the last or concluding part of | synonyms=terminate | examples=This sad scene ended the movie
4. sense_key=end%2:36:13:: | definition=put an end to | examples=The terrible news ended our hopes that he had survived

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "ending" in the given context. The target lemma is "end", and the surface form is "ending".

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and <t>ending</t>, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."
- The bells are swinging through a full 360 degrees
- They start and end in a specific position (inverted/mouth-up)
- This describes the physical motion of the bells - they have a starting point and an ending point in their swing cycle

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=end%2:42:00:: | definition=have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense; either spatial or metaphorical | synonyms=stop, finish, terminate, cease | examples=the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed; Your rights stop where you infringe upon the rights of other
   - This is an intransitive sense meaning "to come to an end" or "have an end"
   - The subject would be something that has an end
   - Example: "the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed" - the bronchioles end at the capillary bed

2. sense_key=end%2:30:01:: | definition=bring to an end or halt | synonyms=terminate | examples=She ended their friendship when she found out that he had once been convicted of a crime; The attack on Poland terminated the relatively peaceful period after WW I
   - This is a transitive sense meaning to cause something to end
   - Someone ends something

3. sense_key=end%2:42:01:: | definition=be the end of; be the last or concluding part of | synonyms=terminate | examples=This sad scene ended the movie
   - This is also transitive? Wait, looking at the definition "be the end of" - this might be transitive
   - Actually, looking at the example "This sad scene ended the movie" - this is transitive (the scene ended the movie)

4. sense_key=end%2:36:13:: | definition=put an end to | examples=The terrible news ended our hopes that he had survived
   - This is transitive, meaning to terminate or destroy something

In the context: "the huge bronze bells... swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending... in the inverted... position"

The bells are the subject. They swing, starting and ending in a specific position. This is describing the motion of the bells having an endpoint - they end up in the inverted position.

This seems to be an intransitive use. The bells themselves are ending (coming to rest/ending their swing) in a particular position.

Sense 1 (end%2:42:00::) is "have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense" - intransitive.
Sense 3 (end%2:42:01::) is "be the end of; be the last or concluding part of" - this seems to be about being the concluding part of something else.

Wait, looking more carefully at sense 3: "be the end of; be the last or concluding part of" - example: "This sad scene ended the movie". This is transitive - the scene is ending (concluding) the movie.

But in our sentence: "the huge bronze bells... starting and ending... in the inverted... position"

The bells are starting and ending. They are performing the action of ending. They come to an end in the inverted position.

This matches sense 1: "have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense" - the bells have an end point (the inverted position) in their swing.

But wait, is "ending" here being used transitively or intransitively?
- "bells... starting and ending... in the inverted position"
- The bells start (intransitive - they begin moving?)
- Actually, "starting and ending" here describes the position where they start and end.
- The bells swing through 360 degrees, and the swing ends with the bells in the inverted position.

Let me reconsider. "Starting and ending... in the inverted position" - this could mean:
1. The bells start their swing in the inverted position and end their swing in the inverted position (completing the 360 degree rotation)
2. The action of swinging starts and ends in that position

Actually, reading carefully: "swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."

This suggests that the 360 degree swing starts and ends in the same position (the inverted position). Since a full 360 degree rotation brings you back to where you started, it makes sense that they start and end in the same position.

So "ending" here means coming to an end, terminating, finishing - the bells finish their rotation in the inverted position.

This is intransitive: the bells end (stop/finish) in the inverted position.

Sense 1: "have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense; either spatial or metaphorical" - this fits. The bells have a spatial end point (the inverted position).

Sense 1 examples:
- "the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed" - similar structure: [subject] ends/terminates in/at [location]
- "Your rights stop where you infringe..." - rights stop/end at a certain point

Our sentence: "bells... ending... in the inverted position" - matches the pattern of ending in a spatial location.

Sense 3: "be the end of; be the last or concluding part of" - example: "This sad scene ended the movie" - this is different. The scene causes the movie to end or constitutes the end of the movie.

But in our case, the bells aren't ending something else (transitive). They are themselves coming to an end (intransitive).

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

Wait, I need to double-check the sense indices. The user lists:
1. sense_key=end%2:42:00::
2. sense_key=end%2:30:01::
3. sense_key=end%2:42:01::
4. sense_key=end%2:36:13::

So sense_index should be 1.

But let me make sure about sense 3 vs sense 1.

Sense 1 (end%2:42:00::): "have an end" - intransitive
Sense 3 (end%2:42:01::): "be the end of" - transitive or intransitive?

Actually, looking at WordNet, sense 3 is likely:
- "end, terminate -- (be the end of; be the last or concluding part of; "This sad scene ended the movie")"
This is transitive.

Sense 1 is:
- "end, stop, finish, terminate, cease -- (have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense; either spatial or metaphorical; "the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed"; "Your rights stop where you infringe upon the rights of other"; "My property ends by the bushes")"

Yes, the example "My property ends by the bushes" is exactly parallel to "bells... ending... in the inverted position".

So sense 1 is correct.

One more check: could it be sense 2?
Sense 2: "bring to an end or halt" - transitive, e.g., "She ended their friendship"
No, the bells are not bringing something to an end in a transitive sense here.

Sense 4: "put an end to" - also transitive.

Therefore, the answer is sense 1.

But wait, the user says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

Let me reconsider if there's any ambiguity. The word is "ending" which is a present participle/gerund. It could be part of a participial phrase "starting and ending in..." modifying the swing or the bells.

"the huge bronze bells... swing... starting and ending... in the inverted position"

Here "starting and ending" could be:
- Adverbial participles describing how they swing
- Or reduced relative clauses: (which start and end)

But either way, it's the bells (or the swinging) that is ending.

If it's the swing that is ending, then the swing has an end.

If it's the bells that are ending, the bells come to an end (stop) in that position.

Actually, looking at the physics: the bells swing through 360 degrees. They pass through the inverted position at the start/end of each swing. As they swing 360 degrees, they start at inverted, go around, and end at inverted.

So yes, they end (come to rest/complete the motion) in the inverted position? Or do they pass through it?

Wait, "swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending... in the inverted position"

If they swing THROUGH 360 degrees, and start AND end in the inverted position, this suggests they make a full circle. They start at inverted, rotate 360 degrees, and end at inverted.

But actually, if they swing through 360 degrees starting at inverted, they would end at inverted. But during the swing they pass through all positions.

However, usually bells swing back and forth, not 360. But the text says they swing through a full 360 degrees on wheels. This is a specific type of bell ringing (change ringing) where the bells rotate fully.

In any case, "ending" here clearly means "coming to an end" or "having an end point" in the spatial sense.

So sense 1 is correct.

Final check: Could sense 3 apply?
"be the end of; be the last or concluding part of"
Could the bells be ending (constituting the end of) something?
"the huge bronze bells... ending... in the inverted position" - no, there's no object.

Therefore, sense 1 is definitely the answer.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inverted
Target surface form: inverted
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the <t>inverted</t>, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inverted%5:00:00:turned:00 | definition=being in such a position that top and bottom are reversed | synonyms=upside-down | examples=a quotation mark is sometimes called an inverted comma; an upside-down cake
2. sense_key=inverted%3:00:04:: | definition=(of a plant ovule) completely inverted; turned back 180 degrees on its stalk | synonyms=anatropous

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "inverted" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 - The text is about bell ringing (change ringing)
 - It describes bells mounted on wheels that swing through 360 degrees
 - They start and end in the "inverted" position
 - The text clarifies this as "mouth-up position"
 - So the bells are upside down, with the mouth (opening) facing upward

 Candidate sense 1:
 - Definition: being in such a position that top and bottom are reversed
 - Synonyms: upside-down
 - Examples: "a quotation mark is sometimes called an inverted comma; an upside-down cake"
 - This matches the context: the bell is upside down (inverted), mouth up

 Candidate sense 2:
 - Definition: (of a plant ovule) completely inverted; turned back 180 degrees on its stalk
 - Synonyms: anatropous
 - This is a botanical term specific to plant ovules
 - The context is about bells, not plants
 - This does not match

 Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}

 Wait, let me check the sense keys:
 1. sense_key=inverted%5:00:00:turned:00
 2. sense_key=inverted%3:00:04::

 The index should be 1 or 2 based on the order provided. The user says "Choose the single best indexed sense" and the candidates are labeled 1 and 2.

 So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}

 Let me double-check the context:
 "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the <t>inverted</t>, or mouth-up position."

 Yes, the bell is upside down (mouth up), which means the top and bottom are reversed from the normal hanging position. This fits sense 1 perfectly.

 Sense 2 is about plant ovules, which is clearly wrong here.

 So the answer is sense_index: 1.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: position
Target surface form: position
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up <t>position</t>. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=position%1:15:00:: | definition=the particular portion of space occupied by something | synonyms=place | examples=he put the lamp back in its place
2. sense_key=position%1:15:02:: | definition=a point occupied by troops for tactical reasons | synonyms=military position
3. sense_key=position%1:09:00:: | definition=a way of regarding situations or topics etc. | synonyms=view, perspective | examples=consider what follows from the positivist view
4. sense_key=position%1:07:01:: | definition=the arrangement of the body and its limbs | synonyms=posture, attitude | examples=he assumed an attitude of surrender
5. sense_key=position%1:26:00:: | definition=the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society | synonyms=status | examples=he had the status of a minor; the novel attained the status of a classic
6. sense_key=position%1:04:01:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=post, berth, office, spot, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury
7. sense_key=position%1:07:00:: | definition=the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated | synonyms=spatial relation | examples=the position of the hands on the clock; he specified the spatial relations of every piece of furniture on the stage
8. sense_key=position%1:15:03:: | definition=the appropriate or customary location | examples=the cars were in position
9. sense_key=position%1:04:02:: | definition=(in team sports) the role assigned to an individual player | examples=what position does he play?
10. sense_key=position%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of putting something in a certain place | synonyms=placement, location, locating, positioning, emplacement
11. sense_key=position%1:26:02:: | definition=a condition or position in which you find yourself | synonyms=situation | examples=the unpleasant situation (or position) of having to choose between two evils; found herself in a very fortunate situation
12. sense_key=position%1:09:01:: | definition=a rationalized mental attitude | synonyms=stance, posture
13. sense_key=position%1:10:00:: | definition=an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute | synonyms=side | examples=there are two sides to every question
14. sense_key=position%1:10:01:: | definition=an item on a list or in a sequence | synonyms=place | examples=in the second place; moved from third to fifth position
15. sense_key=position%1:04:03:: | definition=the post or function properly or customarily occupied or served by another | synonyms=stead, place, lieu | examples=can you go in my stead?; took his place
16. sense_key=position%1:04:04:: | definition=the act of positing; an assumption taken as a postulate or axiom

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "position" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about bell ringing (change ringing)
 - It describes bells swinging through 360 degrees
 - They start and end in the "inverted, or mouth-up position"
 - This refers to the physical orientation/spatial arrangement of the bells

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. position%1:15:00:: - "the particular portion of space occupied by something" - This is about location in space, like putting a lamp in its place. The bells are not just in a location, they are in a specific orientation.

 2. position%1:15:02:: - military position - not relevant.

 3. position%1:09:00:: - a way of regarding situations - mental perspective, not physical.

 4. position%1:07:01:: - "the arrangement of the body and its limbs" - posture/attitude. This is about human body posture, not bells.

 5. position%1:26:00:: - social status - not relevant.

 6. position%1:04:01:: - a job in an organization - not relevant.

 7. position%1:07:00:: - "the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated" - synonyms: spatial relation. Examples: "the position of the hands on the clock". This seems relevant - it refers to how something is situated spatially, its orientation.

 8. position%1:15:03:: - "the appropriate or customary location" - This is about being in the right place, like cars being in position. But here it's about the orientation of the bell (mouth-up).

 9. position%1:04:02:: - role in team sports - not relevant.

 10. position%1:04:00:: - the act of putting something in place - not relevant (this is about the action, not the state).

 11. position%1:26:02:: - a condition or situation - not quite right.

 12. position%1:09:01:: - mental attitude/stance - not relevant.

 13. position%1:10:00:: - opinion in an argument - not relevant.

 14. position%1:10:01:: - item in a sequence - not relevant.

 15. position%1:04:03:: - post or function served by another - not relevant.

 16. position%1:04:04:: - act of positing/assumption - not relevant.

 Now between sense 1 and sense 7 and sense 8:

 Sense 1 (1:15:00): "the particular portion of space occupied by something" - This is about a specific location/spot.

 Sense 7 (1:07:00): "the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated" - This is about the spatial relation, orientation, how something is positioned.

 Sense 8 (1:15:03): "the appropriate or customary location"

 The context says: "starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."

 This describes the orientation of the bell - how it is situated in space (mouth-up). It's not just about being in a particular spot (sense 1), but about the spatial orientation/property (sense 7).

 Sense 7's definition mentions "the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated" and examples include "the position of the hands on the clock" - which is about orientation/configuration.

 The bells are described as being in an "inverted" state or "mouth-up" - this is describing their spatial orientation, how they are situated.

 Therefore, sense 7 (position%1:07:00::) seems best.

 Wait, let me double-check sense 4: "the arrangement of the body and its limbs" - this is posture, specifically for bodies. The bell is not a body.

 Sense 1 is about a portion of space occupied. While the bell occupies space, "mouth-up" describes orientation, not just location.

 Actually, looking at sense 7 again: "the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated" - this is the "spatial relation" sense.

 And sense 1: "the particular portion of space occupied by something" - this is the "place" sense.

 The example for sense 7 is "the position of the hands on the clock" - which refers to their orientation/configuration.

 The example for sense 1 is "he put the lamp back in its place" - which is about location.

 In the text, "mouth-up position" refers to the orientation of the bell (which way the mouth is facing). This is a spatial property of how the bell is situated.

 So sense 7 is the best fit.

 But wait, looking at the sense keys:
 1. position%1:15:00::
 7. position%1:07:00::

 The numbers after %1 indicate the lexicographer file (noun.Tops, noun.artifact, etc.). 15 is noun.location, 07 is noun.attribute.

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
 - 1:15:00 is likely noun.location
 - 1:07:00 is likely noun.attribute

 The definition for 1:07:00 mentions "spatial property" which is an attribute.

 The text describes the bell being in a "mouth-up" orientation. This is indeed a spatial property/attribute.

 However, I should also consider sense 4 (1:07:01): "the arrangement of the body and its limbs" - posture. While this is about arrangement, it's specifically for bodies.

 The bell has an "inverted" position. This is similar to how a clock hand has a position (sense 7 example).

 Therefore, I choose sense index 7.

 Wait, I need to check if there's any other sense that might fit better.

 Sense 8: "the appropriate or customary location" - "the cars were in position". This is about being in the right place, ready for action. Not quite right.

 Sense 10: "the act of putting something in a certain place" - this is the act/verb nominalization.

 So yes, sense 7 is best.

 The index in the list is 7 (if we start counting from 1).

 Let me verify the list:
 1. sense_key=position%1:15:00::
 2. sense_key=position%1:15:02::
 3. sense_key=position%1:09:00::
 4. sense_key=position%1:07:01::
 5. sense_key=position%1:26:00::
 6. sense_key=position%1:04:01::
 7. sense_key=position%1:07:00::
 8. sense_key=position%1:15:03::
 9. sense_key=position%1:04:02::
 10. sense_key=position%1:04:00::
 11. sense_key=position%1:26:02::
 12. sense_key=position%1:09:01::
 13. sense_key=position%1:10:00::
 14. sense_key=position%1:10:01::
 15. sense_key=position%1:04:03::
 16. sense_key=position%1:04:04::

 So sense 7 is the one with definition "the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated".

 Final check: The context describes the bell ending up in the "inverted, or mouth-up position". This is describing the spatial orientation of the bell - how it is situated in space. This matches sense 7 perfectly.

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled <t>ringers</t> use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "ringers" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in London
 - It mentions "Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle"
 - They are "each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling"
 - The ropes are connected to bells in the belfry
 - It mentions "the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly"
 - It talks about "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing"
 - It mentions Dorothy L. Sayers describing ringing as related to church bells

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:
 1. ringer%1:18:02:: - a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
 2. ringer%1:18:01:: - a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
 3. ringer%1:18:00:: - a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
 4. ringer%1:04:00:: - (horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

 The context clearly describes people ringing church bells. They are pulling ropes attached to bells in a church (St. Mary Abbot church). The text mentions "bell ringer" type activities - pulling ropes, timing pulls, bells swinging, etc.

 Sense 1 matches perfectly: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" with synonyms "tollers, bell ringer".

 Sense 2 (dead ringer/clone) doesn't fit - there's no mention of people looking identical to others.

 Sense 3 (contestant under false pretenses) doesn't fit - while they are skilled, there's no indication of false pretenses or competition in the fraudulent sense.

 Sense 4 (horseshoes) doesn't fit - this is clearly about church bells, not a game.

 Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1 (ringer%1:18:02::).

 The user wants me to return a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}, but with the correct index. Since sense 1 is the correct one, I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

 Wait, let me check the indexing. The candidate senses are listed as:
 1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02::
 2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01::
 3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00::
 4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00::

 So index 1 corresponds to the church bell ringer sense.

 The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: use
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers <t>use</t> their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "use" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
"Skilled ringers <t>use</t> their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change."

The sentence means that skilled ringers employ/utilize their wrists for a particular purpose - to advance or retard the next swing.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home

This seems to fit best. The ringers are putting their wrists into service, employing them for the particular purpose of controlling the bell swing.

2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
This is about habitual consumption, like drugs. Doesn't fit.

3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
This means to exhaust or deplete. The ringers aren't using up their wrists; they're employing them as a tool. Doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
This implies exploiting or taking advantage of something/someone for personal gain. While the ringers are using their wrists, this sense seems more about exploiting people or connections for advantage. The example suggests a slightly manipulative or advantage-seeking connotation. The physical use of body parts as tools is better covered by sense 1.

5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
This seems more about applying principles, practicing religion, etc. "Avail oneself to" is a bit awkward. While "apply" is similar, this seems more about adopting or following something rather than physically employing a body part.

6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week...
This is "used to" which is a specific grammatical construction. The target is "use" in present tense (or base form in context), not "used to".

So sense 1 is clearly the best fit. The ringers are employing/utilizing their wrists as instruments/tools for a particular purpose (to control the bell swing).

Wait, let me double-check sense 4 vs sense 1. Sense 4 is "seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage." The examples involve using friends/connections. This is more about exploiting resources or people. Sense 1 is the general "put into service" sense, which covers using tools, body parts, languages, etc. The example "use your head!" is very similar to using one's wrists - using a body part to accomplish a task.

Therefore, sense index 1 is correct.

The user wants JSON output exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: retard
Target surface form: retard
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or <t>retard</t> the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=retard%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate | examples=This drug will retard your heart rate
2. sense_key=retard%2:42:00:: | definition=be delayed
3. sense_key=retard%2:30:07:: | definition=slow the growth or development of | synonyms=check, delay | examples=The brain damage will retard the child's language development
4. sense_key=retard%2:30:00:: | definition=lose velocity; move more slowly | synonyms=decelerate, slow, slow down, slow up | examples=The car decelerated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "retard" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about church bell ringing
 - "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or <t>retard</t> the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change."
 - The ringers are controlling the timing/speed of the bell swings
 - "Advance" means to make it happen sooner/faster, "retard" means to make it happen later/slower
 - The goal is to time the pulls so bells can swap places in the sequence

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=retard%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate | examples=This drug will retard your heart rate
    - This is about causing something to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate
    - In the context, the ringers are controlling the speed/timing of the bell swing
    - This seems plausible - they are slowing down the next swing

 2. sense_key=retard%2:42:00:: | definition=be delayed
    - This is intransitive - "be delayed"
    - But in the context, "retard" is used transitively: "retard the next swing"
    - So this doesn't fit grammatically

 3. sense_key=retard%2:30:07:: | definition=slow the growth or development of | synonyms=check, delay | examples=The brain damage will retard the child's language development
    - This is about slowing growth or development over time
    - The context is about immediate mechanical control of a swing, not long-term development
    - Doesn't fit well

 4. sense_key=retard%2:30:00:: | definition=lose velocity; move more slowly | synonyms=decelerate, slow, slow down, slow up | examples=The car decelerated
    - This appears to be intransitive: "lose velocity; move more slowly"
    - The example "The car decelerated" suggests the subject is the thing slowing down
    - But in our context, the ringers are retarding the swing (transitive)
    - Wait, let me check WordNet. Actually, looking at the sense key structure:
      - retard%2:30:00:: - this might be the intransitive sense
      - But in the context, it's clearly transitive: "retard the next swing"

 Let me reconsider sense 1 vs sense 4:
 - Sense 1: "cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate" - transitive
 - Sense 4: "lose velocity; move more slowly" - intransitive (based on synonyms decelerate, slow, slow down, slow up, and example "The car decelerated")

 In the sentence: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing"
 - "retard" takes a direct object "the next swing"
 - So it must be transitive

 Sense 1 is transitive: "cause to move more slowly"
 Sense 4 appears to be intransitive based on the definition and example

 Actually, looking more carefully at WordNet:
 - Sense 2:30:00 is often the intransitive sense of verbs of motion
 - Sense 2:30:01 is often the transitive/causative sense

 The context is about controlling the timing of the bell swing - making it happen later or slower so that the bells can swap places in the change ringing sequence.

 "Advance or retard" is a common collocation in mechanics and timing - advancing makes it happen earlier/faster, retarding makes it happen later/slower.

 Sense 1: "cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate" - this fits perfectly. The ringers are causing the next swing to be slower or delayed so that the timing changes.

 Sense 3 is about growth/development, which doesn't fit a mechanical swing.

 So the best choice is sense 1 (index 1).

 Wait, let me double-check the sense indices:
 1. sense_key=retard%2:30:01::
 2. sense_key=retard%2:42:00::
 3. sense_key=retard%2:30:07::
 4. sense_key=retard%2:30:00::

 The question asks for the "sense_index". Looking at the format, it seems they want the number from the list (1, 2, 3, or 4).

 Sense 1 is the best fit: "cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate"

 The ringers are using their wrists to control the speed/timing of the bell swing - specifically to slow it down or delay it relative to the other bells, allowing them to change positions in the ringing sequence.

 Actually, looking at the synonyms for sense 3: check, delay
 And definition: slow the growth or development of

 But sense 1 is specifically about causing to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate, which is exactly what happens with a mechanical swing.

 The example for sense 1: "This drug will retard your heart rate" - causing the heart rate to slow down.
 The context: causing the bell swing to slow down or be delayed.

 Yes, sense 1 is correct.

 But wait, I should check if sense 4 could be transitive. The definition "lose velocity; move more slowly" with synonyms "decelerate, slow, slow down, slow up" - these can be used transitively in some contexts (e.g., "slow the car"), but the example given is intransitive. However, WordNet sense 2:30:00 for "retard" is likely the intransitive sense meaning to slow down oneself.

 Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
 - retard.v.01 (2:30:00) - be delayed - wait, no, that would be sense 2.
 - Let me reconsider the WordNet sense keys.

 WordNet sense keys:
 - %2:30:01:: - this is likely the causative/transitive sense
 - %2:30:00:: - this might be the intransitive sense
 - %2:30:07:: - another sense
 - %2:42:00:: - this is likely "be delayed" (intransitive)

 Actually, looking at the candidate list again:
 2. sense_key=retard%2:42:00:: | definition=be delayed - clearly intransitive
 4. sense_key=retard%2:30:00:: | definition=lose velocity; move more slowly - appears intransitive based on definition and example

 1. sense_key=retard%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to move more slowly... - clearly transitive
 3. sense_key=retard%2:30:07:: | definition=slow the growth... - transitive but about development

 Since the context uses "retard" transitively with object "the next swing", and it's about mechanical movement (not biological development), sense 1 is the correct choice.

 The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: swing
Target surface form: swing
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next <t>swing</t>, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=swing%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of steady vigorous action that is characteristic of an activity | examples=the party went with a swing; it took time to get into the swing of things
2. sense_key=swing%1:06:00:: | definition=mechanical device used as a plaything to support someone swinging back and forth
3. sense_key=swing%1:04:06:: | definition=a sweeping blow or stroke | examples=he took a wild swing at my head
4. sense_key=swing%1:04:00:: | definition=changing location by moving back and forth | synonyms=swinging, vacillation
5. sense_key=swing%1:10:01:: | definition=a style of jazz played by big bands popular in the 1930s; flowing rhythms but less complex than later styles of jazz | synonyms=swing music, jive
6. sense_key=swing%1:07:00:: | definition=a jaunty rhythm in music | synonyms=lilt
7. sense_key=swing%1:04:03:: | definition=the act of swinging a golf club at a golf ball and (usually) hitting it | synonyms=golf stroke, golf shot
8. sense_key=swing%1:04:02:: | definition=in baseball; a batter's attempt to hit a pitched ball | synonyms=baseball swing, cut | examples=he took a vicious cut at the ball
9. sense_key=swing%1:04:04:: | definition=a square dance figure; a pair of dancers join hands and dance around a point between them

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "swing" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about church bell ringing
 - It describes ringers pulling ropes to make bells swing
 - "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees..."
 - "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next <t>swing</t>, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change."

 The target word "swing" appears in the phrase "advance or retard the next swing". Here, it refers to the motion or movement of the bell swinging back and forth.

 Let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=swing%1:26:01:: - a state of steady vigorous action (e.g., "get into the swing of things") - This is more abstract, about being in a rhythm or routine. Not the physical movement here.

 2. sense_key=swing%1:06:00:: - mechanical device used as a plaything (playground swing) - Not this, it's about bells.

 3. sense_key=swing%1:04:06:: - a sweeping blow or stroke - Not this, no hitting involved.

 4. sense_key=swing%1:04:00:: - changing location by moving back and forth | synonyms=swinging, vacillation - This looks promising. The bell is moving back and forth (swinging through 360 degrees).

 5. sense_key=swing%1:10:01:: - style of jazz - Not relevant.

 6. sense_key=swing%1:07:00:: - jaunty rhythm in music - Not relevant.

 7. sense_key=swing%1:04:03:: - golf swing - Not relevant.

 8. sense_key=swing%1:04:02:: - baseball swing - Not relevant.

 9. sense_key=swing%1:04:04:: - square dance figure - Not relevant.

 So sense 4 seems to be the best fit: "changing location by moving back and forth" with synonyms "swinging, vacillation".

 The context describes the bells swinging through 360 degrees, and the ringers timing their pulls to control the next "swing" (the next back-and-forth movement) of the bell.

 Wait, let me double-check sense 1. "a state of steady vigorous action that is characteristic of an activity" - examples mention "the party went with a swing" and "get into the swing of things". This is metaphorical. The text is talking about the physical motion of the bell.

 Sense 4 is specifically about the physical movement: "changing location by moving back and forth".

 Actually, looking at the sentence again: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing"

 Here, "swing" is a noun referring to the act or instance of swinging (the motion). The bell swings (verb) and the swing (noun) is the movement itself.

 Sense 4: "changing location by moving back and forth" - this is the act of swinging.

 Let me verify the WordNet sense keys to make sure I have the right index. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=swing%1:26:01::
 2. sense_key=swing%1:06:00::
 3. sense_key=swing%1:04:06::
 4. sense_key=swing%1:04:00::
 5. sense_key=swing%1:10:01::
 6. sense_key=swing%1:07:00::
 7. sense_key=swing%1:04:03::
 8. sense_key=swing%1:04:02::
 9. sense_key=swing%1:04:04::

 So index 4 corresponds to sense_key=swing%1:04:00::.

 This sense is defined as "changing location by moving back and forth" with synonyms "swinging, vacillation".

 This fits perfectly with the context of church bells swinging on wheels through 360 degrees, and ringers controlling the timing of the next swing (the next oscillation).

 The other senses are clearly wrong:
 - 1 is abstract (rhythm/state)
 - 2 is a playground swing (device)
 - 3 is a blow/strike
 - 5 is music genre
 - 6 is musical rhythm
 - 7 is golf
 - 8 is baseball
 - 9 is dancing

 Therefore, the answer should be index 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: so
Target surface form: so
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, <t>so</t> that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=so%4:02:02:: | definition=to a very great extent or degree | examples=the idea is so obvious; never been so happy
2. sense_key=so%4:02:06:: | definition=in a manner that facilitates | examples=he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior; he stooped down so he could pick up his hat
3. sense_key=so%4:02:05:: | definition=in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied | examples=They're happy and I hope they will remain so; so live your life that old age will bring no regrets
4. sense_key=so%4:02:07:: | definition=to a certain unspecified extent or degree | examples=I can only go so far with this student; can do only so much in a day
5. sense_key=so%4:02:08:: | definition=in the same way; also | examples=I was offended and so was he; worked hard and so did she
6. sense_key=so%4:02:04:: | definition=in the way indicated; ; ; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant) | synonyms=thus, thusly | examples=hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus
7. sense_key=so%4:02:03:: | definition=(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed | examples=he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells
8. sense_key=so%4:02:09:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=then, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
9. sense_key=so%4:02:10:: | definition=(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result | synonyms=therefore, hence, thence, thus | examples=therefore X must be true; the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory
10. sense_key=so%4:02:00:: | definition=in truth (often tends to intensify) | synonyms=indeed | examples=they said the car would break down and indeed it did; it is very cold indeed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "so" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, <t>so</t> that one bell can swap places with another in the following change."

 The structure here is "so that" - this is a purpose clause or result clause construction. The ringers do something (use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing) in order that / with the result that one bell can swap places with another.

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=so%4:02:02:: - to a very great extent or degree (intensifier) - doesn't fit, this is "so happy", "so obvious"
 2. sense_key=so%4:02:06:: - in a manner that facilitates - examples show "so he could describe", "so he could pick up" - this looks like purpose/result
 3. sense_key=so%4:02:05:: - in such a condition or manner - "remain so", "so live your life" - doesn't fit
 4. sense_key=so%4:02:07:: - to a certain unspecified extent - "only so far", "only so much" - doesn't fit
 5. sense_key=so%4:02:08:: - in the same way; also - "and so was he" - doesn't fit
 6. sense_key=so%4:02:04:: - in the way indicated - "hold the brush so" - manner, doesn't fit
 7. sense_key=so%4:02:03:: - (usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed - "so tired that", "so dirty that" - this is degree + result, but here we have purpose, not degree
 8. sense_key=so%4:02:09:: - subsequently or soon afterward - temporal, doesn't fit
 9. sense_key=so%4:02:10:: - (used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result - "therefore", "hence" - this is inferential/conclusive
 10. sense_key=so%4:02:00:: - in truth (intensifier) - "indeed" - doesn't fit

 Now between sense 2, 7, and 9:

 Sense 2: "in a manner that facilitates" - examples: "he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior" - this is purpose.
 Sense 7: "(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed" - examples: "he was so tired he could hardly stand" - this is degree/extent + result.
 Sense 9: "(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result" - examples: "therefore X must be true" - this is inferential.

 The context: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change."

 This is expressing purpose or result - they adjust the swing in order that (so that) the bells can swap places.

 Sense 2 definition: "in a manner that facilitates" with examples showing purpose clauses ("so he could...").
 Sense 7 is about extent/degree ("so tired that"), which doesn't apply here because there's no adjective or adverb being modified by "so" to indicate extent.

 However, looking closely at sense 7: "(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed" - this is the "so...that" construction indicating degree.

 But in our sentence, "so" is followed by "that", but it's not indicating extent or degree. It's indicating purpose or result.

 Sense 2: "in a manner that facilitates" - the examples are "he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior" and "he stooped down so he could pick up his hat". These are purpose clauses.

 Sense 9 is about logical conclusion from a fact: "therefore", "hence". Example: "the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory". This would be: "The ringers use their wrists, so (therefore) the bells can swap places." But the sentence structure "so that" is not typically used for the inferential "therefore" sense. The inferential sense is usually just "so" without "that" or with a comma, introducing a conclusion.

 Actually, looking at WordNet sense 9 (so%4:02:10::), the definition says "(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result". The examples show "therefore X must be true" and "the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory". This is the conjunctive use.

 But the target is "so that". In WordNet, "so that" is typically handled by sense 2 or sense 7 depending on whether it's purpose or degree.

 Let me check the exact wording of sense 2 again: "in a manner that facilitates" - examples: "he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior; he stooped down so he could pick up his hat"

 This matches our context perfectly: "use their wrists... so that one bell can swap places..." - this is purpose.

 Sense 7 is: "(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed" - examples: "he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells". This is the correlative "so...that" indicating degree.

 In our sentence, "so" is not modifying an adjective or adverb to indicate extent. It's introducing a purpose clause. Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense keys. The user lists them with indices 1-10, but the sense keys have different numbers (like 4:02:02, etc.). The user wants me to return the index number (1-10).

 Sense 2 in the list is: sense_key=so%4:02:06:: | definition=in a manner that facilitates | examples=he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior; he stooped down so he could pick up his hat

 Yes, this is the one.

 Actually, looking at the sentence again: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change."

 This could be interpreted as result rather than purpose, but in WordNet, sense 2 covers "in a manner that facilitates" which includes both purpose and result interpretations of "so that" clauses when they indicate facilitation.

 Sense 9 (therefore/hence) would be if it were: "The ringers use their wrists to advance the swing, so the bells can swap places." But with "so that", it's typically sense 2 for purpose/result facilitation.

 Also, sense 7 requires "so" to modify an adjective/adverb to express extent, which isn't happening here.

 Therefore, the answer should be index 2.

 Wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=so%4:02:02::
 2. sense_key=so%4:02:06::
 3. sense_key=so%4:02:05::
 4. sense_key=so%4:02:07::
 5. sense_key=so%4:02:08::
 6. sense_key=so%4:02:04::
 7. sense_key=so%4:02:03::
 8. sense_key=so%4:02:09::
 9. sense_key=so%4:02:10::
 10. sense_key=so%4:02:00::

 So index 2 corresponds to sense_key so%4:02:06::.

 Let me verify this is correct by checking if there's any other possibility.

 Could it be sense 9 (index 9)? "used to introduce a logical conclusion... as a result"
 Example: "the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory"
 If we read the sentence as: "Skilled ringers use their wrists..., so (as a result) one bell can swap places..."
 But the presence of "that" strongly suggests it's not the simple conjunctive "so" (therefore), but rather the "so that" construction which is distinct.

 In WordNet 3.0/3.1, "so that" as a purpose conjunction is typically sense 2 (4:02:06:: "in a manner that facilitates").

 Also, looking at the definition of sense 2: "in a manner that facilitates" - this captures the idea that the action (using wrists to adjust) facilitates the result (swapping places).

 Sense 7 (4:02:03::) is specifically for degree: "to an extent or degree as expressed".

 So yes, sense 2 (index 2) is correct.

 Final check: The sentence describes how ringers manipulate the bells to achieve a specific outcome (swapping places). The "so that" introduces the purpose or intended result of their wrist movements. This aligns with "in a manner that facilitates".

 Answer: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bell
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one <t>bell</t> can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "bell" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about bell ringing at St. Mary Abbot church in London
 - It describes ringers pulling ropes attached to bells
 - It mentions "the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly"
 - It talks about "one bell can swap places with another in the following change"
 - This is about change ringing (English church bell ringing)

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
    - This is the general physical bell object. The context describes physical bronze bells that ring.

 2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
    - This is a doorbell. Not relevant here.

 3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
    - This is the sound/event sense. But the context says "one bell can swap places with another" - this refers to the physical object swapping places in the sequence, not the sound.

 4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time...
    - Nautical time. Not relevant.

 5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
    - Shape sense. Not relevant.

 6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell...
    - Person. Not relevant.

 7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter...
    - Person. Not relevant.

 8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor...
    - Person. Not relevant.

 9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
    - This is specifically about orchestral chimes/tubular bells. The context describes church bells on wheels, not orchestral chimes.

 10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device
    - Like the bell of a trumpet or stethoscope. Not relevant.

 The key phrase is: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change."

 This refers to the physical bell (the heavy bronze object) moving in the ringing sequence. In change ringing, bells are numbered and they swap positions in the sequence of permutations.

 So the sense is the physical object: sense 1 - "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck".

 Wait, let me double-check sense 1 vs sense 9. Sense 9 is specifically "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells" - this refers to things like orchestral bells, glockenspiel, etc. The context describes "huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels" which are church bells, not orchestral percussion.

 Sense 1 is the general sense of a bell as a hollow metal device that rings. This fits church bells.

 Also, sense 3 is the sound of a bell. But the text says "one bell can swap places with another" - you can't swap sounds in a sequence in this way. It must be referring to the physical bells.

 Therefore, the best sense is sense 1.

 Wait, I should check if there's any other sense that might fit. The text mentions "bells themselves" earlier referring to the sound being muffled, but the target instance is specifically in the phrase "one bell can swap places with another".

 Let me look at the exact sentence: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one <t>bell</t> can swap places with another in the following change."

 In change ringing terminology:
 - The "change" is the sequence of bells ringing
 - Bells swap places in the sequence
 - This refers to the bell (the instrument/permutation element) changing position in the ringing order

 So yes, it's referring to the physical bell (the instrument) changing its position in the sequence.

 Sense 1 is definitely the correct choice.

 The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}