[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: concentration
Target surface form: concentrations
Context:
Felisa Wolfe-Simon of NASA's Astrobiology Institute, who led the study, targeted Mono Lake because it has high arsenic levels. Arsenic and phosphorus are chemically similar, so she speculated that a microbe exposed to both might be able to substitute one for the other. "Arsenic is toxic mainly because its chemical behavior is so similar to that of phosphorus." "As a result, organisms have a hard time telling these elements apart." "But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing <t>concentrations</t> of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=concentration%1:07:02:: | definition=the strength of a solution; number of molecules of a substance in a given volume
2. sense_key=concentration%1:07:03:: | definition=the spatial property of being crowded together | synonyms=density, denseness, tightness, compactness
3. sense_key=concentration%1:04:01:: | definition=strengthening the concentration (as of a solute in a mixture) by removing diluting material
4. sense_key=concentration%1:11:00:: | definition=increase in density
5. sense_key=concentration%1:09:00:: | definition=complete attention; intense mental effort | synonyms=engrossment, absorption, immersion
6. sense_key=concentration%1:04:02:: | definition=bringing together military forces
7. sense_key=concentration%1:07:01:: | definition=great and constant diligence and attention | synonyms=assiduity, assiduousness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "concentrations" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about a study involving arsenic and bacteria (GFAJ-1)
 - The specific sentence: "The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing <t>concentrations</t> of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow."
 - Here, "concentrations" refers to the amount/strength of arsenic in a solution or mixture that the bacteria were exposed to.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=concentration%1:07:02:: | definition=the strength of a solution; number of molecules of a substance in a given volume
    - This seems to fit perfectly. In chemistry/biology contexts, "concentration" typically refers to the amount of a substance (like arsenic) in a given volume of solution. The bacteria were exposed to increasing amounts/strengths of arsenic.

 2. sense_key=concentration%1:07:03:: | definition=the spatial property of being crowded together | synonyms=density, denseness, tightness, compactness
    - This refers to physical crowding/spatial density, not chemical concentration. Doesn't fit.

 3. sense_key=concentration%1:04:01:: | definition=strengthening the concentration (as of a solute in a mixture) by removing diluting material
    - This refers to the act/process of concentrating (making something more concentrated), not the state/level of concentration itself. The context talks about "increasing concentrations" (levels/amounts), not the process of concentrating.

 4. sense_key=concentration%1:11:00:: | definition=increase in density
    - This seems to be about the process of becoming denser, or perhaps density itself. But in the context of chemical solutions, sense 1 is more specific and accurate.

 5. sense_key=concentration%1:09:00:: | definition=complete attention; intense mental effort | synonyms=engrossment, absorption, immersion
    - Mental concentration. Not relevant here.

 6. sense_key=concentration%1:04:02:: | definition=bringing together military forces
    - Military term. Not relevant.

 7. sense_key=concentration%1:07:01:: | definition=great and constant diligence and attention | synonyms=assiduity, assiduousness
    - Mental focus/diligence. Not relevant.

 The best fit is clearly sense 1: "the strength of a solution; number of molecules of a substance in a given volume". This is the standard chemical definition of concentration, which applies to arsenic levels in the lake and in the experimental conditions described.

 The context mentions "high arsenic levels" earlier, and "increasing concentrations of arsenic" refers to increasing the amount/strength of arsenic in the solution the bacteria were exposed to.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arsenic
Target surface form: arsenic
Context:
Felisa Wolfe-Simon of NASA's Astrobiology Institute, who led the study, targeted Mono Lake because it has high arsenic levels. Arsenic and phosphorus are chemically similar, so she speculated that a microbe exposed to both might be able to substitute one for the other. "Arsenic is toxic mainly because its chemical behavior is so similar to that of phosphorus." "As a result, organisms have a hard time telling these elements apart." "But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of <t>arsenic</t>, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:01:: | definition=a white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic; used in manufacturing glass and as a pesticide (rat poison) and weed killer | synonyms=arsenic trioxide, arsenous anhydride, arsenous oxide, white arsenic, ratsbane
2. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:00:: | definition=a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms; arsenic and arsenic compounds are used as herbicides and insecticides and various alloys; found in arsenopyrite and orpiment and realgar | synonyms=As, atomic number 33

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "arsenic" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses Felisa Wolfe-Simon's study about bacteria in Mono Lake
 - It mentions "high arsenic levels"
 - It compares arsenic and phosphorus as chemical elements
 - It mentions "concentrations of arsenic"
 - It discusses arsenic as a chemical element that can substitute for phosphorus in biological systems
 - It mentions "arsenic is more common" (referring to the element)

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:01:: - This refers specifically to arsenic trioxide (As2O3), a specific compound of arsenic, also known as white arsenic or rat poison. The definition mentions "trioxide of arsenic" and "white powdered poisonous trioxide."

 2. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:00:: - This refers to the element arsenic (As, atomic number 33). The definition mentions "a very poisonous metallic element" and "three allotropic forms."

 In the context:
 - The text discusses arsenic as an element that is chemically similar to phosphorus (phosphorus is an element, so the comparison is between elements)
 - It mentions "high arsenic levels" - this typically refers to the element or its compounds in general, but in chemical/biological contexts discussing substitution for phosphorus, it's referring to the element
 - It mentions "concentrations of arsenic" - again, in a biological/chemical context discussing elemental substitution
 - The text mentions "arsenic and phosphorus are chemically similar" - this is a comparison between two elements (As vs P)
 - It mentions "organisms have a hard time telling these elements apart" - explicitly calling them elements
 - It mentions "arsenic is more common" - referring to the element's abundance

 While arsenic in the environment often exists as compounds, the context here is clearly about the chemical element arsenic (As) and its biological role compared to phosphorus. The study is about whether life can use arsenic instead of phosphorus in its biochemistry, which is a property of the element.

 Sense 2 (arsenic%1:27:00::) is the correct choice because it refers to the element itself, whereas sense 1 refers specifically to arsenic trioxide (white arsenic), which is just one compound of the element.

 The JSON output should be: {"sense_index": 2}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AtlasCloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: phosphorus
Target surface form: phosphorus
Context:
Arsenic and phosphorus are chemically similar, so she speculated that a microbe exposed to both might be able to substitute one for the other. "Arsenic is toxic mainly because its chemical behavior is so similar to that of phosphorus." "As a result, organisms have a hard time telling these elements apart." "But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on <t>phosphorus</t>, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=phosphorus%1:27:00:: | definition=a multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family that occurs commonly in inorganic phosphate rocks and as organic phosphates in all living cells; is highly reactive and occurs in several allotropic forms | synonyms=P, atomic number 15
2. sense_key=phosphorus%1:17:00:: | definition=a planet (usually Venus) seen just before sunrise in the eastern sky | synonyms=morning star, daystar, Lucifer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "phosphorus" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text discusses arsenic and phosphorus as chemical elements
- It talks about microbes substituting one for the other
- It mentions "chemical behavior", "elements", "biochemical machinery"
- It mentions "inorganic phosphate rocks" and "organic phosphates" implicitly through the chemical discussion
- The bacteria GFAJ-1 grows on phosphorus (as a chemical nutrient/element)

Now look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=phosphorus%1:27:00:: - This is the chemical element sense (P, atomic number 15). The definition mentions it's a multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family, occurs in phosphate rocks and organic phosphates in living cells.
2. sense_key=phosphorus%1:17:00:: - This is the astronomical sense: a planet (usually Venus) seen just before sunrise, also called morning star, daystar, Lucifer.

The context is clearly about chemistry, biochemistry, elements, and microbial growth. The word "phosphorus" refers to the chemical element, not the morning star.

Therefore, the correct sense is index 1.

I need to return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}, but with the correct index, which is 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arsenic
Target surface form: arsenic
Context:
Arsenic and phosphorus are chemically similar, so she speculated that a microbe exposed to both might be able to substitute one for the other. "Arsenic is toxic mainly because its chemical behavior is so similar to that of phosphorus." "As a result, organisms have a hard time telling these elements apart." "But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with <t>arsenic</t> instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:01:: | definition=a white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic; used in manufacturing glass and as a pesticide (rat poison) and weed killer | synonyms=arsenic trioxide, arsenous anhydride, arsenous oxide, white arsenic, ratsbane
2. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:00:: | definition=a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms; arsenic and arsenic compounds are used as herbicides and insecticides and various alloys; found in arsenopyrite and orpiment and realgar | synonyms=As, atomic number 33

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "arsenic" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses arsenic as a chemical element that is similar to phosphorus
 - It mentions microbes substituting arsenic for phosphorus
 - It talks about arsenic being toxic and having similar chemical behavior to phosphorus
 - It mentions "concentrations of arsenic" which the bacteria adapted to
 - It mentions "arsenic is more common" (referring to its abundance/occurrence)
 - It discusses arsenic being substituted for phosphorus in biochemical machinery

 Now looking at the candidate senses:

 Sense 1 (arsenic%1:27:01::):
 - Definition: "a white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic; used in manufacturing glass and as a pesticide (rat poison) and weed killer"
 - Synonyms: arsenic trioxide, arsenous anhydride, arsenous oxide, white arsenic, ratsbane
 - This refers specifically to arsenic trioxide (As2O3), a specific compound of arsenic

 Sense 2 (arsenic%1:27:00::):
 - Definition: "a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms; arsenic and arsenic compounds are used as herbicides and insecticides and various alloys; found in arsenopyrite and orpiment and realgar"
 - Synonyms: As, atomic number 33
 - This refers to the chemical element arsenic (As) itself

 Analysis:
 The context is discussing arsenic as a chemical element that can substitute for phosphorus (which is also an element) in biological systems. The text mentions "arsenic and phosphorus are chemically similar" - phosphorus is an element, so arsenic here is also referring to the element.

 When it mentions "concentrations of arsenic," "arsenic is more common," and comparing arsenic to phosphorus at the elemental level (chemical behavior, substitution in biochemical machinery), it's clearly referring to the element arsenic (As), not specifically arsenic trioxide.

 While the text mentions arsenic compounds implicitly (since the toxic form often discussed is arsenic compounds), the core comparison is between the elements arsenic and phosphorus. The discussion is about the element arsenic replacing phosphorus in DNA/phospholipids, etc.

 Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

 Sense 1 would be correct if the text were specifically talking about arsenic trioxide (white arsenic, rat poison), but the context is clearly about the chemical element and its biochemical role/competition with phosphorus.

 The answer should be: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: possibility
Target surface form: possibility
Context:
Arsenic and phosphorus are chemically similar, so she speculated that a microbe exposed to both might be able to substitute one for the other. "Arsenic is toxic mainly because its chemical behavior is so similar to that of phosphorus." "As a result, organisms have a hard time telling these elements apart." "But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the <t>possibility</t> that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=possibility%1:09:03:: | definition=a future prospect or potential | examples=this room has great possibilities
2. sense_key=possibility%1:26:00:: | definition=capability of existing or happening or being true | synonyms=possibleness | examples=there is a possibility that his sense of smell has been impaired
3. sense_key=possibility%1:09:00:: | definition=a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena | synonyms=hypothesis, theory | examples=a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory; he proposed a fresh theory of alkalis that later was accepted in chemical practices
4. sense_key=possibility%1:09:01:: | definition=a possible alternative | synonyms=possible action, opening | examples=bankruptcy is always a possibility

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "possibility" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses how a microbe (GFAJ-1) can adapt to arsenic instead of phosphorus
 - This raises the "possibility" that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally elsewhere
 - The context is about scientific speculation/hypothesis based on experimental evidence

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=possibility%1:09:03:: | definition=a future prospect or potential | examples=this room has great possibilities
    - This seems to be about potential for development or success (like "this room has possibilities")
    - Doesn't fit the scientific context about arsenic-based life

 2. sense_key=possibility%1:26:00:: | definition=capability of existing or happening or being true | synonyms=possibleness | examples=there is a possibility that his sense of smell has been impaired
    - This is about the general capability of something existing or happening
    - The example "there is a possibility that..." fits the structure in the text ("raises the possibility that...")
    - This is a strong candidate

 3. sense_key=possibility%1:09:00:: | definition=a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena | synonyms=hypothesis, theory | examples=a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory...
    - This is about a scientific hypothesis or theory
    - The text mentions "raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally"
    - However, the word "possibility" here is not referring to the hypothesis itself, but rather to the potential/capability of such life existing based on the findings
    - The synonyms are "hypothesis, theory" - but "possibility" in the text isn't being used as a synonym for hypothesis exactly, it's more about the potential existence

 4. sense_key=possibility%1:09:01:: | definition=a possible alternative | synonyms=possible action, opening | examples=bankruptcy is always a possibility
    - This is about alternatives or options
    - Doesn't fit well with "raises the possibility that..."

 Now comparing sense 2 and sense 3:
 - Sense 2 focuses on "capability of existing or happening or being true"
 - Sense 3 focuses on "tentative insight... concept that is not yet verified"

 In the sentence: "showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the <t>possibility</t> that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally..."

 The structure is "raises the possibility that [clause]"
 This matches sense 2's example: "there is a possibility that [clause]"

 While the context is scientific, the word "possibility" here is functioning to indicate that something could happen or exist (capability of existing), not referring to a specific hypothesis or theory as a noun concept itself.

 However, looking closely at sense 3: "a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena"

 The text says the finding "raises the possibility that..." - this is introducing a potential explanation or scenario. But is "possibility" here referring to the concept/hypothesis itself, or to the potential?

 Actually, looking at the example for sense 3: "he proposed a fresh theory of alkalis..." - this seems to treat "possibility" as roughly synonymous with "hypothesis" or "theory".

 But in the target sentence, "possibility" is followed by "that" introducing a clause about what might be true. This is characteristic of sense 2 (capability of existing or happening).

 Let me check the WordNet hierarchy:
 - sense 1:09:03 - noun.cognition (future prospect)
 - sense 1:26:00 - noun.attribute (capability)
 - sense 1:09:00 - noun.cognition (tentative insight/hypothesis)
 - sense 1:09:01 - noun.cognition (possible alternative)

 The phrase "raises the possibility" is very commonly used with sense 2 (capability of existing). For example, "This raises the possibility that he is guilty."

 In the scientific context, while they are discussing a hypothesis, the word "possibility" specifically refers to the potential for such life to exist, not to the hypothesis itself as a conceptual framework.

 Also, looking at the gloss for sense 2: "capability of existing or happening or being true" - this fits perfectly with "a life form using arsenic could occur naturally" (capability of existing).

 Sense 3 would fit if the sentence were something like "The possibility of arsenic-based life was proposed" where "possibility" stands in for "hypothesis". But here it's "raises the possibility that..." which indicates potential/capability.

 Therefore, sense 2 (index 2) is the best choice.

 Wait, I need to check the indexing. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=possibility%1:09:03::
 2. sense_key=possibility%1:26:00::
 3. sense_key=possibility%1:09:00::
 4. sense_key=possibility%1:09:01::

 So sense 2 is possibility%1:26:00:: (capability of existing or happening or being true)

 Let me double-check by looking at the example for sense 2: "there is a possibility that his sense of smell has been impaired"
 And the target: "raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally"

 These are structurally parallel: "[verb] the possibility that [clause indicating something could be true/exist]"

 Sense 3 example: "a scientific hypothesis that survives..." - here "possibility" would be the subject, not part of a "possibility that" construction referring to the potential of something.

 Actually, looking more carefully at sense 3's definition: "a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena"

 If I substitute "possibility" with "hypothesis" in the target sentence: "raises the hypothesis that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally" - this actually works reasonably well.

 But the key difference is:
 - Sense 2: "possibility" = the quality/state of being possible (capability)
 - Sense 3: "possibility" = a specific unverified concept/idea (synonyms: hypothesis, theory)

 In "raises the possibility", we are raising the likelihood or the prospect that something could be true. This is more about the capability/potential (sense 2).

 Also, WordNet sense 1:26:00 is under noun.attribute (attributes of people and things), specifically "possibleness" - the quality of being possible.

 Sense 1:09:00 is under noun.cognition - ideas/concepts.

 In the phrase "raises the possibility", we are raising the assessment of how possible something is, or introducing the idea that something is possible. This aligns with sense 2.

 Moreover, the example for sense 4 is "bankruptcy is always a possibility" - this is similar to sense 2 but sense 4 is about alternatives/options.

 I think sense 2 is correct.

 But let me reconsider sense 3 one more time. The definition mentions "a tentative insight... that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena". The text is discussing how the finding about GFAJ-1 raises the possibility of arsenic-based life elsewhere. This is indeed a tentative insight/concept.

 However, the syntactic pattern "possibility that" + clause strongly favors sense 2. Sense 3 would typically be used as "the possibility of arsenic-based life" where "possibility" refers to the concept itself, or "a possibility" as in "one possibility is that..."

 Actually, looking at WordNet examples online or standard usage:
 - Sense 2 (possibleness): "there is a possibility that..."
 - Sense 3 (hypothesis): "a possibility is that..." or referring to the concept itself

 But the most distinguishing factor is that sense 3 is synonymous with "hypothesis" and "theory". In the text, they are not saying it raises the "hypothesis" - they are saying it raises the possibility (likelihood/prospect) that such life could exist.

 Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.

 The answer should be: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arsenic
Target surface form: arsenic
Context:
Arsenic and phosphorus are chemically similar, so she speculated that a microbe exposed to both might be able to substitute one for the other. "Arsenic is toxic mainly because its chemical behavior is so similar to that of phosphorus." "As a result, organisms have a hard time telling these elements apart." "But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using <t>arsenic</t> could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:01:: | definition=a white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic; used in manufacturing glass and as a pesticide (rat poison) and weed killer | synonyms=arsenic trioxide, arsenous anhydride, arsenous oxide, white arsenic, ratsbane
2. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:00:: | definition=a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms; arsenic and arsenic compounds are used as herbicides and insecticides and various alloys; found in arsenopyrite and orpiment and realgar | synonyms=As, atomic number 33

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "arsenic" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text discusses arsenic as a chemical element similar to phosphorus
- It talks about microbes substituting arsenic for phosphorus
- It mentions arsenic's chemical behavior, toxicity, and how organisms interact with it
- It discusses the possibility of life forms using arsenic naturally
- It mentions arsenic being more common on other planets or moons

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:01:: - This refers specifically to "arsenic trioxide" (a specific compound, As2O3), described as a white powdered poisonous trioxide used in manufacturing glass, pesticide, rat poison, weed killer. Synonyms include arsenic trioxide, arsenous anhydride, white arsenic, ratsbane.

2. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:00:: - This refers to the element itself: "a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms; arsenic and arsenic compounds are used as herbicides and insecticides and various alloys; found in arsenopyrite and orpiment and realgar". Synonyms: As, atomic number 33.

In the context, the word "arsenic" is being compared to phosphorus (which is an element). The text discusses:
- "Arsenic and phosphorus are chemically similar"
- "substitute one for the other" (referring to elements)
- "chemical behavior" of arsenic
- "organisms have a hard time telling these elements apart"
- "life form using arsenic"
- "arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus"

This is clearly referring to the chemical element arsenic (As, atomic number 33), not specifically the trioxide compound (arsenic trioxide/white arsenic).

The mention of "arsenic is more common" on other planets also refers to the element, not a specific compound.

Therefore, sense 2 (arsenic%1:27:00::) is the correct choice.

Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The user says "Choose the single best indexed sense" and the candidates are numbered 1 and 2. I need to return {"sense_index": 2}.

Let me verify:
- Sense 1: arsenic%1:27:01:: (the compound/trioxide)
- Sense 2: arsenic%1:27:00:: (the element)

Context clearly refers to the element. The comparison with phosphorus (an element), discussion of allotropic forms implicitly (though not explicitly mentioned, the element has forms), and the general chemical behavior all point to the element.

Also, the phrase "where arsenic is more common" refers to elemental abundance, not a specific compound.

So the answer is sense_index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: earth
Target surface form: Earth
Context:
Arsenic and phosphorus are chemically similar, so she speculated that a microbe exposed to both might be able to substitute one for the other. "Arsenic is toxic mainly because its chemical behavior is so similar to that of phosphorus." "As a result, organisms have a hard time telling these elements apart." "But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on <t>Earth</t> or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=earth%1:17:00:: | definition=the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on | synonyms=world, globe | examples=the Earth moves around the sun; he sailed around the world
2. sense_key=earth%1:27:00:: | definition=the loose soft material that makes up a large part of the land surface | synonyms=ground | examples=they dug into the earth outside the church
3. sense_key=earth%1:17:01:: | definition=the solid part of the earth's surface | synonyms=land, dry land, ground, solid ground, terra firma | examples=the plane turned away from the sea and moved back over land; the earth shook for several minutes
4. sense_key=earth%1:15:00:: | definition=the abode of mortals (as contrasted with Heaven or Hell) | examples=it was hell on earth
5. sense_key=earth%1:27:01:: | definition=once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles)
6. sense_key=earth%1:09:00:: | definition=the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife | synonyms=worldly concern, earthly concern, world | examples=they consider the church to be independent of the world
7. sense_key=earth%1:06:00:: | definition=a connection between an electrical device and a large conducting body, such as the earth (which is taken to be at zero voltage) | synonyms=ground

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "Earth" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text discusses bacteria (GFAJ-1) that can substitute arsenic for phosphorus
- It mentions that this raises the possibility of life forms using arsenic occurring naturally "either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon"
- The phrase "elsewhere on Earth" clearly refers to the planet Earth
- It contrasts "Earth" with "another planet or moon"

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=earth%1:17:00:: | definition=the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on | synonyms=world, globe | examples=the Earth moves around the sun; he sailed around the world
   - This matches perfectly. The context is talking about the planet Earth as a location where life could exist, contrasting it with other planets/moons.

2. sense_key=earth%1:27:00:: | definition=the loose soft material that makes up a large part of the land surface | synonyms=ground
   - This refers to soil/dirt. The context is not talking about soil.

3. sense_key=earth%1:17:01:: | definition=the solid part of the earth's surface | synonyms=land, dry land, ground, solid ground, terra firma
   - This refers to land vs. sea. The context is not contrasting land vs. sea.

4. sense_key=earth%1:15:00:: | definition=the abode of mortals (as contrasted with Heaven or Hell)
   - This is a metaphorical/religious sense. Not applicable here.

5. sense_key=earth%1:27:01:: | definition=once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles)
   - This is the classical element. Not applicable.

6. sense_key=earth%1:09:00:: | definition=the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife
   - This is about worldly concerns vs. spiritual. Not applicable.

7. sense_key=earth%1:06:00:: | definition=a connection between an electrical device and a large conducting body
   - This is electrical grounding. Not applicable.

The context clearly refers to the planet Earth as a celestial body, contrasting it with "another planet or moon". This is sense 1.

The target surface form is "Earth" (capitalized), which typically refers to the proper noun for the planet.

Sense 1 is: "the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on"

This is definitely the correct sense.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: planet
Target surface form: planet
Context:
Arsenic and phosphorus are chemically similar, so she speculated that a microbe exposed to both might be able to substitute one for the other. "Arsenic is toxic mainly because its chemical behavior is so similar to that of phosphorus." "As a result, organisms have a hard time telling these elements apart." "But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another <t>planet</t> or moon where arsenic is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=planet%1:17:00:: | definition=(astronomy) any of the nine large celestial bodies in the solar system that revolve around the sun and shine by reflected light; Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto in order of their proximity to the sun; viewed from the constellation Hercules, all the planets rotate around the sun in a counterclockwise direction | synonyms=major planet
2. sense_key=planet%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who follows or serves another | synonyms=satellite
3. sense_key=planet%1:17:01:: | definition=any celestial body (other than comets or satellites) that revolves around a star

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "planet" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about arsenic and phosphorus in microbes
 - It mentions the possibility of life forms using arsenic occurring naturally "either elsewhere on Earth or on another <t>planet</t> or moon where arsenic is more common"
 - So here, "planet" refers to a celestial body in space, specifically one that could potentially harbor life (like Earth)

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=planet%1:17:00:: - This refers specifically to the nine large celestial bodies in our solar system that revolve around the sun. The definition mentions Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto.

 2. sense_key=planet%1:18:00:: - This refers to a person who follows or serves another (like a satellite). This is clearly metaphorical and not relevant to the astronomical context.

 3. sense_key=planet%1:17:01:: - This refers to "any celestial body (other than comets or satellites) that revolves around a star" - this is the general definition of an exoplanet or planet outside our solar system.

 In the context, the text mentions "another planet or moon where arsenic is more common" - this suggests a celestial body outside Earth, potentially outside our solar system (or at least not necessarily limited to our solar system's planets). The phrase "another planet" in the context of searching for life elsewhere suggests any celestial body orbiting a star, not specifically one of the nine (or eight, excluding Pluto) in our solar system.

 However, I need to be careful. The text says "either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon" - this suggests a distinction between Earth and other planets. But does it mean specifically other planets in our solar system, or any planet around any star?

 Given that it mentions "moon" as well, and talks about life occurring naturally elsewhere, this seems to be referring to planets in general (celestial bodies orbiting stars), not just the specific ones in our solar system.

 Sense 1 is very specific to our solar system ("any of the nine large celestial bodies in the solar system"). Sense 3 is the general astronomical definition ("any celestial body... that revolves around a star").

 In modern usage, when we talk about "life on another planet," we usually mean sense 3 - any exoplanet or planet outside Earth, not necessarily one of the specific nine in our solar system.

 Also, note that the definition in sense 1 mentions "nine large celestial bodies" including Pluto, which reflects an older definition (before Pluto was reclassified). But more importantly, it's restricted to our solar system.

 The context mentions "another planet or moon where arsenic is more common" - this is talking about the possibility of life on other worlds, which would include exoplanets (planets around other stars), not just the other planets in our solar system.

 Therefore, sense 3 (planet%1:17:01::) is the best fit.

 Wait, let me double-check. Could it be sense 1? If the author is thinking about Mars or other planets in our solar system, sense 1 could work. But the phrasing "another planet or moon" suggests a general category. Also, the context is about astrobiology and the possibility of life elsewhere in the universe, which typically invokes the general definition of planet.

 Moreover, sense 3 is the hypernym of sense 1. Sense 1 is a specific type of planet (those in our solar system). But when we say "another planet" in a context that includes the possibility of life "elsewhere on Earth or on another planet," and given that Earth is itself one of the planets in sense 1, but the text is contrasting Earth with other locations, sense 3 is more appropriate because it allows for planets around other stars.

 Actually, looking carefully: Earth is one of the nine (or eight) planets in sense 1. So "another planet" could mean another one of those nine (or eight). But the mention of "moon" alongside suggests we're talking about celestial bodies in general.

 But the key distinction is:
 - Sense 1: specifically the planets in our solar system
 - Sense 3: any planet around any star

 Given the scientific context about the possibility of life with arsenic biochemistry, and mentioning "another planet or moon," this is most likely referring to celestial bodies in general, not just the specific list of solar system planets. The discovery of arsenic-based life would be relevant to exoplanets as well.

 Therefore, sense 3 is the correct choice.

 Let me verify the sense indices:
 1. planet%1:17:00:: - major planet (solar system)
 2. planet%1:18:00:: - satellite (person)
 3. planet%1:17:01:: - any celestial body revolving around a star

 Yes, sense 3 is index 3.

 The JSON should be: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: moon
Target surface form: moon
Context:
Arsenic and phosphorus are chemically similar, so she speculated that a microbe exposed to both might be able to substitute one for the other. "Arsenic is toxic mainly because its chemical behavior is so similar to that of phosphorus." "As a result, organisms have a hard time telling these elements apart." "But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or <t>moon</t> where arsenic is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=moon%1:17:01:: | definition=the natural satellite of the Earth | examples=the average distance to the Moon is 384,400 kilometers; men first stepped on the moon in 1969
2. sense_key=moon%1:17:02:: | definition=any object resembling a moon | examples=he made a moon lamp that he used as a night light; the clock had a moon that showed various phases
3. sense_key=moon%1:28:00:: | definition=the period between successive new moons (29.531 days) | synonyms=lunar month, lunation, synodic month
4. sense_key=moon%1:19:00:: | definition=the light of the Moon | synonyms=moonlight, moonshine | examples=moonlight is the smuggler's enemy; the Moon was bright enough to read by
5. sense_key=moon%1:18:00:: | definition=United States religious leader (born in Korea) who founded the Unification Church in 1954; was found guilty of conspiracy to evade taxes (born in 1920) | synonyms=Sun Myung Moon
6. sense_key=moon%1:17:00:: | definition=any natural satellite of a planet | examples=Jupiter has sixteen moons

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "moon" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is discussing bacteria GFAJ-1 that can substitute arsenic for phosphorus
 - It mentions the possibility of life forms using arsenic occurring naturally elsewhere
 - The location mentioned is: "either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or <t>moon</t> where arsenic is more common"

 So "moon" here is referring to a natural satellite of a planet (specifically, moons other than Earth's moon), where arsenic might be more common and life could potentially exist.

 Let me look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=moon%1:17:01:: | definition=the natural satellite of the Earth | examples=the average distance to the Moon is 384,400 kilometers; men first stepped on the moon in 1969
    - This refers specifically to Earth's moon (capitalized "Moon" in examples, or specific references to Earth's moon)

 2. sense_key=moon%1:17:02:: | definition=any object resembling a moon | examples=he made a moon lamp that he used as a night light; the clock had a moon that showed various phases
    - This is about objects that look like moons, not astronomical bodies

 3. sense_key=moon%1:28:00:: | definition=the period between successive new moons (29.531 days) | synonyms=lunar month, lunation, synodic month
    - This is about time periods, not the physical object

 4. sense_key=moon%1:19:00:: | definition=the light of the Moon | synonyms=moonlight, moonshine | examples=moonlight is the smuggler's enemy; the Moon was bright enough to read by
    - This refers to moonlight, not the physical celestial body

 5. sense_key=moon%1:18:00:: | definition=United States religious leader (born in Korea) who founded the Unification Church in 1954; was found guilty of conspiracy to evade taxes (born in 1920) | synonyms=Sun Myung Moon
    - This is a person (Sun Myung Moon), clearly not relevant here

 6. sense_key=moon%1:17:00:: | definition=any natural satellite of a planet | examples=Jupiter has sixteen moons
    - This refers to any natural satellite of a planet, not just Earth's moon

 In the context: "either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or <t>moon</t> where arsenic is more common"

 The phrase "another planet or moon" suggests that "moon" here is being used as a generic term for a natural satellite of a planet, not specifically Earth's Moon. The context is about the possibility of life on other celestial bodies - planets or moons (natural satellites) where arsenic might be more common.

 So sense 6 (moon%1:17:00::) - "any natural satellite of a planet" - is the correct choice.

 Wait, let me double-check sense 1 vs sense 6.

 Sense 1: "the natural satellite of the Earth" - specifically Earth's moon.
 Sense 6: "any natural satellite of a planet" - generic, includes moons of other planets.

 In the text: "on another planet or moon" - this clearly refers to moons of other planets (like Europa, Titan, etc.), not Earth's moon. So it must be sense 6.

 The context is about astrobiology and the possibility of life on other celestial bodies in the solar system or universe. When we say "another planet or moon" in this context, we mean other planets and their natural satellites (moons).

 Therefore, the answer is sense_index: 6.

 Wait, I need to check the format. The user wants:
 {"sense_index": 3}

 But I think the index refers to the numbered list provided:
 1. sense_key=moon%1:17:01::
 2. sense_key=moon%1:17:02::
 3. sense_key=moon%1:28:00::
 4. sense_key=moon%1:19:00::
 5. sense_key=moon%1:18:00::
 6. sense_key=moon%1:17:00::

 So sense 6 is the one with definition "any natural satellite of a planet".

 Actually, looking at the WordNet sense keys:
 - moon%1:17:00:: is usually the specific sense for Earth's moon? Wait, let me think.

 In WordNet:
 - moon%1:17:00:: is "the natural satellite of the Earth"
 - moon%1:17:01::? Wait, the user listed them as:
 1. sense_key=moon%1:17:01::
 2. sense_key=moon%1:17:02::
 ...
 6. sense_key=moon%1:17:00::

 This is confusing. Usually WordNet sense keys have the format where the last number before :: is the lexicographer file number, and the one before that is the sense number within that file.

 But looking at the user's list:
 1. moon%1:17:01:: - the natural satellite of the Earth
 6. moon%1:17:00:: - any natural satellite of a planet

 This seems odd because usually sense 00 would be the first sense. But the user has numbered them 1-6 in the list.

 The question asks me to return the "sense_index". Looking at the example {"sense_index": 3}, this appears to refer to the ordinal position in the provided list (1-indexed).

 So if I choose "any natural satellite of a planet", that is item #6 in the list.

 Let me verify the definitions again:
 - Item 1: Earth's moon specifically
 - Item 6: Any natural satellite of a planet (generic)

 Context: "on another planet or moon" - clearly generic, referring to moons of other planets.

 Therefore: {"sense_index": 6}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arsenic
Target surface form: arsenic
Context:
Arsenic and phosphorus are chemically similar, so she speculated that a microbe exposed to both might be able to substitute one for the other. "Arsenic is toxic mainly because its chemical behavior is so similar to that of phosphorus." "As a result, organisms have a hard time telling these elements apart." "But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where <t>arsenic</t> is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:01:: | definition=a white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic; used in manufacturing glass and as a pesticide (rat poison) and weed killer | synonyms=arsenic trioxide, arsenous anhydride, arsenous oxide, white arsenic, ratsbane
2. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:00:: | definition=a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms; arsenic and arsenic compounds are used as herbicides and insecticides and various alloys; found in arsenopyrite and orpiment and realgar | synonyms=As, atomic number 33

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "arsenic" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses arsenic as a chemical element similar to phosphorus
 - It mentions "arsenic is toxic mainly because its chemical behavior is so similar to that of phosphorus"
 - It talks about organisms having trouble telling these elements apart
 - It mentions arsenic as an element that could substitute for phosphorus in biological systems
 - It mentions "arsenic is more common" in the context of planets or moons

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:01:: - This refers to a specific compound: arsenic trioxide (white arsenic), a powdered poisonous trioxide used in manufacturing glass, pesticide, etc.
    - Synonyms: arsenic trioxide, arsenous anhydride, arsenous oxide, white arsenic, ratsbane

 2. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:00:: - This refers to the element itself: a very poisonous metallic element with atomic number 33, found in various minerals.
    - Synonyms: As, atomic number 33

 The context is clearly talking about arsenic as a chemical element that is similar to phosphorus (which is also an element). The text discusses:
 - Chemical behavior of arsenic vs phosphorus
 - Arsenic as an element that could be substituted for phosphorus in biological systems
 - Arsenic being more common on other planets/moons (referring to the element, not specifically arsenic trioxide)

 While arsenic compounds are mentioned implicitly (since the toxicity discussion involves chemical behavior), the primary reference is to the element arsenic (As, atomic number 33), not specifically to arsenic trioxide (white arsenic).

 The key clues:
 1. "Arsenic and phosphorus are chemically similar" - comparing two elements
 2. "substitute one for the other" - substituting elements
 3. "these elements" - explicitly calling them elements
 4. "arsenic is more common" - referring to the abundance of the element

 Therefore, sense 2 (arsenic%1:27:00::) is the correct choice.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:01::
 2. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:00::

 So sense_index should be 2.

 But let me verify: In WordNet, arsenic has two noun senses:
 - arsenic%1:27:00:: - the chemical element (As)
 - arsenic%1:27:01:: - arsenic trioxide (the compound)

 The context is definitely about the element, not the specific compound. The text mentions "arsenic and phosphorus" as elements, discusses their chemical similarity as elements, and mentions "arsenic is more common" referring to elemental abundance.

 Therefore, the answer is sense_index: 2.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: idea
Target surface form: idea
Context:
"Arsenic is toxic mainly because its chemical behavior is so similar to that of phosphorus." "As a result, organisms have a hard time telling these elements apart." "But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the <t>idea</t> that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work. Arsenic was more common in the early times on Earth, she said, so researchers have speculated that early life forms might have used it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "idea" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses arsenic and phosphorus in biology
 - Jamie S. Foster is talking about the "idea" that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus
 - The text says "the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new"
 - This refers to a concept, theory, or thought that has been proposed before

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
    - This seems to be a general concept or thought. The example "it was not a good idea" fits, and "the thought never entered my mind" suggests this is about mental content/concepts.

 2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
    - This is about intention/purpose. The example "the idea of the game" refers to the purpose or goal. But in our context, it's not about intention to do something, but about a scientific concept/theory.

 3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
    - This is about a personal belief or opinion. The example shows someone having a particular view/belief. In our context, it's not really a personal view but a scientific hypothesis/concept.

 4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
    - This is about estimation/approximation. Clearly not the right sense here.

 5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it
    - This is specifically about music. Not relevant here.

 So it's between sense 1 and sense 3.

 Sense 1: "the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about" - synonyms: thought
 Sense 3: "a personal view"

 In the context: "the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new"

 This refers to the concept, theory, or thought that arsenic could replace phosphorus. It's a scientific hypothesis or concept that has been around. It's not necessarily a "personal view" (sense 3) in the sense of an opinion or belief about someone's feelings, but rather a conceptual notion or theory.

 The phrase "the idea that..." typically maps to sense 1 - referring to a concept, thought, or notion. For example, "the idea that the Earth is flat" or "the idea that arsenic could be substituted" - these are contents of cognition, things one thinks about.

 Sense 3 examples: "he has an idea that we don't like him" - this is more like a belief or impression about a specific interpersonal situation.

 Sense 1 examples: "it was not a good idea" - referring to a concept/plan; "the thought never entered my mind" - referring to cognitive content.

 The context here is about a scientific concept or hypothesis - that arsenic could substitute for phosphorus. This is clearly "the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about" - it's a thought/concept that researchers have had.

 Therefore, sense 1 (index 1) is the best choice.

 Wait, let me double-check the sense indices:
 1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00::
 2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01::
 3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03::
 4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02::
 5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00::

 The indices in the list are:
 1. idea%1:09:00::
 2. idea%1:09:01::
 3. idea%1:09:03::
 4. idea%1:09:02::
 5. idea%1:10:00::

 So if I choose sense 1, the index is 1.

 But wait, I need to be careful. The user asks for "sense_index" which corresponds to the numbered list provided (1-5).

 Sense 1: content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about
 Sense 2: your intention; what you intend to do
 Sense 3: a personal view
 Sense 4: an approximate calculation...
 Sense 5: (music) melodic subject...

 Actually, looking at the list:
 1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00::
 2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01::
 3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03::
 4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02::
 5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00::

 So:
 - Index 1 corresponds to idea%1:09:00:: (content of cognition)
 - Index 2 corresponds to idea%1:09:01:: (intention)
 - Index 3 corresponds to idea%1:09:03:: (personal view)
 - Index 4 corresponds to idea%1:09:02:: (approximate calculation)
 - Index 5 corresponds to idea%1:10:00:: (music)

 I believe the correct sense is idea%1:09:00:: (content of cognition), which is index 1.

 But let me reconsider sense 3 (personal view). The text says "the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new". Is this a "personal view"? It's a scientific hypothesis that has been proposed. It's not really a "view" in the sense of an opinion about interpersonal matters, but rather a concept or theory.

 Also, looking at the examples for sense 3: "he has an idea that we don't like him" - this is a belief about a state of affairs, often with the connotation of being perhaps mistaken or subjective.

 The examples for sense 1: "it was not a good idea" - this is a general concept/plan.

 In scientific contexts, "the idea that X" usually refers to a hypothesis or concept - the content of thought, not necessarily a personal opinion.

 Therefore, index 1 is correct.

 Wait, I should check if there's any chance it's sense 2 (intention). "The idea of the game is to..." - but here it's "the idea that arsenic could be substituted", which is not an intention but a concept/theory.

 So final answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arsenic
Target surface form: arsenic
Context:
"Arsenic is toxic mainly because its chemical behavior is so similar to that of phosphorus." "As a result, organisms have a hard time telling these elements apart." "But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that <t>arsenic</t> could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work. Arsenic was more common in the early times on Earth, she said, so researchers have speculated that early life forms might have used it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:01:: | definition=a white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic; used in manufacturing glass and as a pesticide (rat poison) and weed killer | synonyms=arsenic trioxide, arsenous anhydride, arsenous oxide, white arsenic, ratsbane
2. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:00:: | definition=a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms; arsenic and arsenic compounds are used as herbicides and insecticides and various alloys; found in arsenopyrite and orpiment and realgar | synonyms=As, atomic number 33

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "arsenic" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses arsenic as a chemical element that behaves similarly to phosphorus
 - It mentions arsenic as an element that organisms confuse with phosphorus
 - It discusses arsenic concentrations, arsenic being toxic, arsenic being used by bacteria (GFAJ-1)
 - It mentions arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus in life forms
 - It mentions arsenic was more common in early times on Earth

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:01:: - This refers specifically to "arsenic trioxide" (a compound), described as "a white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic" used in manufacturing glass, pesticide, rat poison, weed killer. Synonyms include arsenic trioxide, arsenous anhydride, etc.

 2. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:00:: - This refers to the element itself: "a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms" with atomic number 33, symbol As.

 In the context:
 - The text is talking about arsenic as a chemical element that competes with phosphorus (which is also an element)
 - It mentions "chemical behavior" of arsenic being similar to phosphorus
 - It mentions "concentrations of arsenic"
 - It mentions arsenic being substituted for phosphorus in biochemical machinery
 - It mentions arsenic being common in early Earth

 This is clearly referring to the element arsenic (As, atomic number 33), not specifically the trioxide compound (rat poison/white arsenic).

 While arsenic trioxide is a compound of arsenic, the context is discussing the element itself in comparison to phosphorus (another element), and how it can replace phosphorus in biological systems. The discussion is about the element arsenic, not specifically the white powdered trioxide form.

 Therefore, sense 2 (arsenic%1:27:00::) is the correct choice.

 The user wants the output as JSON: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: phosphorus
Target surface form: phosphorus
Context:
"Arsenic is toxic mainly because its chemical behavior is so similar to that of phosphorus." "As a result, organisms have a hard time telling these elements apart." "But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that arsenic could be substituted for <t>phosphorus</t> isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work. Arsenic was more common in the early times on Earth, she said, so researchers have speculated that early life forms might have used it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=phosphorus%1:27:00:: | definition=a multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family that occurs commonly in inorganic phosphate rocks and as organic phosphates in all living cells; is highly reactive and occurs in several allotropic forms | synonyms=P, atomic number 15
2. sense_key=phosphorus%1:17:00:: | definition=a planet (usually Venus) seen just before sunrise in the eastern sky | synonyms=morning star, daystar, Lucifer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "phosphorus" in the given context.

 Target lemma: phosphorus
 Target surface form: phosphorus

 Context analysis:
 The text discusses arsenic being chemically similar to phosphorus. It mentions:
 - Chemical behavior of phosphorus
 - Organisms telling elements apart (arsenic vs phosphorus)
 - Biochemical machinery
 - Bacteria growing better on phosphorus
 - Arsenic being substituted for phosphorus
 - Early life forms might have used arsenic instead of phosphorus

 This is clearly talking about the chemical element phosphorus (atomic number 15, symbol P), not the planet/morning star (Lucifer/Venus).

 Candidate senses:
 1. sense_key=phosphorus%1:27:00:: - This is the chemical element sense (substance/element)
    - Definition: multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family...
    - Synonyms: P, atomic number 15

 2. sense_key=phosphorus%1:17:00:: - This is the astronomical sense (morning star)
    - Definition: a planet (usually Venus) seen just before sunrise...
    - Synonyms: morning star, daystar, Lucifer

 The context is clearly about biochemistry, chemical elements, arsenic vs phosphorus as elements that can be substituted in biological systems. This is definitely sense 1.

 The instructions say:
 - Choose the single best indexed sense
 - Do not answer with a WordNet sense key
 - Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}

 Wait, the example shows {"sense_index": 3}, but I need to choose between 1 and 2. So if I choose sense 1, I should return {"sense_index": 1}. If I choose sense 2, I should return {"sense_index": 2}.

 The instructions say "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." This is just an example format. The number should correspond to the sense index I choose (1 or 2).

 So the answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: example
Target surface form: example
Context:
"Arsenic is toxic mainly because its chemical behavior is so similar to that of phosphorus." "As a result, organisms have a hard time telling these elements apart." "But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been <t>example</t> where it was shown to work. Arsenic was more common in the early times on Earth, she said, so researchers have speculated that early life forms might have used it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=example%1:09:00:: | definition=an item of information that is typical of a class or group | synonyms=illustration, instance, representative | examples=this patient provides a typical example of the syndrome; there is an example on page 10
2. sense_key=example%1:09:02:: | definition=a representative form or pattern | synonyms=model | examples=I profited from his example
3. sense_key=example%1:09:01:: | definition=something to be imitated | synonyms=exemplar, model, good example | examples=an exemplar of success; a model of clarity
4. sense_key=example%1:10:00:: | definition=punishment intended as a warning to others | synonyms=deterrent example, lesson, object lesson | examples=they decided to make an example of him
5. sense_key=example%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=case, instance | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday
6. sense_key=example%1:04:00:: | definition=a task performed or problem solved in order to develop skill or understanding | synonyms=exercise | examples=you must work the examples at the end of each chapter in the textbook

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "example" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses arsenic and phosphorus in biology
 - Jamie S. Foster says: "the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been <t>example</t> where it was shown to work."
 - This means there has never been a specific instance/case where arsenic substitution was shown to work in practice.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=example%1:09:00:: | definition=an item of information that is typical of a class or group | synonyms=illustration, instance, representative | examples=this patient provides a typical example of the syndrome; there is an example on page 10
    - This seems to fit. The context is talking about a specific instance/case where arsenic substitution was shown to work. "Instance" is a synonym here.

 2. sense_key=example%1:09:02:: | definition=a representative form or pattern | synonyms=model | examples=I profited from his example
    - This is more about a pattern or model to follow, not fitting here.

 3. sense_key=example%1:09:01:: | definition=something to be imitated | synonyms=exemplar, model, good example | examples=an exemplar of success; a model of clarity
    - This is about something to imitate or emulate, not fitting.

 4. sense_key=example%1:10:00:: | definition=punishment intended as a warning to others | synonyms=deterrent example, lesson, object lesson | examples=they decided to make an example of him
    - Clearly not this one, no punishment context.

 5. sense_key=example%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=case, instance | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday
    - This also seems to fit. "An occurrence of something" - there has never been an occurrence where it was shown to work.

 6. sense_key=example%1:04:00:: | definition=a task performed or problem solved in order to develop skill or understanding | synonyms=exercise | examples=you must work the examples at the end of each chapter in the textbook
    - Not an educational exercise context.

 Now I need to distinguish between sense 1 and sense 5.

 Sense 1 (example%1:09:00::): "an item of information that is typical of a class or group" - this is about a typical representative, an illustration of a concept.

 Sense 5 (example%1:11:00::): "an occurrence of something" - this is more about a specific case or instance happening.

 In the context: "there has never been example where it was shown to work"

 This is saying there has never been a specific instance/occurrence/case where arsenic substitution was demonstrated to work. It's not necessarily saying there's never been a "typical representative" of the class, but rather no specific case/occurrence has been observed.

 However, looking at the examples for sense 1: "this patient provides a typical example of the syndrome" - this is a specific instance being used as an example.

 Looking at examples for sense 5: "it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday" - these are about occurrences.

 The phrase "there has never been example where..." is somewhat awkward English (should be "an example"), but in context, it means "there has never been a case/instance where..."

 Actually, looking closely at the context again: "there has never been <t>example</t> where it was shown to work"

 This is likely using "example" to mean "instance" or "case" - a specific occurrence of the phenomenon.

 But wait, sense 1 has synonyms: illustration, instance, representative
 Sense 5 has synonyms: case, instance

 Both have "instance" as a synonym.

 Let me look at the WordNet hierarchy:
 - Sense 1 is under noun.cognition (1:09) - an item of information
 - Sense 5 is under noun.event (1:11) - an occurrence of something

 In the context, are they talking about an event/occurrence or an item of information?

 "there has never been example where it was shown to work" - this refers to a documented case or occurrence of the phenomenon working. It's an event (the showing/demonstration) or an occurrence.

 But actually, looking at typical usage: "There has never been an example of X" usually means there has never been a specific instance/case of X occurring.

 However, sense 1 is often used when we say "for example" or "an example of this is..." - referring to a representative sample.

 Sense 5 is more like "in this example, we see..." or referring to specific cases.

 Actually, looking at the examples provided:
 Sense 1 examples: "this patient provides a typical example of the syndrome; there is an example on page 10"
 Sense 5 examples: "it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday"

 The context "there has never been example where it was shown to work" aligns better with sense 5 (an occurrence/case), but the word "example" in this context might actually be closer to sense 1.

 Wait, I need to be careful. In scientific contexts, when we say "there has never been an example of this", we usually mean there has never been a documented case/instance (sense 5), but we could also mean there has never been a representative sample (sense 1).

 However, looking at the specific phrasing: "shown to work" - this implies a demonstration, an occurrence, an event.

 But let me reconsider. The word "example" in "there has never been an example" is often used to mean "instance" or "case".

 Actually, looking at standard WSD datasets and typical distinctions:
 - Sense 1 is the most common sense - a representative sample, something that exemplifies a class
 - Sense 5 is a specific happening, an occurrence

 In "there has never been an example where...", this is borderline, but I think it leans toward sense 1 (a representative instance) or sense 5 (an occurrence).

 But looking at the gloss for sense 5: "an occurrence of something" - synonyms: case, instance.
 The gloss for sense 1: "an item of information that is typical of a class or group" - synonyms: illustration, instance, representative.

 The key difference is that sense 1 emphasizes being typical of a class (representative), while sense 5 is just an occurrence (could be typical or not).

 In the context: "there has never been example where it was shown to work" - this is referring to a specific case/occurrence of the phenomenon being demonstrated. It's not necessarily saying there's no typical representative, but that the event hasn't occurred.

 However, in common parlance, "example" here is being used interchangeably with "instance" or "case".

 Let me check if there's a preference in WordNet for this type of usage.

 Actually, looking at the sentence structure: "there has never been [an] example where..."

 If I substitute synonyms:
 - Sense 1: "there has never been an instance where..." (fits)
 - Sense 5: "there has never been a case where..." (fits)
 - Sense 1: "there has never been a representative where..." (awkward)
 - Sense 5: "there has never been an occurrence where..." (fits)

 Both sense 1 and 5 allow "instance".

 But looking at the examples for sense 1: "this patient provides a typical example of the syndrome" - this is about a specific entity being used to illustrate a general rule.

 Examples for sense 5: "it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday" - these are about events happening.

 The context is about a biological phenomenon being demonstrated/shown to work. This is an event/occurrence.

 Therefore, sense 5 (example%1:11:00::) seems more appropriate.

 Wait, but I should double-check. Is "example" in "there has never been an example" more like sense 1 or 5?

 In the SemCor corpus or other WSD datasets, "example" when meaning "instance" or "case" is usually sense 1 or 5.

 Actually, looking at WordNet online or standard references:
 - Sense 1: example, illustration, instance, representative (an item of information that is typical of a class or group)
 - Sense 5: case, instance, example (an occurrence of something)

 The difference is subtle. Sense 1 is about information/representation. Sense 5 is about events/occurrences.

 In the sentence: "there has never been an example where it was shown to work" - this refers to a scientific demonstration, an occurrence of the phenomenon being verified. This is an event (sense 5).

 However, many people might argue this is sense 1. Let me think about the phrase "for example" - that's sense 1.

 But "an example of this phenomenon" could be either.

 Given the specific context about a scientific finding being demonstrated ("shown to work"), and the parallel with "case" (as in "a case where this happened"), I lean toward sense 5.

 But I need to be careful. The instruction says "Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense."

 Let me reconsider the context one more time carefully:

 "the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work."

 This means: no one has ever demonstrated this working; there is no known case of this happening.

 This is definitely an "occurrence" sense (sense 5) rather than a "representative item of information" sense (sense 1).

 However, looking at the provided examples for sense 1: "this patient provides a typical example of the syndrome" - this is a specific patient, an occurrence.

 And for sense 5: "another instance occurred yesterday" - clearly an event.

 The key is "shown to work" - this implies an event, a demonstration, an occurrence.

 Therefore, sense 5 is the best choice.

 Wait, I should verify the sense indices. The user lists them as:
 1. sense_key=example%1:09:00::
 2. sense_key=example%1:09:02::
 3. sense_key=example%1:09:01::
 4. sense_key=example%1:10:00::
 5. sense_key=example%1:11:00::
 6. sense_key=example%1:04:00::

 So sense 5 corresponds to example%1:11:00:: (the occurrence sense).

 But let me double-check if there's any chance it's sense 1. In many WSD systems, "example" in the sense of "for instance" is sense 1. "There has never been an example" is similar to "there has never been an instance" - and "instance" is listed as a synonym for both.

 However, in WordNet, sense 1 is the primary sense for "example" when used as "an example of X".

 But the specific context here emphasizes the lack of any occurrence/case where this was demonstrated.

 I think sense 5 is correct.

 Actually, looking at the synonyms again:
 Sense 1: illustration, instance, representative
 Sense 5: case, instance

 Both have "instance". But sense 5 groups with "case" (as in "a case of bad judgment"), which fits better with "a case where it was shown to work".

 Also, sense 1 is under noun.cognition (information), while sense 5 is under noun.event (occurrence). The demonstration of arsenic substitution working is an event/occurrence.

 Therefore, I choose sense 5.

 Wait, I need to make sure about the indexing. The user wants {"sense_index": 5} if I choose the 5th one in the list.

 The list is:
 1. sense_key=example%1:09:00::
 2. sense_key=example%1:09:02::
 3. sense_key=example%1:09:01::
 4. sense_key=example%1:10:00::
 5. sense_key=example%1:11:00::
 6. sense_key=example%1:04:00::

 So yes, sense_index would be 5.

 But I want to be absolutely sure. Let me think about whether it could be sense 1.

 If the sentence were: "This bacteria is an example of arsenic-based life", that would be sense 1 (a representative of the class).

 But the sentence is: "there has never been an example where it was shown to work" - this is about the existence of a verified case/occurrence.

 Yes, sense 5.

 One final check: could it be sense 6 (exercise)? No, definitely not.
 Sense 4 (punishment)? No.
 Sense 3 (something to imitate)? No.
 Sense 2 (representative form or pattern)? No, that's more abstract.

 So it's between 1 and 5, and I'm going with 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arsenic
Target surface form: Arsenic
Context:
"As a result, organisms have a hard time telling these elements apart." "But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work. <t>Arsenic</t> was more common in the early times on Earth, she said, so researchers have speculated that early life forms might have used it. "It does suggest that that there could be other ways to form life, not just how life formed on early Earth," said Foster, who was not part of Wolfe-Simon's research team.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:01:: | definition=a white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic; used in manufacturing glass and as a pesticide (rat poison) and weed killer | synonyms=arsenic trioxide, arsenous anhydride, arsenous oxide, white arsenic, ratsbane
2. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:00:: | definition=a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms; arsenic and arsenic compounds are used as herbicides and insecticides and various alloys; found in arsenopyrite and orpiment and realgar | synonyms=As, atomic number 33

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "Arsenic" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text discusses arsenic as an element that organisms confuse with phosphorus
- It mentions arsenic in the context of biochemistry, early Earth, life forms, and its substitution for phosphorus
- It talks about arsenic being "more common in the early times on Earth"
- It discusses the possibility of life forms using arsenic instead of phosphorus
- The bacteria GFAJ-1 was exposed to "increasing concentrations of arsenic"
- The sentence with the target: "Arsenic was more common in the early times on Earth, she said, so researchers have speculated that early life forms might have used it."

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:01:: | definition=a white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic; used in manufacturing glass and as a pesticide (rat poison) and weed killer | synonyms=arsenic trioxide, arsenous anhydride, arsenous oxide, white arsenic, ratsbane
- This refers to a specific compound: arsenic trioxide (As2O3), a white powder used as pesticide/weed killer.

2. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:00:: | definition=a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms; arsenic and arsenic compounds are used as herbicides and insecticides and various alloys; found in arsenopyrite and orpiment and realgar | synonyms=As, atomic number 33
- This refers to the chemical element arsenic (As, atomic number 33).

In the context, the text is clearly talking about arsenic as a chemical element:
- It compares arsenic to phosphorus (both are chemical elements)
- It mentions "these elements" in the first sentence
- It talks about arsenic being substituted for phosphorus in biochemistry
- It mentions "concentrations of arsenic" in a biological context
- It says "Arsenic was more common in the early times on Earth" - this refers to the element's abundance
- Early life forms using "it" refers to the element, not specifically arsenic trioxide

The context is about elemental arsenic and its potential role in biochemistry, not specifically about arsenic trioxide (white arsenic/rat poison). While arsenic compounds are mentioned generally, the specific sense 1 is about arsenic trioxide specifically, which is too narrow. The text is discussing arsenic the element.

Therefore, sense 2 (arsenic%1:27:00::) is the correct choice.

The user wants the output as JSON: {"sense_index": 2}

Wait, let me double-check the sense indices. The candidates are:
1. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:01::
2. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:00::

So sense_index should be 2.

Let me verify once more. The context mentions:
- "organisms have a hard time telling these elements apart" - arsenic and phosphorus are elements
- "arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus" - comparing elements
- "increasing concentrations of arsenic" - could be ambiguous but in context of elements...
- "arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus" - elemental substitution in biochemistry
- "Arsenic was more common in the early times on Earth" - elemental abundance

Yes, definitely sense 2. The element.

Sense 1 is specifically arsenic trioxide (As2O3), which is a specific compound. The text is not talking about white arsenic powder used as rat poison. It's talking about the element arsenic in a biochemical/astrobiological context.

Output should be exactly: {"sense_index": 2}