[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: labor
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local <t>labor</t> and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation on the word "labor" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text discusses immigration and its economic impact
- It mentions "local labor" and "shortage of local labor"
- It talks about immigrants being complementary to local labor
- It mentions "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor"
- The context is about workers, employment, wages, and economic sectors

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field

2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill

3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy... | This is clearly not the right sense (childbirth)

4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status... | This is about the labor movement/unions

5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party... | British Labour Party

6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department... | US Department of Labor

7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task

Now, looking at the specific instance: "sectors, which do not attract local <t>labor</t>"

The context is about "local labor" as a workforce/resource that can be attracted to sectors. The phrase "shortage of local labor" appears earlier in the text.

Comparing sense 1 and sense 2:
- Sense 1: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" - this refers to the group of people, the working class
- Sense 2: "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)" - this refers to the work itself, the activity

In the phrase "do not attract local labor", "labor" is being used to refer to the workers themselves (the workforce), not the abstract concept of work. The text says sectors "do not attract local labor" - meaning they don't attract local workers.

Also, the example for sense 1 is: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" - this matches exactly with the context "shortage of local labor" mentioned earlier in the text.

Sense 1 is a noun referring to the social class/group of workers.
Sense 2 is a noun referring to the work activity itself.

In "attract local labor", we're talking about attracting workers (people), not attracting work. So sense 1 seems better.

However, let me double-check. In economic contexts, "labor" as a factor of production usually refers to the workforce (the people) or the work they do. But "attract labor" clearly means attracting workers.

Looking at the example for sense 1 again: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" - this treats labor as a collective noun for workers.

Looking at sense 2: "his labor did not require a great deal of skill" - this treats labor as the work performed.

In the target sentence: "sectors, which do not attract local labor" - this is about sectors attracting workers (people), not about work being attracted.

Also, earlier: "shortage of local labor" - again, shortage of workers.

So sense 1 (the social class/workers) seems correct.

Wait, let me check if sense 2 could work. "productive work...". Could "attract local work" make sense? Not really. Sectors attract workers, not work.

Also, the text mentions "complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor" - here labor refers to the existing workforce (the workers).

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

But let me verify the sense indices:
- sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: is listed as sense 1 in the candidates
- sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: is listed as sense 2

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

Actually, looking carefully at the candidate list:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00::
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00::
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00::
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04::
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02::
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01::
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01::

Yes, sense 1 is the first one.

The context is clearly about the workforce/workers, not about childbirth (3), unions (4), political party (5), government department (6), or a specific task/project (7).

Between 1 and 2: Sense 1 is "a social class comprising those who do manual labor" - the collective body of workers. Sense 2 is "productive work" - the activity.

In economics/immigration contexts, when we say "local labor" vs "immigrant labor", we're referring to the groups of workers. The text contrasts immigrants with "local labor" - this is a comparison of two groups of people (workers), not a comparison of immigrants with the concept of work.

Also, "shortage of local labor" is explicitly mentioned in the context (in the example for sense 1 actually, but also in the text: "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor").

Therefore, sense 1 is definitely the correct choice.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled <t>ones</t> in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "ones" (surface form of lemma "one") in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses immigration and its economic impact
 - The specific sentence containing "ones": "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled <t>ones</t> in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

 Here, "ones" refers back to "immigrants" mentioned earlier in the sentence. The structure is:
 - "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors..."
 - "and the most highly skilled ones..."

 So "ones" is substituting for "immigrants" - it's referring to a group of people (immigrants) who are highly skilled.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
 - This is the numeric sense (the number 1)
 - Doesn't fit here - we're not talking about the number 1

 2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered
 - This refers to a single person or thing
 - In the context, "ones" is plural and refers to "immigrants" (people)
 - The definition says "a single person or thing" but it's being used here as a pronoun substituting for "immigrants" (plural)
 - Wait, let me check WordNet. Actually, "one" can be used as a pronoun referring to people/things previously mentioned.

 Looking at the context: "the most highly skilled ones" - this is referring back to "immigrants" mentioned earlier. So "ones" here means "people" or "immigrants" - it's a pronoun usage.

 Sense 2 says "a single person or thing" - but in the text, it's plural ("ones"). However, in WordNet, the entry might cover both singular and plural uses as a pronoun.

 Actually, looking at the examples for sense 2: "he is the best one" (referring to a person), "this is the one I ordered" (referring to a thing).

 In our context: "the most highly skilled ones" refers to immigrants (people).

 But wait, is there a better sense? Let me think about WordNet senses for "one".

 In WordNet 3.0 or 3.1, "one" has several senses:
 1. The number 1 (cardinal number)
 2. A single person or thing (noun)
 3. Used as a pronoun to refer to a person or thing previously mentioned

 Actually, looking at the provided candidates:
 - Candidate 1 is clearly the numeric sense.
 - Candidate 2 is "a single person or thing"

 But in the context, "ones" is plural and refers to people (immigrants). It's being used as a substitute for a noun previously mentioned.

 However, looking at the definition for sense 2: "a single person or thing" - this seems to be the pronominal use where "one" stands for a noun previously mentioned.

 Even though the text has "ones" (plural), the sense is still the pronominal sense - referring to "immigrants". The gloss "a single person or thing" might be simplified, but the examples show it's used as a substitute: "he is the best one", "this is the one I ordered".

 In our case: "the most highly skilled ones" = "the most highly skilled immigrants".

 So sense 2 seems to be the correct one.

 Wait, is there any other interpretation? Could it be sense 1? No, definitely not numeric.

 So between the two candidates, sense 2 is the only plausible one.

 The target is "ones" which is the plural of "one" used as a pronoun to refer back to "immigrants".

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 2.

 But let me double-check if there's any trick here. The definition says "a single person or thing" but we're talking about multiple people (ones). However, WordNet often uses singular definitions that apply to plural forms as well. The key is that it's referring to entities (people) previously mentioned, not the number.

 The examples for sense 2:
 - "he is the best one" - referring to a person
 - "this is the one I ordered" - referring to a thing

 Our example: "the most highly skilled ones" - referring to immigrants (people).

 So yes, sense 2 is correct.

 Actually, looking more carefully at WordNet, there might be separate senses for the pronoun usage. But given only these two candidates, and the fact that sense 1 is clearly numeric, sense 2 must be the pronominal sense.

 Wait, I should verify: in WordNet, sense 1:09:00 for "one" is indeed "a single person or thing" - this is the nominal use, often as a pronoun substitute.

 So the answer is 2.

 But let me reconsider the context once more to make sure:
 "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors... and the most highly skilled ones..."

 "Ones" here substitutes for "immigrants". It's a pro-form, specifically a nominal anaphor.

 In WordNet, this would fall under the sense "a single person or thing" (even though it's plural in the text, the lexical entry covers the usage).

 Yes, I'm confident it's sense 2.

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 2}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DeepInfra

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sector
Target surface form: sectors
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic <t>sectors</t> where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sector%1:25:00:: | definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
2. sense_key=sector%1:14:00:: | definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
3. sense_key=sector%1:09:00:: | definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
4. sense_key=sector%1:23:00:: | definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes
5. sense_key=sector%1:15:00:: | definition=a portion of a military position
6. sense_key=sector%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "sectors" in the given context. I need to choose the best sense from the candidate senses provided.

 Let me analyze the context:
 The text is about immigration and economics. It mentions:
 - "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor"
 - "the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment"

 So "sectors" here refers to parts of the economy or society where different types of work happen. It's talking about economic sectors or areas of economic activity.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sector%1:25:00:: - a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle (geometric meaning)
    - This is clearly wrong. The context is about economics/employment, not geometry.

 2. sector%1:14:00:: - a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
    - This looks promising. It mentions "part of the society or the economy" and the example "public sector" fits the economic context. The text mentions "dynamic sectors" which could refer to parts of the economy.

 3. sector%1:09:00:: - a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
    - This is more abstract - "aspect of life or activity". While "sectors" could be metaphorical, the context here is specifically about economic sectors/industries where people work. The examples suggest a more personal/life aspect rather than economic sectors.

 4. sector%1:23:00:: - the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information... (computer/data storage)
    - Wrong context. Not about computing.

 5. sector%1:15:00:: - a portion of a military position
    - Wrong context. Not military.

 6. sector%1:06:00:: - measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end
    - Wrong context. Not a physical tool.

 So it's between sense 2 and sense 3.

 Sense 2: "a social group that forms part of the society or the economy" - example: "the public sector"
 Sense 3: "a particular aspect of life or activity" - synonym: sphere - example: "important sector of his life"

 In the context: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor" and "dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment"

 This is clearly referring to parts of the economy - economic sectors like agriculture, construction, technology, etc. The example "public sector" in sense 2 confirms this is about economic/social divisions.

 Sense 3 is more about spheres or domains of life (like "the private sector of one's life" or similar), but here we're talking about employment sectors, which are parts of the economy.

 Therefore, sense 2 (sector%1:14:00::) is the best choice.

 Wait, let me double-check the indices:
 - The user lists them as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
 - Sense 2 is: sector%1:14:00::
 - Sense 3 is: sector%1:09:00::

 Actually, looking at the format, the user wants {"sense_index": N} where N corresponds to the numbered list provided (1-6).

 So the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

 Let me verify once more:
 - The context discusses economic sectors (parts of the economy)
 - "work in sectors" - this is about employment in different parts of the economy
 - "public sector" example matches this usage
 - It's not about geometric sectors (1), not about computer sectors (4), not military (5), not measuring instruments (6)
 - Between 2 and 3: 3 is more abstract/life aspects, while 2 specifically mentions economy and society, which fits perfectly.

 Yes, sense 2 is correct.

provider: Moonshot AI


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: training
Target surface form: training
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where <t>training</t> does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=training%1:04:00:: | definition=activity leading to skilled behavior | synonyms=preparation, grooming
2. sense_key=training%1:07:00:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=education, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "training" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The text discusses immigration and its economic impacts. The specific sentence with the target word is: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

 Looking at the context:
 - It's talking about highly skilled immigrants working in dynamic sectors
 - In these sectors, "training" is not linked to offers of employment
 - This suggests a connection between education/preparation for work and employment opportunities
 - The contrast seems to be between sectors where training (education/preparation) leads to jobs vs where it doesn't

 Candidate sense 1: "activity leading to skilled behavior" - synonyms: preparation, grooming
 - This refers to the process of learning skills, education, vocational training
 - In the context: "training does is not linked to offers of employment" - this makes sense as "training (education/activity leading to skills) is not linked to job offers"

 Candidate sense 2: "the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior)" - synonyms: education, breeding
 - This refers to manners, social behavior, upbringing
 - Example given: "a woman of breeding and refinement"
 - This doesn't fit the economic/employment context about immigrants and labor markets

 The context is clearly about economic sectors, employment, skills, and labor markets. The word "training" here refers to education or preparation for skilled work (vocational training, education), not social manners or upbringing.

 Therefore, sense 1 (training%1:04:00::) is the correct choice.

 The sense index would be 1.

 Wait, I need to check the format. The user says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

 So I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

 But let me double-check the sense keys and indices. The user listed:
 1. sense_key=training%1:04:00::
 2. sense_key=training%1:07:00::

 So index 1 is the first one, index 2 is the second one.

 Sense 1: activity leading to skilled behavior (vocational training, education)
 Sense 2: result of good upbringing (manners)

 In the context: "dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment"

 This is clearly referring to education or skill acquisition not guaranteeing jobs, which fits sense 1.

 Sense 2 would be about proper behavior/manners, which doesn't make sense in an economic context about employment sectors.

 Therefore: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: offer
Target surface form: offers
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to <t>offers</t> of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=offer%1:10:01:: | definition=the verbal act of offering | synonyms=offering | examples=a generous offer of assistance
2. sense_key=offer%1:10:00:: | definition=something offered (as a proposal or bid) | synonyms=offering | examples=noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds
3. sense_key=offer%1:04:01:: | definition=a usually brief attempt | synonyms=crack, fling, go, pass, whirl | examples=he took a crack at it; I gave it a whirl

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "offers" in the given context.

First, let me analyze the context:
- The text is about immigration and its economic impact
- The specific sentence containing "offers" is: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to <t>offers</t> of employment."
- The phrase is "offers of employment"

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=offer%1:10:01:: | definition=the verbal act of offering | synonyms=offering | examples=a generous offer of assistance
   - This refers to the act of offering something verbally
   - "offers of employment" could fit here as the act of offering employment

2. sense_key=offer%1:10:00:: | definition=something offered (as a proposal or bid) | synonyms=offering | examples=noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds
   - This refers to the thing being offered (the proposal/bid itself)
   - "offers of employment" would mean job offers/proposals
   - This seems like a strong candidate - job offers are proposals/offers of employment

3. sense_key=offer%1:04:01:: | definition=a usually brief attempt | synonyms=crack, fling, go, pass, whirl | examples=he took a crack at it; I gave it a whirl
   - This is about attempts/tries (like "have a go")
   - Doesn't fit "offers of employment" at all

Now distinguishing between sense 1 and sense 2:
- Sense 1 (offer%1:10:01): "the verbal act of offering" - this is the action/process of offering
- Sense 2 (offer%1:10:00): "something offered (as a proposal or bid)" - this is the entity/thing that is offered

In the phrase "offers of employment":
- We're talking about job offers - the actual proposals or positions being offered
- It's not referring to the verbal act itself, but to the offers (proposals) of employment
- The context is about training not being linked to job offers/proposals
- "Offers of employment" is a standard collocation meaning job proposals

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1 example: "a generous offer of assistance" - this could be interpreted either way, but leans toward the act
- Sense 2 example: "noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds" - this is about things being offered (financial products)

In "training does is not linked to offers of employment":
- This means training is not linked to job proposals/opportunities
- These are concrete proposals or opportunities (things offered), not the act of offering

Actually, looking closely at WordNet:
- offer%1:10:00 is "something offered (as a proposal or bid)" - this is the noun referring to the proposal itself
- offer%1:10:01 is "the verbal act of offering" - this is the noun referring to the speech act

"Offers of employment" refers to employment proposals/job offers. These are things (proposals), not acts. So sense 2 seems correct.

Wait, let me reconsider. In the phrase "offers of employment":
- If I say "I received three offers of employment", I mean three job proposals
- These are "something offered (as a proposal or bid)" - sense 2
- They are not "the verbal act of offering" - that would be more like "the offering of employment was generous"

The context: "training does is not linked to offers of employment"
- This means training isn't connected to job proposals/availability
- This fits sense 2 (the proposals/bids)

Therefore, the best sense is sense 2 (index 2).

Wait, I need to be careful about the indexing. The user lists:
1. sense_key=offer%1:10:01::
2. sense_key=offer%1:10:00::
3. sense_key=offer%1:04:01::

So:
- Index 1 = offer%1:10:01:: (verbal act)
- Index 2 = offer%1:10:00:: (something offered)
- Index 3 = offer%1:04:01:: (attempt)

My analysis suggests index 2 is correct.

But let me double-check by looking at typical WordNet distinctions:
- offer%1:10:00: "something offered (as a proposal or bid)" - this is the tangible offer
- offer%1:10:01: "the verbal act of offering" - this is the act

In "offers of employment", we're talking about job offers. A job offer is a proposal (something offered). It's not the act of offering.

Also, looking at the example for sense 2: "noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds" - "offerings" here means things being offered (financial products). Similarly, "offers of employment" means employment opportunities being offered.

So yes, sense 2.

One final check: could it be sense 1?
"the verbal act of offering" - if the sentence meant "training is not linked to the act of offering employment", that would be a strange way to put it. It makes more sense as "training is not linked to offers (proposals) of employment".

Therefore: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: employment
Target surface form: employment
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment</t>. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "employment" in the given context. I need to choose the best sense from the four candidate senses provided.

 Let me analyze the context:

 The sentence containing the target word is: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment</t>."

 Key context:
 - The passage discusses immigration and labor markets
 - It mentions "offers of employment"
 - This is about job offers, positions, or work opportunities
 - The phrase "offers of employment" suggests the state of having a job or the availability of jobs, or potentially the act of employing someone

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
    - This refers to the state/condition of having a job
    - Example: "they are looking for employment" - this means looking for a job/state of being employed

 2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
    - This refers to the work itself, the occupation, the job
    - Example: "he is looking for employment" - similar to sense 1 but focuses on the work/occupation itself

 3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
    - This is the act of employing/hiring someone

 4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise
    - This is about using something, not relevant here

 Now, the specific phrase is "offers of employment".

 Let's think about what "offers of employment" means:
 - It means offers of jobs/positions/work
 - It refers to job offers

 Comparing sense 1 and sense 2:
 - Sense 1: the state of being employed (abstract condition)
 - Sense 2: the occupation/work itself (concrete job/position)

 In the phrase "offers of employment", "employment" refers to the job/position being offered, not the state of being employed. However, sense 1 also covers "looking for employment" which is similar to being offered employment.

 Actually, looking at the examples:
 - Sense 1: "they are looking for employment" - this treats employment as the state/condition of having a job
 - Sense 2: "he is looking for employment" - this treats employment as the work/occupation itself

 But "offers of employment" is closer to job offers. In employment law and common usage, "an offer of employment" is an offer of a job position.

 Let me check WordNet more carefully. In WordNet:
 - Sense 1 (state): "the state of being employed or having a job" - hypernym is state
 - Sense 2 (activity/occupation): "the occupation for which you are paid" - hypernym is occupation, activity
 - Sense 3 (act): "the act of giving someone a job" - hypernym is action

 "Offers of employment" - here, employment is what is being offered. You offer someone a job/position. This aligns with sense 2 (the occupation/job) or potentially sense 1 (the state).

 But actually, looking at the distinction:
 - If I say "I received an offer of employment", I received an offer of a job (sense 2 - the occupation/position)
 - Sense 1 is more about the condition of being employed (e.g., "his employment with the company lasted 5 years")

 However, looking at the examples for sense 1: "he was in the employ of the city" - this is similar to being employed by.
 Examples for sense 2: "he is looking for employment" - this is looking for work/a job.

 The phrase "offers of employment" in the context: "training does is not linked to offers of employment"

 This means that training is not linked to job offers or availability of jobs.

 Actually, looking at the broader context about immigrants and labor markets, and comparing with "wages" mentioned earlier, "employment" here is parallel to wages - both are economic/labor market outcomes.

 But let's look at the specific construction: "offers of employment"

 In standard English:
 - "Offer of employment" typically means a job offer (the offer to hire someone)
 - This could align with sense 3 (the act of giving someone a job) - because an offer of employment is an offer to perform the act of employing
 - Or it could align with sense 2 (the job itself being offered)

 However, looking at WordNet sense 3: "the act of giving someone a job" - this is the hiring action itself.

 If we say "there are offers of employment available", this usually means there are job vacancies/positions available (sense 2).
 If we say "the company made an offer of employment", this could mean they offered to hire someone (sense 3-ish), but usually it's categorized as offering a position (sense 2).

 Let me reconsider the WordNet senses carefully:

 Sense 1: employment%1:26:00:: - state of being employed
 Sense 2: employment%1:04:00:: - the occupation for which you are paid (the work/job)
 Sense 3: employment%1:04:02:: - the act of giving someone a job (hiring)
 Sense 4: employment%1:04:01:: - the act of using

 In the phrase "offers of employment", if we parse it:
 - "employment" is the object being offered
 - What is offered? A job (sense 2) or the state of being employed (sense 1)?

 Actually, looking at the example sentences provided in the candidate list:
 For sense 1: "they are looking for employment" - here employment = having a job (state)
 For sense 2: "he is looking for employment" - here employment = work/occupation

 These are very close. But sense 2 is the more common sense for "looking for employment" in modern usage (looking for work).

 Now, "offers of employment" - this is about job offers. In economics and labor market discussions, "employment" often refers to the state of having work or the quantity of jobs available.

 But wait, looking at the context again: "training does is not linked to offers of employment"

 This suggests that training doesn't lead to job offers. Here, "employment" refers to jobs/positions being offered.

 Between sense 1 and sense 2:
 - Sense 1 emphasizes the state/condition
 - Sense 2 emphasizes the activity/occupation itself

 "Offers of employment" = offers of jobs/positions. This is sense 2.

 However, I should check if sense 3 could fit. Sense 3 is "the act of giving someone a job". An "offer of employment" could be interpreted as an offer to perform the act of employing (i.e., hiring). But WordNet sense 3 is more about the act itself (e.g., "the employment of new staff"), not the offer of the act.

 Actually, looking at the gloss for sense 3: "the act of giving someone a job"
 Example would be: "The employment of new workers increased."

 But "offers of employment" - the employment here is the thing being offered, which is the job/position (sense 2).

 Let me check the distinction between sense 1 and sense 2 in WordNet:
 - Sense 1 (noun.state): the state of being employed or having a job
 - Sense 2 (noun.act): the occupation for which you are paid

 Wait, looking at the Princeton WordNet:
 - employment%1:26:00:: is under noun.state
 - employment%1:04:00:: is under noun.act (but defined as occupation/work)
 - employment%1:04:02:: is under noun.act (act of employing)
 - employment%1:04:01:: is under noun.act (act of using)

 Actually, looking at standard WordNet 3.0 or 3.1:
 1. employment, employ (the state of being employed or having a job) - noun.state
 2. employment, work (the occupation for which you are paid) - noun.act
 3. employment (the act of giving someone a job) - noun.act
 4. use, usage, utilization, utilisation, employment, exercise (the act of using) - noun.act

 In the context: "offers of employment"

 If we consider "employment" as synonymous with "jobs" or "work positions", then sense 2 is correct.
 If we consider "employment" as the state of being employed, then sense 1.

 But "offers of [state]" doesn't make as much sense as "offers of [jobs/positions]".

 However, looking at the example for sense 1: "they are looking for employment" - this is very similar to "offers of employment" (i.e., availability of jobs).

 Actually, in labor economics, "employment" often refers to the state of being employed (employment vs unemployment). But "offers of employment" specifically refers to job offers.

 Let me look at the exact wording again: "training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment</t>"

 This likely means that training programs don't necessarily lead to job offers or job opportunities.

 Between sense 1 and sense 2, both could work, but sense 2 (the occupation/work) seems more concrete for "offers". You offer a job/position (sense 2), not the abstract state of being employed (sense 1).

 However, looking at the synonyms:
 - Sense 1: employ (as in "in the employ of")
 - Sense 2: work

 "Offers of work" vs "offers of employ" - "offers of work" is natural, "offers of employ" is not (we'd say "offers of employment").

 Actually, "in the employ of" uses "employ" as a noun, but that's sense 1.

 Let me reconsider. In the phrase "offer of employment":
 - This is a standard collocation meaning a job offer.
 - In WordNet, which sense covers "job offer"?

 Looking at sense 2 examples: "he is looking for employment" - if you look for employment, you seek job offers. So the employment you seek is the work/occupation.

 Therefore, sense 2 seems best.

 But wait, I need to be careful. Let me check if there's any indication that sense 3 (the act of hiring) is intended. "Offers of [the act of giving someone a job]" - this would mean offers to hire someone. While semantically related, the standard interpretation of "offer of employment" is an offer of a job position, not an offer to perform the hiring act.

 So between sense 1 and 2:
 - Sense 1: state of being employed
 - Sense 2: the occupation/job itself

 The text discusses economic growth, wages, and employment. Here employment likely means jobs/work (sense 2) or the state of having jobs (sense 1). But "offers of employment" specifically points to job offers.

 I think sense 2 is the best fit.

 However, looking at the first sentence of the context: "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment"

 Here "employment" is used alongside wages and growth - this could be the state/level of employment (sense 1) or the amount of work available (sense 2). In economics, "employment" is often a mass noun referring to the state or level (e.g., "full employment").

 But then: "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment."
 Here "harms employment" - does it harm the state of being employed (sense 1) or the jobs themselves (sense 2)? Both work.

 Then: "sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment"

 If the earlier uses are sense 1 (the economic indicator/state), then "offers of employment" might also be sense 1 (offers of the state of being employed = job offers).

 But strictly speaking, "offer of employment" as a phrase is most commonly categorized under sense 2 in WordNet disambiguation tasks, where employment = work/job.

 Let me reconsider the examples:
 Sense 1: "they are looking for employment"
 Sense 2: "he is looking for employment"

 These examples are almost identical, which suggests the senses are very close. The distinction is:
 - Sense 1 focuses on the condition/state of having a job
 - Sense 2 focuses on the activity/work itself

 In "offers of employment", you are offering the opportunity to work (the job), which is sense 2.

 Actually, looking carefully at WordNet 3.1:
 - Sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job" - synonyms: employ
 - Sense 2: "the occupation for which you are paid" - synonyms: work
 - Sense 3: "the act of giving someone a job" - synonyms: engagement
 - Sense 4: "the act of using" - synonyms: use, etc.

 Given the context of labor markets and the phrase "offers of employment", and comparing with "wages" (which is payment for work), the parallel structure suggests employment = work/occupation (sense 2).

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index: 2.

 Wait, I need to double-check. Is there any chance it's sense 3? "the act of giving someone a job"
 - "Offers of the act of giving someone a job" - this would mean offers to hire, which is semantically what a job offer is, but lexicographically, "employment" in "job offer" or "offer of employment" is sense 2, not sense 3.

 Sense 3 would be used in: "The employment of new staff requires paperwork." Here employment = hiring.

 So no, sense 3 is not correct.

 Between 1 and 2, I lean toward 2 because "offers of work" makes sense (synonym substitution), while "offers of [state]" is less direct. Also, the definition of sense 2 mentions "the occupation for which you are paid" - an offer of employment is an offer of such an occupation.

 Final check: The context mentions "training does is not linked to offers of employment" - this means education/training doesn't lead to job offers. This is clearly about jobs/positions (sense 2).

 So the answer is 2.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive <t>effect</t> on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "effect" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text discusses immigration and its impact on economic growth, wages, and employment.
 - The specific sentence containing the target word is: "A positive <t>effect</t> on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."

 The phrase is "positive effect on wages" and "positive effect on the pay of locals."

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business

 This sense refers to a result or consequence of something. In the context, the arrival of immigrants causes a positive effect (result/consequence) on wages. This fits well.

 2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success

 This is about appearance or impression, not about causal results. Doesn't fit.

 3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect

 This is about artificial/contrived impressions. Doesn't fit the economic context.

 4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist

 This is about the main point of a text. Doesn't fit.

 5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect

 This is about legal validity. Doesn't fit.

 6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

 This is about medical symptoms or drug effects. While "effect" can be used this way, in this context we're talking about economic impact (wages), not medical symptoms.

 So sense 1 is clearly the best fit. The context is talking about the consequence or result of immigration on wages - a causal relationship where immigration leads to (causes) a positive outcome/result for wages.

 The synonyms for sense 1 include "consequence, outcome, result" which perfectly match the usage here: "positive effect on wages" = positive consequence/outcome/result on wages.

 The example given for sense 1: "his decision had depressing consequences for business" parallels our sentence structure: "arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."

 Therefore, the answer is sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same <t>way</t> as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "way" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "In the same <t>way</t> as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."

 The phrase "in the same way as" is being used to draw a comparison or analogy between two situations:
 1. A surgeon finding it difficult to work without anaesthetists (complementarity)
 2. Locals and immigrants being complementary

 This is expressing "how something is done or how it happens" - specifically, the manner or mode in which something occurs or is analogous to another situation.

 Looking at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
 - This fits well. "In the same way" means "in the same manner" or "similarly". It's about the manner/mode of the situation.

 2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
 - This is about means/agency, like "a way to solve the problem". Not quite right here.

 3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
 - Physical direction/path. Not applicable.

 4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
 - This is about the state/condition. "That's the way it is" - but here we have "in the same way as", which is drawing a comparison of manner, not stating a general condition.

 5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
 - This is about life paths or conduct. Not applicable.

 6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
 - Physical road/path. Not applicable.

 7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
 - Journey. Not applicable.

 8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
 - Space. Not applicable.

 9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
 - Distance. Not applicable.

 10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
 - Preference/choice. Not applicable.

 11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
 - Category. Not applicable.

 12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways
 - Portion/share. Not applicable.

 The phrase "in the same way as" is clearly using "way" to mean "manner" or "mode" - how something happens or is done. This corresponds to sense 1.

 Sense 1: how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion

 The context is comparing the manner in which complementarities work between surgeons/anaesthetists and locals/immigrants.

 Therefore, the best sense is index 1.

 Wait, let me double-check sense 4: "the condition of things generally" with example "I felt the same way". "In the same way" could potentially be interpreted as "in the same condition/state", but the example "I felt the same way" is about feeling, while here we have an analogy between two situations. The phrase "in the same way as" is more about manner/method than condition.

 Also, sense 1 has examples like "her dignified manner" and "his rapid manner of talking" - these are about how things are done. The analogy here is about how the complementarity works - in the same manner as...

 Yes, sense 1 is correct.

 The user wants the output as: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: country
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a <t>country</t> with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "country" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
"A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a <t>country</t> with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."

The sentence is comparing a surgeon working in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists to the complementarities between locals and immigrants. Here, "country" refers to a geographical/political entity - a nation or state where a surgeon would work.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
- This focuses on the political organization/body of people.

2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
- This focuses on the territory/land itself.

3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
- This focuses on the people.

4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
- This is "countryside" - clearly not the meaning here.

5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country
- This is a region/area, not specifically a nation.

Now, in the context: "a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists"

This refers to working within a nation-state, a political entity. But is it sense 1 (politically organized body) or sense 2 (territory occupied by a nation)?

The phrase "work in a country" typically refers to the territory/geographical entity (sense 2) or the political entity (sense 1).

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1 examples: "the state has elected a new president; African nations" - focuses on government/people as organized body
- Sense 2 examples: "he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries" - focuses on territory/place

When we say "work in a country", we usually mean within the geographical/political boundaries of a nation. The surgeon works in a location/territory that is a nation.

However, "country" in "work in a country" is very close to sense 2 (territory occupied by a nation). But sense 1 (politically organized body) could also work.

Wait, let me look more carefully. The phrase is "work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists". This is analogous to working in a place/territory where there is a shortage.

Actually, looking at WordNet's treatment:
- Sense 1: country%1:14:00:: (noun.group) - a politically organized body of people under a single government
- Sense 2: country%1:15:00:: (noun.location) - the territory occupied by a nation

In "visited several European countries" - this is clearly sense 2, territory.
In "work in a country" - this is also about being in a territory.

But actually, in many WSD datasets, "country" when referring to a nation-state in general contexts often maps to sense 1 or 2 depending on whether the emphasis is on the people/government or the land.

Let me reconsider. The comparison is: "a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists". This means working within a nation's boundaries/economy. The shortage of anaesthetists is a characteristic of that nation's labor market.

In WordNet, sense 2 (territory occupied by a nation) seems to be the most common sense for "country" when referring to a nation as a place. Examples: "he visited several European countries", "he returned to the land of his birth".

Sense 1 examples: "the state has elected a new president", "African nations" - these emphasize the political entity.

In our context, "work in a country" - the preposition "in" suggests a location/territory. Also, the shortage of anaesthetists is a labor market condition within that territory.

However, I should check if there's a convention. In many WSD contexts for "country" meaning nation:
- If it's about visiting, traveling, returning to - usually sense 2 (territory)
- If it's about government, people as organized group - usually sense 1

But "work in a country" is about location/place of work.

Actually, looking at the sentence again: "in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists" - this is clearly referring to a nation-state as a geographical/political unit where one works.

Between sense 1 and 2:
- Sense 2: "the territory occupied by a nation" - synonyms: state, land
- Sense 1: "a politically organized body of people" - synonyms: state, nation, land, commonwealth...

The example for sense 2: "he visited several European countries" - this is very similar to "work in a country".

I think sense 2 is the best fit. But let me double-check if sense 1 could be better. "A politically organized body of people under a single government" - does the surgeon work in a "politically organized body of people"? That sounds odd. The surgeon works in a territory/place.

Wait, I need to be careful. In WordNet, sense 1 is often the "nation" sense (collective of people), sense 2 is the "land" sense (territory).

Given the context of working "in" a place, and the comparison to labor markets within geographical entities, sense 2 seems most appropriate.

But actually, looking at standard WSD for "country", when used to mean "nation" in contexts like "European countries", it's often sense 2. Let me verify with the examples given:
- Sense 2 examples: "he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries"
- "work in a country" parallels "visited several European countries"

I think the answer is sense 2 (index 2).

Wait, I should also consider sense 3: "the people who live in a nation or country". No, "work in the people" doesn't make sense.

Sense 4: rural area - no.
Sense 5: geographical region - no, because it has a definite boundary here (a nation).

So it's between 1 and 2. Given "in a country" and the analogy to labor markets/territories, I'll go with sense 2.

Actually, let me reconsider one more time. The phrase is "work in a country". If I say "I work in a country with high taxes", am I using sense 1 or 2?

In WordNet, "country" as "nation" (political entity) is sense 1. But "country" as "land/territory" is sense 2.

Looking at the SemCor or other tagged corpora might help. Generally:
- "the country" referring to the nation as a whole (e.g., "the country is at war") - often sense 1 or 3
- "a country" referring to a nation-state as a place (e.g., "a beautiful country", "countries in Europe") - often sense 2

Here: "in a country with a shortage..." - this is locative, suggesting territory.

I'll choose sense 2.

Wait, I want to double check the sense indices. The user lists:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00::
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00::
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01::
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01::
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02::

So index 2 is country%1:15:00:: (territory occupied by a nation).

Yes, I'll go with {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: shortage
Target surface form: shortage
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a <t>shortage</t> of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=shortage%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. sense_key=shortage%1:26:00:: | definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "shortage" in the given context.

 Context analysis:
 The sentence is: "A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a <t>shortage</t> of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."

 The context is about labor markets, specifically about a shortage of anaesthetists (medical professionals). The comparison is being made between surgeons needing anaesthetists and local workers needing immigrants - both are complementary roles where a shortage of one makes the other less effective.

 Candidate senses:
 1. shortage%1:07:00:: - "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required" | synonyms: deficit, shortfall
 2. shortage%1:26:00:: - "an acute insufficiency" | synonyms: dearth, famine

 Analysis:
 Sense 1 (shortage%1:07:00::) seems to be about a quantitative deficit or shortfall - something being less than expected/required. This is often used in economic contexts (budget deficit, trade deficit, etc.).

 Sense 2 (shortage%1:26:00::) is defined as "an acute insufficiency" with synonyms "dearth, famine". This suggests a more severe or critical lack of something.

 Looking at the context: "a shortage of anaesthetists" - this refers to a lack of available workers in a specific profession. This is describing a situation where there aren't enough anaesthetists available.

 In WordNet:
 - Sense 1 (1:07:00) is under noun.group? Actually, looking at the sense keys:
   - 1:07:00 would be noun.attribute (07 is attribute)
   - 1:26:00 would be noun.state (26 is state)

 Wait, let me check WordNet hierarchy:
 - 1:07:00:: - noun.attribute - "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required"
 - 1:26:00:: - noun.state - "an acute insufficiency"

 Actually, looking at typical usage:
 - "shortage of labor" usually maps to sense 1 (deficit, shortfall) - this is the more general economic sense.
 - Sense 2 (dearth, famine) is more about severe scarcity, often used for food shortages or critical shortages.

 But let's look more carefully. The example for sense 1: "new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit"
 The example for sense 2: (no example provided in the prompt, but typically "dearth" implies scarcity)

 In the context: "shortage of anaesthetists" - this is a labor shortage. In economic/labor contexts, "shortage" usually refers to the quantitative concept (supply < demand).

 However, sense 2 "acute insufficiency" with synonyms "dearth, famine" suggests a more severe lack. But "shortage of anaesthetists" is a standard labor market term - it means there are fewer anaesthetists than needed/required.

 Let me think about the difference:
 - Sense 1: shortage = deficit = shortfall (quantitative lack)
 - Sense 2: shortage = dearth = famine (scarcity, insufficiency)

 In the context of "shortage of local labor" earlier in the text, and now "shortage of anaesthetists", this is describing a market condition where supply is insufficient to meet demand.

 Actually, looking at WordNet:
 shortage%1:07:00:: is the first sense, defined as "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required"
 shortage%1:26:00:: is the second sense, defined as "an acute insufficiency"

 The first sense is the more common, general sense used for economic shortages (labor shortage, housing shortage, etc.). The second sense is more literary or emphasizes the severity (dearth).

 In the phrase "shortage of anaesthetists", this is clearly referring to not having enough anaesthetists to meet the needs - this aligns with sense 1 (deficit, shortfall).

 Also, the earlier mention: "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor" - this is clearly the economic sense (deficit/shortfall).

 Therefore, sense 1 (shortage%1:07:00::) is the correct choice.

 Wait, I should verify the sense indices. The user asks for the sense_index. The candidates are numbered 1 and 2 in the prompt.

 Candidate 1: sense_key=shortage%1:07:00::
 Candidate 2: sense_key=shortage%1:26:00::

 So if I choose the first one, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}

 Let me double-check by looking at the synonyms:
 - Sense 1 synonyms: deficit, shortfall
 - Sense 2 synonyms: dearth, famine

 In the context: "shortage of anaesthetists" - is this more like a deficit/shortfall or more like a dearth/famine?

 "Dearth" usually means a scarcity or lack of something. "Famine" is extreme scarcity of food.
 "Deficit" usually means the amount by which something is too small.
 "Shortfall" is a failure to meet a target or expectation.

 In labor economics, a "shortage" means the quantity of labor supplied is less than the quantity demanded at the current wage. This is exactly "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required" - i.e., the shortfall between supply and demand.

 "Acute insufficiency" (sense 2) could also fit, but it's less specific to the quantitative economic concept. However, "dearth" and "famine" have connotations that don't quite fit a professional labor shortage - famine is too extreme, dearth is more general scarcity.

 Also, the example given for sense 1 uses "deficit" in a biological context (nutritional deficit), showing that sense 1 covers various types of deficits.

 Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

 Final check: The context is comparing immigrants filling labor shortages. This is standard economic terminology. Sense 1 is the correct WordNet sense for this usage.

 Answer: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: complementarity
Target surface form: complementarities
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the <t>complementarities</t> existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=complementarity%1:24:01:: | definition=a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities
2. sense_key=complementarity%1:24:02:: | definition=the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other | examples=the complementarity of the sexes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "complementarities" in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
The text discusses how immigrants are complementary to local labor rather than replacements. It mentions that unskilled immigrants work in sectors that don't attract local labor, and skilled ones work in dynamic sectors. Then it gives an analogy: "just as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."

So the sense here is about how two things (local workers and immigrants) work together, supplement each other, and are mutually dependent - one fills gaps that the other doesn't, making both more productive.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=complementarity%1:24:01:: | definition=a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities
   - This sounds like logical complementarity or quantum mechanics (like wave-particle duality). Two opposite states that together exhaust possibilities.

2. sense_key=complementarity%1:24:02:: | definition=the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other | examples=the complementarity of the sexes
   - This is about mutual supplementation, interdependence, reciprocal relationship where one thing supplements the other.

In the context:
- The text talks about immigrants and local labor being complementary (not replacing but supplementing each other)
- It mentions specific examples: unskilled immigrants in sectors locals don't want, skilled immigrants in dynamic sectors
- It uses the surgeon/anaesthetist analogy showing how two different roles depend on each other
- It mentions "complementarities existing between locals and immigrants" - this is clearly about mutual supplementation and interdependence

Sense 1 (opposite states exhausting possibilities) doesn't fit - immigrants and locals aren't opposite states that exhaust possibilities, they're different labor inputs that supplement each other.

Sense 2 fits perfectly: "the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other" - locals and immigrants supplement each other in the labor market.

The example given in sense 2 is "the complementarity of the sexes" which is about how male and female roles supplement each other - similar to how immigrant and local labor supplement each other.

Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice.

The user wants the answer as: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arrival
Target surface form: arrival
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the <t>arrival</t> of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arrival%1:04:00:: | definition=accomplishment of an objective | synonyms=reaching
2. sense_key=arrival%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of arriving at a certain place | examples=they awaited her arrival
3. sense_key=arrival%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who arrives (or has arrived) | synonyms=arriver, comer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "arrival" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 - The text is about immigration and its effects on wages
 - The specific sentence: "the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the <t>arrival</t> of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
 - Here, "arrival" refers to the act of immigrants coming/entering the country, or possibly the immigrants themselves as a group.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=arrival%1:04:00:: | definition=accomplishment of an objective | synonyms=reaching
    - This seems to be about achieving a goal, like "the arrival of success" or similar. Doesn't fit the context of people coming to a place.

 2. sense_key=arrival%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of arriving at a certain place | examples=they awaited her arrival
    - This is the act/process of arriving. In the context, "the arrival of immigrants" refers to the act of immigrants arriving in the country. This fits well.

 3. sense_key=arrival%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who arrives (or has arrived) | synonyms=arriver, comer
    - This refers to the person who arrives (e.g., "He is a new arrival"). In the context, "the arrival of immigrants" - if "arrival" meant the people themselves, it would be redundant with "immigrants" (the arrival of immigrants = the immigrants of immigrants?). Actually, looking closely: "the arrival of immigrants" - here "arrival" is modified by "of immigrants", suggesting that "arrival" is the act/event, and "immigrants" are the ones performing the action. If sense 3 were used, it would mean "the immigrants who are immigrants" or referring to the people as arrivals, but the construction "arrival of X" typically indicates X is the subject of the arrival (the one arriving), making "arrival" the act/event.

 Let me reconsider sense 3: If "arrival" means "someone who arrives", then "the arrival of immigrants" would mean "the immigrants who arrive of immigrants" which doesn't make sense. Actually, it could potentially mean "the arriving ones among immigrants" but that's awkward.

 Sense 2: "the act of arriving at a certain place" - "the arrival of immigrants" = the act of immigrants arriving. This makes perfect sense in the context. The text discusses the effect of the act of immigrants coming to the country on wages.

 The example for sense 2: "they awaited her arrival" - this is clearly the act/event of arriving.

 In the context: "the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect" - this is talking about the event/act of immigrants arriving, not the people themselves as a group (though metonymically it could refer to the presence of immigrants, but grammatically it's the act).

 Therefore, sense 2 (arrival%1:04:01::) is the correct choice.

 Wait, let me double-check the WordNet sense keys format. The user lists:
 1. sense_key=arrival%1:04:00::
 2. sense_key=arrival%1:04:01::
 3. sense_key=arrival%1:18:00::

 So the indices are 1, 2, and 3.

 Sense 1: accomplishment of an objective (like "the arrival of success")
 Sense 2: the act of arriving at a certain place (like "they awaited her arrival")
 Sense 3: someone who arrives (like "the new arrivals")

 In the sentence: "the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals"

 This is clearly referring to the act/event of immigrants arriving (sense 2), not the people themselves (sense 3). If it were sense 3, it would be something like "the arrivals found jobs" referring to the people.

 Also, sense 1 is clearly wrong because it's not about accomplishing an objective.

 So the answer should be sense_index: 2.

 But wait, I should check if there's any ambiguity. Could "arrival" here refer to the immigrants themselves as a collective? For example, "the arrival of the package" vs "the arrival" (referring to a person). But with "of immigrants" modifying it, it strongly suggests the act. "The arrival of immigrants" = immigrants arriving.

 If it were sense 3, it would typically be used as "the arrivals" (plural) or "a new arrival" (singular). "The arrival of immigrants" is ambiguous but in standard usage with this construction (Noun + of + Subject), where the subject is the agent of the action denoted by the noun, it refers to the act.

 For example:
 - "The arrival of the train" = the train arriving (act)
 - "The arrival of spring" = spring arriving (act)
 - "He is a recent arrival" = he is someone who has arrived (person)

 In the given context, it's definitely the act.

 Therefore: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: ModelRun


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive <t>effect</t> on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
 The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "effect" in the given context.

 Let me analyze the context:
 "A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive <t>effect</t> on the pay of locals."

 The sentence is talking about the impact or consequence of immigration on wages. It's about a phenomenon that follows from the arrival of immigrants - specifically, a positive consequence on the pay of locals.

 Now let's look at the candidate senses:

 1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business

 This matches perfectly. The context is about the consequence/outcome of immigration on wages. Synonyms like "consequence", "outcome", "result" fit well.

 2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success

 This doesn't fit. The context isn't about outward appearance.

 3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect

 This is about artificial/contrived impressions, not relevant here.

 4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist

 This is about the main point of a text, not relevant here.

 5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect

 This is a legal sense ("in effect"), not relevant here.

 6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

 This is about symptoms or side effects of illness/drugs. While the context could be stretched to include economic effects, this is specifically about medical symptoms caused by illness or drugs.

 The context is clearly about an economic phenomenon that results from immigration. Sense 1 is the most appropriate.

 The key phrase is "has a positive effect on the pay of locals" - this is clearly talking about a consequence, outcome, or result of immigration.

 Therefore, the answer should be sense_index 1.