[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: suggest
Target surface form: suggesting
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, <t>suggesting</t> that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=suggest%2:32:00:: | definition=make a proposal, declare a plan for something | synonyms=propose, advise | examples=the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax
2. sense_key=suggest%2:32:04:: | definition=drop a hint; intimate by a hint | synonyms=hint
3. sense_key=suggest%2:32:02:: | definition=imply as a possibility | synonyms=intimate | examples=The evidence suggests a need for more clarification
4. sense_key=suggest%2:32:03:: | definition=suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine | synonyms=indicate | examples=Tetracycline is indicated in such cases
5. sense_key=suggest%2:32:01:: | definition=call to mind | synonyms=evoke, paint a picture | examples=this remark evoked sadness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "suggesting" in the context: "...researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."

Here, "suggesting" means that the evidence implies or points to the possibility/conclusion that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. propose/advise - make a proposal. No, this isn't a proposal.
2. hint - drop a hint. Not quite a hint, it's more of an implication from evidence.
3. intimate - imply as a possibility. "The evidence suggests a need for more clarification." This fits well - the finding suggests (implies) that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.
4. indicate - in medicine. "Tetracycline is indicated in such cases." This is about medical indication for treatment, not about evidence implying something.
5. evoke - call to mind. No.

Sense 3 is the best fit. The context is about evidence/findings implying a conclusion, which matches "imply as a possibility" and the example "The evidence suggests a need for more clarification."


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cause
Target surface form: cause
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't <t>cause</t> cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cause%2:36:00:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=do, make | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
2. sense_key=cause%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, have, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cause" in the context: "oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."
Here, "cause cancer" means to give rise to cancer, to make cancer happen or occur.
It does not mean "cause to do" or "cause to act" (sense 2).
Sense 1 fits perfectly: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur".
"cause a commotion" / "make a stir" -> "cause cancer".

Let's check the senses again.
1. cause%2:36:00:: - give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally
2. cause%2:32:00:: - cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner

"cause cancer" means causing cancer to happen.
So sense 1 is the right one.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Ambient

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause <t>cancer</t> by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about cancer as a disease, discussing genes, tumors, oncogenes, and malignant cells. The target word "cancer" is used in the sense of the disease - "oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."

Sense 1: cancer%1:26:00:: - any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease

This is clearly the best sense.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: recent
Target surface form: recent
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In <t>recent</t> months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "recent" in the phrase "In recent months".
Sense 1: new (recent graduates; a recent addition to the house)
Sense 2: of the immediate past or just previous to the present time (synonyms=late; a late development; their late quarrel)

"In recent months" refers to the immediate past. Therefore, sense 2 fits better.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent <t>months</t>, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is "In recent months, researchers have come to believe..." Here "months" refers to a period of time, approximately 30 days each, used as a time unit. "In recent months" means "in the past few time periods of about 30 days." This aligns with sense 2: "a time unit of approximately 30 days."

Sense 1 is "one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year" (calendar month), like "January," "February," etc. But "in recent months" doesn't refer to specific named divisions; it refers to a duration/period of time measured in months.

Sense 2: "a time unit of approximately 30 days" — this fits better because "recent months" refers to recent time periods, not specific calendar divisions.

So the answer is sense_index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: come
Target surface form: come
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have <t>come</t> to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=come%2:38:00:: | definition=move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody | synonyms=come up | examples=He came singing down the road; Come with me to the Casbah
2. sense_key=come%2:38:04:: | definition=reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress | synonyms=arrive, get | examples=She arrived home at 7 o'clock; She didn't get to Chicago until after midnight
3. sense_key=come%2:30:01:: | definition=come to pass; arrive, as in due course | examples=The first success came three days later; It came as a shock
4. sense_key=come%2:30:03:: | definition=reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position | examples=The water came to a boil; We came to understand the true meaning of life
5. sense_key=come%2:42:04:: | definition=to be the product or result | synonyms=follow | examples=Melons come from a vine; Understanding comes from experience
6. sense_key=come%2:30:02:: | definition=be found or available | examples=These shoes come in three colors; The furniture comes unassembled
7. sense_key=come%2:42:13:: | definition=come forth | synonyms=issue forth | examples=A scream came from the woman's mouth; His breath came hard
8. sense_key=come%2:42:09:: | definition=be a native of | synonyms=hail | examples=She hails from Kalamazoo
9. sense_key=come%2:42:03:: | definition=extend or reach | examples=The water came up to my waist; The sleeves come to your knuckles
10. sense_key=come%2:42:05:: | definition=exist or occur in a certain point in a series | examples=Next came the student from France
11. sense_key=come%2:38:03:: | definition=cover a certain distance | examples=She came a long way
12. sense_key=come%2:42:00:: | definition=come under, be classified or included | synonyms=fall | examples=fall into a category; This comes under a new heading
13. sense_key=come%2:30:13:: | definition=happen as a result | examples=Nothing good will come of this
14. sense_key=come%2:42:12:: | definition=add up in number or quantity | synonyms=total, number, add up, amount | examples=The bills amounted to $2,000; The bill came to $2,000
15. sense_key=come%2:42:11:: | definition=develop into | synonyms=add up, amount | examples=This idea will never amount to anything; nothing came of his grandiose plans
16. sense_key=come%2:38:02:: | definition=be received | synonyms=come in | examples=News came in of the massacre in Rwanda
17. sense_key=come%2:31:14:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=occur | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
18. sense_key=come%2:42:15:: | definition=come from; be connected by a relationship of blood, for example | synonyms=derive, descend | examples=She was descended from an old Italian noble family; he comes from humble origins
19. sense_key=come%2:42:02:: | definition=proceed or get along | synonyms=do, fare, make out, get along | examples=How is she doing in her new job?; How are you making out in graduate school?
20. sense_key=come%2:39:00:: | definition=experience orgasm | examples=she could not come because she was too upset
21. sense_key=come%2:31:13:: | definition=have a certain priority | examples=My family comes first

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "come" in the phrase "researchers have come to believe".
"Come to believe" means to reach a state of understanding or belief.
Looking at the senses:
Sense 4: "reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position | examples=The water came to a boil; We came to understand the true meaning of life"
"come to believe" perfectly matches "reach or enter a state" and the example "We came to understand".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of <t>cancer</t> genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "cancer genes" which are genes related to cancer as a disease - tumor-suppressors, oncogenes, malignant cells, etc. The word "cancer" here refers to the disease, not astrology, constellations, or crab genus.

Sense 1 is "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division" - this is the disease sense, which fits the context perfectly.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may <t>turn</t> proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "turn" in the context: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
The sentence means that the oncogene causes the proliferating cells to become malignant.
Let's look at the candidate senses.
Sense 16: sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
Wait, "turn proliferating cells malignant" means causing them to become malignant.
Could it be sense 2: undergo a transformation or a change of position or action?
Or sense 3: undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy. (But here "turn" is transitive, "turn proliferating cells malignant", taking an object "proliferating cells" and an object complement "malignant").
Let's look at Sense 16: cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics. Example: "The princess turned the frog into a prince". It is causative.
Wait, let's check sense 2: undergo a transformation. "turn" is used as intransitive there.
Sense 3: undergo a change. "turn" is intransitive.
Sense 7: pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow. Intransitive.
What about "turn proliferating cells malignant"?
"turn" here takes an object and a complement. "turn X Y" (where Y is an adjective). Like "turn the water red".
Is there a sense for "turn X Y"?
Let's check the senses again.
Is there a causative sense of becoming?
Sense 16: cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics. This fits "cause to change or turn into something different". However, the example says "turn the frog into a prince", "turn lead into gold". Here it is "turn [object] [adjective]".
Wait, could it be Sense 16? Let's check if there's another one.
Sense 2 is "undergo a transformation..." (intransitive).
Sense 3 is "undergo a change or development..." (intransitive).
Sense 7 is "pass into a condition gradually..." (intransitive).
What about transitive "turn [object] [adjective]"?
In WordNet 3.0:
turn%2:42:13:: "cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics; "The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him"; "The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold""
Wait, does "turn" as in "turn proliferating cells malignant" map to turn%2:42:13::?
Let's check if there's a more specific sense.
What about "turn%2:42:00::" undergo a change or development? "The water turned into ice".
There is also "turn%2:30:04::" undergo a transformation or a change of position or action. "We turned from Socialism to Capitalism".
What about Sense 2? "We turned from Socialism to Capitalism"
Is "turn proliferating cells malignant" causative? Yes. "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant".
So Sense 16: "cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics". This is causative. "turn proliferating cells malignant" fits this perfectly.
Let's double check if there's any other causative sense.
Sense 19: cause to move along an axis or into a new direction.
Sense 10: cause to move around a center so as to show another side of.
Sense 22: alter the functioning or setting of.
Sense 21: cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form.
So Sense 16 is the only causative one that involves changing characteristics or state into something different. "malignant" is a new characteristic/state.
Therefore, Sense 16 is the best fit.
Let's verify. "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant". Meaning: An oncogene may cause proliferating cells to become malignant. This fits "cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics".

Wait, is there any chance it could be sense 16? Let me check the synonyms. None.
Let's check sense 16 definition: cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics.
Examples: The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold.
"turn proliferating cells malignant" has the same syntactic structure "turn [object] [resultative phrase]".

Is there any other sense?
What about turn%2:30:04::? "undergo a transformation or a change of position or action". This is intransitive.
What about turn%2:42:00::? "undergo a change or development". Intransitive.
What about turn%2:30:03::? "pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become". Intransitive.
Sense 16 is the only transitive causative sense meaning "cause to change into something different / assume new characteristics".
Yes, 16 is the best choice.

provider: Inceptron


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating <t>cells</t> malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about biology, specifically genes, cancer, and organisms. The word "cells" refers to the basic structural and functional unit of organisms.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant <t>only</t> after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "only" appears in the sentence: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."

Here, "only" is used to indicate a condition or restriction - the oncogene turns cells malignant *exclusively* or *solely* under the condition that the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. It means "only when" or "only if" the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Wait, the numbering is a bit confusing. Let me re-read:

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as

So the sense with definition "never except when" with synonyms "only if, only when" and example "call me only if your cold gets worse" is index 6.

The context "only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged" means the oncogene turns cells malignant *never except when* the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. This matches sense 6: "never except when" with synonyms "only if, only when".

The sentence could be paraphrased as: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only when the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."

This is sense index 6.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been <t>damaged</t>. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "damaged" in the context: "...the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
The context describes genes being damaged by radiation, chemicals, or accidents, which causes them to stop working correctly.
Sense 1: "inflict damage upon" (transitive verb, e.g., "The snow damaged the roof"). The genes are being damaged by external forces (radiation, etc.).
Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage" (intransitive verb, e.g., "These fine china cups damage easily").
In the context "the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged", the verb is used in a passive construction, meaning damage was inflicted upon the gene.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are <t>inherited</t> in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses tumor-suppressor genes being "inherited" in two copies, one from each parent, and mentions genetic transmission, receiving genes from parents.

Sense 1: obtain from someone after their death - doesn't fit
Sense 2: receive from a predecessor - doesn't fit well
Sense 3: receive by genetic transmission - fits perfectly, as the context is about genes inherited from parents.

The answer is sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two <t>copies</t>, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "copies" in the context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."

Here, "copies" refers to the two versions of a gene that a person inherits, one from each parent. These are essentially duplicate instances of the same gene.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. copy%1:10:00:: - a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript - This is about written records, not relevant.

2. copy%1:06:00:: - a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor - This is about things made to be similar/identical to another thing. The example of a clone being a copy of its ancestor is very relevant to genes being copies.

3. copy%1:10:01:: - matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter - Not relevant.

4. copy%1:10:02:: - material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy - Not relevant.

Sense 2 is clearly the best fit. Genes are inherited in two copies - meaning two instances of the same gene, one from each parent, that are (essentially) identical or similar. The example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" is very close in spirit to how genes are copies.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: parent
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each <t>parent</t>. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
The context is about genetics and inheritance. The sentence says: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."

Here, "parent" refers to the biological parent from whom genes are inherited. This could be a father or mother (human context), but the text is discussing organisms generally (could be plants or animals too, as it mentions cells).

However, looking at the context, it's talking about human cancer and genetics, but also general biological principles. The word "parent" here refers to an organism from which offspring inherit genes.

Let me compare the two senses:
1. parent%1:18:00:: - a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. parent%1:03:00:: - an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

The context discusses inheritance of genes, which is a biological concept. While it could apply to humans, the text is discussing general biological principles about cells and genes that apply across organisms. The use of "one from each parent" in the context of genetic inheritance suggests the biological organism sense.

However, the text is specifically about cancer research in humans (oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, cancer cells). So it could be sense 1 (father or mother).

But looking more carefully, the text uses "cells" and "organisms" in a general biological sense. The concept of inheriting genes "one from each parent" is a fundamental biological principle that applies to all sexually reproducing organisms. The text is talking about the biological concept of parentage in the context of genetics.

Sense 2 (an organism from which younger ones are obtained) seems more appropriate for the biological/genetic context, as it's about the organism from which genetic material is inherited, rather than the social/relational role of being a parent.

Actually, let me reconsider. The text is about cancer research, likely in humans. "One from each parent" in human genetics typically refers to one's father and mother. Sense 1 is about "a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child."

But the text could also be about animals in research. The term "parent" in genetics often refers to the organism sense.

Hmm, let me think about this more carefully. The context is scientific/biological. The text discusses genes, cells, cancer - all biological concepts. The inheritance of genes "one from each parent" is describing a biological process. Sense 2 specifically mentions "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained," which is the biological/genetic sense of parent.

I think sense 2 is the better fit because:
1. The context is about biological inheritance
2. The text uses general biological language
3. The concept being described is about organisms passing on genes to offspring

Actually, on further reflection, let me reconsider again. The text is about human cancer. It's discussing tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes in the context of cancer research. The "parent" here likely refers to human parents (father and mother). Sense 1 is about "a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child."

But wait - the text could be discussing this in general biological terms, applying to any organism. The principles described (inheriting genes in two copies, one from each parent) apply to all diploid organisms.

I think the key distinction is:
- Sense 1: Focuses on the social/relational role (father/mother, guardian)
- Sense 2: Focuses on the biological role (organism from which offspring are obtained)

In this genetic context, the biological sense (Sense 2) seems more appropriate, as the text is discussing the biological process of genetic inheritance, not the social role of parenting.

I'll go with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either <t>copy</t> can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "copy" refers to one of the two inherited copies of a gene. In the context, genes are "inherited in two copies, one from each parent," and "either copy can make the proteins needed." This is about a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing - in genetics, each copy of a gene is a duplicate/reproduction.

Sense 2 (copy%1:06:00::) - "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" with examples like "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" fits best here. The genetic copies are essentially biological duplicates, one from each parent, and the example about clones being copies of ancestors is closely related to the genetic context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: needed
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins <t>needed</t> to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The context is: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth..."
"needed" here means "required" to control cell growth.
Let's look at the senses:
1. require as useful, just, or proper (requires, takes)
2. have need of (wants, requires)
3. have or feel a need for

"needed" here functions as an adjective/participle meaning "required". The proteins required to control cell growth.
Sense 1: "require as useful, just, or proper". Synonyms: necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve. Examples: It takes nerve... success requires hard work.
Sense 2: "have need of". Synonyms: want, require. Example: This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner.

"needed" in "the proteins needed to control cell growth" is a passive participle of "need" meaning "are required to control cell growth".
Wait, "need" meaning "require".
"Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth" -> "The proteins are needed to control cell growth."
Which sense of "need" applies to "The proteins are needed to..."?
Sense 1: require as useful, just, or proper. (require)
Sense 2: have need of. (want, require)

Usually, "needed" as in "the proteins needed to..." aligns with sense 1: "require as useful, just, or proper" or sense 2.
Let's check WordNet 3.0 senses for need (verb):
need%2:42:00:: "require as useful, just, or proper" - It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work.
need%2:34:00:: "have need of" - This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner.
need%2:34:01:: "have or feel a need for" - always needing friends and money.

"This piano wants the attention..." -> has need of. "The proteins are needed to control cell growth" -> The proteins are required to control cell growth.
"require as useful, just, or proper" (Sense 1) usually maps to "require".
"have need of" (Sense 2) maps to "want" or "require".

Let's distinguish between sense 1 and sense 2.
Sense 1 (need%2:42:00) is often used like "The work needs to be done." "It takes nerve."
Sense 2 (need%2:34:00) is used like "I need a doctor." "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner."

Actually, WordNet 3.0:
need%2:34:00:: have need of (This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner)
need%2:42:00:: require as useful, just, or proper (It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work; This intervention saved the party from ruin?)

Let's look at another example for need%2:42:00: "This intervention saved the party from ruin"? No, wait, the synonyms are necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve. "It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work; This intervention demands the win..."

In "the proteins needed to control cell growth", what is needed? The proteins. What needs them? The cell growth control process. It requires them. Is it sense 1 or 2?
Many WSD datasets assign "need" as in "X is needed" or "requires X" to need%2:34:00:: (have need of) or need%2:42:00::.
Wait, "need" meaning "require" could be both.
"The proteins needed to control cell growth" -> "The proteins required to control cell growth."
Sense 1: require as useful, just, or proper
Synonyms: require, take, involve, necessitate, ask, postulate

Sense 2: have need of
Synonyms: want, require

Often, "needed" in this passive construction "the proteins needed to..." corresponds to "require" in a way closer to "have need of" or "require as useful". But "have need of" is usually active ("X needs Y"). "X is needed by Y".
Actually, if it's "I need a car", it's usually need%2:34:00:: (have need of).
Wait, let me look up need%2:34:00:: and need%2:42:00::.
need%2:42:00:: is "require as useful, just, or proper" -> "It takes nerve to do what she did", "success usually requires hard work". This is about doing something requires an attribute or resource.
need%2:34:00:: is "have need of" -> "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner".

"the proteins needed to control cell growth" -> "the proteins required to control cell growth."
Cell growth control requires proteins.
Does this match sense 1 (require as useful, just, or proper)? "Success usually requires hard work." -> controlling cell growth requires proteins.
Sense 2 "have need of" usually implies lacking something. "This piano wants the attention..." means it lacks and needs attention.
Wait, "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth"
I'll guess Sense 1, as it's about a process requiring a component, like "success requires hard work" -> "control requires proteins". "Need" here means "require".
Wait, could it be Sense 1? "require as useful, just, or proper"
Let me check Sense 1 and Sense 2 carefully.
In WordNet, need%2:34:00:: "have need of" has synonyms: want, require.
need%2:42:00:: "require as useful, just, or proper" has synonyms: necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve.

If we look at SemCor:
"needed" often maps to need%2:34:00:: or need%2:42:00::.
"the proteins needed to control cell growth" implies "proteins that are required to control cell growth".
Is it sense 1 or 2?
"require as useful, just, or proper" vs "have need of".
"have need of" is more like "I need a drink." "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner" means it needs attention.
"require as useful, just, or proper" is "The job requires a degree." "It takes nerve."
I will bet on sense 1, "require as useful, just, or proper", because it functions as "require" in the context of conditions and mechanisms (like success requires hard work, cell growth control requires proteins). Wait, "The proteins needed" -> the proteins are the object of need. "The process needs the proteins." Does the process "have need of" the proteins? Or "require as useful"?
Actually, in WordNet, need%2:42:00:: is defined as "require as useful, just, or proper", with examples "It takes nerve to do what she did", "success usually requires hard work".
Let's look at need%2:34:00::: "have need of", examples "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner".
If I say "I need a car", it's sense 2.
If I say "The car needs gas", it's sense 2? Or 1?
What about "The proteins needed to control cell growth"?
It means the proteins that are required. "Require" is a synonym for both.
Is there a difference? Sense 2 implies lack or desire, while Sense 1 implies necessity for a purpose. "Required to control cell growth" implies necessity for a purpose.
Wait, "require as useful, just, or proper" - this is often for abstract things (necessitate, postulate, involve).
"have need of" - often for concrete things lacking.
"proteins needed to control cell growth" -> the proteins that are required.
Let's choose Sense 1. "require as useful, just, or proper" fits "require to control cell growth" perfectly. "Success usually requires hard work." "Controlling cell growth requires proteins."
Wait! "success usually requires hard work" -> "hard work is needed for success". Here, "the proteins needed to control cell growth" -> "proteins are needed to control cell growth".
Actually, in WordNet, need%2:34:00:: is "have need of". need%2:42:00:: is "require as useful, just, or proper".
Let's see the sense index. I will output 1.
Wait, let's re-read Sense 1 synonyms: necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve.
If "needed" means "required", "required" is a synonym for both Sense 1 and Sense 2. But Sense 2 has "want", which means "lack". "This piano wants the attention..." implies it is missing attention. The cell growth is not missing the proteins, the proteins are simply a requirement.
Also, "success usually requires hard work" -> it doesn't lack hard work, it requires it as a condition. So "proteins needed to control cell growth" -> proteins required as a condition. So Sense 1.
Let me consider if it's Sense 1. I'll output {"sense_index": 1}.
Wait, in some WSD tasks, "needed to" is mapped to need%2:34:00::.
Let's look at a similar example: "I needed the money" -> need%2:34:00:: (have need of).
"The money needed to buy the car" -> ?
"the proteins needed to control cell growth"
If the sentence was "The cell needs the proteins to control growth", is it "have need of" or "require as useful"?
"have need of" is for needing something you lack.
"require as useful, just, or proper" is for a condition requiring something.
I will choose 1.
Let me double check. Sense 1: "require as useful, just, or proper". "success usually requires hard work" -> success requires hard work as useful/proper. "control cell growth requires proteins" -> fits perfectly.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.
Wait, "The proteins needed to control cell growth"
"needed" is a participle.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: control
Target surface form: control
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to <t>control</t> cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=control%2:41:00:: | definition=exercise authoritative control or power over | synonyms=command | examples=control the budget; Command the military forces
2. sense_key=control%2:41:01:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
3. sense_key=control%2:35:00:: | definition=handle and cause to function | synonyms=operate | examples=do not operate machinery after imbibing alcohol; control the lever
4. sense_key=control%2:37:06:: | definition=control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully, usually to one's advantage | synonyms=manipulate, keep in line | examples=She manipulates her boss; She is a very controlling mother and doesn't let her children grow up
5. sense_key=control%2:41:02:: | definition=check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard | synonyms=verify | examples=Are you controlling for the temperature?
6. sense_key=control%2:31:11:: | definition=verify by using a duplicate register for comparison | examples=control an account
7. sense_key=control%2:31:01:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=see, check, insure, see to it, ensure, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
8. sense_key=control%2:31:00:: | definition=have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of | synonyms=master | examples=Do you control these data?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "control" in the context: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth".

The context is about tumor-suppressor genes making proteins that regulate or suppress cell growth. The proteins "control" cell growth - meaning they keep cell growth within limits, regulate it, suppress it.

Looking at the senses:
1. exercise authoritative control or power over (command) - like controlling a budget
2. lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits (hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate)
3. handle and cause to function (operate)
4. manipulate skillfully
5. check or regulate a scientific experiment
6. verify by using a duplicate register
7. be careful or certain to do something
8. have a firm understanding or knowledge of

Sense 2 seems best - "hold or keep within limits" - because the context is about growth-suppressing proteins that keep cell growth under control/within limits. The text mentions "growth-suppressing proteins" and "tumor-suppressor gene" - the function is to suppress or restrain cell growth.

The answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control <t>cell</t> growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cell" in the context of "cell growth" and biological organisms, cancer, genes, etc.
The definition for sense 2 is "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals".
This fits perfectly with "cell growth" in a biological context about cancer and genes.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell <t>growth</t>, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "cell growth" in a biological context, specifically about how genes control cell growth and how cancer arises when this control is lost.

Looking at the senses:
1. growth%1:22:00:: - (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level
2. growth%1:22:01:: - a progression from simpler to more complex forms
3. growth%1:22:02:: - a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important
4. growth%1:14:00:: - vegetation that has grown
5. growth%1:11:01:: - the gradual beginning or coming forth
6. growth%1:26:00:: - (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. growth%1:17:00:: - something grown or growing

The context is about cell growth - the proteins needed to control cell growth. This is about cells becoming more numerous (proliferating). Sense 3 is about becoming larger, longer, more numerous, or more important. But sense 1 is specifically biological growth.

Wait, let me think more carefully. The context mentions "proteins needed to control cell growth" and "proliferating cells." This is about the biological process of cells growing/dividing/multiplying.

Sense 1 is about an individual organism growing organically - this is more about ontogeny/development of an organism.
Sense 3 is about becoming larger or more numerous - this could apply to cell growth (cells multiplying).

In the context, "cell growth" refers to the proliferation of cells - cells becoming more numerous. The proteins control cell growth (cell division/proliferation).

Sense 3 with synonyms "increase, increment" and examples about population growth seems to fit the idea of cells becoming more numerous.

But wait, sense 1 is tagged as biology and is about the process of an organism growing organically. The context is about biology - cell growth. But the specific meaning here seems to be about cells proliferating (becoming more numerous), which is closer to sense 3 (becoming more numerous).

Actually, let me reconsider. "Cell growth" in biology typically refers to cells increasing in number (proliferation) and/or size. The context mentions "proliferating cells" and "turn proliferating cells malignant."

Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important" - this captures cell proliferation (becoming more numerous).

Sense 1: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically" - this is about the whole organism developing.

I think sense 3 is the better fit because it's about becoming more numerous (cell proliferation), whereas sense 1 is about organism-level development (ontogeny).

Actually, I'm reconsidering again. Let me look at the specific usage: "proteins needed to control cell growth." In biology, "cell growth" can refer to both increase in cell size and increase in cell number. The context is about tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes, which control cell proliferation.

Sense 3 seems most appropriate - it's about becoming larger or more numerous, which matches cell growth/proliferation.

Wait, but sense 6 is "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)." The context is about cancer, but the word "growth" here is used in the normal sense (controlling normal cell growth), not referring to an abnormal growth/tumor. The sentence says "proteins needed to control cell growth" - this is about normal cell growth that needs to be controlled, not about an abnormal growth itself.

So sense 6 doesn't fit because it's about abnormal proliferation (a tumor), while the context is about normal cell growth that needs regulation.

Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important" with synonyms "increase, increment" - this fits cell growth as cells becoming more numerous.

I'll go with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for <t>cancer</t> to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about genes, tumors, cell division, malignancy, and cancer genes. This clearly refers to the medical condition "cancer".
Sense 1: cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
This matches the context perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arise
Target surface form: arise
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to <t>arise</t>, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arise%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
2. sense_key=arise%2:42:01:: | definition=originate or come into being | synonyms=come up, bob up | examples=a question arose
3. sense_key=arise%2:38:00:: | definition=rise to one's feet | synonyms=rise, uprise, get up, stand up | examples=The audience got up and applauded
4. sense_key=arise%2:30:00:: | definition=result or issue | synonyms=come up | examples=A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion
5. sense_key=arise%2:38:04:: | definition=move upward | synonyms=rise, lift, move up, go up, come up, uprise | examples=The fog lifted; The smoke arose from the forest fire
6. sense_key=arise%2:41:00:: | definition=take part in a rebellion; renounce a former allegiance | synonyms=rebel, rise, rise up
7. sense_key=arise%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, turn out, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "arise" in the context: "so for cancer to <t>arise</t>, both copies must be impaired."
Here, "arise" means to come into existence or develop.
Sense 1: come into existence; take on form or shape. Examples: A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship.
Sense 2: originate or come into being. Examples: a question arose.

In this context, "cancer to arise" means cancer coming into existence/developing.
Sense 1 has synonyms like "originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow".
Sense 2 has synonyms like "come up, bob up". Examples: a question arose.

Is cancer developing better captured by sense 1 or sense 2?
Sense 1: "come into existence; take on form or shape". Synonyms include "develop", "grow".
Sense 2: "originate or come into being". Synonyms "come up, bob up".

"For cancer to arise" means for cancer to come into existence / develop. Sense 1 seems very fitting as cancer takes on form or shape, and "develop" is a synonym. However, "a question arose" is very close to "cancer arose". But cancer is an entity that develops, grows, originates. "take on form or shape" fits a biological entity like cancer.
Wait, let's look at the examples for sense 1: "A new religious movement originated in that country", "a love that sprang up from friendship".
Let's see if sense 2 fits "cancer arise". "originate or come into being".
Actually, cancer arising is an event of coming into existence. But "take on form or shape" (sense 1) is a bit specific, though it means coming into existence.
Wait, "originate or come into being" (sense 2) might be a better fit for "a question arose", which is more abstract.
Let's consider WordNet 3.0 senses for "arise".
arise#1: come into existence; take on form or shape (originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow)
arise#2: originate or come into being (come up, bob up)
arise#3: rise to one's feet
arise#4: result or issue
arise#5: move upward
arise#6: take part in a rebellion
arise#7: get up and out of bed

Let's check if "cancer to arise" is sense 1 or 2. "cancer to develop" or "cancer to originate".
Actually, "come into existence; take on form or shape" is generally for physical things or movements. Cancer is a physical disease. So sense 1 fits "take on form or shape" and "develop".
Also, "arise" in "cancer arise" means develop/originate. Let's check synonyms for sense 1: "develop", "grow". Cancer develops. So sense 1 is very appropriate.

Sense 1: "develop, grow"
Sense 2: "come up, bob up" - this is more for questions, problems, etc.
"For cancer to arise" = "For cancer to develop" or "For cancer to originate". Sense 1 fits perfectly.

Let's double check.
1. sense_key=arise%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow
2. sense_key=arise%2:42:01:: | definition=originate or come into being | synonyms=come up, bob up

Since "develop" is a synonym in sense 1, and cancer "develops", it is highly likely sense 1. "take on form or shape" can apply to a tumor.
I will choose sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both <t>copies</t> must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses genes inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make proteins. Both copies must be impaired for cancer. Here "copies" refers to copies of a gene - the genetic material. This is closest to sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" with examples like clone.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impaired
Target surface form: impaired
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be <t>impaired</t>. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impaired%3:00:00:: | definition=diminished in strength, quality, or utility | examples=impaired eyesight
2. sense_key=impaired%5:00:00:unfit:01 | definition=mentally or physically unfit | synonyms=afflicted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "impaired" is used in the context of tumor-suppressor genes. The text says "both copies must be impaired" for cancer to arise. It also mentions "defective copy" and "damaged" earlier.

Sense 1: "diminished in strength, quality, or utility" - example "impaired eyesight"
Sense 2: "mentally or physically unfit" - synonyms "afflicted"

The context is about genes not functioning properly, being damaged or defective. "Diminished in strength, quality, or utility" seems more appropriate because it's about the function/utility of the gene copies being diminished. Sense 2 about being "mentally or physically unfit" (like a person being afflicted) doesn't fit as well for genes.

So the best sense is 1.