[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: newer
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than <t>newer</t> ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context compares "older textbooks" with "newer ones," describing the latter as "modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial." The comparison is between older (previous) textbooks and newer (more recent) ones.

Looking at the senses:

Sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered" - This fits "newer textbooks" meaning more recently published/created ones.

Sense 5: "other than the former one(s); different" - This could work as contrasting older vs newer textbooks, but the emphasis here is on recency of publication.

Sense 7: "(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new" with synonyms like "newfangled" - The context describes newer textbooks as "modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial," which aligns with the idea of being newfangled or gratuitously new in fashion.

However, looking more carefully, the passage is contrasting older textbooks with newer ones. The "newer ones" refers to more recently published textbooks. The sense that best captures "newer" as "more recently come into being or been made" is sense 1.

But wait - the description of newer textbooks as "modish, trendy, often downright silly" suggests a criticism of them being newfangled (sense 7). The word "newfangled" means "gratuitously new" or "of a new kind or fashion."

However, "newer" is simply the comparative form of "new," and the basic meaning here is "more recent" - textbooks that have been made more recently. The criticism of them being trendy/modish is the author's opinion about these newer textbooks, not the definition of "newer" itself.

Sense 1 seems most appropriate: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered." The newer textbooks are those that have been made more recently compared to the older ones.

Actually, let me reconsider. The sentence structure is "use older textbooks... rather than newer ones." The "newer" here is contrasting with "older."

Sense 5: "other than the former one(s); different" - examples include "my new car is four years old" - this seems to be about replacement/substitution rather than recency.

Sense 1 is about recency - having recently come into being. "Newer textbooks" would be textbooks that are more recent in publication. This fits well.

I'll go with sense 1.

provider: CoreWeave


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer <t>ones</t>. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The context is: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones."

Here, "ones" refers to textbooks (newer textbooks). It's a pronoun standing for a plural noun (textbooks), referring to things.

Sense 1: the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number. This is the number "1".
Sense 2: a single person or thing. Examples: "he is the best one", "this is the one I ordered".

In the context, "ones" refers to "textbooks" (things). It's used as a pronoun replacing a noun. This aligns with sense 2, which is about a single person or thing. Even though "ones" is plural here, the sense is the pronoun use referring to things.

So the best sense is sense 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, <t>often</t> downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial."

Here "often" means "in many cases or instances" - it's describing that in many cases, the newer textbooks are downright silly. This is sense 3: "in many cases or instances".

Sense 1 is "many times at short intervals" - this implies repetition over time, like meeting over coffee frequently.
Sense 2 is "frequently or in great quantities" with synonyms like "much" - this is about quantities.
Sense 3 is "in many cases or instances" - this fits the context where newer textbooks are in many cases downright silly.

The answer is sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dubious
Target surface form: dubious
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on <t>dubious</t> psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02 | definition=fraught with uncertainty or doubt | synonyms=doubtful | examples=they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted
2. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00 | definition=open to doubt or suspicion; ; ; ; - Karen Horney | synonyms=doubtful, dubitable, in question | examples=the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed
3. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00 | definition=not convinced | examples=they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context describes "dubious psychological and sociological theories" that newer textbooks are based on. The author is criticizing these theories as being questionable or suspect, not that the theories themselves are uncertain, nor that the theories are "unconvinced."

Let me analyze the senses:

1. "fraught with uncertainty or doubt" - This would describe something that is uncertain itself. The theories aren't uncertain; they are being questioned.

2. "open to doubt or suspicion" - This fits well. The theories are questionable/suspect - they are based on theories that are open to doubt. The example "the candidate's doubtful past" shows this sense means something is suspect or questionable.

3. "not convinced" - This describes a person who is not convinced, not the thing being doubted.

In the context, "dubious psychological and sociological theories" means the theories are questionable or suspect - open to doubt. This matches sense 2.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: psychological
Target surface form: psychological
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious <t>psychological</t> and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=psychological%5:00:00:mental:00 | definition=mental or emotional as opposed to physical in nature | examples=give psychological support; psychological warfare
2. sense_key=psychological%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or determined by psychology | examples=psychological theories

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "psychological" in the context: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience."

Sense 1: mental or emotional as opposed to physical in nature (examples: give psychological support; psychological warfare)
Sense 2: of or relating to or determined by psychology (examples: psychological theories)

In the context, "psychological and sociological theories" refers to theories from the field of psychology and sociology. The word is used as an adjective relating to the academic discipline of psychology. The example for sense 2 is literally "psychological theories," which matches the context "psychological... theories."

So the best sense is sense 2.

provider: Inceptron


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rather
Target surface form: rather
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories <t>rather</t> than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead | examples=rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter
2. sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of | examples=it was rather cold; the party was rather nice
3. sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner | examples=clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia
4. sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite | examples=quite tasty; quite soon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "rather" in the context: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience."

The phrase "rather than" indicates a contrast, meaning "instead of" or "on the contrary." The sentence says the books are based on theories instead of educational experience.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "on the contrary" with synonym "instead" - examples include "rather than disappoint the children" and "he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter" - This matches "rather than" usage indicating preference/contrast.
2. "to some extent" - doesn't fit
3. "more readily or willingly" - doesn't fit this context
4. "to a degree" - doesn't fit

Sense 1 is the best match for "rather than" in this context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on <t>educational</t> experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "educational" in the context: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience."

The sentence contrasts "dubious psychological and sociological theories" with "educational experience." Here, "educational experience" refers to experience related to the process of education — experience gained through teaching and learning, in the educational system.

Sense 1: "relating to the process of education" with example "educational psychology" — this fits well because "educational experience" means experience relating to the process of education.

Sense 2: "providing knowledge" with example "an educational film" — this sense is about something that instructs or provides knowledge, like an educational film or an educational toy.

In the context, "educational experience" means experience related to the process of education (i.e., practical experience in education/teaching), not "experience that provides knowledge." The contrast is between theoretical bases (psychological and sociological theories) and practical experience in education.

So sense 1 is the best fit.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experience
Target surface form: experience
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational <t>experience</t>. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experience%1:09:01:: | definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
2. sense_key=experience%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
3. sense_key=experience%1:11:00:: | definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "experience" in the context: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience."

Here, "educational experience" refers to the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities (specifically, teaching/educational activities). It's contrasted with "dubious psychological and sociological theories."

Sense 1: "the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities" - examples: "a man of experience; experience is the best teacher"
Sense 2: "the content of direct observation or participation in an event" - examples: "he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly"
Sense 3: "an event as apprehended" - examples: "a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention"

The context contrasts "theories" with "experience." This suggests practical knowledge gained from practice/participation, which aligns best with sense 1.

Let's check: "educational experience" - this phrase usually refers to the accumulated practical knowledge in education. The contrast with theories strongly suggests the accumulated knowledge/skill from direct participation.

So the answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reasons
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the <t>reasons</t> American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "reasons" in the context: "One of the <t>reasons</t> American students do so poorly in math tests... is the influence of the 'New Math' on American textbooks and teaching methods."

Here, "reasons" refers to a cause or explanation for why American students do poorly. Let's analyze the candidate senses:
1. reason%1:16:00:: - a rational motive for a belief or action - "the reason that war was declared"
2. reason%1:10:01:: - an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon - "the reason a steady state was never reached was that..."
3. reason%1:09:00:: - the capacity for rational thought
4. reason%1:26:00:: - the state of having good sense and sound judgment
5. reason%1:10:00:: - a justification for something existing or happening - "he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice"
6. reason%1:09:01:: - a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion - "there is reason to believe he is lying"

The context says "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests... is the influence of the 'New Math'". This is giving a cause/explanation for a phenomenon (poor performance).

Sense 2: "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon" - example: "the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly". This matches the structure: "One of the reasons American students do so poorly... is the influence of the New Math". It's explaining the cause of a phenomenon.

Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening" - example: "he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice". This also seems to fit, but "justification" often has a more normative or defensive connotation.

Sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action" - this is about motives for beliefs or actions, not causes of phenomena like test performance.

Sense 2 seems to be the best fit because it specifically talks about "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon" and the example structure matches exactly: "the reason [phenomenon] was [cause]". In our context: "One of the reasons [phenomenon: American students do poorly] is [cause: the influence of New Math]".

So the answer should be sense_index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons <t>American</t> students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "American" appears in the context "American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students" and later "American textbooks and teaching methods" and "American Spectator."

This clearly refers to the United States of America, as it's being compared with specific countries (Britain, France, Germany, Japan) and refers to students, textbooks, and a magazine (The American Spectator) all from the United States.

Sense 1: "of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture" - this fits perfectly.
Sense 2: "of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas" - this is broader, referring to North and South America collectively, which doesn't fit here.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: students
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American <t>students</t> do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses American students doing poorly in math tests compared to students from other countries, and mentions students who can't add or subtract "learning" conceptual basis of mathematical theory. This clearly refers to learners enrolled in educational institutions (schools), not scholars.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: so
Target surface form: so
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do <t>so</t> poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=so%4:02:02:: | definition=to a very great extent or degree | examples=the idea is so obvious; never been so happy
2. sense_key=so%4:02:06:: | definition=in a manner that facilitates | examples=he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior; he stooped down so he could pick up his hat
3. sense_key=so%4:02:05:: | definition=in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied | examples=They're happy and I hope they will remain so; so live your life that old age will bring no regrets
4. sense_key=so%4:02:07:: | definition=to a certain unspecified extent or degree | examples=I can only go so far with this student; can do only so much in a day
5. sense_key=so%4:02:08:: | definition=in the same way; also | examples=I was offended and so was he; worked hard and so did she
6. sense_key=so%4:02:04:: | definition=in the way indicated; ; ; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant) | synonyms=thus, thusly | examples=hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus
7. sense_key=so%4:02:03:: | definition=(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed | examples=he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells
8. sense_key=so%4:02:09:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=then, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
9. sense_key=so%4:02:10:: | definition=(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result | synonyms=therefore, hence, thence, thus | examples=therefore X must be true; the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory
10. sense_key=so%4:02:00:: | definition=in truth (often tends to intensify) | synonyms=indeed | examples=they said the car would break down and indeed it did; it is very cold indeed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "so" in the context: "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests..."

Here, "so" is used as an intensifier modifying "poorly." It means "to a very great extent or degree."

Let me check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=so%4:02:02:: | definition=to a very great extent or degree | examples=the idea is so obvious; never been so happy
3. sense_key=so%4:02:05:: | definition=in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied | examples=They're happy and I hope they will remain so; so live your life that old age will bring no regrets
4. sense_key=so%4:02:07:: | definition=to a certain unspecified extent or degree | examples=I can only go so far with this student; can do only so much in a day
7. sense_key=so%4:02:03:: | definition=(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed | examples=he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells

The phrase "do so poorly" means they perform poorly to a great degree. "So" here is an intensifier meaning "to a very great extent or degree."

Sense 1 seems to fit best: "to a very great extent or degree" with examples like "the idea is so obvious; never been so happy."

Wait, but sense 1 is about degree with adjectives. Let me reconsider. "So poorly" - here "so" modifies the adverb "poorly." It's still an intensifier meaning "to a very great extent or degree."

Actually, looking more carefully:
- Sense 1: "to a very great extent or degree" - examples: "the idea is so obvious; never been so happy" - This is about intensifying adjectives/adverbs to a great degree.
- Sense 4: "to a certain unspecified extent or degree" - examples: "I can only go so far with this student; can do only so much in a day" - This is about a limited/unspecified extent.
- Sense 7: "(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed" - examples: "he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells" - This involves a "that" clause.

In "do so poorly," "so" is an intensifier meaning "very" or "to a great degree." Sense 1 fits best.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: compare
Target surface form: compared
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as <t>compared</t> with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=compare%2:31:00:: | definition=examine and note the similarities or differences of | examples=John compared his haircut to his friend's; We compared notes after we had both seen the movie
2. sense_key=compare%2:42:00:: | definition=be comparable | examples=This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes
3. sense_key=compare%2:31:01:: | definition=consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous | synonyms=liken, equate | examples=We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans; You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed
4. sense_key=compare%2:32:00:: | definition=to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the 'New Math'..."

The target word is "compared" used in the phrase "as compared with".

Sense 1: examine and note the similarities or differences of. Examples: "John compared his haircut to his friend's"
Sense 2: be comparable. Examples: "This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes"
Sense 3: consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous. Synonyms: liken, equate.
Sense 4: to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb.

"As compared with" here means "in comparison with" - examining the differences between American students and other students.
This fits sense 1: examine and note the similarities or differences of.
The structure "as compared with" is a common phrase indicating a comparison is being made, noting differences (American students do poorly compared to others).
Sense 2 says "be comparable" which is more about something being able to be compared (e.g., "This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes" meaning it doesn't measure up). In the context, the text is examining and noting differences, which aligns with sense 1.
Let's look closer at "as compared with".
"American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British..."
This is essentially noting the difference in performance between American students and others.
Sense 1 fits this perfectly: examine and note the similarities or differences of.

Let's double check sense 2. "This car does not compare with..." means "This car is not comparable to...". But in the text, "as compared with" means "when compared to", actively noting the difference.
Sense 1 is the standard transitive sense of comparing X with Y to see differences/similarities. Here, "American students do poorly... as compared with British... students" means when we compare American students with British students (note the differences).
I will choose sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: students
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese <t>students</t>, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "American students" and "British, French, German or Japanese students" doing poorly in math tests, and students who can't add or subtract. These are clearly learners enrolled in educational institutions.

Sense 1 is "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution" with synonyms pupil, educatee.
Sense 2 is "a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines" with synonyms scholar, scholarly person, bookman.

The context clearly refers to sense 1 - students as learners enrolled in schools who take math tests.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: influence
Target surface form: influence
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the <t>influence</t> of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=influence%1:07:00:: | definition=a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc | examples=used her parents' influence to get the job
2. sense_key=influence%1:04:00:: | definition=causing something without any direct or apparent effort
3. sense_key=influence%1:09:00:: | definition=a cognitive factor that tends to have an effect on what you do | examples=her wishes had a great influence on his thinking
4. sense_key=influence%1:19:00:: | definition=the effect of one thing (or person) on another | examples=the influence of mechanical action
5. sense_key=influence%1:18:00:: | definition=one having power to influence another | examples=she was the most important influence in my life; he was a bad influence on the children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "influence" in the context: "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math" on American textbooks and teaching methods."

Here, "influence" refers to the effect of "New Math" on textbooks and teaching methods.
Let's evaluate the senses:
1. influence%1:07:00:: - a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc
2. influence%1:04:00:: - causing something without any direct or apparent effort
3. influence%1:09:00:: - a cognitive factor that tends to have an effect on what you do
4. influence%1:19:00:: - the effect of one thing (or person) on another | examples=the influence of mechanical action
5. influence%1:18:00:: - one having power to influence another

"influence of the 'New Math' on American textbooks" fits perfectly with "the effect of one thing on another" (sense 4). The example "the influence of mechanical action" matches "the influence of the 'New Math'".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on <t>American</t> textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "American" in the context "American textbooks and teaching methods" and "American students".
The context discusses students in the United States compared to British, French, German, or Japanese students, and mentions the "New Math" influence on American textbooks.
This clearly refers to the United States of America.
Sense 1: of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture. Examples: American citizens; American English.
Sense 2: of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas. Examples: the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna.

Sense 1 fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: want
Target surface form: wants
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who <t>wants</t> to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=want%2:37:00:: | definition=feel or have a desire for; want strongly | synonyms=desire | examples=I want to go home now; I want my own room
2. sense_key=want%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=need, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=want%2:35:00:: | definition=hunt or look for; want for a particular reason | examples=Your former neighbor is wanted by the FBI; Uncle Sam wants you
4. sense_key=want%2:31:01:: | definition=wish or demand the presence of | examples=I want you here at noon!
5. sense_key=want%2:42:01:: | definition=be without, lack; be deficient in | examples=want courtesy; want the strength to go on living

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "wants" in the context: "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is... should read the article..."

Here, "wants" means "desires" or "wishes to" - anyone who desires to appreciate/understand the situation.
Sense 1: feel or have a desire for; want strongly | synonyms=desire | examples=I want to go home now; I want my own room
This fits perfectly with "wants to appreciate" - it's about desiring/wanting to do something.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: appreciate
Target surface form: appreciate
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to <t>appreciate</t> just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=appreciate%2:37:00:: | definition=recognize with gratitude; be grateful for
2. sense_key=appreciate%2:31:00:: | definition=be fully aware of; realize fully | synonyms=take account | examples=Do you appreciate the full meaning of this letter?
3. sense_key=appreciate%2:40:00:: | definition=hold dear | synonyms=prize, value, treasure | examples=I prize these old photographs
4. sense_key=appreciate%2:30:00:: | definition=gain in value | synonyms=apprize, apprise, revalue | examples=The yen appreciated again!
5. sense_key=appreciate%2:30:01:: | definition=increase the value of | synonyms=apprize, apprise | examples=The Germans want to appreciate the Deutsche Mark

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context says: "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article..."

Here "appreciate" means to understand or realize fully how bizarre the situation is. It's about grasping the full significance.

Sense 2: "be fully aware of; realize fully" with synonyms "take account" and example "Do you appreciate the full meaning of this letter?" fits best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: just
Target surface form: just
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate <t>just</t> how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=just%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=just%4:02:05:: | definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, exactly | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone
3. sense_key=just%4:02:01:: | definition=only a moment ago | synonyms=just now | examples=he has just arrived; the sun just now came out
4. sense_key=just%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=simply | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
5. sense_key=just%4:02:04:: | definition=only a very short time before; ; ; ; ; - W.B.Yeats | synonyms=barely, hardly, scarcely, scarce | examples=they could barely hear the speaker; we hardly knew them
6. sense_key=just%4:02:06:: | definition=exactly at this moment or the moment described | examples=we've just finished painting the walls, so don't touch them

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "just" in the context: "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is..."

Here, "just" is used to emphasize the degree or exactness of how bizarre the situation is. It means "exactly" or "precisely" - "appreciate exactly how bizarre this situation is."

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "and nothing more" (merely, simply, only, but) - This would be like "I was just asking" meaning "I was only asking"
2. "indicating exactness or preciseness" (precisely, exactly) - "he was doing precisely what she had told him to do"
3. "only a moment ago" (just now) - temporal
4. "absolutely" (simply) - "I just can't take it anymore"
5. "only a very short time before" (barely, hardly) - different meaning
6. "exactly at this moment or the moment described" - temporal

In the context "appreciate just how bizarre this situation is," the word "just" is used to indicate exactness or preciseness - it's saying "appreciate exactly how bizarre this situation is." This matches sense 2.

Sense 4 "absolutely" could also be considered, as in "just how bizarre" could mean "absolutely how bizarre" but that doesn't quite fit. The phrase "just how" is typically used to mean "exactly how" - emphasizing the exact degree or nature of something.

For example: "You don't know just how lucky you are" = "You don't know exactly how lucky you are"

So sense 2 seems best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: situation
Target surface form: situation
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this <t>situation</t> is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=situation%1:26:00:: | definition=the general state of things; the combination of circumstances at a given time; ; ; - Franklin D.Roosevelt | synonyms=state of affairs | examples=the present international situation is dangerous; wondered how such a state of affairs had come about
2. sense_key=situation%1:26:01:: | definition=a condition or position in which you find yourself | synonyms=position | examples=the unpleasant situation (or position) of having to choose between two evils; found herself in a very fortunate situation
3. sense_key=situation%1:26:02:: | definition=a complex or critical or unusual difficulty | examples=the dangerous situation developed suddenly; that's quite a situation
4. sense_key=situation%1:15:00:: | definition=physical position in relation to the surroundings | synonyms=site | examples=the sites are determined by highly specific sequences of nucleotides
5. sense_key=situation%1:04:00:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, office, spot, billet | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "situation" in the context: "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article..."

Here, "situation" refers to the general state of things or the combination of circumstances at a given time. It describes the bizarre state of affairs where students who can't add or subtract are learning the conceptual basis of mathematical theory due to the "New Math" influence.

Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. "the general state of things; the combination of circumstances at a given time" - synonyms: state of affairs. This fits well. The "situation" is the overall state of affairs in math education.
2. "a condition or position in which you find yourself" - synonyms: position. This is more about a personal position or condition, like being caught between two evils.
3. "a complex or critical or unusual difficulty" - This could also fit since it's described as "bizarre." But looking at the context, it's about the general state of things in education rather than a specific difficulty or problem. The word "bizarre" modifies "situation," describing the state of affairs as strange.
4. "physical position in relation to the surroundings" - synonyms: site. Not relevant.
5. "a job in an organization" - Not relevant.

Between sense 1 and sense 3:
- Sense 1 is "the general state of things; the combination of circumstances at a given time" with synonym "state of affairs"
- Sense 3 is "a complex or critical or unusual difficulty"

The context says "just how bizarre this situation is" - it's referring to the overall state of affairs in American math education. The situation is the combination of circumstances (students can't add/subtract but are learning conceptual math theory). This aligns well with sense 1 (state of affairs).

Sense 3 emphasizes "difficulty" which is a bit more specific to a problem or crisis. While the situation is bizarre, it's more about the general state of things than a specific difficulty.

I think sense 1 is the best fit. The "situation" here refers to the general state of affairs in math education - a combination of circumstances at a given time.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: students
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with <t>students</t> who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "students" who "can not add or subtract" and are "learning" the conceptual basis of mathematical theory. This clearly refers to learners enrolled in an educational institution, not scholars who have gained mastery through long study.

Sense 1: a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
Sense 2: a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: add
Target surface form: add
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not <t>add</t> or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=add%2:30:00:: | definition=make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of | examples=We added two students to that dorm room; She added a personal note to her letter
2. sense_key=add%2:32:01:: | definition=state or say further | synonyms=append, supply | examples=`It doesn't matter,' he supplied
3. sense_key=add%2:40:00:: | definition=bestow a quality on | synonyms=lend, impart, bestow, contribute, bring | examples=Her presence lends a certain cachet to the company; The music added a lot to the play
4. sense_key=add%2:31:00:: | definition=make an addition by combining numbers | synonyms=add together | examples=Add 27 and 49, please!
5. sense_key=add%2:32:00:: | definition=determine the sum of | synonyms=total, tot, tot up, sum, sum up, summate | examples=Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town
6. sense_key=add%2:42:00:: | definition=constitute an addition | examples=This paper will add to her reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about students who "cannot add or subtract" - this is clearly about the mathematical operation of addition. The phrase "add or subtract" refers to basic arithmetic.

Sense 4: "make an addition by combining numbers" with synonyms "add together" and example "Add 27 and 49, please!" - this is the basic arithmetic sense.

Sense 5: "determine the sum of" with synonyms "total, tot, tot up, sum, sum up, summate" - this is also mathematical but more about summing up/calculate a total.

The context "students who cannot add or subtract" refers to the basic mathematical operation. Sense 4 seems most appropriate as it's about the basic arithmetic operation of addition (combining numbers), which pairs naturally with "subtract."

Sense 4 is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: subtract
Target surface form: subtract
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or <t>subtract</t> "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=subtract%2:31:00:: | definition=make a subtraction | synonyms=deduct, take off | examples=subtract this amount from my paycheck
2. sense_key=subtract%2:30:00:: | definition=take off or away | examples=this prefix was subtracted when the word was borrowed from French

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about students who cannot add or subtract. This is clearly about the mathematical operation of subtraction.

Sense 1: "make a subtraction" with examples "subtract this amount from my paycheck" - this is the mathematical/arithmetical sense.
Sense 2: "take off or away" with examples "this prefix was subtracted when the word was borrowed from French" - this is about removing something.

The context clearly refers to mathematical subtraction, so sense 1 is correct.

provider: Sail Research


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: learn
Target surface form: learning
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "<t>learning</t> "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=learn%2:31:00:: | definition=gain knowledge or skills | synonyms=larn, acquire | examples=She learned dancing from her sister; I learned Sanskrit
2. sense_key=learn%2:31:01:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out, get a line | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
3. sense_key=learn%2:31:03:: | definition=commit to memory; learn by heart | synonyms=memorize, memorise, con | examples=Have you memorized your lines for the play yet?
4. sense_key=learn%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=study, read, take | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
5. sense_key=learn%2:32:00:: | definition=impart skills or knowledge to | synonyms=teach, instruct | examples=I taught them French; He instructed me in building a boat
6. sense_key=learn%2:32:02:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, find out, see, ascertain, watch | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
Looking at the context: "students who ca not add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory" — the students are in the process of acquiring knowledge about abstract mathematical concepts. This is about the act of gaining knowledge or skills, not about memorization, discovering information, or being a student of a subject generally.

{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
The target word is "learning" in the context: "students who ca not add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory".

Let me analyze the context:
- Students who cannot add or subtract are "learning" the conceptual basis of mathematical theory.
- This is about students acquiring knowledge or skills in an academic setting.
- The author is criticizing the "New Math" approach where students who haven't mastered basic arithmetic are being taught abstract mathematical concepts.

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. learn%2:31:00:: - "gain knowledge or skills" - synonyms: larn, acquire - examples: "She learned dancing from her sister; I learned Sanskrit"
2. learn%2:31:01:: - "get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally" - synonyms: hear, get word, pick up, find out - examples: "I learned that she has two grown-up children"
3. learn%2:31:03:: - "commit to memory; learn by heart" - synonyms: memorize, memorise, con - examples: "Have you memorized your lines for the play yet?"
4. learn%2:31:02:: - "be a student of a certain subject" - synonyms: study, read, take - examples: "She is reading for the bar exam"
5. learn%2:32:00:: - "impart skills or knowledge to" - synonyms: teach, instruct - examples: "I taught them French; He instructed me in building a boat"
6. learn%2:32:02:: - "find out, learn, or determine with certainty" - synonyms: determine, check, find out, see, ascertain - examples: "I want to see whether she speaks French"

In this context, students are "learning" the conceptual basis of mathematical theory. This is about gaining knowledge or skills in an academic context.

Sense 1: "gain knowledge or skills" - This fits well. Students are gaining knowledge about mathematical theory concepts.

Sense 4: "be a student of a certain subject" - This could also fit, as students are studying mathematics.

The key distinction is:
- Sense 1 is about gaining knowledge or skills (the act of acquiring)
- Sense 4 is about being a student of a subject (the role of studying)

In the context "students who cannot add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory," the emphasis seems to be on the process of acquiring knowledge - they are in the process of learning (gaining knowledge about) the conceptual basis. The ironic point is that they're gaining knowledge about abstract concepts without having mastered basics.

Sense 1 seems most appropriate here because:
1. The students are actively gaining/acquiring knowledge about mathematical theory concepts
2. The example "She learned dancing from her sister" shows the process of acquiring a skill
3. The context emphasizes the acquisition of knowledge (conceptual basis) rather than the role of being a student

Sense 4 is more about the general activity of being a student of a subject, like "She is studying math" or "She is reading for the bar exam." The context here is more specific - students are in the process of acquiring particular knowledge.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: basis
Target surface form: basis
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual <t>basis</t> of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=basis%1:24:00:: | definition=a relation that provides the foundation for something | synonyms=footing, ground | examples=they were on a friendly footing; he worked on an interim basis
2. sense_key=basis%1:09:00:: | definition=the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained | synonyms=base, foundation, fundament, groundwork, cornerstone | examples=the whole argument rested on a basis of conjecture
3. sense_key=basis%1:24:01:: | definition=the most important or necessary part of something | synonyms=base | examples=the basis of this drink is orange juice

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "basis" in the context "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory".
The context discusses the foundational concepts of mathematical theory that students are "learning" before they can add or subtract.
Sense 1: "a relation that provides the foundation for something" (footing, ground)
Sense 2: "the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained" (base, foundation, fundament, groundwork, cornerstone). Example: "the whole argument rested on a basis of conjecture"
Sense 3: "the most important or necessary part of something" (base). Example: "the basis of this drink is orange juice"

"Conceptual basis of mathematical theory" refers to the fundamental assumptions or foundational concepts from which mathematical theory is developed or explained.
Sense 2 seems to fit best, as "basis" here means the foundational principles/assumptions of a theory.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mathematical
Target surface form: mathematical
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of <t>mathematical</t> theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mathematical%3:01:00:: | definition=of or pertaining to or of the nature of mathematics | examples=a mathematical textbook; slide rules and other mathematical instruments
2. sense_key=mathematical%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or having ability to think in or work with numbers | synonyms=numerical | examples=tests for rating numerical aptitude; a mathematical whiz
3. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:unquestionable:00 | definition=beyond question | examples=a mathematical certainty
4. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:possible:00 | definition=statistically possible though highly improbable | examples=have a mathematical chance of making the playoffs
5. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:exact:00 | definition=characterized by the exactness or precision of mathematics | examples=mathematical precision

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "mathematical" in the phrase "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory".
The context discusses "math tests", "New Math", "math textbooks", "math major", and "students who ca not add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory".
The phrase "mathematical theory" refers to the theory of mathematics itself, or the theory pertaining to mathematics.
Let's evaluate the candidate senses.
1. mathematical%3:01:00:: | definition=of or pertaining to or of the nature of mathematics | examples=a mathematical textbook; slide rules and other mathematical instruments
2. mathematical%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or having ability to think in or work with numbers | synonyms=numerical | examples=tests for rating numerical aptitude; a mathematical whiz
3. mathematical%5:00:00:unquestionable:00 | definition=beyond question | examples=a mathematical certainty
4. mathematical%5:00:00:possible:00 | definition=statistically possible though highly improbable | examples=have a mathematical chance of making the playoffs
5. mathematical%5:00:00:exact:00 | definition=characterized by the exactness or precision of mathematics | examples=mathematical precision

"Mathematical theory" means the theory of or pertaining to mathematics.
Sense 1 fits perfectly: "of or pertaining to or of the nature of mathematics". Example: "a mathematical textbook".

Therefore, the best sense is sense_index 1.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: read
Target surface form: read
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should <t>read</t> the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=read%2:31:00:: | definition=interpret something that is written or printed | examples=read the advertisement; Have you read Salman Rushdie?
2. sense_key=read%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=say | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
3. sense_key=read%2:31:01:: | definition=look at, interpret, and say out loud something that is written or printed | examples=The King will read the proclamation at noon
4. sense_key=read%2:31:06:: | definition=obtain data from magnetic tapes | synonyms=scan | examples=This dictionary can be read by the computer
5. sense_key=read%2:31:02:: | definition=interpret the significance of, as of palms, tea leaves, intestines, the sky; also of human behavior | examples=She read the sky and predicted rain; I can't read his strange behavior
6. sense_key=read%2:31:09:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=take | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=read%2:31:05:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, take | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
8. sense_key=read%2:32:02:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=register, show, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
9. sense_key=read%2:36:05:: | definition=audition for a stage role by reading parts of a role | examples=He is auditioning for `Julius Caesar' at Stratford this year
10. sense_key=read%2:31:08:: | definition=to hear and understand | examples=I read you loud and clear!
11. sense_key=read%2:31:04:: | definition=make sense of a language | synonyms=understand, interpret, translate | examples=She understands French; Can you read Greek?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator."

The target word is "read" in "should read the article by Caleb Nelson".

This refers to interpreting something that is written or printed (reading an article). This matches sense 1: "interpret something that is written or printed | examples=read the advertisement; Have you read Salman Rushdie?"

It's not reading aloud (sense 3), not about wording/form (sense 2), not magnetic tapes (sense 4), not palm reading (sense 5), not interpreting in a certain way (sense 6), not studying for an exam (sense 7), not gauges (sense 8), not auditioning (sense 9), not hearing/understanding radio (sense 10), not making sense of a language (sense 11).

Sense 1 is the best fit.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: article
Target surface form: article
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the <t>article</t> by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=article%1:10:00:: | definition=nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication
2. sense_key=article%1:03:00:: | definition=one of a class of artifacts | examples=an article of clothing
3. sense_key=article%1:10:02:: | definition=a separate section of a legal document (as a statute or contract or will) | synonyms=clause
4. sense_key=article%1:10:01:: | definition=(grammar) a determiner that may indicate the specificity of reference of a noun phrase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context says "should read the article by Caleb Nelson ... in the November American Spectator."
The American Spectator is a magazine/publication. Caleb Nelson wrote an article in it.
So the sense is "nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication" (sense 1).

Let's double check the other senses.
Sense 2: one of a class of artifacts (e.g., article of clothing) - doesn't fit.
Sense 3: separate section of a legal document - doesn't fit.
Sense 4: grammar determiner - doesn't fit.

So sense 1 is the best fit.