[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the <t>fact</t> that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

Here, "the fact that" introduces a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred. Specifically, it refers to the event/circumstance that Arnold Levine found something in experiments with mice.

Sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred" - examples: "first you must collect all the facts of the case"
Sense 2: "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened" - examples: "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts"
Sense 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed" - examples: "your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell"
Sense 4: "a concept whose truth can be proved" - examples: "scientific hypotheses are not facts"

The phrase "the fact that" is used to introduce a proposition that is true - something that happened. It's a piece of information about an event that occurred.

Sense 1 seems to fit best: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred." The fact here is the information that Levine found something.

Sense 2 is about a "statement or assertion" - this is more about facts as presented statements, not quite right here since "the fact that" introduces a circumstance rather than a statement.

Sense 3 is "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed" - this is more abstract, used in contrast with fiction.

Sense 4 is "a concept whose truth can be proved" - more about scientific facts.

I think sense 1 is the best fit. "The fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher had found..." - this is a piece of information about an event that has occurred.

provider: Ionstream


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: several
Target surface form: several
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that <t>several</t> years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00 | definition=(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many | examples=several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident
2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00 | definition=considered individually | synonyms=respective, various | examples=the respective club members; specialists in their several fields
3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=distinct and individual | examples=three several times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "several" in the phrase "several years earlier".
Sense 1: "(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many" (e.g., several letters, several people)
Sense 2: "considered individually" (synonyms: respective, various) (e.g. their several fields)
Sense 3: "distinct and individual" (e.g. three several times)

Here, "several years earlier" means a few (more than 2 or 3 but not many) years earlier.
This matches Sense 1 perfectly.

Let's check:
Sense 1: several%5:00:00:some:00
Sense 2: several%5:00:00:individual:00
Sense 3: several%5:00:00:different:00

Index 1 is the right choice.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several <t>years</t> earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "years" in the context: "several years earlier a Princeton University researcher..."

Here, "years" refers to a period of time (calendar years), specifically "several years earlier" meaning several 365-day periods earlier.

Sense 1: a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days - this fits "several years earlier"
Sense 2: a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year used for some particular activity - doesn't fit
Sense 3: the period of time that it takes for a planet to make a complete revolution around the sun - this is more scientific/technical
Sense 4: a body of students who graduate together - doesn't fit

Between sense 1 and sense 3: "several years earlier" is using "years" in the common calendar sense of 365-day periods, not in the astronomical sense of planetary revolution. Sense 1 is the best fit.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: earlier
Target surface form: earlier
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years <t>earlier</t> a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=earlier%4:02:00:: | definition=earlier in time; previously | synonyms=before | examples=I had known her before; as I said before
2. sense_key=earlier%4:02:02:: | definition=comparatives of `soon' or `early' | synonyms=sooner | examples=Come a little sooner, if you can; came earlier than I expected
3. sense_key=earlier%4:02:04:: | definition=before now | synonyms=in the first place, in the beginning, to begin with, originally | examples=why didn't you tell me in the first place?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "earlier" in the context: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years <t>earlier</t> a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

The context refers to something that happened "several years earlier" relative to a past event (Dr. Vogelstein finding the deletion last winter).
Wait, "last winter" Dr. Vogelstein found it, but "several years earlier" a Princeton researcher had found something.
So "earlier" here means "before" a specific point in the past. It acts as an adverb meaning "at an earlier time" or "previously".

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. earlier%4:02:00:: | definition=earlier in time; previously | synonyms=before | examples=I had known her before; as I said before
2. earlier%4:02:02:: | definition=comparatives of `soon' or `early' | synonyms=sooner | examples=Come a little sooner, if you can; came earlier than I expected
3. earlier%4:02:04:: | definition=before now | synonyms=in the first place, in the beginning, to begin with, originally | examples=why didn't you tell me in the first place?

Sense 1: earlier in time; previously. "several years earlier" -> "several years before". This fits perfectly.
Sense 2: comparative of soon or early. "several years sooner" - doesn't fit well, though "earlier" can be comparative. The phrase is "several years earlier".
Sense 3: before now, originally. "several years in the first place" - doesn't fit.

Wait, is "earlier" in "several years earlier" acting as an adverb of time meaning "previously" or "before"? Yes.
Does it match sense 1? Synonyms=before. Examples: I had known her before.

So sense 1 is the correct one.

Let's double check.
"several years earlier" = "several years before".
Definition for 1: earlier in time; previously.
Example: I had known her before.
Synonyms: before.

It perfectly aligns with sense 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had <t>found</t> in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "found" in the context: "Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

Let me analyze the context:
- Arnold Levine found through experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.
- This is about discovering a fact through scientific experimentation.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. find%2:40:02:: - come upon, as if by accident; meet with - No, this wasn't accidental.
2. find%2:39:02:: - discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of - This could work, as Levine discovered the fact that p53 could transform cells.
3. find%2:40:00:: - come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost - No, not about finding something lost.
4. find%2:32:00:: - establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study - This fits well! Levine found (established through experiment) that p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.
5. find%2:31:10:: - come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds - No, this was based on experiments, not emotions.
6. find%2:39:01:: - perceive or be contemporaneous with - No.
7. find%2:40:01:: - get something or somebody for a specific purpose - No.
8. find%2:36:00:: - make a discovery, make a new finding - This could also work, as Levine made a discovery about p53.
9. find%2:31:09:: - make a discovery - This could also work: "She found that he had lied to her" is similar in structure to "had found that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells."
10. find%2:40:03:: - obtain through effort or management - No.
11. find%2:32:01:: - decide on and make a declaration about - No.
12. find%2:30:00:: - receive a specified treatment (abstract) - No.
13. find%2:39:05:: - perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place - No.
14. find%2:40:15:: - get or find back; recover the use of - No.
15. find%2:38:10:: - succeed in reaching; arrive at - No.
16. find%2:30:13:: - accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation - No.

The main contenders are:
- Sense 2 (find%2:39:02): discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of - examples: "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water"
- Sense 4 (find%2:32:00): establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study - examples: "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize"
- Sense 8 (find%2:36:00): make a discovery, make a new finding - examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"
- Sense 9 (find%2:31:09): make a discovery - examples: "She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover"

The context says "had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

The key elements:
1. It was through experiments (investigation, experiment, survey, or study)
2. The result was that p53 could transform cells (a fact was established/discovered)

Sense 4 specifically mentions "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - and the context explicitly mentions "in experiments with mice." The example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" is also scientific in nature.

Sense 9's example "She found that he had lied to her" is more about discovering a fact in a personal context, not necessarily through systematic study.

Sense 8's examples are about making a new finding (discovering X-rays, a new elementary particle), which is also scientific but more about discovering new things rather than establishing facts through study.

Sense 2's example is about detecting/observing something, like "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water."

I think Sense 4 is the best fit because:
- The context explicitly mentions experiments ("in experiments with mice")
- The definition mentions "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"
- The finding was about establishing a fact (that p53 could transform cells)

Actually, let me reconsider. Sense 9 says "make a discovery" with the example "She found that he had lied to her." The structure here is "found that..." which is exactly the structure in the context: "had found... that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

But Sense 4 also fits with the structure and the scientific context. The definition "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" specifically mentions experiment, which is exactly what's in the context.

Let me think more carefully about the distinction:
- Sense 4 (find%2:32:00): "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - The emphasis is on establishing something through systematic study.
- Sense 9 (find%2:31:09): "make a discovery" - The emphasis is on discovering something, which could be through any means.
- Sense 8 (find%2:36:00): "make a discovery, make a new finding" - Similar to sense 9 but specifically about new findings, like scientific discoveries.

The context is about scientific research where Levine found (through experiments) that p53 could transform cells. This is about establishing a scientific fact through experimentation.

Sense 4 seems to be the best fit because:
1. It explicitly mentions "experiment" in the definition
2. The context is about scientific research
3. The example about "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" is a scientific context

But wait, let me also consider Sense 8 more carefully. "Make a discovery, make a new finding" with examples "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle." This is also about scientific discoveries. The difference might be:
- Sense 8 is about making a brand new discovery (like discovering X-rays for the first time)
- Sense 4 is about establishing something through study (which could be confirming or determining something)

In the context, Levine "found... that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones." This is about establishing/determining a fact about p53 through experiments, not necessarily discovering p53 itself for the first time.

I'm going to go with Sense 4 (find%2:32:00): "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" because:
1. The definition explicitly mentions "experiment"
2. The context is about scientific experiments establishing a fact
3. The structure "found that..." is compatible with this sense

Actually, wait. Let me reconsider sense 9 again. The example "She found that he had lied to her" has the same "found that" structure. But the definition is "make a discovery" which is more general.

And sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" with examples "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint." This is also about discovering facts.

Let me think about what distinguishes these senses:
- Sense 2: About detecting or determining the existence/presence of something
- Sense 4: About establishing something through systematic study (calculation, investigation, experiment, survey)
- Sense 8: About making a new discovery (like a new scientific finding)
- Sense 9: About making a discovery (more general, could be personal)

The context is about Levine finding through experiments that p53 could transform cells. This is:
1. Scientific (experiments)
2. About establishing/determining a fact
3. The structure is "found that..."

I think Sense 4 is still the best fit because of the explicit mention of "experiment" in the definition and the scientific context. The example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" is also scientific.

Let me also check if "found that" structure appears in any examples:
- Sense 4: No "found that" example, but "The physicist who found the elusive particle" is scientific
- Sense 9: "She found that he had lied to her" - yes, "found that" structure

Hmm, the "found that" structure in sense 9's example is notable. But the definition of sense 4 is more specific to the context (experiment).

I'll go with Sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experiment
Target surface form: experiments
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in <t>experiments</t> with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experiment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation | synonyms=experimentation
2. sense_key=experiment%1:09:00:: | definition=the testing of an idea | synonyms=experimentation | examples=it was an experiment in living; not all experimentation is done in laboratories
3. sense_key=experiment%1:04:01:: | definition=a venture at something new or different | examples=as an experiment he decided to grow a beard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "experiments" in the context: "had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

This refers to scientific experiments conducted with mice in a laboratory setting.

Sense 1: "the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation" - This fits scientific experiments with mice.
Sense 2: "the testing of an idea" - example "it was an experiment in living; not all experimentation is done in laboratories" - This is more abstract.
Sense 3: "a venture at something new or different" - example "as an experiment he decided to grow a beard" - This is about trying something new.

The context clearly refers to controlled scientific tests/investigations with mice in a research setting. Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mouse
Target surface form: mice
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with <t>mice</t> that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mouse%1:05:00:: | definition=any of numerous small rodents typically resembling diminutive rats having pointed snouts and small ears on elongated bodies with slender usually hairless tails
2. sense_key=mouse%1:26:00:: | definition=a swollen bruise caused by a blow to the eye | synonyms=shiner, black eye
3. sense_key=mouse%1:18:00:: | definition=person who is quiet or timid
4. sense_key=mouse%1:06:00:: | definition=a hand-operated electronic device that controls the coordinates of a cursor on your computer screen as you move it around on a pad; on the bottom of the device is a ball that rolls on the surface of the pad | synonyms=computer mouse | examples=a mouse takes much more room than a trackball

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about experiments with mice, where a gene called p53 was found in experiments with mice. This is clearly referring to the animal "mouse" (plural "mice").

Sense 1: mouse as a rodent - this fits the context of biological experiments.
Sense 2: a swollen bruise (black eye) - doesn't fit.
Sense 3: a timid person - doesn't fit.
Sense 4: computer mouse - doesn't fit.

The best sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene <t>called</t> p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "a gene called p53"
Here, "called" is used to assign a specific name to a gene. "a gene called p53" means a gene named p53.
Looking at the candidates:
1. call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful

Sense 1 fits perfectly: assigning a proper name to a gene ("p53").
Sense 2 is for ascribing a quality using a common noun (e.g., calling someone lazy).

So the correct sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: transform
Target surface form: transform
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could <t>transform</t> normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=transform%2:30:02:: | definition=subject to a mathematical transformation
2. sense_key=transform%2:30:00:: | definition=change or alter in form, appearance, or nature | synonyms=transmute, transubstantiate | examples=This experience transformed her completely; She transformed the clay into a beautiful sculpture
3. sense_key=transform%2:30:03:: | definition=change in outward structure or looks | synonyms=transmute, metamorphose | examples=He transformed into a monster; The salesman metamorphosed into an ugly beetle
4. sense_key=transform%2:30:01:: | definition=change from one form or medium into another | synonyms=translate | examples=Braque translated collage into oil
5. sense_key=transform%2:30:06:: | definition=convert (one form of energy) to another | examples=transform energy to light
6. sense_key=transform%2:30:05:: | definition=change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA from another cell of the same or closely related species
7. sense_key=transform%2:30:04:: | definition=increase or decrease (an alternating current or voltage)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about a gene called p53 that could "transform normal cells into cancerous ones." This is a biological context where cells change their nature/form, specifically from normal to cancerous.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. Mathematical transformation - not relevant
2. Change or alter in form, appearance, or nature - this fits well because cells are changing their nature (from normal to cancerous)
3. Change in outward structure or looks - this is more about appearance
4. Change from one form or medium into another - could fit but more about media/art
5. Convert energy - not relevant
6. Change a bacterial cell into a genetically distinct cell by introduction of DNA - this is specifically about bacterial transformation, which is a specific biological process
7. Electrical - not relevant

The context is about p53 gene transforming normal cells into cancerous ones. This is about changing the nature of the cells.

Sense 2 "change or alter in form, appearance, or nature" with examples like "This experience transformed her completely" and "She transformed the clay into a beautiful sculpture" seems most appropriate. The cells are changing their nature from normal to cancerous.

Sense 6 is about bacterial transformation specifically, which is a different biological process (introducing DNA from another cell). The context here is about a gene causing normal cells to become cancerous, not about bacterial transformation via DNA introduction.

So sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform <t>normal</t> cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about biology/cancer research. "normal cells" refers to cells that are not cancerous, i.e., conforming to the standard/typical state of cells. This aligns with sense 1: "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal."

Sense 3 is about intelligence and development (average), sense 2 is about scientific laws, sense 4 is about perpendicular.

Sense 1 is the best fit - normal cells as opposed to cancerous/abnormal cells.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal <t>cells</t> into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about biology: "normal cells" and "cancerous ones", "colon cell", "tumor cells". This clearly refers to the biological sense of a cell.
Sense 2 is "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancerous
Target surface form: cancerous
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into <t>cancerous</t> ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malignant:02 | definition=relating to or affected with cancer | examples=a cancerous growth
2. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malign:00 | definition=like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads | examples=remorse was cancerous within him; pornography is cancerous to the moral development of our children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses cancer research, specifically p53 gene transforming normal cells into cancerous ones. This is literal cancer, relating to or affected with cancer. Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous <t>ones</t>. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "ones" in the context: "could transform normal cells into cancerous ones".

"ones" here refers to "cells" - it's a pronoun substituting for "cells". It means "a single person or thing" in a plural form, referring to the cells.

Sense 1: the smallest whole number (1, I, ace, single, unity)
Sense 2: a single person or thing

Sense 2 is the correct choice because "ones" here is being used as a pronoun referring to things (cells), matching the definition "a single person or thing".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein <t>found</t> was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "found" in the context: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."

Let me analyze the context:
- Dr. Vogelstein was searching for a gene (a piece of DNA lost in tumor cells)
- He found it last winter
- The deletion he found was in exactly the same spot as p53

The key here is that Vogelstein discovered/identified a deletion through his research. He was conducting scientific research (experimentally crawling down chromosome 17, looking for genetic material).

Sense 4 (find%2:32:00) - "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" with synonyms determine, find out, ascertain, and examples like "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" - this seems very fitting since Vogelstein found the deletion through experimental investigation.

Sense 8 (find%2:36:00) - "make a discovery, make a new finding" with synonyms discover and examples like "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" - this also seems relevant since it's about scientific discovery.

Let me think more carefully:
- The context describes a research process where they were looking for something specific (smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells)
- "When they found it last winter" - this refers to finding the gene through their research
- "The deletion Dr. Volgelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53" - here "found" refers to identifying/establishing through investigation

Sense 4 emphasizes "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - this fits the scientific research context well.

Sense 8 emphasizes "make a discovery, make a new finding" - this also fits, but the examples are about making a completely new discovery (X-rays, new elementary particle), whereas here they found something they were specifically looking for through a methodical search.

Sense 3 (find%2:40:00) - "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" - this could fit since they were searching for it, but the examples are about finding lost items like glasses, which is more mundane.

Looking at the context more carefully:
- They were doing methodical research/experimentation
- They were looking for something specific
- They found it through their investigation

Sense 4 seems most appropriate because:
1. It involves establishing something after investigation/experiment
2. The example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" is very similar to the scientific context here
3. Vogelstein found the deletion through his experimental research

I'll go with sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exactly
Target surface form: exactly
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in <t>exactly</t> the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exactly%4:02:01:: | definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, just | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone
2. sense_key=exactly%4:02:04:: | definition=just as it should be | synonyms=precisely, on the nose, on the dot, on the button | examples=`Precisely, my lord,' he said
3. sense_key=exactly%4:02:02:: | definition=in a precise manner | synonyms=precisely, incisively | examples=she always expressed herself precisely

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "exactly" in the context: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."
The use of "exactly" here modifies "the same spot", meaning the exact location, indicating exactness or preciseness.
Sense 1: indicating exactness or preciseness. Examples: "he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do". This fits perfectly.
Sense 2: just as it should be. Examples: "`Precisely, my lord,' he said". This is an interjection of agreement.
Sense 3: in a precise manner. Examples: "she always expressed herself precisely". This is about doing something in a precise manner.

"The deletion... was in exactly the same spot" -> indicating exactness.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: same
Target surface form: same
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the <t>same</t> spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=same%3:00:02:: | definition=same in identity | examples=the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice
2. sense_key=same%3:00:00:: | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples=curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age
3. sense_key=same%3:00:04:: | definition=equal in amount or value | synonyms=like | examples=like amounts; equivalent amounts
4. sense_key=same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | definition=unchanged in character or nature | examples=the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "same" in the sentence: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."

The context is about finding a deletion in the exact same location/spot as the p53 gene.

Let's analyze the senses:
1. same in identity - "the same man I saw yesterday" - This means the identical entity.
2. closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree - "curtains the same color as the walls"
3. equal in amount or value - "like amounts"
4. unchanged in character or nature - "the village stayed the same"

In the sentence "in exactly the same spot as p53", "same" means the identical location or very closely similar in location. "The same spot" usually means the identical spot, but if it's "the same spot as p53", it means it corresponds in location.

Let's look at the distinction between sense 1 and 2.
Sense 1: "same in identity". Does "the same spot" mean identical in identity? "Spot" here is a location. The deletion is in exactly the same spot. It's the same location (identity).
Wait, "same color as", "same age as" (sense 2) are comparable in quality/quantity.
Is "the same spot" identity or comparable in kind? If two things are in the same spot, they occupy the identical location. This leans towards identity (sense 1), but could it be sense 2? "Same spot" means identical location.
Let's reconsider "same man" (sense 1) vs "same color" (sense 2). "Same spot" is more like "same man" - it's the exact identical location.
Actually, wait. If I say "the same spot", is it identity?
Let's check sense 2: "closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree". Spot is a location. Is it an identity of location? Yes.
But let's think about how WordNet classifies "same".
"same in identity" vs "closely similar or comparable in kind or quality..."
"in exactly the same spot" -> "the same spot" means the identical spot. So sense 1? Or sense 2?
Wait. "The same spot" could be sense 2 if it means a spot of the same kind. But "exactly the same spot" implies they overlap perfectly, so it is identity of location.
However, is "same spot" evaluated as sense 1 or sense 2?
Let's search for "same spot" in WordNet examples or semcor.
Often, "same location" is considered identity. But "same" followed by "as" might indicate similarity?
"curtains the same color as the walls" -> Sense 2.
"in exactly the same spot as p53" -> Does it mean the identical spot?
Let's consider "same" as an adjective.
Sense 1: same in identity (the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice)
Sense 2: closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree (curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age)

If I am in the "same spot" as you, are we in the identical spot? Yes.
If it's "the same spot", is it sense 1 or 2?
In "the same spot", "spot" is a noun. "Same" modifies "spot". Are the two spots identical? Yes, they are the exact same location.
Let's think if "same" here means "identical" (sense 1) or "similar/comparable in kind" (sense 2).
If it's the identical spot, it's sense 1.
"in exactly the same spot" strongly supports identity.
Let me double check SemCor/WordNet annotations for "same spot".
"in the same spot" -> same location. Is "same location" identity? Yes, "the same location" is the identical location.
Let's choose sense 1 because "exactly the same spot" means the identical location, which matches "same in identity".

Wait, let me look at sense 2 again: "closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree". "the same color as" implies the color is of the same kind/quality. "same age" implies same quantity. "same spot" implies same location. Is location a kind or quality?
In WordNet, "same" (adjective) has:
-- 1. same -- (same in identity; "the same man I saw yesterday"; "never wore the same dress twice")
-- 2. same -- (closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree; "curtains the same color as the walls"; "two girls of the same age")
If the text says "in exactly the same spot", it means they occupy the exact identical location. So it's sense 1.
Wait, let me consider "the same spot" as sense 2? "Same color" means the color matches, "same spot" means the spot matches.
Wait, if I say "the same color", it's not identity, it's same quality. If I say "the same spot", it's identity of location. I will bet on sense 1.
Let's think if there's any reason it would be 2. "same" + "as" is used in the example for sense 2: "curtains the same color as the walls". But "same" + "as" is also used for 4: "his attitude is the same as ever". And for 1: "the same man I saw yesterday" (no 'as' but "the same ... that" is common).
"in exactly the same spot as p53". This means the location is the same.
Does "same spot" mean "identical spot"? Yes.
I will output sense1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spot
Target surface form: spot
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same <t>spot</t> as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spot%1:15:01:: | definition=a point located with respect to surface features of some region | synonyms=topographic point, place | examples=this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet
2. sense_key=spot%1:10:01:: | definition=a short section or illustration (as between radio or tv programs or in a magazine) that is often used for advertising
3. sense_key=spot%1:07:02:: | definition=an outstanding characteristic | synonyms=point | examples=his acting was one of the high points of the movie
4. sense_key=spot%1:07:00:: | definition=a blemish made by dirt | synonyms=smudge, blot, daub, smear, smirch, slur | examples=he had a smudge on his cheek
5. sense_key=spot%1:07:01:: | definition=a small contrasting part of something | synonyms=speckle, dapple, patch, fleck, maculation | examples=a bald spot; a leopard's spots
6. sense_key=spot%1:10:00:: | definition=a section of an entertainment that is assigned to a specific performer or performance | examples=they changed his spot on the program
7. sense_key=spot%1:06:00:: | definition=a business establishment for entertainment | examples=night spot
8. sense_key=spot%1:04:01:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, office, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury
9. sense_key=spot%1:26:00:: | definition=a slight attack of illness | synonyms=touch | examples=he has a touch of rheumatism
10. sense_key=spot%1:23:00:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=bit | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
11. sense_key=spot%1:10:02:: | definition=a mark on a die or on a playing card (shape depending on the suit) | synonyms=pip
12. sense_key=spot%1:06:01:: | definition=a lamp that produces a strong beam of light to illuminate a restricted area; used to focus attention of a stage performer | synonyms=spotlight
13. sense_key=spot%1:06:02:: | definition=a playing card with a specified number of pips on it to indicate its value | examples=an eight-spot
14. sense_key=spot%1:04:00:: | definition=an act that brings discredit to the person who does it | synonyms=blot, smear, smirch, stain | examples=he made a huge blot on his copybook

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "spot" in the context: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."
Here, "spot" refers to a location on a chromosome.
Sense 1: "a point located with respect to surface features of some region" (topographic point, place). Examples: "this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet". This is a geographical/physical location.
The chromosome is a physical object, and the deletion is at a specific location on it. "In exactly the same spot" means in the same physical location/region.
None of the other senses fit.
Sense 2: advertising
Sense 3: outstanding characteristic
Sense 4: dirt blemish
Sense 5: small contrasting part (speckle, patch). Could it be a patch? But "in exactly the same spot" suggests location rather than a patch.
Sense 6: entertainment section
Sense 7: business establishment
Sense 8: job
Sense 9: illness
Sense 10: small piece/quantity
Sense 11: mark on a die
Sense 12: spotlight
Sense 13: playing card
Sense 14: act bringing discredit

So Sense 1 is the best fit, as a "spot" here refers to a specific location/place on the chromosome.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: said
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had <t>said</t> the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "said" in the context: "But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth..."

Here, Mr. Levine is reporting or maintaining a claim about the p53 gene. He "said" that p53 caused cancer by promoting growth. This is a statement of a claim or assertion.

Let me look at the candidates:

1. express in words (state, tell) - He said that he wanted to marry her
2. report or maintain (allege, aver) - He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. express a supposition (suppose) - Let us say...
4. have or contain a certain wording or form (read) - What does the law say?
5. give instructions (order, tell, enjoin) - I said to him to go home
6. pronounce or utter in a certain way
7. communicate nonverbally
8. utter aloud - She said 'Hello'
9. state as one's opinion or judgement; declare - I say let's forget this whole business
10. recite or repeat a fixed text
11. indicate - The clock says noon

The context is about Mr. Levine making a scientific claim - he reported or maintained that p53 caused cancer by promoting growth. This is similar to sense 2 "report or maintain" with the example "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" which is also about someone making a claim/assertion about a state of affairs.

Sense 1 is more general - "express in words" with examples like "He said that he wanted to marry her" - this is just stating something.

The distinction between sense 1 and sense 2: Sense 2 is about reporting or maintaining something, often a claim that may be debatable or that one alleges. The example "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" suggests a claim being made. In the context, Mr. Levine "said" the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth - this is a scientific claim that he was maintaining/reporting. The contrast in the passage is between what Levine said and what the Hopkins scientists were looking for - suggesting Levine's statement was a claim/assertion.

I think sense 2 is the best fit because:
- Levine was making a scientific claim (alleging/maintaining that p53 promotes growth)
- The context implies this was a reported claim that turned out to be based on incomplete information
- The synonym "allege" fits well - Levine alleged that p53 caused cancer by promoting growth

Actually, let me reconsider. Sense 1 is the most general sense of "say" - simply expressing something in words. Sense 2 is specifically about reporting or maintaining something, which has a slightly different connotation.

The example for sense 2: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" - this is about someone maintaining a position or alleging something.

In the context, Levine "had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth" - he was maintaining/reporting this as a finding from his research. This is a claim he was making.

I think sense 2 is the better fit here because it's about a reported claim or assertion, particularly one that is being presented as a position someone maintained. The fact that the passage contrasts what Levine "said" with what the Hopkins scientists were "looking for" suggests that Levine's statement was a claim/assertion that was being examined.

Actually, I need to be more careful. Sense 1 is "express in words" with synonyms "state, tell" and example "He said that he wanted to marry her." This is the most basic sense of saying something.

Sense 2 is "report or maintain" with synonyms "allege, aver" and example "He said it was too late to intervene in the war." This has a connotation of making a claim that may be questioned.

In the context, Levine had made a claim about p53 causing cancer by promoting growth. This was a scientific claim/report from his experiments. The passage later reveals that Levine's claim was based on incomplete information (he was observing a damaged form of p53). So the sense of "report or maintain" (allege, aver) fits well here.

I'll go with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cause
Target surface form: caused
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene <t>caused</t> cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cause%2:36:00:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=do, make | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
2. sense_key=cause%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, have, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "caused" in the sentence: "But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth..."

Let's look at the two senses:

1. sense_key=cause%2:36:00:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=do, make | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir

2. sense_key=cause%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, have, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer

The context: "the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth"

Here, "caused" means "gave rise to" cancer - it caused cancer to happen/occur. This is not about causing someone/something to do something or act in a specified manner. Cancer is not being induced to "act" in a certain way; rather, the gene gives rise to cancer (causes it to happen/occur).

Sense 1 is about causing something to happen or occur (give rise to).
Sense 2 is about causing someone/something to do something or act in a specified manner.

"Caused cancer" fits sense 1 better - it means gave rise to cancer, caused cancer to happen/occur.

So the answer is sense_index: 1.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused <t>cancer</t> by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "cancer" appears in the context of medical/genetic research about cancer cells, tumor cells, genes causing cancer, cancer-suppressing genes, etc. This clearly refers to the disease sense - malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.

This is sense 1: cancer%1:26:00:: - any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: promote
Target surface form: promoting
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by <t>promoting</t> growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=promote%2:41:01:: | definition=contribute to the progress or growth of | synonyms=advance, boost, further, encourage | examples=I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom
2. sense_key=promote%2:41:00:: | definition=give a promotion to or assign to a higher position | synonyms=upgrade, advance, kick upstairs, raise, elevate | examples=John was kicked upstairs when a replacement was hired; Women tend not to advance in the major law firms
3. sense_key=promote%2:32:00:: | definition=make publicity for; try to sell (a product) | synonyms=advertise, advertize, push | examples=The salesman is aggressively pushing the new computer model; The company is heavily advertizing their new laptops
4. sense_key=promote%2:33:01:: | definition=be changed for a superior chess or checker piece
5. sense_key=promote%2:33:00:: | definition=change a pawn for a better piece by advancing it to the eighth row, or change a checker piece for a more valuable piece by moving it to the row closest to your opponent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "promoting" in the context: "a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones... the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth".

Here, "promoting growth" means contributing to the progress or growth of cells (specifically, tumor cells). This matches the definition of sense 1: "contribute to the progress or growth of".

Sense 2 is about giving a promotion (career). Sense 3 is about advertising/selling. Senses 4 and 5 are about chess/checkers.

Sense 1 fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting <t>growth</t>, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word "growth" appears in the context: "But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth."

Here, "growth" refers to the biological process of cells growing, specifically in the context of cancer and tumor cells. The gene either promotes or suppresses the growth of cells.

Looking at the candidates:
- Sense 1: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level" - This is about biological growth of an organism.
- Sense 6: "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)" - This is about pathological growth like tumors.

In the context, the "growth" being promoted or suppressed is specifically the growth of tumor/cancer cells. The p53 gene "caused cancer by promoting growth" - this growth is the abnormal proliferation of tissue (cancer cells). The researchers were looking for a gene that "suppressed growth" - suppressed the abnormal growth of tumors.

Sense 6 seems most appropriate because the context is specifically about cancer and tumor cell growth, which is pathological. The "growth" here refers to the abnormal proliferation of tissue (tumor growth).

However, let me reconsider. The text says "promoting growth" and "suppressed growth" - it could be referring to the general biological process of cell growth. But given that it's in the context of cancer (the gene caused cancer by promoting growth), this growth is specifically the pathological proliferation of tissue.

Actually, re-reading more carefully: "a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones" and "the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth" - the growth being promoted is the abnormal proliferation of cancer cells. And "suppressed growth" means suppressing this abnormal tumor growth.

Sense 6 is the best fit: "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: look_for
Target surface form: looking for
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were <t>looking for</t> a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=look_for%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=search, seek | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. sense_key=look_for%2:37:00:: | definition=be excited or anxious about | synonyms=anticipate, look to

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context describes researchers "looking for" a gene that suppressed growth. This is about trying to locate or discover something - they are searching for a specific type of gene. Sense 1 is "try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of" with synonyms "search, seek." This fits perfectly.

Sense 2 is "be excited or anxious about" with synonyms "anticipate, look to." This doesn't fit - they're not anxious about a gene, they're searching for one.