[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: strong
Target surface form: strong
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially <t>strong</t> incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=strong%3:00:00:: | definition=having strength or power greater than average or expected | examples=a strong radio signal; strong medicine
2. sense_key=strong%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=not faint or feeble | examples=a strong odor of burning rubber
3. sense_key=strong%5:00:00:powerful:00 | definition=having or wielding force or authority | synonyms=potent | examples=providing the ground soldier with increasingly potent weapons
4. sense_key=strong%3:00:04:: | definition=having a strong physiological or chemical effect; ; ; , | synonyms=potent, stiff | examples=a potent toxin; potent liquor
5. sense_key=strong%5:00:00:invulnerable:00 | definition=immune to attack; incapable of being tampered with | synonyms=impregnable, inviolable, secure, unassailable, unattackable | examples=an impregnable fortress; fortifications that made the frontier inviolable
6. sense_key=strong%5:00:00:sound:01 | definition=of good quality and condition; solidly built | synonyms=solid, substantial | examples=a solid foundation; several substantial timber buildings
7. sense_key=strong%5:00:00:irregular:00 | definition=of verbs not having standard (or regular) inflection | examples=`sing' is a strong verb
8. sense_key=strong%5:00:00:alcoholic:00 | definition=being distilled rather than fermented; having a high alcoholic content | synonyms=hard | examples=hard liquor
9. sense_key=strong%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=freshly made or left | synonyms=warm | examples=a warm trail; the scent is warm
10. sense_key=strong%5:00:00:forceful:00 | definition=strong and sure | synonyms=firm | examples=a firm grasp; gave a strong pull on the rope

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "strong" in the phrase "an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office."
In this context, "strong" modifies "incentive".
Let's look at the senses:
1. having strength or power greater than average or expected (a strong radio signal; strong medicine)
2. not faint or feeble (a strong odor of burning rubber)
3. having or wielding force or authority (potent)
4. having a strong physiological or chemical effect (potent, stiff)
5. immune to attack
6. of good quality and condition; solidly built
7. of verbs not having standard inflection
8. being distilled rather than fermented
9. freshly made or left
10. strong and sure (firm)

"strong incentive" means an incentive that is intense, powerful, or not faint/feeble.
Sense 2: "not faint or feeble" | examples=a strong odor of burning rubber. Often "strong" in the sense of intense or powerful (as in "strong incentive", "strong desire", "strong feeling") maps to this or sense 1.
Sense 1: "having strength or power greater than average or expected". An incentive has power.
Wait, WordNet 3.0:
strong%3:00:00:: "having strength or power greater than average or expected"
strong%5:00:00:intense:00 "not faint or feeble" -> examples: a strong odor of burning rubber. Wait, in WordNet, "strong" as an adjective meaning "not faint or feeble" is under the "intense" subcluster.
Often, "strong incentive" aligns with "not faint or feeble" (sense 2) or "having strength or power greater than average or expected" (sense 1).
Let's consider Sense 10: "strong and sure" (firm) - "a firm grasp".
Let's consider Sense 1: "a strong radio signal", "strong medicine" - power or strength.
Does "strong incentive" mean "not faint or feeble"? "a strong incentive" implies it is compelling, potent, intense. "not faint or feeble" is exactly how WordNet defines strong in the intense cluster.
Let's look at WordNet's structure for strong%5:00:00:intense:00.
In WordNet, "intense" is a synonym for strong (as in strong emotion, strong feeling).
Let's check if there is a better fit. "strong incentive" - an incentive that is powerful.
Sense 2 is "not faint or feeble".
Sense 1 is "having strength or power greater than average or expected".
"a strong radio signal" -> sense 1.
"a strong odor" -> sense 2.
"a strong incentive" -> "having strength or power greater than average or expected"? Wait, "strong incentive" is commonly mapped to sense 2 or sense 1. Let me think if "strong incentive" is more about power (sense 1) or intensity (sense 2).
Actually, "incentive" is an abstract concept. "power greater than average or expected" might fit.
But let's look at Sense 10: "strong and sure" (firm). "a firm grasp". "strong incentive" is not "firm".
Let's look at Sense 1: "having strength or power greater than average or expected"
Let's look at Sense 2: "not faint or feeble" (intense:00). "A strong odor of burning rubber".
Wait, Sense 1's definition is "having strength or power greater than average or expected". Examples: "a strong radio signal", "strong medicine".
Could "strong incentive" be Sense 1?
Another angle: "strong incentive" means an incentive that is intense or compelling. "Not faint or feeble" fits the intensity.
However, some WSD tasks map "strong incentive" to sense 1 because an incentive has "power" to motivate.
Let's re-read the examples for Sense 1: "a strong radio signal; strong medicine"
Examples for Sense 2: "a strong odor of burning rubber"
If we look at the WordNet online interface for "strong" (adj all):
S: (adj) strong (having strength or power greater than average or expected) "a strong radio signal"; "strong medicine"; "a strong faith"; "a strong faith"; "a strong smell" (Wait, some interfaces list smell here, but here it's odor).
Wait, WordNet 3.0:
S: (adj) strong (having strength or power greater than average or expected) "a strong radio signal"; "strong medicine"; "a strong faith"
S: (adj) strong, intense (not faint or feeble) "a strong odor of burning rubber"
Wait, the text lists:
1. strong%3:00:00:: | having strength or power greater than average or expected | a strong radio signal; strong medicine
2. strong%5:00:00:intense:00 | not faint or feeble | a strong odor of burning rubber
Is "strong incentive" power (1) or intense (2)? An incentive is a reason for doing something. If it's strong, it's compelling, powerful. I'd lean towards sense 1, "having strength or power greater than average or expected". But wait, "not faint or feeble" (sense 2) applies to things like odor, which have no physical power, but are intense. An incentive doesn't have physical strength, but it has metaphorical strength or power. "having strength or power greater than average or expected". Incentive has "power" to persuade. So sense 1 could work.
Is there a better match?
Let's consider sense 10: "strong and sure" (firm). No.
Let's consider sense 3: "having or wielding force or authority". No.
"strong incentive" is often tagged as Sense 1 in SemCor.
Let me search my knowledge base for SemCor "strong incentive".
"strong" in "strong incentive": SemCor has "strong" modifying "reason", "incentive", "support", "indication". Usually mapped to strong%3:00:00:: or strong%5:00:00:intense:00.
Wait, "strong support" might be intense. "strong reason" -> power?
Let's consider the phrase: "voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office."
If it's Sense 1, definition is "having strength or power greater than average or expected".
If it's Sense 2, definition is "not faint or feeble".
In WordNet 3.0, strong%5:00:00:intense:00 has the synonym `intense`. A strong incentive is an intense incentive.
Wait! WordNet also has strong%3:00:00:: without synonyms in the provided list, but its definition is "having strength or power greater than average or expected".
Does "strong" here mean intense? Yes. But "not faint or feeble" specifically targets physical or sensory intensity (like odor, smell). Wait, WordNet's example for Sense 2 is "a strong odor of burning rubber". Is "strong incentive" an odor? No.
Could it be Sense 1? "having strength or power greater than average or expected". The incentive has the power to make them vote a certain way.
Let's consider Sense 10: "strong and sure" (firm).
Let's check the exact WordNet definitions for the word "strong".
In WordNet 3.0:
1. strong (having strength or power greater than average or expected) "a strong radio signal"; "strong medicine"; "a strong faith"
2. strong, intense (not faint or feeble) "a strong odor of burning rubber"
3. strong, potent (having or wielding force or authority) "providing the ground soldier with increasingly potent weapons"; "a potent man"
4. strong, potent, stiff (having a strong physiological or chemical effect) "a potent toxin"; "potent liquor"; "a stiff drink"
5. strong, hard, tough (resistant to bending or stretching) ...
6. strong, tough (strong and sure") ...
7. strong (of good quality and condition; solidly built) "a solid foundation"; "several substantial timber buildings"
8. strong (immune to attack; incapable of being tampered with) "an impregnable fortress"; "fortifications that made the frontier inviolable"; "a secure telephone connection"
9. strong, warm (freshly made or left) "a warm trail"; "the scent is warm"
10. strong (of verbs not having standard (or regular) inflection) "`sing' is a strong verb"
11. strong (being distilled rather than fermented; having a high alcoholic content) "hard liquor"
12. strong (strong and sure) "a firm grasp"; "gave a strong pull on the rope"

In the provided list:
1. sense_key=strong%3:00:00:: | having strength or power greater than average or expected
2. sense_key=strong%5:00:00:intense:00 | not faint or feeble
10. sense_key=strong%5:00:00:forceful:00 | strong and sure

So the candidates are 1, 2, or 10.
"strong incentive" - an incentive is a motivating force. Therefore, "having strength or power greater than average or expected" (sense 1) fits perfectly, as an incentive provides the *power* or *strength* to motivate action. "not faint or feeble" (sense 2) is more for sensory stimuli (like odor). Sense 10 ("strong and sure") usually applies to physical actions (grasp, pull).
Therefore, Sense 1 is the most appropriate.
Let me double check if "strong incentive" is mapped to strong%3:00:00:: in SemCor.
Usually, "strong reason", "strong incentive", "strong argument" are under strong%3:00:00:: because they have the *power* to convince. Sense 1 covers "strong radio signal", "strong medicine", "a strong faith". It's the general sense of "strong" as having power.
Wait, in some dictionaries, "strong incentive" is under "intense" (sense 2). Let's see. "an intense incentive" sounds a bit weird compared to "a powerful incentive". "Power" is in Sense 1. "having strength or power greater than average or expected".
Let's consider the phrase "especially strong incentive". It emphasizes the magnitude of the incentive.
I will go with Sense 1.

Let me rethink if there's any other possibility. Could "strong" here mean "powerful"? Yes, powerful = having power. Sense 1 explicitly says "having strength or power greater than average or expected".
I am confident in Sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: incentive
Target surface form: incentive
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong <t>incentive</t> to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=incentive%1:16:00:: | definition=a positive motivational influence | synonyms=inducement, motivator
2. sense_key=incentive%1:21:00:: | definition=an additional payment (or other remuneration) to employees as a means of increasing output | synonyms=bonus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "incentive" in the context: "voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office."

Sense 1: a positive motivational influence (synonyms: inducement, motivator)
Sense 2: an additional payment (or other remuneration) to employees as a means of increasing output (synonyms: bonus)

The context talks about voters having a strong incentive (motivation) to keep Democrats in office. This is clearly about a motivational influence, not a financial bonus or payment.

So the best sense is Sense 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: keep
Target surface form: keep
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to <t>keep</t> such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=keep%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=maintain, hold | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. sense_key=keep%2:42:07:: | definition=continue a certain state, condition, or activity | synonyms=continue, go on, proceed, go along | examples=Keep on working!; We continued to work into the night
3. sense_key=keep%2:40:00:: | definition=retain possession of | synonyms=hold on | examples=Can I keep my old stuffed animals?; She kept her maiden name after she married
4. sense_key=keep%2:41:01:: | definition=stop (someone or something) from doing something or being in a certain state | synonyms=prevent | examples=We must prevent the cancer from spreading; His snoring kept me from falling asleep
5. sense_key=keep%2:41:03:: | definition=conform one's action or practice to | synonyms=observe | examples=keep appointments; she never keeps her promises
6. sense_key=keep%2:31:00:: | definition=stick to correctly or closely | synonyms=observe, maintain | examples=The pianist kept time with the metronome; keep count
7. sense_key=keep%2:40:01:: | definition=look after; be the keeper of; have charge of | examples=He keeps the shop when I am gone
8. sense_key=keep%2:32:00:: | definition=maintain by writing regular records | synonyms=maintain | examples=keep a diary; maintain a record
9. sense_key=keep%2:42:01:: | definition=supply with room and board | examples=He is keeping three women in the guest cottage; keep boarders
10. sense_key=keep%2:41:02:: | definition=allow to remain in a place or position or maintain a property or feature | synonyms=retain, continue, keep on | examples=We cannot continue several servants any longer; She retains a lawyer
11. sense_key=keep%2:34:00:: | definition=supply with necessities and support | synonyms=sustain, maintain | examples=She alone sustained her family; The money will sustain our good cause
12. sense_key=keep%2:42:03:: | definition=fail to spoil or rot | synonyms=stay fresh | examples=These potatoes keep for a long time
13. sense_key=keep%2:41:05:: | definition=behave as expected during of holidays or rites | synonyms=observe, celebrate | examples=Keep the commandments; celebrate Christmas
14. sense_key=keep%2:41:00:: | definition=keep under control; keep in check | synonyms=restrain, keep back, hold back | examples=suppress a smile; Keep your temper
15. sense_key=keep%2:42:02:: | definition=maintain in safety from injury, harm, or danger | synonyms=preserve | examples=May God keep you
16. sense_key=keep%2:42:12:: | definition=raise | examples=She keeps a few chickens in the yard; he keeps bees
17. sense_key=keep%2:40:09:: | definition=retain rights to | synonyms=keep open, hold open, save | examples=keep my job for me while I give birth; keep my seat, please
18. sense_key=keep%2:40:13:: | definition=store or keep customarily | examples=Where do you keep your gardening tools?
19. sense_key=keep%2:40:12:: | definition=have as a supply | examples=I always keep batteries in the freezer; keep food for a week in the pantry
20. sense_key=keep%2:40:10:: | definition=maintain for use and service | synonyms=maintain | examples=I keep a car in the countryside; She keeps an apartment in Paris for her shopping trips
21. sense_key=keep%2:35:10:: | definition=hold and prevent from leaving | examples=The student was kept after school
22. sense_key=keep%2:30:10:: | definition=prevent (food) from rotting | synonyms=preserve | examples=preserved meats; keep potatoes fresh

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office."

This means voters want to retain those Democrats in their positions (in office). They want them to remain in office.

Let me look at the senses:

1. keep in a certain state, position, or activity (maintain, hold) - "keep clean; hold in place"
10. allow to remain in a place or position or maintain a property or feature (retain, continue, keep on) - "We cannot continue several servants any longer; She retains a lawyer"

Sense 1 seems to fit: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity" - keeping Democrats in office (a position).

Sense 10: "allow to remain in a place or position" - also could fit, but the examples are about servants and lawyers, which is more about employment.

The phrase "keep in office" means to keep them in their position. Sense 1 says "keep in a certain state, position, or activity" with examples "keep clean; hold in place." This seems like the best fit - keeping someone in a position (office).

Actually, let me reconsider. "Keep such Democrats in office" - this is about retaining them in their position. Sense 1 is about maintaining a state/position. Sense 10 is about allowing to remain in a place or position.

I think sense 1 is the best fit here. "Keep in a certain state, position, or activity" - the voters want to keep the Democrats in the position of being in office.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: democrat
Target surface form: Democrats
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such <t>Democrats</t> in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=democrat%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Democratic Party
2. sense_key=democrat%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of democratic principles | synonyms=populist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses "Democratic opponent," "Democratic legislators from the South," and "Republicans" versus "Democrats" in congressional elections. This is clearly referring to members of the Democratic Party, not advocates of democratic principles in general.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: office
Target surface form: office
Context:
Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in <t>office</t>. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=office%1:06:00:: | definition=place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed | synonyms=business office | examples=he rented an office in the new building
2. sense_key=office%1:14:01:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, authority | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
3. sense_key=office%1:04:01:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, part, role | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
4. sense_key=office%1:26:00:: | definition=(of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power | synonyms=power | examples=being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage; during his first year in office
5. sense_key=office%1:14:00:: | definition=professional or clerical workers in an office | synonyms=office staff | examples=the whole office was late the morning of the blizzard
6. sense_key=office%1:04:00:: | definition=a religious rite or service prescribed by ecclesiastical authorities | examples=the offices of the mass
7. sense_key=office%1:04:02:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, spot, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The target word is "office" in the context "keep such Democrats in office". This means being in power, holding a government position. Sense 4 fits perfectly: "(of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: suggest
Target surface form: suggests
Context:
Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory <t>suggests</t> why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=suggest%2:32:00:: | definition=make a proposal, declare a plan for something | synonyms=propose, advise | examples=the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax
2. sense_key=suggest%2:32:04:: | definition=drop a hint; intimate by a hint | synonyms=hint
3. sense_key=suggest%2:32:02:: | definition=imply as a possibility | synonyms=intimate | examples=The evidence suggests a need for more clarification
4. sense_key=suggest%2:32:03:: | definition=suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine | synonyms=indicate | examples=Tetracycline is indicated in such cases
5. sense_key=suggest%2:32:01:: | definition=call to mind | synonyms=evoke, paint a picture | examples=this remark evoked sadness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "suggests" in the context: "Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House."

Let me analyze the context:
- The theory is providing an explanation or reason for why Republicans have fared better in Senate races.
- The theory implies or indicates a possible explanation.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "make a proposal, declare a plan for something" - This is about proposing something concrete. The theory isn't proposing a plan here.

2. "drop a hint; intimate by a hint" - This is about hinting at something subtly. The theory is more directly providing an explanation.

3. "imply as a possibility" - This fits well. The theory implies a possible explanation for why Republicans have fared better. The example "The evidence suggests a need for more clarification" is very similar in structure to "the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better."

4. "suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine" - This is medical context, not applicable.

5. "call to mind" - This is about evoking memories or feelings, not applicable.

Sense 3 seems to be the best fit. The theory implies or suggests a possible explanation, similar to how "The evidence suggests a need for more clarification."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republicans
Context:
Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why <t>Republicans</t> generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Republican Party
2. sense_key=republican%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of a republic (usually in opposition to a monarchy)
3. sense_key=republican%1:17:00:: | definition=a tributary of the Kansas River that flows from eastern Colorado eastward through Nebraska and Kansas | synonyms=Republican River

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "Republicans" refers to members of the Republican Party in the context of American politics, discussing congressional candidates, Senate races, and the House.

Sense 1: a member of the Republican Party
Sense 2: an advocate of a republic
Sense 3: Republican River

Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fare
Target surface form: fared
Context:
Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have <t>fared</t> better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fare%2:42:00:: | definition=proceed or get along | synonyms=do, make out, come, get along | examples=How is she doing in her new job?; How are you making out in graduate school?
2. sense_key=fare%2:34:00:: | definition=eat well

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "fared" in the context: "Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House."

This means how Republicans have performed or gotten along in Senate races vs House campaigns.

Sense 1: "proceed or get along" with synonyms "do, make out, come, get along" and examples like "How is she doing in her new job?" - This fits perfectly with "fared better" meaning "performed better" or "done better."

Sense 2: "eat well" - This doesn't fit the context at all.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: race
Target surface form: races
Context:
Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate <t>races</t> than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=race%1:11:01:: | definition=any competition | examples=the race for the presidency
2. sense_key=race%1:11:00:: | definition=a contest of speed | examples=the race is to the swift
3. sense_key=race%1:14:00:: | definition=people who are believed to belong to the same genetic stock | examples=some biologists doubt that there are important genetic differences between races of human beings
4. sense_key=race%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group that is a division of a species; usually arises as a consequence of geographical isolation within a species | synonyms=subspecies
5. sense_key=race%1:19:00:: | definition=the flow of air that is driven backwards by an aircraft propeller | synonyms=slipstream, airstream, backwash, wash
6. sense_key=race%1:06:00:: | definition=a canal for a current of water | synonyms=raceway

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "Senate races" which refers to political contests/competitions for Senate seats. Sense 1 is "any competition" with example "the race for the presidency" which is a political context. This fits best.

Sense 2 is about speed contests, not applicable here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: campaign
Target surface form: campaigns
Context:
Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in <t>campaigns</t> for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=campaign%1:11:00:: | definition=a race between candidates for elective office | synonyms=political campaign, run | examples=I managed his campaign for governor; he is raising money for a Senate run
2. sense_key=campaign%1:04:02:: | definition=a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end | synonyms=cause, crusade, drive, movement, effort | examples=he supported populist campaigns; they worked in the cause of world peace
3. sense_key=campaign%1:04:00:: | definition=several related operations aimed at achieving a particular goal (usually within geographical and temporal constraints) | synonyms=military campaign
4. sense_key=campaign%1:04:01:: | definition=an overland journey by hunters (especially in Africa) | synonyms=hunting expedition, safari

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "campaigns" in the context "Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House."
The context is about political races for elective office (Senate, House of Representatives).
Candidate sense 1: "a race between candidates for elective office" with synonyms "political campaign, run" and examples "I managed his campaign for governor; he is raising money for a Senate run".
Candidate sense 2: "a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end" with synonyms "cause, crusade, drive, movement, effort".
Candidate sense 3: "several related operations aimed at achieving a particular goal (usually within geographical and temporal constraints)" with synonyms "military campaign".
Candidate sense 4: "an overland journey by hunters (especially in Africa)" with synonyms "hunting expedition, safari".

The context is "campaigns for the House". This clearly aligns with Sense 1, a race between candidates for elective office.
Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: local
Target surface form: local
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since <t>local</t> benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "local" appears in the phrase "local benefit-seeking" and "local benefits." The context discusses congressional politics, where legislators use their clout to bring benefits to their respective constituencies (local areas). The term "local" here refers to benefits that are specific to a particular district or area, as opposed to national policy.

Sense 1: "relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area" - This fits well because the context contrasts "local benefit-seeking" with "national policy making." The local benefits are district-specific benefits that legislators bring to their constituencies.

Sense 2: "of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood" - This is more about characteristics of a place (customs, schools).

Sense 3: "affecting only a restricted part or area of the body" - Medical sense, not applicable.

The contrast between "local" and "national" in the context strongly supports Sense 1, which explicitly mentions "rather than a larger area."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: national
Target surface form: national
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and <t>national</t> policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=national%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country | examples=national hero; national anthem
2. sense_key=national%3:00:00:: | definition=limited to or in the interests of a particular nation | examples=national interests; isolationism is a strictly national policy
3. sense_key=national%3:00:01:: | definition=concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country | examples=the national government; national elections
4. sense_key=national%5:00:00:public:00 | definition=owned or maintained for the public by the national government | examples=national parks
5. sense_key=national%5:00:00:domestic:00 | definition=inside the country | synonyms=home, interior, internal | examples=the British Home Office has broader responsibilities than the United States Department of the Interior; the nation's internal politics
6. sense_key=national%3:01:02:: | definition=characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation | examples=a national trait
7. sense_key=national%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to nationality | examples=national origin

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about "national policy making" in contrast to "local benefit-seeking." The sentence says "Since local benefit-seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress..."

Here, "national policy making" refers to policy making that concerns the entire nation or country, as opposed to "local" benefits. This is about the scope of the policy - national (entire nation) vs. local.

Sense 3: "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country" with examples "the national government; national elections" - this fits well as "national policy making" would be policy making applicable to the entire nation, contrasting with local benefit-seeking.

Sense 1: "of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country" - this is more general.

Sense 2: "limited to or in the interests of a particular nation" - this is more about nationalism/isolationism.

The contrast here is between "local" and "national" - where national means concerning the entire nation/country as opposed to local concerns. Sense 3 seems most appropriate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: policy
Target surface form: policy
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national <t>policy</t> making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=policy%1:09:00:: | definition=a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group | examples=it was a policy of retribution; a politician keeps changing his policies
2. sense_key=policy%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government | examples=they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation
3. sense_key=policy%1:10:02:: | definition=written contract or certificate of insurance | synonyms=insurance policy, insurance | examples=you should have read the small print on your policy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
Looking at the context, "national policy making" refers to the process of creating plans of action at the governmental/national level in Congress. The passage contrasts "local benefit-seeking" with "national policy making," discussing how Congress engages in formulating plans of action that guide national decisions.

Sense 3 (insurance policy) is clearly irrelevant. Between senses 1 and 2, sense 2's definition ("a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government") focuses on the *rationale* or *justification* for government action, while the context here is about the *making* of policy — the actual plans of action adopted by a governing body. Sense 1 ("a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group") better captures "national policy making" as the creation of plans of action by a governmental/social group.

{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "national policy making" in Congress, referring to the process of creating plans of action or governance strategies at the national level.

Sense 1: "a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group" - examples about politicians changing policies, retribution policy
Sense 2: "a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government" - examples about debating policy of legislation
Sense 3: insurance policy - clearly not relevant

The context is about "national policy making" - the making of policies/plans of action by government/Congress. This is about government policy-making.

Between sense 1 and sense 2:
- Sense 1 is broader - plans of action adopted by individuals or social groups (including governments)
- Sense 2 is specifically about government policy and rationalizing courses of government action

The phrase "national policy making" refers to the creation of national policy - plans of action at the national/governmental level. This fits sense 2 well as it's about government course of action.

However, "policy making" as a general concept of creating plans of action by a government could fit either. Sense 2's definition mentions "a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government" which is about the rationale/argument behind government action, while sense 1 is about the plan of action itself.

Actually, "policy" in "national policy making" refers to the plans/decisions that a government makes - this is more aligned with sense 1's "plan of action adopted by an individual or social group" since a government is a social group.

But sense 2 specifically mentions government, which is more specific and appropriate here since we're talking about national policy making by Congress.

The example for sense 2: "they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation" - this is about government legislation policy.

I think sense 2 is the better fit because the context is specifically about government/national policy making, not just any plan of action by any social group.

Wait, let me reconsider. The definition of sense 2 is "a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government" - this seems to be about the argument/rationale, not the actual plan. "National policy making" is about creating plans/decisions, not about rationalizing arguments.

Actually, "policy" in political science typically refers to a deliberate system of principles to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. It's essentially a plan of action by a government.

Sense 1: "a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group" - this includes governments as social groups
Sense 2: "a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government" - this is more about the justification/rationale

In the context "national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress" - this is about the act of making policy (plans of action) at the national level. This is more about the plans/decisions themselves, not the rationalization.

Hmm, but in political discourse, "policy" often refers to government plans of action, and sense 2 seems to capture the governmental nature better.

Let me look at this again. The example for sense 1 is "a politician keeps changing his policies" - this is political context. The example for sense 2 is "they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation" - also political context.

The key difference:
- Sense 1: plan of action (broader, includes individuals and groups)
- Sense 2: line of argument rationalizing government action (specifically governmental)

In "national policy making," we're talking about the creation of plans of action at the national government level. This is essentially government policy.

I think sense 2 is the better fit because:
1. It's specifically about government action
2. The context is clearly about national/governmental policy
3. "Policy making" in Congress is about creating governmental plans of action

But wait - sense 2's definition says "a line of argument rationalizing the course of action" - this sounds like it's about the justification, not the plan itself. "National policy making" is about creating the actual plans/decisions, not the arguments supporting them.

I'm going to go with sense 1 because:
1. "Policy making" is about creating plans of action
2. A government can be considered a social group
3. Sense 2 seems to be about the rationale/argument rather than the plan itself

Actually, let me reconsider one more time. In WordNet, the senses are:
- Sense 1 (09:00): plan of action by individual or social group
- Sense 2 (10:00): line of argument rationalizing government course of action

The 09 vs 10 might indicate different domains (09 could be social science, 10 could be politics/government).

Looking at the example for sense 2: "they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation" - here "policy" seems to mean the wisdom/appropriateness of the legislation, i.e., whether it's a good course of action. This is more about evaluation than the plan itself.

In our context, "national policy making" is about the creation of national plans/decisions - this is about the plans themselves, not their rationalization.

I'll go with sense 1 - "a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group" - because "national policy making" refers to creating plans of action at the national level, and a government is a social group that adopts plans of action.

Wait, but the context is specifically about government/Congress making policy. Let me think about what "national policy" means - it refers to the plans, principles, and decisions that guide a nation's government. This is quintessentially about government plans of action.

Sense 1 captures this as "a plan of action adopted by... a social group" (government being the social group)
Sense 2 captures this as "a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government"

The question is: is "national policy" a plan of action, or is it a line of argument?

In common usage and political science, "policy" refers to a plan or course of action, not just the argument supporting it. "Policy making" is the process of creating these plans.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: making
Target surface form: making
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy <t>making</t> matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=making%1:04:00:: | definition=the act that results in something coming to be | synonyms=devising, fashioning | examples=the devising of plans; the fashioning of pots and pans
2. sense_key=making%1:07:00:: | definition=an attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something | synonyms=qualification | examples=her qualifications for the job are excellent; one of the qualifications for admission is an academic degree
3. sense_key=making%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something | examples=the recipe listed all the makings for a chocolate cake

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "making" in the context "national policy making matters less".

"Policy making" refers to the act of making policy, i.e., the act that results in something coming to be.

Sense 1: "the act that results in something coming to be" - synonyms: devising, fashioning. Examples: "the devising of plans", "the fashioning of pots and pans". This fits "policy making" - the act of creating/making policy.

Sense 2: "an attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something" - this is about qualifications, doesn't fit.

Sense 3: "(usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something" - "the makings for a chocolate cake" - doesn't fit here.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: chamber
Target surface form: chamber
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower <t>chamber</t> of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=chamber%1:06:00:: | definition=a natural or artificial enclosed space
2. sense_key=chamber%1:08:00:: | definition=an enclosed volume in the body | examples=the chambers of his heart were healthy
3. sense_key=chamber%1:06:02:: | definition=a room where a judge transacts business
4. sense_key=chamber%1:14:00:: | definition=a deliberative or legislative or administrative or judicial assembly | examples=the upper chamber is the senate
5. sense_key=chamber%1:06:01:: | definition=a room used primarily for sleeping | synonyms=bedroom, sleeping room, sleeping accommodation, bedchamber

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "the lower chamber of Congress" and contrasts it with the Senate, referring to the House of Representatives. The word "chamber" here refers to a deliberative or legislative assembly.

Sense 4: "a deliberative or legislative or administrative or judicial assembly" with example "the upper chamber is the senate" fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expect
Target surface form: expect
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would <t>expect</t> if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expect%2:31:00:: | definition=regard something as probable or likely | synonyms=anticipate | examples=The meteorologists are expecting rain for tomorrow
2. sense_key=expect%2:32:00:: | definition=consider obligatory; request and expect | synonyms=ask, require | examples=We require our secretary to be on time; Aren't we asking too much of these children?
3. sense_key=expect%2:31:01:: | definition=look forward to the probable occurrence of | synonyms=look, await, wait | examples=We were expecting a visit from our relatives; She is looking to a promotion
4. sense_key=expect%2:31:05:: | definition=consider reasonable or due | examples=I'm expecting a full explanation as to why these files were destroyed
5. sense_key=expect%2:29:02:: | definition=look forward to the birth of a child | examples=She is expecting in March
6. sense_key=expect%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, bear, carry, gestate | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than their Democratic counterparts."

Here, "expect" means to regard something as probable or likely. The author is saying that this pattern is what one would anticipate or regard as likely, given the theory.

Sense 1: "regard something as probable or likely" - this fits well. "The meteorologists are expecting rain for tomorrow."

Sense 4: "consider reasonable or due" - this could also potentially fit, but the context is more about what pattern one would predict/anticipate, not about what is owed or due as an obligation.

The sentence is about what pattern one would predict/anticipate based on the theory. This aligns best with sense 1: "regard something as probable or likely."

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republicans
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if <t>Republicans</t> are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Republican Party
2. sense_key=republican%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of a republic (usually in opposition to a monarchy)
3. sense_key=republican%1:17:00:: | definition=a tributary of the Kansas River that flows from eastern Colorado eastward through Nebraska and Kansas | synonyms=Republican River

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The target is "Republicans" referring to the political party in the context of US politics (Democratic opponent, Republican Party, Congress, Senate races, House). This matches sense 1: a member of the Republican Party.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: willing
Target surface form: willing
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less <t>willing</t> to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=willing%3:00:00:: | definition=disposed or inclined toward | examples=a willing participant; willing helpers
2. sense_key=willing%5:00:00:voluntary:01 | definition=not brought about by coercion or force | synonyms=uncoerced, unforced | examples=the confession was uncoerced

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "willing" in the context: "if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than their Democratic counterparts."

Sense 1: disposed or inclined toward (examples: a willing participant; willing helpers)
Sense 2: not brought about by coercion or force (synonyms: uncoerced, unforced; examples: the confession was uncoerced)

The context is about whether Republicans are less "disposed or inclined toward" engaging in local benefit-seeking. This is about disposition/inclination, not about coercion. Sense 1 fits best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: engage
Target surface form: engage
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to <t>engage</t> in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=engage%2:41:06:: | definition=carry out or participate in an activity; be involved in | synonyms=prosecute, pursue | examples=She pursued many activities; They engaged in a discussion
2. sense_key=engage%2:31:00:: | definition=consume all of one's attention or time | synonyms=absorb, engross, occupy | examples=Her interest in butterflies absorbs her completely
3. sense_key=engage%2:41:01:: | definition=engage or hire for work | synonyms=hire, employ | examples=They hired two new secretaries in the department; How many people has she employed?
4. sense_key=engage%2:41:00:: | definition=ask to represent; of legal counsel | examples=I'm retaining a lawyer
5. sense_key=engage%2:32:00:: | definition=give to in marriage | synonyms=betroth, affiance, plight
6. sense_key=engage%2:30:00:: | definition=get caught | examples=make sure the gear is engaged
7. sense_key=engage%2:41:12:: | definition=carry on (wars, battles, or campaigns) | synonyms=wage | examples=Napoleon and Hitler waged war against all of Europe
8. sense_key=engage%2:40:01:: | definition=hire for work or assistance | synonyms=enlist | examples=engage aid, help, services, or support
9. sense_key=engage%2:40:00:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, take | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
10. sense_key=engage%2:35:00:: | definition=keep engaged | synonyms=mesh, lock, operate | examples=engaged the gears

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about Republicans being less willing to "engage in local benefit-seeking" than their Democratic counterparts.
The phrase is "engage in [activity]".
Looking at the candidate senses:
1. engage%2:41:06:: | definition=carry out or participate in an activity; be involved in | synonyms=prosecute, pursue | examples=She pursued many activities; They engaged in a discussion
2. engage%2:31:00:: | definition=consume all of one's attention or time
3. engage%2:41:01:: | definition=engage or hire for work
...

Sense 1 fits perfectly: "engage in local benefit-seeking" matches "participate in an activity" and the example "engaged in a discussion".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: local
Target surface form: local
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in <t>local</t> benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "local benefit-seeking" in the context of congressional politics. It refers to benefits that legislators bring to their "respective constituencies" - meaning benefits for a particular district or area rather than national policy. This is about things that affect a specific locality or district rather than the nation as a whole.

Sense 1: "relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area" - examples: local taxes, local authorities
Sense 2: "of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood" - examples: local customs, local schools
Sense 3: "affecting only a restricted part or area of the body" - examples: local anesthesia

Sense 3 is clearly wrong - it's about medical/anesthesia contexts.

Between senses 1 and 2:
- Sense 1 is about administration of a city/town/district rather than a larger area
- Sense 2 is about belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood

The context is about "local benefits" - benefits for a particular district/constituency. The phrase "local benefit-seeking matters more and national policy making matters less" suggests the contrast is between local (district-level) concerns versus national concerns.

Sense 1 seems more appropriate because it explicitly contrasts with "a larger area" (national), and the context is about administration/governance at a district level rather than national level. The examples "local taxes; local authorities" fit well with the political/governance context.

Sense 2 is more about characteristics of a neighborhood - like customs, schools - which is more cultural/social rather than political/administrative.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: democratic
Target surface form: Democratic
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their <t>Democratic</t> counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=democratic%3:00:00:: | definition=characterized by or advocating or based upon the principles of democracy or social equality; ; ; - George du Maurier | examples=democratic government; a democratic country
2. sense_key=democratic%3:01:00:: | definition=belong to or relating to the Democratic Party | examples=Democratic senator
3. sense_key=democratic%5:00:00:common:01 | definition=representing or appealing to or adapted for the benefit of the people at large | synonyms=popular | examples=democratic art forms; a democratic or popular movement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Democratic" and the context mentions "Democratic opponent", "Republican Party", "Democratic legislators", "Democrats", and "Republican counterparts". This clearly refers to the Democratic Party in the United States political system.

Sense 2 has the definition "belong to or relating to the Democratic Party" and the example "Democratic senator". This matches the context perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: counterpart
Target surface form: counterparts
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic <t>counterparts</t>. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=counterpart%1:09:00:: | definition=a person or thing having the same function or characteristics as another | synonyms=opposite number, vis-a-vis
2. sense_key=counterpart%1:06:00:: | definition=a duplicate copy | synonyms=similitude, twin

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "counterparts" in the context: "...if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than their Democratic counterparts."

Here, "their Democratic counterparts" refers to Democratic legislators (specifically, the Democrats in the House or Senate) who serve the same function as the Republicans being discussed. The Republicans and Democrats are being compared as equivalent roles in different parties.

Sense 1: a person or thing having the same function or characteristics as another (synonyms: opposite number, vis-a-vis)
Sense 2: a duplicate copy (synonyms: similitude, twin)

Sense 1 is clearly correct here. The Democratic counterparts are the Democratic legislators who hold the same functional position as the Republican legislators being discussed. They are not "duplicate copies" - they are the equivalent on the other side.

provider: CoreWeave


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: empirical
Target surface form: empirical
Context:
To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any <t>empirical</t> support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=empirical%3:00:00:: | definition=derived from experiment and observation rather than theory | synonyms=empiric | examples=an empirical basis for an ethical theory; empirical laws
2. sense_key=empirical%3:01:00:: | definition=relying on medical quackery | synonyms=empiric | examples=empiric treatment

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about a theory in political science and asks "Is there any empirical support for this theory?" followed by "Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption..."

Here, "empirical support" means support based on observation, evidence, and data rather than theory. This matches sense 1: "derived from experiment and observation rather than theory."

Sense 2 is about medical quackery, which is irrelevant here.

So the answer is sense 1.