[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: passion
Target surface form: passion
Context:
Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a <t>passion</t> that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=passion%1:12:00:: | definition=a strong feeling or emotion | synonyms=passionateness
2. sense_key=passion%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of being intensely emotional | synonyms=heat, warmth
3. sense_key=passion%1:26:01:: | definition=something that is desired intensely | synonyms=rage | examples=his rage for fame destroyed him
4. sense_key=passion%1:16:00:: | definition=an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action | synonyms=mania, cacoethes
5. sense_key=passion%1:12:02:: | definition=a feeling of strong sexual desire
6. sense_key=passion%1:09:00:: | definition=any object of warm affection or devotion | synonyms=love | examples=the theater was her first love; he has a passion for cock fighting
7. sense_key=passion%1:26:02:: | definition=the suffering of Jesus at the Crucifixion | synonyms=Passion of Christ

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context describes bell ringing as a "passion that usually stays in the tower."
It is compared to an "obsession" ("Ringing does become a bit of an obsession," admits Stephanie Pattenden).
Also, earlier, it was described as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection."

Let's look at the senses:
1. passion%1:12:00:: | a strong feeling or emotion
2. passion%1:07:00:: | the trait of being intensely emotional
3. passion%1:26:01:: | something that is desired intensely
4. passion%1:16:00:: | an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action
5. passion%1:12:02:: | a feeling of strong sexual desire
6. passion%1:09:00:: | any object of warm affection or devotion | examples=he has a passion for cock fighting
7. passion%1:26:02:: | the suffering of Jesus at the Crucifixion

Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction..." and Pattenden says "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession... It is a passion that usually stays in the tower".
The word "obsession" strongly links to sense 4: an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action (mania, cacoethes).
However, is it a "strong feeling or emotion" (sense 1)? Or "any object of warm affection or devotion" (sense 6)? Sense 6 uses the example "he has a passion for cock fighting". Sense 1 is "a strong feeling or emotion" (passionateness).

Wait, the quote says "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession... It is a passion..."
Let's consider sense 4 (mania, cacoethes): "an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action".
Sense 1: "a strong feeling or emotion".
Sense 6: "any object of warm affection or devotion". The example "he has a passion for cock fighting" seems to fit "Ringing is a passion" very well (i.e., bell ringing is the object of devotion).
Wait, in the text: "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower". Here, "passion" means the strong interest or enthusiasm for bell ringing. The synonyms for 6 are "love" and the example is "he has a passion for cock fighting". This represents an activity that one is devoted to.
But let's look at sense 1: "a strong feeling or emotion". "passionateness".
Sense 3: "something that is desired intensely".

Actually, "passion" meaning "a strong or extravagant fondness, enthusiasm, or desire for anything" (like "a passion for music") is often sense 6 ("any object of warm affection or devotion") or sense 1.
Let's check the examples for Sense 6: "the theater was her first love; he has a passion for cock fighting". This exactly matches "It is a passion".
Wait, if I search "passion that usually stays in the tower" on WordNet, is it 6?
Wait, the example in sense 6 is "he has a passion for cock fighting". It means the *object* of warm affection. "He has a passion for X". But in the text, "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower." "It" refers to "ringing". "Ringing" is the object of affection, or "ringing" is an activity that evokes this feeling. Or maybe "passion" refers to the feeling itself.
In Sayers' quote: "described ringing as a 'passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection'". Here "passion" is a feeling or activity. "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession... It is a passion...". Since "obsession" is mentioned, maybe sense 4? Sense 4: "an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action". "Mania".
However, "passion" in "It is a passion" usually aligns with "a strong feeling or emotion" (1) or "an irrational but irresistible motive" (4). Let's consider sense 1 vs sense 4.
"Ringing does become a bit of an obsession" -> the feeling of obsession. So it is a passion (strong feeling). But wait! The sense 6 example is "he has a passion for cock fighting", meaning cock fighting is his passion.
If the context says "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower", it acts as a noun meaning the activity itself or the enthusiasm.
Let's think about WordNet sense 1 vs 6.
WordNet 3.0:
passion#1: strong feeling or emotion
passion#2: the trait of being intensely emotional
passion#3: something that is desired intensely
passion#4: an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action
passion#5: a feeling of strong sexual desire
passion#6: any object of warm affection or devotion; "the theater was her first love"; "he has a passion for cock fighting"
passion#7: the suffering of Jesus at the Crucifixion

In WordNet, if "it" (ringing) is the passion, then "ringing" is the *object* of devotion, which fits sense 6. But does it mean the *object*? "It is a passion" -> Ringing is a passion. Yes, "ringing" is the object of warm affection/devotion.
Let's look at sense 3: "something that is desired intensely; his rage for fame destroyed him". "Rage" as synonym.
Let's look at sense 4: "an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action". The text says "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession," admits Stephanie Pattenden. The synonym of sense 4 is "mania, cacoethes". An obsession is very close to mania. Is "passion" here synonymous with obsession? "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower..." The "obsession" comment is directly linked to the "passion".
Wait, does "passion" mean an irrational motive here? Or is it just a strong interest?
In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed."
Here, "passion" is described as something that finds its satisfaction in math and mechanical perfection. This sounds like "an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action" or maybe just "strong feeling or emotion".
Actually, "passion" as an intense interest or enthusiasm is usually sense 1 (strong feeling or emotion) or 3 (something that is desired intensely).
Wait, in WordNet, "passion" (sense 6) "any object of warm affection or devotion" has synonyms "love". This is a hypernym of "hobby" maybe?
Let's check WordNet 1.7 or 3.0:
passion%1:12:00:: = strong feeling or emotion.
passion%1:09:00:: = any object of warm affection or devotion.
If the text says "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower", "It" refers to the hobby/activity of bell ringing. So "passion" here refers to the *object* of affection. "Bell ringing is a passion".
Wait, let's re-read the example for 6: "he has a passion for cock fighting". In this example, "passion" is the feeling of fondness. But wait, the definition says "any OBJECT of warm affection".
If the text says "It is a passion", "it" = ringing = the object. That perfectly fits definition 6 "any object of warm affection or devotion".
Let's check sense 3: "something that is desired intensely | rage".
If someone says "Music is my passion", music is the object of affection. Sense 6.
What if "passion" is the strong feeling itself? "a strong feeling or emotion".
If we look at the quote: "described ringing as a 'passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness'". If ringing is the passion, then ringing is the object. But "passion finds its satisfaction" means the passion is the feeling/emotion. A feeling finds satisfaction. An object does not find satisfaction.
"described ringing as a 'passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness...'" -> the feeling of passion.
But "Ringers, she added, are 'filled with the solemn intoxication...'" -> this describes the feeling.
"It is a passion that usually stays in the tower..." -> "It" refers to "ringing" which is a passion (an enthusiasm/hobby) that stays in the tower. Or "it" refers to the "obsession". "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession... It is a passion..." So obsession = passion.
Is obsession an irrational but irresistible motive? Yes, sense 4.
Is obsession a strong feeling or emotion? Yes, sense 1.
Let's look at the definitions closely.
1. a strong feeling or emotion
4. an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action (syn: mania, cacoethes)
Is "ringing" a mania or cacoethes? Cacoethes is an obsession, e.g., cacoethes scribendi (the urge to write).
If the text explicitly uses "obsession", and the sense 4 has the synonym "mania, cacoethes", maybe sense 4 is the intended answer? But wait. "Obsession" in the text is used to describe what ringing becomes: "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession". But the author also says "It is a passion". Often "passion" is just a strong enthusiasm.
Let's think about how WordNet senses "passion" in "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower".
If "It" is the object, sense 6 is "any object of warm affection or devotion". The example for 6 is literally "he has a passion for cock fighting", which is a hobby/enthusiasm.
If "It" refers to "obsession" or "the feeling", sense 1 is "a strong feeling or emotion".
Let's consider sense 1. "passionateness". Passion is a strong feeling.
If "passion" meant "an irrational but irresistible motive", it would be a very negative or clinical term. Here, it is described positively as finding satisfaction in perfection. It is a "solemn intoxication". So "mania" (sense 4) might be too negative.
Let's consider sense 1 vs 6. In WordNet, "passion" (6) has the definition "any object of warm affection or devotion" and example "he has a passion for cock fighting". Does "he has a passion for cock fighting" mean cock fighting is the object? Yes. Does "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower" mean ringing is the object? Yes. Therefore, sense 6 seems very appropriate.
Let's check the gloss for sense 6 again: "any object of warm affection or devotion". "It" (ringing) is the passion. This is a very common metonymy where the feeling is used for the object.
Let's think if "passion" in "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness..." is the feeling or the object. A feeling finds its satisfaction.
But wait! In the sentence, "In a well-known detective-story... Sayers described ringing as a 'passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness...'" Here "passion" is a feeling. Ringing is described *as* a passion. This is a metaphorical use, or meaning "the act of ringing is a passion".
Actually, "a passion that usually stays in the tower" means the enthusiasm/hobby stays in the tower.
Let's search for the WordNet senses of "passion":
Noun
1. passion, passionateness -- (strong feeling or emotion)
2. heat, warmth, passion -- (the trait of being intensely emotional)
3. rage, passion -- (something that is desired intensely; "his rage for fame destroyed him")
4. mania, passion, cacoethes -- (an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action)
5. passion -- (a feeling of strong sexual desire)
6. love, passion -- (any object of warm affection or devotion; "the theater was her first love"; "he has a passion for cock fighting")
7. Passion, Passion of Christ -- (the suffering of Jesus at the Crucifixion)

"passion" in "a passion for cock fighting" means the intense interest, not necessarily the activity itself. But the gloss says "any object of warm affection or devotion". So the "object" is the passion. In "It is a passion", "it" is the object, hence "it" is the passion. This fits sense 6.
Wait, is "passion" in the text sense 1?
"a passion that finds its satisfaction..." If passion is the object, the object finds satisfaction? No, the feeling finds satisfaction.
But the text says: "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, admits Stephanie Pattenden... It is a passion that usually stays in the tower". "It" could refer to "a bit of an obsession", or to "ringing".
Is it "an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action"? "Obsession" is exactly an irrational but irresistible motive. The text compares passion to obsession: "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession... It is a passion..."
Wait, "mania" is a synonym for sense 4. "Obsession" is very close to "mania".
Let's consider the sentence: "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, admits Stephanie Pattenden... It is a passion that usually stays in the tower..."
Could "passion" here be sense 4? The definition of sense 4 is "an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action". Ringing is an action. The motive to ring is an irrational but irresistible motive.
But wait. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication..."
If it were an irrational motive, would it "find its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection"? It seems more like a deep, dedicated interest.
Let's rethink Sense 1: "strong feeling or emotion". A passion is a strong feeling. "It is a passion" -> the feeling of passion. The feeling of passion stays in the tower.
What about Sense 6: "any object of warm affection or devotion". "It" = ringing, which is the object of warm affection. So "It is a passion".
Let's consider Sense 3: "something that is desired intensely | rage". No, rage is too strong and negative.
If "passion" is sense 4, synonyms are "mania, cacoethes". Does "passion" mean mania here? It says "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession". If "passion" was already equivalent to "obsession", the author wouldn't need to say "becomes a bit of an obsession... It is a passion". The author says "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession... It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however." This means: even though it becomes an obsession, this passion (enthusiasm) is confined to the tower.
"Passion" in "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower" means the hobby/enthusiasm.
If I say "Chess is my passion", "chess" is the object of affection (Sense 6).
If I say "I feel passion", it is the feeling (Sense 1).
In "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower", "it" refers to "ringing", which is the passion. So "ringing" is the object of warm affection. Sense 6 fits this perfectly. The example for Sense 6 is "he has a passion for cock fighting", another peculiar hobby. This strongly supports Sense 6! Bell ringing and cock fighting are both niche hobbies/enthusiasms.
Wait, "he has a passion for cock fighting" is an example where the person has a passion *for* something. "Passion" in that example is the feeling, but the gloss says "any object of warm affection". WordNet glosses sometimes use a metonymy. But the example matches a hobby perfectly. "Cock fighting" is to "passion" as "ringing" is to "passion".
Let's check if "It is a passion" maps to Sense 1 (a strong feeling or emotion) or Sense 6 (any object of warm affection).
If WordNet gloss says "any object of warm affection", it implies the activity itself can be called a passion. "Ringing is a passion". Yes, that's sense 6.
But wait! Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness..." Can an object find satisfaction? "A passion that finds its satisfaction" implies "passion" is the feeling.
However, "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower" - can a feeling stay in the tower? Yes, the enthusiasm is only felt in the tower. Or the hobby is only practiced in the tower.
Let's look at the options again.
1. passion%1:12:00:: | a strong feeling or emotion | synonyms=passionateness
4. passion%1:16:00:: | an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action | synonyms=mania, cacoethes
6. passion%1:09:00:: | any object of warm affection or devotion | synonyms=love | examples=he has a passion for cock fighting
"he has a passion for cock fighting" is an exact parallel to "ringing is a passion". Both are peculiar hobbies.
Wait, does "passion" mean "mania" here? "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, admits Stephanie Pattenden... It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however." If "passion" meant "mania" or "obsession", the sentence would be "It becomes a bit of an obsession... It is a passion (i.e., obsession) that usually stays in the tower."
Let's check Sense 4 vs Sense 6.
If passion = mania (Sense 4), the synonym "mania" and "cacoethes" exactly refer to an obsession. Does "passion" here mean an obsession? The author quotes Pattenden saying it becomes an obsession, and then says "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower".
Actually, "a passion for cock fighting" means an intense interest in cock fighting, not necessarily mania. Sense 6's synonym is "love". Is ringing a "love" or "mania"? The text says "Ringers are filled with the solemn intoxication... It is a passion".
If we look at WordNet, Sense 1 ("strong feeling or emotion") is very broad. Sense 4 is "an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action". Sense 6 is "any object of warm affection or devotion".
Let's think about "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower". If "passion" is an object, it's "ringing" (the activity). If "passion" is a feeling, it's the enthusiasm. The text treats it as a strong feeling. "Sayers described ringing as a 'passion that finds its satisfaction...'". A feeling finds satisfaction. An object doesn't find satisfaction. A strong feeling (Sense 1) finds satisfaction.
Also, "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession... It is a passion..." Here "passion" is equated with "obsession". "Obsession" is an intense feeling. Sense 1 is "a strong feeling or emotion". Sense 4 is "an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action", which is literally what "obsession" means.
But wait. If the text explicitly mentions "obsession", does that mean the WordNet sense is 4 (mania, cacoethes)?
Often, when an author writes "X is an obsession. It is a passion...", "passion" is used in the general sense of a strong feeling or emotion (Sense 1) or a strong enthusiasm.
Let's consider Sense 6. The example is "he has a passion for cock fighting". In this sentence, "passion" is the intense interest. But the gloss is "any object of warm affection". "cock fighting" is the object. In our text, "It is a passion". "It" refers to "ringing". Ringing is the object of affection. So "It is a passion" fits the metonymic Sense 6 perfectly.
Let's check if "It" refers to the obsession. "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, admits Stephanie Pattenden... It is a passion..." If "It" refers to "obsession", then "obsession" is a passion. But "obsession" is not a "warm affection or devotion" (Sense 6). Obsession is closer to "irrational but irresistible motive" (Sense 4) or "strong feeling" (Sense 1).
Wait. If I say "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower", does "It" mean "the obsession" or "ringing"?
"Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however."
"It" likely refers to "ringing" or the "enthusiasm for ringing".
If "passion" is a strong feeling (Sense 1), it can stay in the tower. The feeling is only present there.
Let's look at the example for Sense 6 again: "he has a passion for cock fighting". Here the passion is the feeling, not the object! Wait, the gloss says "any object of warm affection or devotion". So the passion *is* the object. If "he has a passion for cock fighting", does "passion" mean cock fighting? No, "passion" means his love for it, but in WordNet, sense 6 is defined as "any object of warm affection". WordNet considers "passion" in "his passion is music" to mean "music". "he has a passion for cock fighting" is just an example of how it's used, where "passion" is the love for it, but WordNet frames the object as the passion.
If "It is a passion" refers to "ringing", then ringing is the passion, so it is the object of warm affection. This fits the metonymy in Sense 6.
But let's look at Sense 1: "a strong feeling or emotion". "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower". If "passion" is a feeling, "it" could be the obsession/feeling. The feeling stays in the tower.
Let's check the definition of Sense 4 again: "an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action". Ringing is an action. The motive to ring is an irrational but irresistible motive. Does this fit? The text says "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession". Obsession is an irrational motive. So Sense 4 is a strong candidate.
But wait, "passion" is usually not "obsession". The author says it "becomes a bit of an obsession", implying it's a passion, but it borders on obsession.
If passion = obsession, the author wouldn't say "becomes a bit of an obsession... It is a passion...".
Let's rethink Sense 1: "a strong feeling or emotion".
In Sayers' quote: "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness". This is the feeling of passion.
Let's consider Sense 6 again. Is there any chance "passion" refers to the feeling? If so, Sense 1. If it refers to the activity, Sense 6.
"Ringing is a passion." If I look up "passion" in Collins or Merriam-Webster: "a strong liking or desire for or devotion to some activity, object, or concept". WordNet splits this. Sense 1 is the feeling. Sense 6 is the object.
Which one does "It is a passion" fit better? "It" = ringing = the activity. So ringing is the passion. This means ringing is the object of affection. Sense 6.
Wait! In "he has a passion for cock fighting", "passion" is the liking, not cock fighting. The gloss in WordNet is "any object of warm affection or devotion". So if "passion" = object, "It" (ringing) = passion. That perfectly fits the syntactic structure "It is a passion".
What if "passion" is Sense 1? "It is a passion" -> "It" is a strong feeling. But "It" refers to "ringing", which is an action/activity. An activity cannot be a feeling. An activity can be an object of affection. Therefore, "It is a passion" must mean "It is an object of warm affection" (Sense 6).
Let's test this. "The theater was her first love." (Sense 6 example). Here "love" (synonym for passion) refers to the theater, which is the object of affection.
"He has a passion for cock fighting." (Sense 6 example). Here "passion" is used, and cock fighting is the object.
In our text: "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower". "It" refers to ringing. Ringing is the object of affection. So Sense 6 is the best fit.
Wait, what if "passion" here means "a strong feeling or emotion" (Sense 1)? "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession... It [the obsession/the feeling] is a passion that usually stays in the tower". In this case, "passion" is the feeling. The feeling stays in the tower.
But usually, "It" refers to the subject of the previous sentence: "Ringing". "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession... It [ringing] is a passion that usually stays in the tower." Ringing is a passion (an object of warm affection).
Let's check the other occurrences: "Sayers described ringing as a 'passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness...'" If ringing is the passion, it's an object. But "passion that finds its satisfaction" implies the feeling. "Ringing is a passion. This passion finds its satisfaction..." If "passion" is the object, can the object find its satisfaction? Metonymically, yes.
Actually, Sayers says "ringing as a 'passion...'", which means ringing is a passion. So Sense 6 fits.
Let's consider Sense 4: "an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action". The synonym is "mania, cacoethes". Does "passion" here mean "mania"? "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession... It is a passion..." If the author equates it to obsession, maybe Sense 4? No, the author says "becomes a bit of an obsession", which means the passion can *grow into* an obsession. It is not defined as an obsession.
So Sense 1 or 6.
Let's look at the WordNet sense 6 example closely: "he has a passion for cock fighting". Cock fighting is a hobby, often an unusual or intense one. Bell ringing is also an unusual, intense hobby. This parallel strongly suggests Sense 6.
Let's check if Sense 1 is better. "a strong feeling or emotion". The example for Sense 1 in WordNet is usually just "passion". If the sentence was "He felt a passion for ringing", it would be Sense 1. But the sentence is "Ringing is a passion". When the activity is the subject, it fits Sense 6 "any object of warm affection".
Therefore, Sense 6 is the best fit for "It is a passion".

Let's double check Sense 4. "an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action". "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession". Could the target word be Sense 4? If "passion" = "mania" or "cacoethes". Cacoethes means an irresistible urge. Does Sayers describe it as an irresistible urge? "finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection... filled with the solemn intoxication". This sounds like a devotion, a love, rather than an irrational urge. So Sense 4 is likely incorrect.

Let's consider Sense 1 again. "a strong feeling or emotion". "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however." Does "passion" here mean the feeling of enthusiasm? Yes, enthusiasm is a strong feeling. But "It" refers to "Ringing". If I say "Tennis is a passion of mine", tennis is the object (Sense 6). "Ringing is a passion that usually stays in the tower" -> Ringing is an object of devotion.
I will choose Sense 6.

Wait, is there any chance "passion" here is Sense 1?
Look at the first sentence of the quote: "described ringing as a 'passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection.'"
If "passion" is the object, the object finds satisfaction? No, the feeling finds satisfaction. So "passion" here is the feeling.
Let's check the exact WordNet sense for "passion that finds its satisfaction".
Actually, in "a passion for cock fighting", the passion is the feeling. The example "he has a passion for cock fighting" has "passion" as the feeling of devotion. The gloss "any object of warm affection" might just be a poorly written gloss for the metonymy, but the example clearly shows "passion" as the feeling.
If "passion" is the feeling, then Sense 1 ("a strong feeling or emotion") or Sense 6 ("any object of warm affection or devotion")?
In WordNet, "passion" (Sense 6) has synonym "love". "love" can mean the object of affection ("the theater was her first love"). So Sense 6 specifically captures the metonymic use where the activity/hobby is the passion. "He has a passion for cock fighting" is listed under Sense 6.
If the target is "It is a passion", it perfectly parallels "the theater was her first love" (Sense 6). Ringing is a passion. Therefore, Sense 6.

Let's check Sense 1 again. Synonym: passionateness.
If the context was "He spoke with passion", it would be Sense 1.
The context is "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower". "It" is ringing. Ringing is the passion. So it is Sense 6.

Let me review the senses:
1. passion%1:12:00:: | a strong feeling or emotion
2. passion%1:07:00:: | the trait of being intensely emotional
3. passion%1:26:01:: | something that is desired intensely
4. passion%1:16:00:: | an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action
5. passion%1:12:02:: | a feeling of strong sexual desire
6. passion%1:09:00:: | any object of warm affection or devotion
7. passion%1:26:02:: | the suffering of Jesus at the Crucifixion

I am confident that Sense 6 is the best choice because the text uses "passion" to refer to the activity of bell ringing itself (or the hobby) as the object of devotion, matching the example "he has a passion for cock fighting".

Wait, could it be Sense 1? "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower". If "passion" means the strong feeling, "the strong feeling stays in the tower". But "It" refers to "Ringing", as in "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession... It is a passion..." If I say "Hunting is an obsession. It is a passion that...", "It" refers to hunting. Hunting is the passion. Hunting is the object of devotion. Sense 6.

Wait, is there any chance "passion" is Sense 3? "something that is desired intensely; rage". No, "rage" is too specific.
Sense 4? "an irrational but irresistible motive... mania". The text says it *becomes* an obsession, so "passion" is distinct from obsession.
I will output 6.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stay
Target surface form: stays
Context:
Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually <t>stays</t> in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stay%2:30:00:: | definition=stay the same; remain in a certain state | synonyms=remain, rest | examples=The dress remained wet after repeated attempts to dry it; rest assured
2. sense_key=stay%2:38:00:: | definition=stay put (in a certain place) | synonyms=stick, stick around, stay put | examples=We are staying in Detroit; we are not moving to Cincinnati; Stay put in the corner here!
3. sense_key=stay%2:42:01:: | definition=dwell | synonyms=bide, abide | examples=You can stay with me while you are in town; stay a bit longer--the day is still young
4. sense_key=stay%2:42:02:: | definition=continue in a place, position, or situation | synonyms=stay on, continue, remain | examples=After graduation, she stayed on in Cambridge as a student adviser; Stay with me, please
5. sense_key=stay%2:38:01:: | definition=remain behind | examples=I had to stay at home and watch the children
6. sense_key=stay%2:30:01:: | definition=stop or halt | synonyms=detain, delay | examples=Please stay the bloodshed!
7. sense_key=stay%2:42:04:: | definition=stay behind | synonyms=persist, remain | examples=The smell stayed in the room; The hostility remained long after they made up
8. sense_key=stay%2:42:03:: | definition=hang on during a trial of endurance | synonyms=last out, ride out, outride | examples=ride out the storm
9. sense_key=stay%2:41:00:: | definition=stop a judicial process | examples=The judge stayed the execution order
10. sense_key=stay%2:35:00:: | definition=fasten with stays
11. sense_key=stay%2:34:00:: | definition=overcome or allay | synonyms=quell, appease | examples=quell my hunger

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The context is: "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however."
The target lemma is "stay".
The sentence means that the passion for ringing usually remains confined to the tower (it doesn't leave the tower).
Let's look at the senses.
Sense 1: stay the same; remain in a certain state. Examples: The dress remained wet.
Sense 2: stay put (in a certain place). Examples: We are staying in Detroit.
Sense 7: stay behind. Examples: The smell stayed in the room. The hostility remained...
Wait, "The smell stayed in the room" is sense 7 (stay behind). "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower". This implies the passion remains in the tower, it doesn't leave.
Could it be sense 2? stay put (in a certain place).
Or sense 4? continue in a place, position, or situation. Remain.
Or sense 7? stay behind.
Let's consider "stay in the tower". "stays in the tower"
Wait, if it is "stay in [a place]", maybe sense 2: stay put (in a certain place)? Or sense 7: stay behind (The smell stayed in the room)? Or sense 4: continue in a place, position, or situation (Stay with me, please)?
Wait, "The smell stayed in the room" corresponds to sense_key=stay%2:42:04:: | definition=stay behind. But the smell didn't "stay behind", it just remained in the room.
Wait, if we look at the synonyms for sense 7: persist, remain.
Let's check sense 7: definition=stay behind | synonyms=persist, remain | examples=The smell stayed in the room; The hostility remained long after they made up. "stays in the tower" means it remains there.
Let's check sense 4: definition=continue in a place, position, or situation | synonyms=stay on, continue, remain | examples=After graduation, she stayed on in Cambridge as a student adviser; Stay with me, please.
Let's check sense 2: definition=stay put (in a certain place) | synonyms=stick, stick around, stay put | examples=We are staying in Detroit.
"a passion that usually stays in the tower" - "stays in the tower" means it is restricted to the tower.
Which sense fits best?
"The smell stayed in the room" (sense 7). "a passion that usually stays in the tower". The structure is similar: [subject] stays in [location].
Is "The smell stayed in the room" sense 7? Sense 7 gloss is "stay behind". Synonyms: persist, remain.
Wait, another sense:
Sense 1: stay the same; remain in a certain state. Synonyms: remain, rest. "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower" -> Is "in the tower" a state? No, it's a place.
Sense 2: stay put (in a certain place). Synonyms: stick, stick around, stay put. "stay put" means to not leave a place. "a passion that usually stays in the tower" -> the passion stays put in the tower.
Sense 4: continue in a place, position, or situation. Synonyms: stay on, continue, remain.
Let's think about the nuance. "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower" means it is confined to the tower. It doesn't spill over into the church below.
"stay put" means not moving.
Wait, "The smell stayed in the room" is a good match for sense 7. Why? Because it means the smell lingered, persisted.
"stay behind" in sense 7 means to remain after others have left? But the example is "The smell stayed in the room".
Let's look closely at sense 2: stay put (in a certain place). "We are staying in Detroit". "stay put in the corner here!"
What about sense 4: "continue in a place, position, or situation".
Wait! Sense 7 is "stay behind". The examples are "The smell stayed in the room; The hostility remained long after they made up".
Actually, let's look at WordNet for "stay".
Sense 1: stay%2:30:00:: remain, rest (stay the same; remain in a certain state)
Sense 2: stay%2:38:00:: stick, stick around, stay put (stay put (in a certain place))
Sense 3: stay%2:42:01:: bide, abide (dwell)
Sense 4: stay%2:42:02:: stay on, continue, remain (continue in a place, position, or situation)
Sense 7: stay%2:42:04:: persist, remain (stay behind)

If passion "stays in the tower", it remains there.
Is it "stay behind"? The ringers are in the tower, and the passion stays in the tower.
Is it "stay put"? "Stay put" means staying in one place and not moving. The passion doesn't move from the tower.
But "stay in the tower" is about remaining in a location, not moving out of it.
Sense 4: "continue in a place, position, or situation". Examples: "After graduation, she stayed on in Cambridge".
Let's consider the context: "More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry." So the passion for ringing is confined to the belfry/tower, and does not extend to the church. Thus the passion "stays in the tower".
Which sense best captures "stays in the tower"?
Sense 7: "stay behind" -> "The smell stayed in the room". "stays in the tower" has the exact same syntactic pattern.
Let's check the WordNet definitions.
Sense 2 (stay%2:38:00::): stay put (in a certain place). "We are staying in Detroit; we are not moving to Cincinnati; Stay put in the corner here!" This is about a person physically remaining in a location.
Sense 4 (stay%2:42:02::): continue in a place, position, or situation. "After graduation, she stayed on in Cambridge as a student adviser; Stay with me, please".
Sense 7 (stay%2:42:04::): stay behind. "The smell stayed in the room; The hostility remained long after they made up". This applies to abstract things remaining in a place or situation. "Passion" is an abstract thing, like "smell" or "hostility".
So Sense 7 is a very strong candidate because "passion" is an abstract noun, and "The smell stayed in the room" is an exact parallel for an abstract (or at least non-person) noun staying in a location. The passion stays in the tower, the smell stays in the room.

Wait, let's look at the hypernyms.
Sense 2: stay%2:38:00:: is part of verb.motion? Or verb.stative? Wait, 2:38 is verb.stative? No, 2:38 is usually verb.perception or verb.contact?
Let's check WordNet senses for "stay":
Sense 1: stay%2:42:00:: remain, rest (stay the same; remain in a certain state)
Sense 2: stay%2:38:00:: stick, stick around, stay put (stay put (in a certain place)) - 2:38 is verb.stative? Wait, 2:42 is verb.stative.
Let's look at the provided candidate senses:
1. stay%2:30:00:: | definition=stay the same; remain in a certain state
2. stay%2:38:00:: | definition=stay put (in a certain place)
3. stay%2:42:01:: | definition=dwell
4. stay%2:42:02:: | definition=continue in a place, position, or situation
5. stay%2:38:01:: | definition=remain behind
6. stay%2:30:01:: | definition=stop or halt
7. stay%2:42:04:: | definition=stay behind
8. stay%2:42:03:: | definition=hang on during a trial of endurance
9. stay%2:41:00:: | definition=stop a judicial process
10. stay%2:35:00:: | definition=fasten with stays
11. stay%2:34:00:: | definition=overcome or allay

The domains:
2:30 is verb.emotion
2:34 is verb.consumption
2:35 is verb.contact
2:38 is verb.motion? No, 2:38 is verb.contact? Wait. 2:42 is verb.stative.
Wait, "stay put" is verb.motion?
Whatever the case, "a passion that usually stays in the tower" means the passion remains in the tower.
Look at Sense 4: definition=continue in a place, position, or situation. Synonyms: stay on, continue, remain.
Look at Sense 7: definition=stay behind. Synonyms: persist, remain. Examples: The smell stayed in the room; The hostility remained long after they made up.
"It is a passion that usually stays in the tower". Could this be Sense 4 or 7?
"It is a passion that usually stays in the tower" -> The passion remains in the tower. The smell stayed in the room.
Sense 7 fits perfectly: "The smell stayed in the room" -> "a passion that usually stays in the tower".
Wait, is "stays in the tower" meaning "stay behind"? Why is it called "stay behind"?
Ah, WordNet 3.0:
stay%2:42:04:: (stay behind) "The smell stayed in the room"; "The hostility remained long after they made up"
Maybe it means "persist", "remain".
Let's consider Sense 4: "continue in a place, position, or situation". Synonyms: stay on, continue, remain. "After graduation, she stayed on in Cambridge as a student adviser; Stay with me, please".
Sense 4 is about someone continuing in a place.
But "passion" is not a person. The examples for Sense 7 are "The smell stayed in the room" and "The hostility remained". Both are inanimate/abstract.
So Sense 7 is clearly the intended sense.

Let me double check Sense 1: "stay the same; remain in a certain state". "The dress remained wet". Here "wet" is a state.
"It is a passion that usually stays in the tower". "in the tower" is a place, not a state.
Sense 2: "stay put (in a certain place)". "We are staying in Detroit". This is for people.
So Sense 7 makes the most sense because of the example "The smell stayed in the room".

Wait, could it be Sense 4? "continue in a place, position, or situation".
"The smell stayed in the room" is exactly "The passion stays in the tower".
I'll choose 7.

Let's quickly check if there is any other interpretation.
"It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry."
So the passion is restricted to the tower, it stays in the tower.
Sense 7: "stay behind" -> Synonyms: persist, remain. "The smell stayed in the room". This represents something remaining in a location.
I am confident in 7.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tower
Target surface form: tower
Context:
Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the <t>tower</t>, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tower%1:06:00:: | definition=a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building
2. sense_key=tower%1:25:00:: | definition=anything that approximates the shape of a column or tower | synonyms=column, pillar | examples=the test tube held a column of white powder; a tower of dust rose above the horizon
3. sense_key=tower%1:06:01:: | definition=a powerful small boat designed to pull or push larger ships | synonyms=tugboat, tug, towboat

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about church bell ringing, in a belfry/tower. The "tower" here refers to the church tower where the bells are housed. Sense 1 fits: "a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building."

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: however
Target surface form: however
Context:
Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, <t>however</t>. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=however%4:02:00:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=nevertheless, withal, still, yet, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed
2. sense_key=however%4:02:04:: | definition=by contrast; on the other hand | examples=the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours
3. sense_key=however%4:02:02:: | definition=to whatever degree or extent | examples=The results, however general, are important; they have begun, however reluctantly, to acknowledge the legitimacy of some of the opposition's concerns
4. sense_key=however%4:02:01:: | definition=in whatever way or manner | examples=Victory, however it was brought about, was sweet; however he did it, it was very clever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "however" in the context: "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry."

Let's analyze the context.
The previous sentences discuss the intense passion and obsession ringers have for bell ringing. It quotes someone saying "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession".
Then it says: "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry."
The "however" here indicates a contrast or concession. Despite the intense passion for ringing, that passion is confined to the tower (they don't necessarily extend this passion to the church itself). In fact, they view the church as just an appendage to the tower.
So "however" means "by contrast; on the other hand" or "despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)".
Wait, the passion staying in the tower contrasts with the idea that ringers might be passionate about the church itself.
Sense 1: "despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=nevertheless, withal, still, yet, all the same, even so"
Sense 2: "by contrast; on the other hand | examples=the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours"

Is it a concession or a contrast?
"It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however." -> Meaning "However, it is a passion that usually stays in the tower."
The previous text says ringers have a passion/obsession for ringing. One might expect them to be deeply religious or passionate about the church because they spend so much time in the church tower ringing church bells.
"But" / "However", this passion stays in the tower. They don't care about the church, just the bells. This is a contrast with the expectation that they are passionate about the church.

Wait, "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however."
Could it be Sense 1: "nevertheless"?
"Ringing does become a bit of an obsession," admits Stephanie Pattenden... Nevertheless, it is a passion that usually stays in the tower.
If it is "nevertheless", it means despite the obsession, it stays in the tower.
If it is "by contrast", it contrasts the passion for ringing with their lack of passion for the church.
Wait, "however" at the end of a sentence often means "though" (Sense 1).
Let's look at the examples.
Sense 1: "although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed"
Sense 2: "the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours"

Let's see if it fits Sense 1 or 2.
"Ringing does become a bit of an obsession," admits Stephanie Pattenden... "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however."
Actually, "nevertheless" or "still" works here. "Ringing is an obsession. Still, it stays in the tower." This implies a concession: despite the obsession, it is confined to the tower.
Let's consider Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
"However" as a conjunctive adverb.
Usually, concession (Sense 1) is "in spite of that", "nevertheless". Contrast (Sense 2) is "on the other hand".
Here, "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however."
Is there a concession? "Ringing is an obsession" -> concession: it is just an obsession with ringing, not with the church.
"However" is often used as "though" at the end of a sentence. "It's a passion that usually stays in the tower, though." This usage is generally Sense 1 (nevertheless, still).
Wait, let's look at the context again: "More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry." This expands on "stays in the tower". It contrasts the ringing passion with the church.
Wait, if it's Sense 1: "despite anything to the contrary". What is the contrary? The obsession might imply they love the church, but contrary to that, they only love the bells.
Let's look at a similar text. "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession... It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however."
Could it be Sense 2? "by contrast". "Ringing is an obsession. By contrast, it stays in the tower." This doesn't make as much sense as "Nevertheless".
Actually, "however" at the end of a sentence in this manner is very commonly Sense 1: nevertheless, still, yet. Example: "I don't like him; he's a good worker, however." -> He's a good worker, though/nevertheless.
Let's check the definition of Sense 1: "despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)"
Definition of Sense 2: "by contrast; on the other hand"

If I say "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however", I could rewrite it as "However, it is a passion that usually stays in the tower."
Is it "On the other hand"? "Ringing is an obsession. On the other hand, it is a passion that usually stays in the tower." That doesn't sound like "on the other hand".
"Nevertheless, it is a passion that usually stays in the tower." - this means, despite the obsession, it stays in the tower. This implies that one might expect the obsession to spread to the church, but it doesn't.
Another angle: the quote says "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession". Then the narrator adds: "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however."
This means "Despite being an obsession, it stays in the tower."
I will bet on Sense 1.

Let's double check Sense 1 vs 2 in WordNet.
WordNet 3.1:
Sense 1: however (adverb) - despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession); "although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it"; "while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed"; "he was a stern yet fair master"; "granted that it is dangerous, all the same I still want to go"
Synonyms: nevertheless, withal, still, yet, all the same, even so, nonetheless

Sense 2: however (adverb) - by contrast; on the other hand; "the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours"

Sense 3: however (adverb) - to whatever degree or extent; "The results, however general, are important"; "they have begun, however reluctantly, to acknowledge the legitimacy of some of the opposition's concerns"

Sense 4: however (adverb) - in whatever way or manner; "Victory, however it was brought about, was sweet"; "however he did it, it was very clever"

In the text, "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however."
It clearly does not fit Sense 3 or Sense 4.
Could it be Sense 2? "By contrast, it stays in the tower." - No.
Could it be Sense 1? "Nevertheless, it stays in the tower." - Yes, despite being an obsession, it is confined.
Actually, it can be seen as "though". "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, though." This is a classic use of "however" as a sentence-final adverb meaning "nevertheless" or "though".

Let's consider if there's any reason it would be Sense 2.
The previous paragraph talks about the history and passion of ringing. This paragraph starts with a quote about it being an obsession. Then it says "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however." This contrasts the passion for ringing with the lack of interest in the church. "More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry."
Is it contrasting the passion with the church?
"Ringing is an obsession. However, it is a passion that stays in the tower."
If it were "by contrast", the two things being contrasted would be parallel. But here, it's saying "Despite the obsession, it doesn't extend to the church."
So Sense 1 is the best fit.

Wait, is there any chance it's Sense 2 because it contrasts with the previous sentence? "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession... However, it stays in the tower." Contrast vs Concession. Often, "however" can be either. But the sentence-final position "..., however." strongly aligns with the "though/nevertheless" meaning (Sense 1). Like "He is rich, however, he is not happy." (Wait, that's bad grammar, but "He is not happy, however.")
Sentence-final "however" is very commonly tagged as Sense 1. For example: "I am tired. I will go, however." -> Sense 1.
Another point: Sense 2 examples usually have it mid-sentence or clause-initial, contrasting two clauses. "the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours".
Sense 1 examples: "although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it" (Note: this example is a bit weird with 'although' and 'however' together, but it shows the concessive relation).

Let's assume Sense 1.
"despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)" -> The concession is "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession". Despite this obsession (which might imply a broader religious devotion), the passion stays in the tower.
It perfectly matches Sense 1.

Let's do a sanity check on Sense 1: index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: More
Context:
Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. <t>More</t> often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "more", surface form "More".
Context: "...It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. <t>More</t> often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry."

Sense 1: used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs (e.g., more interesting; more beautiful).
Sense 2: comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent (e.g., he works more now; they eat more than they should).

The context is "More often than not".
"Often" is an adverb.
"More" modifies "often".
Is "more often" the comparative of the adverb "often"? Yes.
Sense 1 definition: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs".
Sense 2 definition: "comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent".

In "more often", "more" is modifying "often", forming the comparative of the adverb "often". Wait, "more" is acting as a degree adverb, forming the comparative of "often". This aligns with Sense 1: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs".
Alternatively, is "more often" "to a greater degree or extent, often"? This would align with Sense 2.
Let's check the examples for Sense 1: "more interesting; more beautiful". Both are modifying adjectives. But the definition says "adjectives and adverbs".
Examples for Sense 2: "he works more now; they eat more than they should". These are standalone uses of "more" as an adverb modifying the verb (works, eat).

In "More often than not", "more" is forming the comparative of the adverb "often". So Sense 1 matches "form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs".
Wait, "often" is an adverb. So "more often" is the comparative of "often".
Sense 1: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs" -> This fits "more often".
Let's consider if Sense 2 is better. Sense 2 is "comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent". But "more often" uses "more" as a comparative of "often", not of "much". However, historically, "more" is the comparative of "much", but it's used periphrastically to form the comparative of other adjectives and adverbs.
Therefore, Sense 1 is specifically for the periphrastic comparative marker ("more interesting", "more often"). Sense 2 is for the adverbial use "to a greater degree or extent" where it's the comparative of "much" directly modifying a verb or a clause.
So Sense 1 is the best fit because "more" is forming the comparative of the adverb "often".

Let's double check.
"More often than not" -> "more" + "often".
Yes, Sense 1 applies to "comparative of some adjectives and adverbs".
So Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More <t>often</t> than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "often" in the context "More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry."

Let's analyze the context:
- "More often than not" is a set phrase meaning "frequently" or "in most cases".
- The sentence says "More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry."
- This implies that in many cases/instances, ringers think of the church in this way.

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. many times at short intervals (frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes) - example: we often met over a cup of coffee. This implies high frequency at short intervals.
2. frequently or in great quantities (much, a great deal) - example: I don't drink much. This relates to quantity.
3. in many cases or instances - This fits "more often than not" which means in most cases/instances. It refers to the probability or tendency of something happening.

In "More often than not, ringers think of the church as...", it means in many cases, ringers think this way. This is not necessarily about short intervals (sense 1) or quantity (sense 2), but about cases or instances (sense 3).

Also, the second sentence says "ringers often skip off to the local pub". But the target is the first "often" in "More often than not". "More often than not" is a common idiom meaning "usually" or "in most cases".

Sense 3: "in many cases or instances" fits this idiomatic usage better than sense 1 "many times at short intervals".

Let's verify. "More often than not" -> in most cases. Yes, sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, <t>ringers</t> think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about people who ring church bells, specifically discussing "skilled ringers" who use their wrists to advance or retard swings of bells, church bells, bell towers, belfries, etc. This clearly matches sense 1: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: think_of
Target surface form: think of
Context:
Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers <t>think of</t> the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=think_of%2:31:00:: | definition=keep in mind for attention or consideration | synonyms=remember | examples=Remember the Alamo; Remember to call your mother every day!
2. sense_key=think_of%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration, have in view | synonyms=entertain, toy with, flirt with, think about | examples=He entertained the notion of moving to South America
3. sense_key=think_of%2:31:01:: | definition=look on as or consider | synonyms=repute, regard as, look upon, look on, esteem, take to be | examples=she looked on this affair as a joke; He thinks of himself as a brilliant musician
4. sense_key=think_of%2:31:02:: | definition=intend to refer to | synonyms=have in mind, mean | examples=I'm thinking of good food when I talk about France; Yes, I meant you when I complained about people who gossip!
5. sense_key=think_of%2:36:00:: | definition=devise or invent | synonyms=think up, dream up, hatch, concoct | examples=He thought up a plan to get rich quickly; no-one had ever thought of such a clever piece of software
6. sense_key=think_of%2:31:04:: | definition=choose in one's mind | examples=Think of any integer between 1 and 25

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about ringers (bell ringers) who "think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry."

This means they regard or consider the church in a particular way - as something secondary to the belfry.

Sense 3: "look on as or consider" with synonyms like "regard as, look upon, take to be" and examples "she looked on this affair as a joke; He thinks of himself as a brilliant musician"

This fits perfectly: "think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry" - they regard the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry.

Sense index 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: church
Context:
Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the <t>church</t> as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses ringers (bell ringers) who think of the "church" as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry, and who skip off to the pub, "leaving worship for others below."

The ringers are in the tower (belfry), and the church is "below" them. They see the church as a physical building/place that is attached to the bottom of the belfry. The phrase "something stuck on the bottom of the belfry" suggests they view the church as a physical building/structure. They leave "worship for others below" - meaning the church service/worship happens down there, but the ringers see the church primarily as the physical building beneath the tower.

This is referring to the physical church building - sense 2 (church building, "a place for public worship"). The ringers think of the church as the physical structure/building that is below the belfry tower. They don't participate in the worship service; they're just there for the bells. The "church" here is the building.

Sense 1 is about a group/denomination of Christians.
Sense 2 is about the physical building/place of worship.
Sense 3 is about the church service.
Sense 4 is about the congregation/body of people.

The context says "ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry." This treats the church as a physical thing/building. "Something stuck on the bottom" - this is clearly referring to the physical building. The answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bottom
Target surface form: bottom
Context:
Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the <t>bottom</t> of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bottom%1:15:00:: | definition=the lower side of anything | synonyms=underside, undersurface
2. sense_key=bottom%1:15:01:: | definition=the lowest part of anything | examples=they started at the bottom of the hill
3. sense_key=bottom%1:08:00:: | definition=the fleshy part of the human body that you sit on | synonyms=buttocks, nates, arse, butt, backside, bum | examples=he deserves a good kick in the butt; are you going to sit on your fanny and do nothing?
4. sense_key=bottom%1:28:00:: | definition=the second half of an inning; while the home team is at bat | synonyms=bottom of the inning
5. sense_key=bottom%1:17:00:: | definition=a depression forming the ground under a body of water | synonyms=bed | examples=he searched for treasure on the ocean bed
6. sense_key=bottom%1:17:01:: | definition=low-lying alluvial land near a river | synonyms=bottomland
7. sense_key=bottom%1:06:00:: | definition=a cargo ship | synonyms=freighter, merchantman, merchant ship | examples=they did much of their overseas trade in foreign bottoms

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry."

The church is "stuck on the bottom of the belfry." The belfry is the tower where the bells are. The ringers are up in the tower, and they think of the church (the nave, the worship space) as something attached to the bottom of the belfry.

So "bottom" here refers to "the lower side of anything" (sense 1) or "the lowest part of anything" (sense 2).

The phrase "stuck on the bottom" suggests the underside/lower side of the belfry. The church is attached to the bottom (underside) of the belfry.

Sense 1: "the lower side of anything" - synonyms: underside, undersurface
Sense 2: "the lowest part of anything" - examples: "they started at the bottom of the hill"

"The bottom of the belfry" - the belfry is above, and the church is stuck on its bottom. This seems like "the lowest part" (sense 2) rather than "the lower side" (sense 1).

Actually, thinking about it more carefully: the ringers are up in the belfry (bell tower), looking down at the church below. From their perspective, the church is something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. The "bottom" here is the lowest part of the belfry structure. The church is attached at the bottom/lowest part of the tower.

Sense 2: "the lowest part of anything" with example "they started at the bottom of the hill" - this seems like the best fit. The bottom of the belfry = the lowest part of the belfry.

Sense 1: "the lower side of anything" (underside, undersurface) - this is more about the underside, the underneath surface. "Stuck on the bottom" could mean stuck on the underside, but in context, the church is at the bottom (lowest part) of the belfry tower, not on its underside.

I'll go with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: complete
Target surface form: completed
Context:
In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are <t>completed</t>, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below. This does not sit well with some clerics.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=complete%2:30:02:: | definition=come or bring to a finish or an end | synonyms=finish | examples=He finished the dishes; She completed the requirements for her Master's Degree
2. sense_key=complete%2:30:00:: | definition=bring to a whole, with all the necessary parts or elements | examples=A child would complete the family
3. sense_key=complete%2:41:00:: | definition=complete or carry out | synonyms=dispatch, discharge | examples=discharge one's duties
4. sense_key=complete%2:33:00:: | definition=complete a pass | synonyms=nail
5. sense_key=complete%2:32:00:: | definition=write all the required information onto a form | synonyms=fill out, fill in, make out | examples=fill out this questionnaire, please!; make out a form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about church bell ringers who perform "changes" (bell ringing patterns). When their changes are "completed", they go to the pub. This means they finished their ringing session - they brought it to a finish or an end.

Sense 1: "come or bring to a finish or an end" with synonyms "finish" and examples like "He finished the dishes" - this fits well. The changes (bell ringing sequences) were finished/completed.

Sense 2: "bring to a whole, with all the necessary parts or elements" - this is about completing something to make it whole, like completing a family. Not quite right here.

Sense 3: "complete or carry out" with synonyms dispatch, discharge, and example "discharge one's duties" - this is about carrying out duties/tasks. The ringing could be seen as a task or duty, but this sense seems more formal/administrative.

Sense 4: "complete a pass" - sports, not relevant.

Sense 5: "write all the required information onto a form" - not relevant.

Between sense 1 and sense 3: The context is about the ringers finishing their bell ringing (the changes). Sense 1 ("come or bring to a finish or an end") seems most appropriate because the changes are being finished/concluded. Sense 3 is more about carrying out duties formally.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work_up
Target surface form: worked up
Context:
In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have <t>worked up</t> a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below. This does not sit well with some clerics.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work_up%2:30:00:: | definition=form or accumulate steadily | synonyms=build up, build, progress | examples=Resistance to the manager's plan built up quickly; Pressure is building up at the Indian-Pakistani border
2. sense_key=work_up%2:29:00:: | definition=develop | synonyms=get up | examples=we worked up an as of an appetite
3. sense_key=work_up%2:30:06:: | definition=bolster or strengthen | synonyms=build up, build, ramp up | examples=We worked up courage; build up confidence
4. sense_key=work_up%2:30:03:: | definition=come up with | synonyms=work out | examples=His colleagues worked out his interesting idea; We worked up an ad for our client

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub"

The phrase is "worked up a sweat". This means to develop or accumulate a sweat through physical exertion.

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. form or accumulate steadily (build up, build, progress) - Examples: Resistance built up, Pressure is building up.
2. develop (get up) - Examples: we worked up an as of an appetite -> "worked up an appetite"
3. bolster or strengthen (build up, ramp up) - Examples: We worked up courage; build up confidence
4. come up with (work out) - Examples: His colleagues worked out his interesting idea; We worked up an ad

"Work up a sweat" and "work up an appetite" are very similar idiomatic expressions. They both mean to develop something through physical exertion.
Sense 2 has the example "we worked up an as of an appetite" (probably a typo in the gloss for "we worked up an appetite").
Sense 1 is "form or accumulate steadily". A sweat accumulates steadily? "worked up a sweat" means to develop a sweat.
Sense 2's definition is "develop", synonym "get up", example "we worked up an appetite". "Worked up a sweat" fits perfectly with "develop" and the example "worked up an appetite".

Let's double check sense 2.
Sense 2: definition=develop | synonyms=get up | examples=we worked up an as of an appetite
This perfectly matches "worked up a sweat".

Sense 1: form or accumulate steadily.
"worked up a sweat" - "worked up" in "work up a sweat" means to cause to accumulate or develop. "Sweat" accumulates.
However, "work up an appetite" and "work up a sweat" are often grouped together under a sense of "develop".
Also, "develop" makes more sense because "work up an appetite" isn't just accumulating an appetite, it's developing one.

Let's choose sense 2.

Wait, sense 2 example: "we worked up an as of an appetite" -> "we worked up an appetite".
Target: "worked up a sweat".
Sense 2 fits best.

Let's review the sense index. Sense 2.
I will return {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Inceptron


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sweat
Target surface form: sweat
Context:
In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a <t>sweat</t>, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below. This does not sit well with some clerics.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sweat%1:08:00:: | definition=salty fluid secreted by sweat glands | synonyms=perspiration, sudor | examples=sweat poured off his brow
2. sense_key=sweat%1:26:01:: | definition=agitation resulting from active worry | synonyms=fret, stew, lather, swither | examples=don't get in a stew; he's in a sweat about exams
3. sense_key=sweat%1:19:00:: | definition=condensation of moisture on a cold surface | examples=the cold glasses were streaked with sweat
4. sense_key=sweat%1:04:00:: | definition=use of physical or mental energy; hard work | synonyms=effort, elbow grease, exertion, travail | examples=he got an A for effort; they managed only with great exertion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about ringers (church bell ringers) who have "worked up a sweat" after completing their changes (ringing patterns). This refers to physical exertion from bell ringing, which is physically demanding.

Looking at the candidates:
1. sweat%1:08:00:: - salty fluid secreted by sweat glands - "sweat poured off his brow"
2. sweat%1:26:01:: - agitation resulting from active worry - "he's in a sweat about exams"
3. sweat%1:19:00:: - condensation of moisture on a cold surface
4. sweat%1:04:00:: - use of physical or mental energy; hard work - "he got an A for effort"

The phrase "worked up a sweat" typically means to sweat from physical exertion. Sense 1 is about the fluid itself (perspiration). Sense 4 is about the effort/work.

When someone says they "worked up a sweat," they mean they exerted themselves physically and produced sweat (the fluid). The phrase "worked up a sweat" emphasizes the physical exertion leading to actual sweating. However, "sweat" here refers to the fluid secreted by sweat glands (perspiration). They worked up a sweat = they produced sweat (the fluid) through exertion.

Sense 1 is about the fluid itself. In "worked up a sweat," the "sweat" refers to the salty fluid secreted by sweat glands. You "work up" (produce through effort) sweat (the fluid).

Sense 4 is about hard work/effort. "Sweat" as in "I put a lot of sweat into this project" would mean effort. But "worked up a sweat" specifically refers to producing actual perspiration through physical activity.

The context mentions "worked up a sweat" after ringing church bells. Bell ringing is physically demanding. They have literally produced sweat (perspiration) from the physical exertion. So sense 1 (salty fluid secreted by sweat glands) is the best fit. The phrase "worked up a sweat" means they have produced sweat (the physical fluid) through their exertion.

Sense 4 (hard work/effort) is more abstract - "sweat" as a synonym for effort/exertion. But "worked up a sweat" is an idiom meaning to start sweating from physical activity. The sweat here is literal sweat (perspiration), not metaphorical effort.

Let me reconsider. In "worked up a sweat," what does "sweat" refer to? It's an idiomatic expression. The idiom "work up a sweat" means to exert oneself physically enough to sweat. The "sweat" in this idiom is literal sweat (perspiration). So sense 1 fits.

But wait - sense 4 is "use of physical or mental energy; hard work." Could "worked up a sweat" mean "worked up some effort"? That doesn't sound right. "Worked up a sweat" clearly means producing actual sweat (the fluid) through exertion.

So sense 1 is the best fit: "salty fluid secreted by sweat glands" - "sweat poured off his brow." The context describes ringers who have physically exerted themselves and produced sweat.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, <t>ringers</t> often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below. This does not sit well with some clerics.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about people who ring church bells, specifically in the context of change ringing and bell ringing as a hobby/passion. The text mentions "ringing as a passion," "ringers are filled with the solemn intoxication," "master of the band at St. Mary Abbot," "stays in the tower," "belfry," "changes are completed," and "leaving worship for others below."

Sense 1 is "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" with synonyms "toller, bell ringer." This clearly matches the context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers <t>often</t> skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below. This does not sit well with some clerics.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "often" in the sentence: "When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below."

Sense 1: many times at short intervals. Examples: "we often met over a cup of coffee"
Sense 2: frequently or in great quantities. Examples: "I don't drink much; I don't travel much"
Sense 3: in many cases or instances. No examples given.

In this context, "ringers often skip off to the local pub" means in many cases, ringers do this. It describes a habitual or frequent occurrence but not necessarily "at short intervals" (though it could be). Let's compare sense 1 and sense 3.
Sense 1 implies high frequency ("many times at short intervals").
Sense 3 implies frequency across different cases/instances ("in many cases or instances").

"ringers often skip off to the local pub" -> this describes what ringers generally tend to do. "In many cases or instances, ringers skip off to the local pub." This fits perfectly with sense 3.
Sense 1 ("many times at short intervals") could also work, but the phrase "many times at short intervals" implies a very high frequency, almost continuously. "In many cases or instances" is a more general frequency that fits better with "usually" or "frequently". "In many cases" fits the idea of a group of people doing something as a pattern.

Wait, let's look at the context. "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower... More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry... ringers often skip off to the local pub".
"More often than not" is a fixed expression meaning "frequently" or "usually".
Here "often" means "frequently" or "in many cases".
If it means "frequently", sense 1 is a candidate. But "many times at short intervals" is a specific kind of frequency.
"in many cases or instances" (sense 3) is very fitting for "ringers often skip off" - meaning, when ringers finish, in many instances they go to the pub.

Let's check the examples.
Sense 1: "we often met over a cup of coffee" (habitual action, high frequency)
Sense 3: "in many cases or instances" (more about proportion of cases)

"ringers often skip off to the local pub" - does it mean they do it many times at short intervals, or in many cases? I think it means in many cases (of their ringing sessions), they go to the pub.

Actually, both 1 and 3 are very close. Often is generally synonymous with frequently. Let's consider which index is best.
"in many cases or instances" fits better with the generality of the statement about ringers. "Frequently" also works. But "many times at short intervals" might be too specific about the shortness of the intervals. "In many cases" implies it happens a lot but isn't strictly about intervals. Let's choose 3.

Wait, is there any distinction?
Often (1): many times at short intervals.
Often (3): in many cases or instances.

"Ringers often skip off to the local pub" -> It is generally true that ringers do this. It's a pattern. "In many cases" fits this pattern well. Let's select 3.