[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: give
Target surface form: given
Context:
Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be <t>given</t> for up to five days How does Cerenia work?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=give%2:40:03:: | definition=cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense | examples=She gave him a black eye; The draft gave me a cold
2. sense_key=give%2:40:05:: | definition=be the cause or source of | synonyms=yield, afford | examples=He gave me a lot of trouble; Our meeting afforded much interesting information
3. sense_key=give%2:40:00:: | definition=transfer possession of something concrete or abstract to somebody | examples=I gave her my money; can you give me lessons?
4. sense_key=give%2:40:07:: | definition=convey or reveal information | examples=Give one's name
5. sense_key=give%2:32:01:: | definition=convey, as of a compliment, regards, attention, etc.; bestow | synonyms=pay | examples=Don't pay him any mind; give the orders
6. sense_key=give%2:36:02:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, make | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
7. sense_key=give%2:32:00:: | definition=convey or communicate; of a smile, a look, a physical gesture | synonyms=throw | examples=Throw a glance; She gave me a dirty look
8. sense_key=give%2:40:01:: | definition=give as a present; make a gift of | synonyms=gift, present | examples=What will you give her for her birthday?
9. sense_key=give%2:36:03:: | definition=cause to happen or be responsible for | synonyms=yield | examples=His two singles gave the team the victory
10. sense_key=give%2:31:02:: | definition=dedicate | synonyms=pay, devote | examples=give thought to; give priority to
11. sense_key=give%2:36:00:: | definition=give or supply | synonyms=render, yield, return, generate | examples=The cow brings in 5 liters of milk; This year's crop yielded 1,000 bushels of corn
12. sense_key=give%2:40:09:: | definition=transmit (knowledge or skills) | synonyms=impart, leave, pass on | examples=give a secret to the Russians; leave your name and address here
13. sense_key=give%2:36:01:: | definition=bring about | synonyms=establish | examples=The trompe l'oeil-illusion establishes depth
14. sense_key=give%2:40:02:: | definition=leave with; give temporarily | examples=Can I give you my keys while I go in the pool?; Can I give you the children for the weekend?
15. sense_key=give%2:41:00:: | definition=emit or utter | examples=Give a gulp; give a yelp
16. sense_key=give%2:40:10:: | definition=endure the loss of | synonyms=sacrifice | examples=He gave his life for his children; I gave two sons to the war
17. sense_key=give%2:40:06:: | definition=place into the hands or custody of | synonyms=pass, hand, reach, pass on, turn over | examples=hand me the spoon, please; Turn the files over to me, please
18. sense_key=give%2:32:03:: | definition=give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause | synonyms=dedicate, consecrate, commit, devote | examples=She committed herself to the work of God; give one's talents to a good cause
19. sense_key=give%2:40:13:: | definition=give (as medicine) | examples=I gave him the drug
20. sense_key=give%2:40:14:: | definition=give or convey physically | synonyms=apply | examples=She gave him First Aid; I gave him a punch in the nose
21. sense_key=give%2:32:02:: | definition=bestow | synonyms=render | examples=give homage; render thanks
22. sense_key=give%2:40:11:: | definition=bestow, especially officially | synonyms=grant | examples=grant a degree; give a divorce
23. sense_key=give%2:38:00:: | definition=move in order to make room for someone for something | synonyms=move over, give way, ease up, yield | examples=The park gave way to a supermarket; `Move over,' he told the crowd
24. sense_key=give%2:34:00:: | definition=give food to | synonyms=feed | examples=Feed the starving children in India; don't give the child this tough meat
25. sense_key=give%2:40:08:: | definition=contribute to some cause | synonyms=contribute, chip in, kick in | examples=I gave at the office
26. sense_key=give%2:38:13:: | definition=break down, literally or metaphorically | synonyms=collapse, fall in, cave in, give way, break, founder | examples=The wall collapsed; The business collapsed
27. sense_key=give%2:31:00:: | definition=estimate the duration or outcome of something | examples=He gave the patient three months to live; I gave him a very good chance at success
28. sense_key=give%2:41:10:: | definition=execute and deliver | examples=Give bond
29. sense_key=give%2:40:12:: | definition=deliver in exchange or recompense | examples=I'll give you three books for four CDs
30. sense_key=give%2:40:15:: | definition=afford access to | synonyms=afford, open | examples=the door opens to the patio; The French doors give onto a terrace
31. sense_key=give%2:36:13:: | definition=present to view | examples=He gave the sign to start
32. sense_key=give%2:36:12:: | definition=perform for an audience | examples=Pollini is giving another concert in New York
33. sense_key=give%2:35:00:: | definition=be flexible under stress of physical force | synonyms=yield | examples=This material doesn't give
34. sense_key=give%2:34:10:: | definition=propose | examples=He gave the first of many toasts at the birthday party
35. sense_key=give%2:32:11:: | definition=accord by verdict | examples=give a decision for the plaintiff
36. sense_key=give%2:32:08:: | definition=manifest or show | examples=This student gives promise of real creativity; The office gave evidence of tampering
37. sense_key=give%2:32:15:: | definition=offer in good faith | examples=He gave her his word
38. sense_key=give%2:32:14:: | definition=submit for consideration, judgment, or use | examples=give one's opinion; give an excuse
39. sense_key=give%2:32:09:: | definition=guide or direct, as by behavior of persuasion | examples=You gave me to think that you agreed with me
40. sense_key=give%2:32:07:: | definition=allow to have or take | examples=I give you two minutes to respond
41. sense_key=give%2:32:10:: | definition=inflict as a punishment | examples=She gave the boy a good spanking; The judge gave me 10 years
42. sense_key=give%2:30:13:: | definition=occur | examples=what gives?
43. sense_key=give%2:29:11:: | definition=consent to engage in sexual intercourse with a man | examples=She gave herself to many men
44. sense_key=give%2:29:10:: | definition=proffer (a body part) | examples=She gave her hand to her little sister

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about a veterinary medicine (Cerenia) being administered to dogs for up to five days. The sentence is: "For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days"

This is about administering medicine. Looking at the senses:

- Sense 19: "give (as medicine)" with example "I gave him the drug" - this is clearly the best fit.

Let me verify. The context is about giving medicine (Cerenia tablets/injections) to dogs. Sense 19 specifically mentions giving medicine, with the example "I gave him the drug."

The answer is sense 19.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: day
Target surface form: days
Context:
Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five <t>days</t> How does Cerenia work?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=day%1:28:00:: | definition=time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis | synonyms=twenty-four hours, twenty-four hour period, 24-hour interval, solar day, mean solar day | examples=two days later they left; they put on two performances every day
2. sense_key=day%1:28:03:: | definition=some point or period in time | examples=it should arrive any day now; after that day she never trusted him again
3. sense_key=day%1:28:01:: | definition=a day assigned to a particular purpose or observance | examples=Mother's Day
4. sense_key=day%1:28:02:: | definition=the time after sunrise and before sunset while it is light outside | synonyms=daytime, daylight | examples=the dawn turned night into day; it is easier to make the repairs in the daytime
5. sense_key=day%1:28:04:: | definition=the recurring hours when you are not sleeping (especially those when you are working) | examples=my day began early this morning; it was a busy day on the stock exchange
6. sense_key=day%1:28:05:: | definition=an era of existence or influence | examples=in the day of the dinosaurs; in the days of the Roman Empire
7. sense_key=day%1:28:07:: | definition=the period of time taken by a particular planet (e.g. Mars) to make a complete rotation on its axis | examples=how long is a day on Jupiter?
8. sense_key=day%1:28:06:: | definition=the time for one complete rotation of the earth relative to a particular star, about 4 minutes shorter than a mean solar day | synonyms=sidereal day
9. sense_key=day%1:26:00:: | definition=a period of opportunity | examples=he deserves his day in court; every dog has his day
10. sense_key=day%1:18:00:: | definition=United States writer best known for his autobiographical works (1874-1935) | synonyms=Clarence Day, Clarence Shepard Day Jr.

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The context is "Cerenia can be given for up to five days". Here "days" refers to a period of time measured in 24-hour cycles. "For up to five days" means for up to five 24-hour periods.

Sense 1: "time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis" with synonyms like "twenty-four hours, twenty-four hour period, 24-hour interval, solar day, mean solar day" and examples like "two days later they left". This fits "five days" meaning five 24-hour periods.

So the answer is sense 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: receptor
Target surface form: receptor
Context:
Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) <t>receptor</t>, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=receptor%1:08:01:: | definition=a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response
2. sense_key=receptor%1:08:00:: | definition=an organ having nerve endings (in the skin or viscera or eye or ear or nose or mouth) that respond to stimulation | synonyms=sense organ, sensory receptor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about Cerenia, a drug that blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system.
Sense 1: "a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response"
Sense 2: "an organ having nerve endings (in the skin or viscera or eye or ear or nose or mouth) that respond to stimulation" (sense organ, sensory receptor)

The context refers to a specific cellular/molecular structure (neurokinin 1 receptor) that a drug (Cerenia) blocks. This aligns perfectly with Sense 1.

Sense 1 = sense_index 1.
Sense 2 = sense_index 2.

I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studied
Context:
It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been <t>studied</t>? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%2:31:02:: | definition=consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning | synonyms=analyze, analyse, examine, canvass, canvas | examples=analyze a sonnet by Shakespeare; analyze the evidence in a criminal trial
2. sense_key=study%2:31:03:: | definition=be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning
3. sense_key=study%2:39:00:: | definition=give careful consideration to | synonyms=consider | examples=consider the possibility of moving
4. sense_key=study%2:31:00:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, read, take | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
5. sense_key=study%2:31:01:: | definition=learn by reading books | synonyms=hit the books | examples=He is studying geology in his room; I have an exam next week; I must hit the books now
6. sense_key=study%2:31:04:: | definition=think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes | synonyms=meditate, contemplate | examples=He is meditating in his study

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about how a drug (Cerenia) has been "studied" - meaning clinical trials and research studies were conducted to evaluate it.

Sense 1: "consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning" - synonyms include analyze, examine. This fits the context of studying/testing a drug through clinical trials.

The other senses are about being a student (2, 4), reading books (5), or meditating (6), which don't fit.

Sense 3 "give careful consideration to" is too general and doesn't fit as well as sense 1.

Sense 1 is the best match - studying a drug involves detailed analysis and examination to discover its effects and safety.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of <t>studies</t> with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "studies" in the context: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"

Here, "studies" refers to scientific investigations or research studies conducted to evaluate the drug Cerenia. These are detailed critical inspections or surveys/research investigations.

Let me look at the senses:
1. study%1:04:00:: - a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
3. study%1:10:00:: - a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale

The context talks about studies being "carried out" - this suggests the activity/process of investigation rather than just the written document. However, in medical/pharmaceutical context, "studies" often refers to clinical trials or research studies, which could be either the investigation itself or the resulting reports.

Sense 1 (a detailed critical inspection) seems most appropriate because the studies were "carried out" - they are investigations/research activities. The synonym "survey" also fits the idea of systematic investigation.

Sense 3 (a written document describing findings) could also fit since studies often result in reports, but the context emphasizes the studies being "carried out" (conducted) rather than being read or referenced as documents.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: carry_out
Target surface form: carried out
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were <t>carried out</t> either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=carry_out%2:36:00:: | definition=put in effect | synonyms=carry through, accomplish, execute, action, fulfill, fulfil | examples=carry out a task; execute the decision of the people
2. sense_key=carry_out%2:30:00:: | definition=pursue to a conclusion or bring to a successful issue | synonyms=follow through, follow up, follow out, implement, put through, go through | examples=Did he go through with the treatment?; He implemented a new economic plan

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "carry_out" with surface form "carried out".
Context: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises..."
The sentence means that studies were conducted or performed.
Sense 1: definition=put in effect | synonyms=carry through, accomplish, execute, action, fulfill, fulfil | examples=carry out a task; execute the decision of the people
Sense 2: definition=pursue to a conclusion or bring to a successful issue | synonyms=follow through, follow up, follow out, implement, put through, go through | examples=Did he go through with the treatment?; He implemented a new economic plan

Wait, "carry out a study" means to perform or conduct a study.
Sense 1 is "put in effect", "accomplish", "execute". This fits "carry out a task".
Sense 2 is "pursue to a conclusion or bring to a successful issue", "implement". Example: "Did he go through with the treatment?".
"Studies were carried out" -> "Studies were performed/conducted/accomplished".
Sense 1 fits better for "carry out a task". Sense 2 implies following through on a plan or treatment. Studies are conducted, accomplished. Let's look closely at the synonyms.
Sense 1: accomplish, execute, fulfill.
Sense 2: follow through, follow up, implement, put through, go through.

"carry out a study" -> perform a study. This is usually sense 1 (accomplish/execute). Sense 2 is about implementing a plan. "Studies were carried out" -> "A large number of studies... were accomplished/executed/performed".
Actually, "carry out" in "carry out a study" is definitely closer to "carry out a task" (sense 1).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: laboratory
Target surface form: laboratory
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in <t>laboratory</t> dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=laboratory%1:06:00:: | definition=a workplace for the conduct of scientific research | synonyms=lab, research lab, research laboratory, science lab, science laboratory
2. sense_key=laboratory%1:15:00:: | definition=a region resembling a laboratory inasmuch as it offers opportunities for observation and practice and experimentation | synonyms=testing ground | examples=the new nation is a testing ground for socioeconomic theories; Pakistan is a laboratory for studying the use of American troops to combat terrorism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context mentions "laboratory dogs" which refers to dogs kept in a laboratory setting for scientific research purposes. The word "laboratory" here modifies "dogs" to indicate they are dogs used in a lab.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. A workplace for the conduct of scientific research - this fits "laboratory dogs" as dogs in a research lab.
2. A region resembling a laboratory offering opportunities for observation and practice - this is more metaphorical, like a "testing ground."

In the context, "laboratory dogs" refers to dogs housed in a laboratory (a workplace for scientific research) as opposed to "animal patients at veterinary practises." So sense 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dog
Target surface form: dogs
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory <t>dogs</t> or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: | definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | synonyms=domestic dog, Canis familiaris | examples=the dog barked all night
2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: | definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | synonyms=frump | examples=she got a reputation as a frump; she's a real dog
3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: | definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | synonyms=cad, bounder, blackguard, hound, heel | examples=you dirty dog
5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: | definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll | synonyms=frank, frankfurter, hotdog, wiener, wienerwurst, weenie
6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: | definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward | synonyms=pawl, detent, click
7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: | definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | synonyms=andiron, firedog, dog-iron | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about veterinary treatment, Cerenia, studies with laboratory dogs, and veterinary practices. The word "dogs" here clearly refers to the domesticated animal, the genus Canis.

Sense 1 matches: a member of the genus Canis that has been domesticated by man, occurs in many breeds.

The answer is sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: several
Target surface form: several
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in <t>several</t> European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00 | definition=(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many | examples=several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident
2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00 | definition=considered individually | synonyms=respective, various | examples=the respective club members; specialists in their several fields
3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=distinct and individual | examples=three several times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "several" in the context: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA."

Sense 1: (used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many. Examples: "several letters came in the mail", "several people were injured in the accident".

Sense 2: considered individually. Synonyms: respective, various. Examples: "the respective club members", "specialists in their several fields".

Sense 3: distinct and individual. Examples: "three several times".

In the context, "several European countries" means an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many. It does not mean "considered individually" (like "respective") nor "distinct and individual" (like "three several times"). It's simply referring to a number of European countries, more than a couple but not many.

So Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: benefit
Target surface form: benefit
Context:
For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What <t>benefit</t> has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=benefit%1:21:00:: | definition=financial assistance in time of need
2. sense_key=benefit%1:07:00:: | definition=something that aids or promotes well-being | synonyms=welfare | examples=for the benefit of all
3. sense_key=benefit%1:10:00:: | definition=a performance to raise money for a charitable cause

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "benefit" in the context: "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"
Cerenia is a medicine for dogs (preventing/treating vomiting).
The "benefit" here refers to the positive outcome or advantage demonstrated by the medicine in studies. This relates to "something that aids or promotes well-being".
Sense 1: financial assistance (incorrect)
Sense 2: something that aids or promotes well-being, synonyms=welfare (correct, refers to health/medical benefit)
Sense 3: a performance to raise money (incorrect)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: shown
Context:
For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia <t>shown</t> during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "shown" in the context: "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."

The context is about a medicine (Cerenia) and what benefit it has "shown" during studies. The results showed effectiveness.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. show%2:39:02:: - give an exhibition of to an interested audience (demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate) - This is about exhibitions/demos, not quite right.

2. show%2:31:00:: - establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment (prove, demonstrate, establish, shew) - Examples: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound" - This is about establishing validity through experiments/studies.

3. show%2:32:00:: - provide evidence for (testify, bear witness, prove, evidence) - Examples: "The blood test showed that he was the father" - This is about providing evidence.

4. show%2:39:00:: - make visible or noticeable - Examples: "She showed her talent for cooking"

The question is "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?" - This is asking what benefit was demonstrated/proven/evidenced during the studies.

Sense 2 (establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment) seems very relevant because the context is about studies/experiments establishing the validity/effectiveness of Cerenia.

Sense 3 (provide evidence for) is also relevant, as the studies provide evidence for the benefit.

Let me look more carefully:

The sentence: "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"

This is asking about what benefit Cerenia has demonstrated/proven during studies. The following sentence says "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo."

Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" - The example "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound" is very close to the context of studies showing effectiveness.

Sense 3: "provide evidence for" - The example "The blood test showed that he was the father" is about providing evidence.

The context is about studies establishing the validity of Cerenia's effectiveness. Sense 2 seems to be the best fit because it specifically mentions "experiment" and "establish the validity of something," which matches the context of clinical studies demonstrating the effectiveness of a medicine.

Actually, let me reconsider. "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?" - The subject is "benefit" and the verb is "shown." The benefit is what is being shown/demonstrated.

Sense 3: "provide evidence for" - The studies provide evidence for the benefit.

Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" - The studies establish the validity of the benefit.

Both are close, but sense 2 seems more appropriate because it specifically mentions experiments and establishing validity, which is exactly what clinical studies do.

Wait, but looking at the structure: "What benefit has Cerenia shown" - Cerenia is the subject, and it has "shown" a benefit. This is more like "demonstrate" or "provide evidence for."

Sense 2 with synonyms "prove, demonstrate, establish, shew" and the example "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound" seems to be the best match. The studies demonstrated/established the validity of Cerenia's effectiveness.

Actually, I think sense 3 might be slightly better because "provide evidence for" is more about showing/providing evidence, which is what the studies did - they provided evidence for the benefit of Cerenia.

But sense 2's example "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound" is very close to "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective."

Let me look at the definitions again:

Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment"
Sense 3: "provide evidence for"

The context is about studies showing/demonstrating the benefit of a medicine. This is about establishing validity through experiments, which aligns with sense 2.

I'll go with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the <t>studies</t>? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about clinical trials/studies for a veterinary drug (Cerenia). The word "studies" refers to detailed critical inspections or investigations carried out to evaluate the drug's effectiveness.

Let me look at the candidates:

1. study%1:04:00:: - a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. study%1:09:03:: - applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject
3. study%1:10:00:: - a written document describing findings
4. study%1:09:04:: - a state of deep mental absorption
5. study%1:06:00:: - a room used for reading and writing
6. study%1:09:02:: - a branch of knowledge
7. study%1:06:01:: - preliminary drawing
8. study%1:09:01:: - attentive consideration and meditation
9. study%1:18:00:: - someone who memorizes quickly
10. study%1:10:01:: - a composition for developing technique

The context talks about "studies with Cerenia were carried out" and "The results of the studies showed..." This refers to research studies/investigations.

Sense 1 (a detailed critical inspection) seems the best fit - these are scientific studies/investigations of the drug.

Sense 3 (a written document describing findings) could also be considered, but the context refers to the studies as activities that were "carried out" rather than documents that were written. The "results of the studies" suggests the studies are investigations, not the reports themselves.

Sense 1 is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The <t>results</t> of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."
The target lemma is "result" and the surface form is "results".
The phrase is "The results of the studies".
This refers to the outcome or findings of the studies.
Let's look at the senses:
1. "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" (consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot)
2. "a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem" (solution, answer, resolution, solvent)
3. "something that results" (resultant, final result, outcome, termination)
4. "the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause" (resultant role)

"Results of the studies" could be sense 1 or sense 3.
Sense 1 is consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot.
Sense 3 is resultant, final result, outcome, termination.
In "the results of the studies", it means the outcome or findings.
Actually, the results of a study are often considered an outcome (sense 1 or 3). Wait, WordNet often groups "results" in this context under "result%1:03:00::" or something, but here we have 1, 2, 3, 4.
Let's see: "he listened for the results on the radio" for sense 3. This perfectly matches the "results of a study" or "results of an election", which is the final outcome.
Sense 1 example: "the magnetic effect was greater...", "his decision had depressing consequences..."
"The results of the studies showed..." It is the outcome of the studies. So it matches sense 3 ("something that results", "he listened for the results on the radio").
Let's consider if it could be 1. Sense 1 is a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon. Sense 3 is something that results.
Actually, WordNet 3.0 has:
Sense 1: consequence, effect, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot (a phenomenon that follows...)
Sense 3: result, resultant, final result, outcome, termination (something that results)
"the results of the studies showed that..."
"results" here means the outcome or the final result of the studies. The example "he listened for the results on the radio" refers to election results or sports results, which are final outcomes. Studies' results are also final outcomes.
So sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the <t>studies</t> showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "studies" in the context: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."

This refers to scientific studies, clinical trials, research studies. Let me look at the candidate senses.

1. study%1:04:00:: - a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. study%1:09:03:: - applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject
3. study%1:10:00:: - a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. study%1:09:04:: - a state of deep mental absorption
5. study%1:06:00:: - a room used for reading and writing and studying
6. study%1:09:02:: - a branch of knowledge
7. study%1:06:01:: - preliminary drawing for later elaboration
8. study%1:09:01:: - attentive consideration and meditation
9. study%1:18:00:: - someone who memorizes quickly and easily
10. study%1:10:01:: - a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique

The context is about clinical/scientific studies that were carried out. The results of the studies showed something. This could be sense 1 (a detailed critical inspection) or sense 3 (a written document describing findings).

Sense 3 has the example "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" which is about research studies that produce findings. The context mentions "The results of the studies showed that..." - this is talking about the findings/results of research studies.

Actually, let me think more carefully. "Studies" here refers to research studies/clinical trials. These are investigations carried out to determine the effectiveness of a drug.

Sense 1: "a detailed critical inspection" with synonym "survey" - this could refer to the act of studying/investigating.
Sense 3: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" with synonyms "report, written report" - this refers to the written report/document.

In the context, "studies" refers to the research investigations themselves, not necessarily the written documents. But the results of studies are discussed, which implies findings were produced.

Actually, in common usage, "studies" in medical/scientific context refers to research investigations. These could be either the act of investigation (sense 1) or the resulting document (sense 3).

The context says "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out" - this suggests the studies are activities/investigations that were carried out. Then "The results of the studies showed that..." - the results came from these investigations.

Sense 1 "a detailed critical inspection" seems to fit the idea of a scientific study as an investigation. But sense 3 "a written document describing the findings" also fits since studies produce results/findings.

I think sense 3 is more appropriate here because:
- The example "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" is very similar to the medical research context
- The studies have "results" that "showed" something, which aligns with a report/document describing findings
- The synonyms "report, written report" fit well with scientific studies that are published

Actually, let me reconsider. "Studies were carried out" - you carry out an investigation/inspection. A written document is produced as a result. The studies themselves are the investigations. But in scientific discourse, "studies" often refers to the research projects/investigations.

Sense 1 "a detailed critical inspection" - this is closer to the investigation itself. But "inspection" doesn't quite capture the full scope of a scientific study.

Sense 3 "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" - this captures the output/results aspect. The context talks about "results of the studies" which aligns with studies having findings.

I think sense 3 is the best fit. The example "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" is very close to the medical research context, and the definition mentions "findings" which matches "results" in the context.

Let me go with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: showed
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies <t>showed</t> that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "showed" in the context: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo"

This means the results provided evidence or established the validity of something.

Let's look at the senses:
1. give an exhibition of to an interested audience (demo, exhibit)
2. establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment (prove, demonstrate, establish)
3. provide evidence for (testify, bear witness, prove, evidence)
4. make visible or noticeable
5. show in, or as in, a picture
6. give expression to
7. indicate a place, direction
8. be or become visible
9. indicate a certain reading; of gauges
10. give evidence of, as of records
11. take someone to their seats
12. finish third in a race

The context says "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo". The results provided evidence that it was more effective.

Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" - synonyms: prove, demonstrate, establish.
Sense 3: "provide evidence for" - synonyms: testify, bear witness, prove, evidence.
Sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records" - example "The diary shows his distress that evening".

"The results showed that..." is very close to "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound" (Sense 2). It's also close to Sense 3 "provide evidence for".
However, "results showed that" usually means "established/proved that".
Wait, "provide evidence for" (Sense 3) might fit well: "The results provided evidence for [the fact that] Cerenia was more effective".
Sense 2: "establish the validity of something... The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound". "The results showed that Cerenia was more effective" -> the studies established the validity of Cerenia being more effective.

Let's compare Sense 2 and Sense 3.
Sense 2: establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment. Example: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound".
Sense 3: provide evidence for. Example: "The blood test showed that he was the father".

"The blood test showed that he was the father" is very syntactically and semantically similar to "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo." Both involve providing evidence for a proposition ("that...").

Let's look at the synonyms for 3: testify, bear witness, prove, evidence.
Let's look at the synonyms for 2: prove, demonstrate, establish, shew.

Is there a better match? Sense 3 has the example "The blood test showed that he was the father". This is almost identical structurally to "The results showed that Cerenia was...".

Sense 3 it is.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was <t>more</t> effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "more", surface form "more".
Context: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."
"more effective" -> "effective" is an adjective. "more" is used to form the comparative of the adjective "effective".

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

"more effective" matches the definition and examples of sense 1 ("more interesting; more beautiful").
Sense 2 is about "more" as an adverb of degree meaning "to a greater degree" modifying a verb or acting independently, like "works more" or "eat more".

So sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effective
Target surface form: effective
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more <t>effective</t> than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effective%3:00:00:: | definition=producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect; -LewisMumford | synonyms=effectual, efficacious | examples=an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witch's broomstick for rapid long-distance transportation; effective teaching methods
2. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively; -G.B.Shaw | synonyms=efficient | examples=people who will do nothing unless they get something out of it for themselves are often highly effective persons...; effective personnel
3. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:efficacious:00 | definition=works well as a means or remedy | examples=an effective reprimand; a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat
4. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
5. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:actual:00 | definition=existing in fact; not theoretical; real | examples=a decline in the effective demand; confused increased equipment and expenditure with the quantity of effective work done
6. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operational:00 | definition=ready for service | examples=the fort was held by about 100 effective soldiers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "effective" in the context: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo..."

Here, "effective" means that the medicine (Cerenia) works well as a remedy - it produces the intended result of preventing/treating vomiting in dogs.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect" - synonyms: effectual, efficacious. This is a general sense about producing intended results.
2. "able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively" - synonyms: efficient. This is about people/personnel being competent.
3. "works well as a means or remedy" - examples: "an effective reprimand; a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat." This is specifically about remedies/means working well.
4. "exerting force or influence" - synonyms: good, in effect, in force. This is about laws/warranties being in force.
5. "existing in fact; not theoretical; real" - about actual/real things.
6. "ready for service" - about soldiers being operational.

The context is about a medicine (Cerenia) being more effective than a placebo. This is clearly about a remedy working well. Sense 3 specifically mentions "works well as a means or remedy" with examples like "a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat" - which is very similar to a medicine being effective.

Sense 1 is also possible ("producing or capable of producing an intended result"), but sense 3 is more specific to remedies and medicines.

The best match is sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: placebo
Target surface form: placebo
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the <t>placebo</t>: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=placebo%1:06:00:: | definition=an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug
2. sense_key=placebo%1:04:00:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about a clinical study comparing Cerenia (a medication) with a placebo. The placebo is used as a control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug. This matches sense 1: "an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug".

Sense 2 is about Roman Catholic Church vespers, which is completely irrelevant here.

So the best sense is sense 1.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: less
Target surface form: less
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: <t>less</t> vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=less%3:00:00:: | definition=(comparative of `little' usually used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning not as great in amount or degree | examples=of less importance; less time to spend with the family
2. sense_key=less%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=(usually preceded by `no') lower in quality | examples=no less than perfect
3. sense_key=less%5:00:00:fewer:00 | definition=(nonstandard in some uses but often idiomatic with measure phrases) fewer | examples=less than three weeks; no less than 50 people attended

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "less" in the context "less vomiting was seen in dogs".
"Vomiting" is a mass noun here (an uncountable activity/substance-like concept).
Sense 1: (comparative of `little' usually used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning not as great in amount or degree. Examples: of less importance; less time to spend with the family.
Sense 3: (nonstandard in some uses but often idiomatic with measure phrases) fewer. Examples: less than three weeks; no less than 50 people attended.

"vomiting" acts as a mass noun here (amount of vomiting). So "less vomiting" means a smaller amount of vomiting.
This perfectly aligns with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: see
Target surface form: seen
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was <t>seen</t> in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=see%2:39:00:: | definition=perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight | examples=You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?
2. sense_key=see%2:31:01:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realize, realise | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
3. sense_key=see%2:39:02:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
4. sense_key=see%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind | synonyms=visualize, visualise, envision, project, fancy, figure | examples=I can't see him on horseback!; I can see what will happen
5. sense_key=see%2:31:00:: | definition=deem to be | synonyms=consider, reckon, view, regard | examples=She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow
6. sense_key=see%2:31:02:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
7. sense_key=see%2:39:03:: | definition=see or watch | synonyms=watch, view, catch, take in | examples=view a show on television; This program will be seen all over the world
8. sense_key=see%2:38:00:: | definition=come together | synonyms=meet, run into, encounter, run across, come across | examples=I'll probably see you at the meeting; How nice to see you again!
9. sense_key=see%2:32:00:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, find out, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works
10. sense_key=see%2:31:03:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=check, insure, see to it, ensure, control, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
11. sense_key=see%2:41:11:: | definition=go to see for professional or business reasons | examples=You should see a lawyer; We had to see a psychiatrist
12. sense_key=see%2:41:12:: | definition=go to see for a social visit | examples=I went to see my friend Mary the other day
13. sense_key=see%2:41:10:: | definition=go to see a place, as for entertainment | synonyms=visit | examples=We went to see the Eiffel Tower in the morning
14. sense_key=see%2:41:14:: | definition=take charge of or deal with | synonyms=attend, take care, look | examples=Could you see about lunch?; I must attend to this matter
15. sense_key=see%2:35:09:: | definition=receive as a specified guest | examples=the doctor will see you now; The minister doesn't see anybody before noon
16. sense_key=see%2:41:00:: | definition=date regularly; have a steady relationship with | synonyms=go steady, go out, date | examples=Did you know that she is seeing an older man?; He is dating his former wife again!
17. sense_key=see%2:39:05:: | definition=see and understand, have a good eye | examples=The artist must first learn to see
18. sense_key=see%2:31:08:: | definition=deliberate or decide | examples=See whether you can come tomorrow; let's see--which movie should we see tonight?
19. sense_key=see%2:39:11:: | definition=observe as if with an eye | examples=The camera saw the burglary and recorded it
20. sense_key=see%2:39:13:: | definition=observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect | synonyms=examine | examples=The customs agent examined the baggage; I must see your passport before you can enter the country
21. sense_key=see%2:39:12:: | definition=go or live through | synonyms=experience, go through | examples=We had many trials to go through; he saw action in Viet Nam
22. sense_key=see%2:38:03:: | definition=accompany or escort | synonyms=escort | examples=I'll see you to the door
23. sense_key=see%2:33:00:: | definition=match or meet | examples=I saw the bet of one of my fellow players
24. sense_key=see%2:31:13:: | definition=make sense of; assign a meaning to | synonyms=interpret, construe | examples=What message do you see in this letter?; How do you interpret his behavior?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "seen" in the context: "less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo".

Here, "was seen" means "was observed" or "was witnessed" - it's describing what the studies showed/observed as a result.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. perceive by sight - too literal
2. perceive mentally - not quite
3. perceive or be contemporaneous with - synonyms: witness, find - "We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school" - this could work, as "seen" here means "observed/witnessed" in the study results
4. imagine - no
5. deem to be - no
6. get to know or become aware of - no
7. see or watch - "This program will be seen all over the world" - this is about viewing/watching
8. come together - no
9. find out with certainty - no
10. be careful to do something - no
11. go to see for professional reasons - no
12. go to see for social visit - no
13. go to see a place - no
14. take charge of - no
15. receive as guest - no
16. date regularly - no
17. see and understand, have a good eye - no
18. deliberate or decide - no
19. observe as if with an eye - "The camera saw the burglary and recorded it" - this is about observation
20. examine - no
21. go or live through - no
22. accompany - no
23. match or meet - no
24. make sense of - no

The context is: "less vomiting was seen in dogs" - meaning vomiting was observed/noted in the dogs.

Sense 3: "perceive or be contemporaneous with" with synonyms "witness, find" and examples like "We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school" - This seems to fit well. "Less vomiting was witnessed/observed" in dogs.

Sense 19: "observe as if with an eye" - "The camera saw the burglary and recorded it" - this is more about direct visual observation by something.

I think sense 3 is the best fit. The sentence is talking about what was observed/witnessed in the study - "less vomiting was seen" = "less vomiting was witnessed/observed/found". The synonym "find" and the example "We found Republicans winning the offices" align well with the idea of study results showing something.

Actually, let me reconsider. The context is describing results that were observed in a study. "Less vomiting was seen" is passive voice meaning "observers saw less vomiting" or "less vomiting was observed."

Sense 3: "perceive or be contemporaneous with" - synonyms: witness, find - examples: "We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school"

This fits well - the studies found/witnessed less vomiting in the treated dogs.

I'll go with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dog
Target surface form: dogs
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in <t>dogs</t> that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: | definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | synonyms=domestic dog, Canis familiaris | examples=the dog barked all night
2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: | definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | synonyms=frump | examples=she got a reputation as a frump; she's a real dog
3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: | definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | synonyms=cad, bounder, blackguard, hound, heel | examples=you dirty dog
5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: | definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll | synonyms=frank, frankfurter, hotdog, wiener, wienerwurst, weenie
6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: | definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward | synonyms=pawl, detent, click
7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: | definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | synonyms=andiron, firedog, dog-iron | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about Cerenia, a medicine for vomiting in dogs, studied in laboratory dogs and veterinary patients. The word "dogs" refers to the animal, specifically domesticated dogs.

Sense 1: domestic dog, Canis familiaris - this matches perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: medicine
Target surface form: medicine
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the <t>medicine</t> than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=medicine%1:09:00:: | definition=the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques | synonyms=medical specialty
2. sense_key=medicine%1:06:00:: | definition=(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease | synonyms=medication, medicament, medicinal drug
3. sense_key=medicine%1:04:00:: | definition=the learned profession that is mastered by graduate training in a medical school and that is devoted to preventing or alleviating or curing diseases and injuries | synonyms=practice of medicine | examples=he studied medicine at Harvard
4. sense_key=medicine%1:04:02:: | definition=punishment for one's actions | synonyms=music | examples=you have to face the music; take your medicine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses Cerenia, which is a drug given to dogs to treat or prevent vomiting. The target word "medicine" refers to a substance that treats or alleviates symptoms of disease.

Sense 2: "(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease | synonyms=medication, medicament, medicinal drug" - This is the correct sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dog
Target surface form: dogs
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in <t>dogs</t> that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: | definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | synonyms=domestic dog, Canis familiaris | examples=the dog barked all night
2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: | definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | synonyms=frump | examples=she got a reputation as a frump; she's a real dog
3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: | definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | synonyms=cad, bounder, blackguard, hound, heel | examples=you dirty dog
5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: | definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll | synonyms=frank, frankfurter, hotdog, wiener, wienerwurst, weenie
6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: | definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward | synonyms=pawl, detent, click
7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: | definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | synonyms=andiron, firedog, dog-iron | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about veterinary medicine, Cerenia, and dogs as animal patients. The word "dogs" refers to the domestic dog, Canis familiaris.

Sense 1: a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | synonyms=domestic dog, Canis familiaris | examples=the dog barked all night

This is the correct sense.

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: placebo
Target surface form: placebo
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a <t>placebo</t>, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=placebo%1:06:00:: | definition=an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug
2. sense_key=placebo%1:04:00:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "placebo" in a medical/veterinary context about a drug called Cerenia. The context discusses studies comparing Cerenia to a placebo in dogs to measure efficacy in preventing vomiting. This clearly matches sense 1: "an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug."

Sense 2 relates to Roman Catholic Church vespers, which is completely irrelevant here.