[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: family
Target surface form: families
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain <t>families</t>. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=family%1:14:02:: | definition=a social unit living together | synonyms=household, house, home, menage | examples=he moved his family to Virginia; It was a good Christian household
2. sense_key=family%1:14:00:: | definition=primary social group; parents and children | synonyms=family unit | examples=he wanted to have a good job before starting a family
3. sense_key=family%1:14:04:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category | examples=there are two classes of detergents
4. sense_key=family%1:14:01:: | definition=people descended from a common ancestor | synonyms=family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry | examples=his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower
5. sense_key=family%1:18:00:: | definition=a person having kinship with another or others | synonyms=kin, kinsperson | examples=he's kin; he's family
6. sense_key=family%1:14:03:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera | examples=sharks belong to the fish family
7. sense_key=family%1:14:06:: | definition=a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities | synonyms=syndicate, crime syndicate, mob
8. sense_key=family%1:14:05:: | definition=an association of people who share common beliefs or activities | synonyms=fellowship | examples=the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family; the church welcomed new members into its fellowship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses cancers that "seem to haunt certain families." The text is about inherited genetic defects causing cancer, explaining why certain cancers run in families due to genetic inheritance. This relates to people descended from a common ancestor - sense 4 (family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry), with the example "his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower." The idea of cancers "haunting" families refers to genetic lineage across generations.

Sense 1 (household) refers to people living together, but the context is about inherited genes across generations, not just cohabiting.
Sense 2 (parents and children) is a primary social group, but again this is about lineage/inheritance across generations.
Sense 4 (people descended from a common ancestor) best fits because the text discusses inheriting defective genes and cancers running in families across generations.

The answer is sense 4.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: story
Target surface form: story
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The <t>story</t> of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=story%1:10:03:: | definition=a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program | synonyms=narrative, narration, tale | examples=his narrative was interesting; Disney's stories entertain adults as well as children
2. sense_key=story%1:10:00:: | definition=a piece of fiction that narrates a chain of related events | examples=he writes stories for the magazines
3. sense_key=story%1:06:00:: | definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, level, storey | examples=what level is the office on?
4. sense_key=story%1:10:04:: | definition=a record or narrative description of past events | synonyms=history, account, chronicle | examples=a history of France; he gave an inaccurate account of the plot to kill the president
5. sense_key=story%1:10:01:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=report, news report, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
6. sense_key=story%1:10:02:: | definition=a trivial lie | synonyms=fib, tale, tarradiddle, taradiddle | examples=he told a fib about eating his spinach; how can I stop my child from telling stories?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The context is about the history/background of tumor-suppressor genes, going back to the 1970s. "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s" - this is referring to the history or account of these genes.

Sense 4: definition=a record or narrative description of past events | synonyms=history, account, chronicle | examples=a history of France; he gave an inaccurate account of the plot to kill the president

This fits best - it's talking about the history/account of how the understanding of tumor-suppressor genes developed, going back to the 1970s.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: go_back
Target surface form: goes back
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes <t>goes back</t> to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=go_back%2:42:00:: | definition=belong to an earlier time | synonyms=date back, date from | examples=This story dates back 200 years
2. sense_key=go_back%2:32:00:: | definition=return in thought or speech to something | synonyms=recur
3. sense_key=go_back%2:30:00:: | definition=regain a former condition after a financial loss | synonyms=recover, recuperate | examples=We expect the stocks to recover to $2.90; The company managed to recuperate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed..."

This means the story belongs to an earlier time (the 1970s). It's about dating back to an earlier time.

Sense 1: "belong to an earlier time" with synonyms "date back, date from" and example "This story dates back 200 years" - this fits perfectly.

Sense 2: "return in thought or speech to something" - this could potentially fit but the context is about the origin/history of the story, not returning to something in thought.

Sense 3: "regain a former condition after a financial loss" - clearly doesn't fit.

The best sense is 1.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: name
Target surface form: named
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician <t>named</t> Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=name%2:32:03:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=call | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=name%2:32:02:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=identify | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. sense_key=name%2:41:01:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=nominate, make | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
4. sense_key=name%2:41:00:: | definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, nominate, constitute | examples=nominate a committee
5. sense_key=name%2:32:07:: | definition=mention and identify by name | examples=name your accomplices!
6. sense_key=name%2:32:04:: | definition=make reference to | synonyms=mention, advert, bring up, cite, refer | examples=His name was mentioned in connection with the invention
7. sense_key=name%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe
8. sense_key=name%2:32:09:: | definition=give or make a list of; name individually; give the names of | synonyms=list | examples=List the states west of the Mississippi
9. sense_key=name%2:31:00:: | definition=determine or distinguish the nature of a problem or an illness through a diagnostic analysis | synonyms=diagnose

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The context is: "a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr."

This means the pediatrician has the name Alfred G. Knudson Jr. The sentence is identifying someone by their name. "a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr."

Sense 1: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to - "They named their son David" - this is the act of giving a name to someone.
Sense 2: give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property - "Many senators were named in connection with the scandal" - this is identifying someone by name.
Sense 7: identify as in botany or biology, for example - "identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe"

The phrase "a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr." is using "named" to identify the pediatrician by his name. It's a common construction: "a person named X" means "a person who has the name X".

Sense 1 is about assigning a name to someone (like parents naming a child).
Sense 2 is about referring to someone by name or identifying characteristics.
Sense 5: mention and identify by name.
Sense 6: make reference to.

Actually, "a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr." - the pediatrician is identified by the name Alfred G. Knudson Jr. This is closest to Sense 2, which is "give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property".

Wait, let me reconsider. In "a man named John", "named" means "called" or "having the name". This is a stative construction, not an active assignment of a name. But WordNet senses are often for the active verb.

Sense 1: "They named their son David" - assignment of a name.
Sense 2: "Many senators were named in connection with the scandal" - identifying/mentioning by name.

In "a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr.", the author is identifying the pediatrician by giving his name. This seems like Sense 2, where we refer to someone by name.

However, Sense 1 could also apply if we interpret "named" as "called" - i.e., the pediatrician is called Alfred G. Knudson Jr. The synonym "call" fits this construction well. "A pediatrician called Alfred G. Knudson Jr."

But Sense 1's definition is "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" - this implies the action of naming/giving a name. The context here is not about the act of naming the pediatrician, but rather the pediatrician having that name.

Actually, in many WSD tasks, "named" in "a man named John" is often mapped to Sense 1 (call/named), because the synonym "call" works here: "a pediatrician called Alfred G. Knudson Jr."

But the definition "assign a specified proper name to" doesn't quite match "having the name". It's more about the act of naming.

Sense 2's definition: "give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name" - "Many senators were named in connection with the scandal" means the senators were identified/referred to by name. In our context, the pediatrician is being referred to by name (Alfred G. Knudson Jr.).

I think Sense 2 is the best fit because the author is giving the name of the pediatrician, i.e., identifying him by name.

Actually, let me reconsider Sense 1 again. The synonym "call" is very apt here: "a pediatrician called Alfred G. Knudson Jr." The definition says "assign a specified proper name to" but the example includes "The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader" which is also about the school having that name.

Hmm, but "named after" is a specific construction. The first example "They named their son David" is clearly the act of naming.

Sense 2 example: "Many senators were named in connection with the scandal" - here "named" means "identified" or "mentioned by name".

In our context, "a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr." - the author is identifying the pediatrician by mentioning his name. This aligns with Sense 2.

But wait, let me think about this more carefully. The construction "X named Y" where X is a person and Y is a proper noun can mean:
1. X was given the name Y (by someone else) - e.g., "a boy named Sue"
2. X is identified as Y - e.g., "the man named John was arrested"

In "a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr.", it means the pediatrician has the name Alfred G. Knudson Jr. This is a reduced relative clause: "a pediatrician who is named Alfred G. Knudson Jr." or "a pediatrician who is called Alfred G. Knudson Jr."

If we interpret it as "who is called Alfred G. Knudson Jr.", then Sense 1 (synonym: call) fits.
If we interpret it as "who is identified as Alfred G. Knudson Jr.", then Sense 2 (synonym: identify) fits.

I think in standard English, "a person named John" means "a person called John" - i.e., a person whose name is John. This is more aligned with Sense 1's synonym "call" than with Sense 2's synonym "identify".

Sense 2 is more about the act of identifying someone by name in a particular context (like "Many senators were named in connection with the scandal" - the senators were identified as being connected to the scandal).

So I think Sense 1 is the better fit because "named" here functions like "called" - it's describing what the person's name is, not the act of identifying them in an investigation or report.

Let me reconsider once more. The definition of Sense 1 is "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to". In "a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr.", the pediatrician was assigned the name Alfred G. Knudson Jr. (by his parents). The adjective "named" in this construction is the past participle of "name" meaning "having been given the name".

Yes, I think Sense 1 is the best fit. The pediatrician was named (given the name) Alfred G. Knudson Jr., and the construction "a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr." uses this past participle to identify the person.

Actually, I'm now leaning toward Sense 2. Let me look at the definitions again:

Sense 1: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=call | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
Sense 2: give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=identify | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months

In the context, the author is writing an article and introduces a pediatrician by giving his name: "a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr." The author is giving the name of the pediatrician - i.e., identifying him. This aligns with Sense 2: "give the name... of; refer to by name."

But Sense 1's synonym "call" also works: "a pediatrician called Alfred G. Knudson Jr."

The key difference is:
- Sense 1: The act of assigning a name (parents naming a child)
- Sense 2: The act of referring to someone by name (identifying them)

In "a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr.", the "named" is a stative construction meaning "who has the name" or "who is called". It's not about the author actively naming/identifying the pediatrician; it's a description of the pediatrician's name.

I think this is Sense 1 because:
1. The synonym "call" fits perfectly: "a pediatrician called Alfred G. Knudson Jr."
2. The past participle "named" in this construction derives from the verb "to name" meaning "to give a name to" (Sense 1), and the resulting participle means "having been given the name".

So I'll go with Sense 1.

Actually, I want to reconsider one more time. Let me look at Sense 5: "mention and identify by name | examples=name your accomplices!" - this is about mentioning someone by name.

And Sense 6: "make reference to | synonyms=mention, advert, bring up, cite, refer | examples=His name was mentioned in connection with the invention" - this is about making reference to someone.

In the context, the author mentions the pediatrician by name: "a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr." This could be Sense 5 or 6, but those seem more about the act of mentioning in speech or writing, not the stative construction "named X" meaning "having the name X".

I'm going to go with Sense 1. The construction "a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr." means "a pediatrician who was named (given the name) Alfred G. Knudson Jr." or equivalently "a pediatrician called Alfred G. Knudson Jr." The synonym "call" in Sense 1 captures this well.

Final answer: Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: propose
Target surface form: proposed
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. <t>proposed</t> that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=propose%2:32:00:: | definition=make a proposal, declare a plan for something | synonyms=suggest, advise | examples=the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax
2. sense_key=propose%2:31:00:: | definition=present for consideration, examination, criticism, etc. | synonyms=project | examples=He proposed a new plan for dealing with terrorism; She proposed a new theory of relativity
3. sense_key=propose%2:31:01:: | definition=propose or intend | synonyms=aim, purpose, purport | examples=I aim to arrive at noon
4. sense_key=propose%2:41:00:: | definition=put forward; nominate for appointment to an office or for an honor or position | synonyms=nominate | examples=The President nominated her as head of the Civil Rights Commission
5. sense_key=propose%2:32:01:: | definition=ask (someone) to marry you | synonyms=declare oneself, offer, pop the question | examples=he popped the question on Sunday night; she proposed marriage to the man she had known for only two months

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "proposed" in the context: "a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that..."

Sense 1: "make a proposal, declare a plan for something" - example about abolishing sales tax.
Sense 2: "present for consideration, examination, criticism, etc." - example "He proposed a new plan", "She proposed a new theory of relativity".
Sense 3: "propose or intend" - example "I aim to arrive at noon".
Sense 4: "put forward; nominate for appointment" - nominating someone.
Sense 5: "ask (someone) to marry you".

In this context, Knudson proposed a theory/hypothesis about retinoblastoma stemming from genetic defects. The next sentence says "He theorized that...". This aligns best with Sense 2: "present for consideration, examination, criticism, etc." The example "She proposed a new theory of relativity" fits very well here.

Sense 1 is about declaring a plan for something (like a political proposal). Sense 2 is about presenting a theory or idea for consideration. Since Knudson proposed a scientific hypothesis/theory, Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stem
Target surface form: stemmed
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma <t>stemmed</t> from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stem%2:42:00:: | definition=grow out of, have roots in, originate in | examples=The increase in the national debt stems from the last war
2. sense_key=stem%2:42:03:: | definition=cause to point inward | examples=stem your skis
3. sense_key=stem%2:30:00:: | definition=stop the flow of a liquid | synonyms=stanch, staunch, halt | examples=staunch the blood flow; stem the tide
4. sense_key=stem%2:30:01:: | definition=remove the stem from | examples=for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects." This means retinoblastoma originated from or had its roots in two separate genetic defects.

Sense 1: "grow out of, have roots in, originate in" - This fits perfectly. The cancer (retinoblastoma) originated from two genetic defects.

Sense 2: "cause to point inward" - Not relevant.

Sense 3: "stop the flow of a liquid" - Not relevant here.

Sense 4: "remove the stem from" - Not relevant.

The best sense is clearly sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: separate
Target surface form: separate
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two <t>separate</t> genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=separate%3:00:00:: | definition=independent; not united or joint | examples=a problem consisting of two separate issues; they went their separate ways
2. sense_key=separate%5:00:00:detached:00 | definition=standing apart; not attached to or supported by anything | synonyms=freestanding | examples=a freestanding bell tower; a house with a separate garage
3. sense_key=separate%5:00:02:segregated:00 | definition=separated according to race, sex, class, or religion | examples=separate but equal; girls and boys in separate classes
4. sense_key=separate%5:00:02:unconnected:00 | definition=have the connection undone; having become separate | synonyms=disjoined

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "separate" in the context: "two separate genetic defects."

The sentence: "Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."

Here, "separate" means independent, not united or joint. The two genetic defects are distinct/independent issues.

Sense 1: independent; not united or joint | examples=a problem consisting of two separate issues

This fits well - two separate genetic defects means two independent genetic defects.

Sense 2: standing apart; not attached to or supported by anything - doesn't fit (these are genetic defects, not physical structures)

Sense 3: separated according to race, sex, class, or religion - doesn't fit

Sense 4: have the connection undone; having become separate - doesn't fit (the defects didn't become separate, they are inherently separate/independent)

The best sense is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate <t>genetic</t> defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "genetic" in the context sentence: "...retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. occurring among members of a family usually by heredity
2. of or relating to or produced by or being a gene
3. pertaining to or referring to origin
4. of or relating to the science of genetics

In the context: "two separate genetic defects" and "inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
The text talks about inheriting "damaged copy of a gene" - the defects are in the genes.
Is "genetic defects" referring to familial/hereditary occurrences, or genes, or science of genetics?
"genetic defects" means defects in the genes.
Let's see:
Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" -> examples: genic combinations; genetic code. "genetic defects" fits perfectly here, meaning defects of a gene.
Sense 1: "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity" -> examples: an inherited disease; familial traits. Does "genetic defects" here mean "familial defects"? Not necessarily, it refers to defects in the DNA/genes themselves.
Wait, the text says "infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent". So the defect is in the gene.
Therefore, it's Sense 2.

Let's double check Sense 1: "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity". "Genetic defects" could mean hereditary defects, but the sentence specifies "inherited a damaged copy of a gene". So the defects are of or relating to a gene.
Wait, WordNet 3.0 has:
Adjective S: genetic (adj)
1. familial, genetic, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible -- occurring among members of a family usually by heredity; "an inherited disease"; "familial traits"; "genetically transmitted features"
2. genetical, genetic -- of or relating to or produced by or being a gene; "genic combinations"; "genetic code"
3. genetical, genetic -- of or relating to the science of genetics; "genetic research"

Let's look closely at the phrase: "two separate genetic defects." A "genetic defect" means a defect in a gene. Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" fits perfectly for "genetic defect" meaning a defect of a gene.
Wait, but does Sense 1 apply to "genetic" as in inherited? The text says "inherited a damaged copy of a gene". So the defect is in the gene. If "genetic" means "of or relating to a gene", it fits "genetic defects" better than "occurring among members of a family".
Let's check if "genetic defects" could mean Sense 1? No, "genetic" in "genetic defects" usually refers to the gene. "Genetic" is an adjective modifying "defects", so the defects are related to genes.

Sense 2 fits "of or relating to ... a gene". The defects are defects of the gene. So Sense 2 is the best.

Let's review Sense 1 definition: "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity". "Genetic defects" here refers to the nature of the defect (in the genes), not that the defects "occur among members of a family". While the context discusses heredity, the phrase "genetic defects" specifically means "gene defects".

Let's check WordNet sense 1 examples: "genetically transmitted features". In the context, it's "two separate genetic defects". It means two defects in the genes.
I'll go with Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: defect
Target surface form: defects
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic <t>defects</t>. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=defect%1:26:01:: | definition=an imperfection in a bodily system | examples=visual defects; this device permits detection of defects in the lungs
2. sense_key=defect%1:07:01:: | definition=a failing or deficiency | synonyms=shortcoming | examples=that interpretation is an unfortunate defect of our lack of information
3. sense_key=defect%1:26:00:: | definition=an imperfection in an object or machine | synonyms=fault, flaw | examples=a flaw caused the crystal to shatter; if there are any defects you should send it back to the manufacturer
4. sense_key=defect%1:07:00:: | definition=a mark or flaw that spoils the appearance of something (especially on a person's body) | synonyms=blemish, mar | examples=a facial blemish

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "genetic defects" related to cancer and tumor-suppressor genes. The word "defects" here refers to imperfections in a bodily system - specifically genetic defects that lead to cancer.

Sense 1: "an imperfection in a bodily system" with examples "visual defects; this device permits detection of defects in the lungs" - This fits well as genetic defects are imperfections in a bodily/genetic system.

Sense 2: "a failing or deficiency" - more abstract, about shortcomings.

Sense 3: "an imperfection in an object or machine" - about physical objects, not biology.

Sense 4: "a mark or flaw that spoils the appearance" - about appearance.

Sense 1 is the best fit because the context is about genetic defects in the body (bodily system), specifically related to cancer development.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: theorize
Target surface form: theorized
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He <t>theorized</t> that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=theorize%2:31:00:: | definition=to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds | synonyms=speculate, theorise, conjecture, hypothesize, hypothesise, hypothecate | examples=Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps
2. sense_key=theorize%2:31:02:: | definition=construct a theory about | examples=Galileo theorized the motion of the stars
3. sense_key=theorize%2:31:01:: | definition=form or construct theories | examples=he thinks and theorizes all day

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "theorized" used in context: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

Sense 1: "to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds" with examples like "Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps" and synonyms like "speculate, conjecture, hypothesize". This fits well because Knudson proposed a hypothesis/tentative belief about the genetic defects causing retinoblastoma.

Sense 2: "construct a theory about" with example "Galileo theorized the motion of the stars". This involves constructing a theory about something, but the context shows "He theorized that..." which is more about proposing a hypothesis/belief.

Sense 3: "form or construct theories" with example "he thinks and theorizes all day". This is more general and doesn't fit as well.

The context "He theorized that..." is very similar to "Scientists supposed that..." in sense 1. Knudson was proposing a tentative hypothesis based on uncertain grounds. The structure "theorized that [clause]" matches sense 1's example structure best.

Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: eye
Target surface form: eye
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the <t>eye</t> cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=eye%1:08:00:: | definition=the organ of sight | synonyms=oculus, optic
2. sense_key=eye%1:09:00:: | definition=good discernment (either visually or as if visually) | examples=she has an eye for fresh talent; he has an artist's eye
3. sense_key=eye%1:09:01:: | definition=attention to what is seen | examples=he tried to catch her eye
4. sense_key=eye%1:15:00:: | definition=an area that is approximately central within some larger region | synonyms=center, centre, middle, heart | examples=it is in the center of town; they ran forward into the heart of the struggle
5. sense_key=eye%1:06:00:: | definition=a small hole or loop (as in a needle) | examples=the thread wouldn't go through the eye

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about retinoblastoma, which is a cancer of the eye. The phrase is "in the eye cancer" - referring to cancer of the eye. The target word "eye" here refers to the organ of sight.

Sense 1: the organ of sight - this fits because retinoblastoma is eye cancer, cancer of the organ of sight.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye <t>cancer</t>, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "cancer" appears in the context: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

This refers to retinoblastoma, which is a type of eye cancer. The context discusses tumor-suppressor genes, malignant growth, tumors, and the medical condition cancer.

Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division" - this is the medical definition of cancer, which fits perfectly.

The other senses are about astrology (zodiac sign, constellation) and a genus of crabs, none of which fit the context.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant <t>inherited</t> a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about inheriting genes from parents - genetic transmission. Sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a <t>damaged</t> copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about genetics and cancer. The word "damaged" is used to describe a copy of a gene: "an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent." This means the gene is physically harmed or spoiled - it has genetic defects.

Sense 1: harmed or injured or spoiled - fits the idea of a damaged gene copy
Sense 2: being unjustly brought into disrepute - this is about reputation, not genes

Clearly sense 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged <t>copy</t> of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "copy" in the context of genetics: "an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

Here, "copy" refers to a duplicate of a gene. Each person has two copies of each gene (one from each parent). So "copy" here means a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. transcript (legal/school record) - not relevant
2. a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing - examples include "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" - this fits well with genetics context
3. matter to be printed - not relevant
4. material for journalistic account - not relevant

Sense 2 is clearly the best fit. The example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" even has a biological/genetic connotation that aligns with the gene context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: parent
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one <t>parent</t> and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "parent" in the context: "an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

The context discusses human genetics, cancer, inheritance of genes from parents (father or mother) to infants.

Sense 1: a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
Sense 2: an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

While sense 2 is about organisms from which younger ones are obtained (which could include humans), sense 1 is more specific to human parents (father or mother). The context is clearly about human infants inheriting genes from their parents.

However, looking more carefully, in genetics/biology contexts, "parent" often refers to the organism that produces offspring. But in this specific context, it's talking about a human infant inheriting a gene from "one parent" - this refers to the father or mother of the child.

Sense 1 seems most appropriate here because the context is about human families, infants inheriting genes from their father or mother.

Actually, let me reconsider. The context is specifically about genetic inheritance - "an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent." This is a biological/genetic context where "parent" refers to the organism (human) from which the offspring obtains genetic material.

Sense 2 says "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained" - this is the biological sense of parent in genetics.

But Sense 1 says "a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to" - this also fits.

In WordNet, sense 1 (parent%1:18:00::) is in the noun.act or person domain (1:18 refers to person), while sense 2 (parent%1:03:00::) is in the noun.animal or biological domain (1:03 refers to animal/plant organisms).

Given that the context is about human inheritance and the passage talks about families, infants, and human parents (father or mother), Sense 1 seems like the better fit. The word "parent" here refers to the human parent (mother or father) of the infant.

I'll go with Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a <t>normal</t> copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about genetics and cancer. A "normal" copy of a gene refers to a standard, non-mutated, functioning copy, as opposed to a damaged or defective one. Let's evaluate the options.
1. normal%3:00:01:: - conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal.
2. normal%3:00:02:: - in accordance with scientific laws
3. normal%3:00:03:: - being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development
4. normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 - forming a right angle

The text contrasts "damaged copy" with "normal copy". It means the standard, undamaged version, conforming to the expected standard/type. This aligns best with sense 1: "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal <t>copy</t> from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "copy" appears in a genetic/biological context: "an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

Here, "copy" refers to a version or instance of a gene. Each person has two copies of each gene - one from each parent. In this context, "copy" means a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing - i.e., a copy of a gene (since genes are replicated).

Sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" with examples like "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" - this fits well with the genetic context where a gene copy is a replica/version of a gene.

The answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: developed
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, <t>developed</t> when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "developed" in the context: "The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged."

This means the tumor came into existence or arose when the second copy was damaged.
Looking at the senses:
- Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape" with synonyms like "originate, arise, spring up, grow". Examples: "A new religious movement originated in that country".
This fits well: the tumor developed (came into existence) when the second copy was damaged.

Let's look at sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment". Example: "A flower developed on the branch". A tumor growing might also fit here, but sense 5 emphasizes coming into existence.

Let's look at sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" with examples "The patient developed abdominal pains". This is a transitive/inchoative sense related to acquiring a medical condition, but "developed" here is intransitive ("The tumor developed"). However, "The patient developed abdominal pains" implies the pains came into existence. "The tumor developed" means the tumor came into existence or took shape.

Actually, a tumor developing is often used in the sense of "come into existence; take on form or shape" (Sense 5) or "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve..." (Sense 10).
Wait, let's look at sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape" - synonyms: originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow. Example: "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship". This fits "The tumor developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged" very well, because the tumor *arose* or *came into existence* when the second event happened.

Let's check sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment" - example: "A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower".

Could it be sense 4? "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" - "He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains". This is typically used when a patient develops a disease or symptom. But here the subject is "The tumor", not the patient. A tumor develops -> a tumor comes into existence.

Let's re-read sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape". This aligns perfectly with "The tumor ... developed when..." (arose / originated / came into existence when).

Let me search for similar contexts.
In medical contexts, "cancer developed" often maps to "come into existence; take on form or shape".
Another option: sense 10 "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve". A tumor develops by growing.
But "developed when" implies it started / originated then. "come into existence" is exactly that.
Let's consider Sense 5. Examples: "A new religious movement originated in that country". Synonyms: originate, arise.

Let's check Sense 20: "happen" - synonyms: break, recrudesce. Example: "Report the news as it develops". "The tumor developed" means it happened? No, it grew.

Let's reconsider Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)". Examples: "He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains". The patient developed abdominal pains -> the pains came into existence.
If "the tumor developed", it's an intransitive use.
Is there an intransitive use of Sense 4? "The patient developed abdominal pains" is transitive. The sense definition says "come to have or undergo a change of...".
Sense 5 definition: "come into existence; take on form or shape". This is intransitive. "The tumor developed" = The tumor came into existence.

What about Sense 10? "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment". Examples: "A flower developed on the branch". "The tumor developed" could fit here as well, as a biological growth. But "when the second, normal copy also was damaged" specifies the origin or starting point, implying it *came into existence* at that point. Therefore, Sense 5 seems better.

Let's evaluate Sense 5 vs Sense 10.
Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape". Synonyms: originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow. Examples: "A new religious movement originated in that country"; "a love that sprang up from friendship".
Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment". Examples: "A flower developed on the branch"; "The country developed into a mighty superpower".
"The tumor... developed when..." The word "when" indicates the time of its creation/origin. "originated" fits "when".
Sense 5 fits best.

Wait, looking at the provided options carefully.
Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)". This could also apply to a tumor developing, but it's usually transitive (patient developed a tumor).
Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape". Synonyms: originate, arise.
Let's consider Sense 5. {"sense_index": 5}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: second
Target surface form: second
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the <t>second</t>, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "second" in the context: "The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged."

Here, "second" refers to the second copy of a gene (the first being the damaged one inherited from one parent, and the second being the normal one from the other parent). This is an ordinal use - coming next after the first.

Sense 1: coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude - this fits perfectly.
Sense 2: a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section - this is about music, clearly not applicable.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, <t>normal</t> copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses tumor-suppressor genes, where an infant inherits a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a "normal" copy from the other. The "normal" copy here means the standard, typical, non-defective version of the gene - the one that functions properly as opposed to the damaged one.

Sense 1: "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal" - This fits well. The normal copy is the standard, non-abnormal (non-defective) copy of the gene.

Sense 2: "in accordance with scientific laws" - This doesn't fit as well. It's more about physical/scientific laws being followed.

Sense 3: "being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development" - This is more about human development/intelligence, not really about a gene copy being standard vs. damaged.

Sense 4: "forming a right angle" - Clearly not applicable here.

Sense 1 is the best fit. The "normal" copy is the one that conforms to the standard (non-mutated, functional) version of the gene, as opposed to the "damaged" copy. "Not abnormal" directly contrasts with the "damaged" copy mentioned in the context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal <t>copy</t> also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "copy" in the context: "The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged."

In this context, "copy" refers to a version of a gene. An infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. Here, "copy" means a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing - in genetics, the two copies of a gene (one from each parent) are similar/identical versions of the same gene.

Sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" with examples "she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor" - this fits because the gene copies are similar/identical versions of the same gene, much like a clone is a copy of its ancestor.

The other senses don't fit:
1. A reproduction of a written record - no
3. Matter to be printed - no
4. Material suitable for a journalistic account - no

Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was <t>damaged</t>. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "damaged" in the context: "The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged."

Sense 1: harmed or injured or spoiled (physical damage)
Sense 2: being unjustly brought into disrepute (reputational damage)

In this context, it's talking about a gene copy being damaged, meaning it's harmed or spoiled in a physical/biological sense. This clearly aligns with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no <t>way</t> to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory."

Here "way" means a means or method to prove something. "No way to prove" = no means to prove.

Sense 2: "how a result is obtained or an end is achieved" with synonyms "means, agency" fits well. "A means of control" is an example.

Sense 1: "how something is done or how it happens" with synonyms manner, mode, style, fashion - this is more about the manner/style of doing something.

The phrase "no way to prove" means "no means to prove" - how a result is obtained. So sense 2 fits best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: prove
Target surface form: prove
Context:
Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to <t>prove</t> Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=prove%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=turn out, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
2. sense_key=prove%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=demonstrate, establish, show, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=prove%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, evidence, show | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=prove%2:31:02:: | definition=prove formally; demonstrate by a mathematical, formal proof
5. sense_key=prove%2:41:03:: | definition=put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to | synonyms=test, try, try out, examine, essay | examples=This approach has been tried with good results; Test this recipe
6. sense_key=prove%2:38:01:: | definition=increase in volume | synonyms=rise | examples=the dough rose slowly in the warm room
7. sense_key=prove%2:38:00:: | definition=cause to puff up with a leaven | synonyms=raise, leaven | examples=unleavened bread
8. sense_key=prove%2:36:00:: | definition=take a trial impression of
9. sense_key=prove%2:31:01:: | definition=obtain probate of | examples=prove a will

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about researchers trying to establish the validity of a scientific theory ("two-hit" theory). "But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory." This means establishing the validity of the theory through evidence or experiment.

Sense 2: establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment. Examples: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture". This fits perfectly.

Sense 3: provide evidence for. Examples: "The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence". This is also possible but less precise. "Prove a theory" is more about establishing validity (sense 2) than just providing evidence (sense 3). Sense 2 specifically mentions "establish the validity of something" which matches proving a theory.

So the answer is sense_index 2.

provider: SiliconFlow