[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: training
Target surface form: training
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where <t>training</t> does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=training%1:04:00:: | definition=activity leading to skilled behavior | synonyms=preparation, grooming
2. sense_key=training%1:07:00:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=education, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses immigrants and labor markets. The target word "training" appears in: "the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

This refers to training in the sense of vocational/professional training — activity leading to skilled behavior (sense 1). It's about skilled workers in dynamic sectors where training (professional/vocational preparation) isn't linked to job offers.

Sense 2 is about social breeding/refinement, which doesn't fit the economic/labor context here.

So sense 1 is correct.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: offer
Target surface form: offers
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to <t>offers</t> of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=offer%1:10:01:: | definition=the verbal act of offering | synonyms=offering | examples=a generous offer of assistance
2. sense_key=offer%1:10:00:: | definition=something offered (as a proposal or bid) | synonyms=offering | examples=noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds
3. sense_key=offer%1:04:01:: | definition=a usually brief attempt | synonyms=crack, fling, go, pass, whirl | examples=he took a crack at it; I gave it a whirl

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "offers" in the context: "the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

The phrase is "offers of employment." This refers to things being offered - job offers, which are proposals or bids for employment.

Sense 1: "the verbal act of offering" - examples: "a generous offer of assistance"
Sense 2: "something offered (as a proposal or bid)" - examples: "noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds"
Sense 3: "a usually brief attempt" - examples: "he took a crack at it"

"Offers of employment" refers to job offers - things that are offered (proposals/bids). This fits sense 2 better than sense 1, because it's referring to the concrete things offered (job offers as proposals), not the verbal act of offering.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Offers of employment" - these are job offers. A job offer is something offered (a proposal). Sense 2 says "something offered (as a proposal or bid)" with examples about "offerings for investors." This seems to fit well.

Sense 1 is "the verbal act of offering" with example "a generous offer of assistance." This is more about the act itself.

In "offers of employment," the word refers to the job offers themselves - concrete things/proposals offered to potential employees. This aligns with sense 2.

So the answer is sense_index 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: employment
Target surface form: employment
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment</t>. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
Looking at the context, "offers of employment" refers to job opportunities being offered to workers. Throughout the passage, "employment" is used in the economic sense of people having jobs (e.g., "positive impact... on... employment," "harms employment"). The phrase "offers of employment" means offers of jobs/positions — the state of being employed or having a job — which matches sense 1.

{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
The target word is "employment" in the context: "...where training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment</t>."

Let me analyze the context:
- The passage discusses immigration, economic growth, wages, and employment.
- "offers of employment" - this refers to job offers, the act of providing jobs to people.

Looking at the senses:
1. employment%1:26:00:: - the state of being employed or having a job (synonyms: employ) - examples: "they are looking for employment"
2. employment%1:04:00:: - the occupation for which you are paid (synonyms: work) - examples: "he is looking for employment"
3. employment%1:04:02:: - the act of giving someone a job (synonyms: engagement)
4. employment%1:04:01:: - the act of using (synonyms: use, usage, utilization)

The phrase "offers of employment" means offers of jobs - the act of giving someone a job. This fits sense 3 (the act of giving someone a job).

Wait, let me reconsider. "Offers of employment" could mean:
- Offers of jobs (the state of being employed) - sense 1
- Offers to give someone a job - sense 3

"An offer of employment" typically means a job offer - an offer to employ someone. This is the act of giving someone a job, which is sense 3.

But actually, "employment" here could also be interpreted as the state of having a job. "Offers of employment" = "offers of [the state of being employed]" = job offers.

Hmm, let me think more carefully. In "offers of employment," the word "employment" refers to a job or position being offered. It's about the act of giving someone a job - an employer offers employment (a job) to a candidate.

Sense 3: "the act of giving someone a job" with synonym "engagement" - this seems to fit "offers of employment" best, as it's about the act of employing someone.

But wait, "offers of employment" - the employment being offered is a job/position. The employer is offering to employ the person. So "employment" here = the act/state of being employed.

Let me reconsider sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job" - "offers of employment" = offers of [a job] = job offers. This could work.

Sense 3: "the act of giving someone a job" - "offers of employment" = offers of [the act of giving someone a job]. This is a bit meta.

Actually, I think sense 1 is more appropriate. "Employment" in "offers of employment" refers to the state of being employed or having a job - i.e., a job position. When an employer makes "an offer of employment," they are offering a job (the state of being employed).

But the synonym for sense 3 is "engagement" - and "an engagement" can mean a job or position. "Offers of engagement" = "offers of employment."

Hmm, this is tricky. Let me look at the broader context again:

"the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment"

This is talking about sectors where training is not linked to job offers. The "employment" here refers to jobs being offered.

I think sense 1 (the state of being employed or having a job) is the best fit. "Offers of employment" = offers of jobs = job offers. The employment being offered is the state of having a job.

Actually, let me reconsider once more. Sense 3 is "the act of giving someone a job." An "offer of employment" is an offer to perform the act of giving someone a job. But "employment" itself in this phrase refers to the job/position being offered, which is more about the state of being employed (sense 1).

I'll go with sense 1.

Wait, but let me also consider sense 2: "the occupation for which you are paid" with synonym "work." "Offers of employment" = "offers of work." This could also fit.

The distinction between sense 1 and sense 2:
- Sense 1: the state of being employed (abstract state)
- Sense 2: the occupation/work itself (concrete job)

"Offers of employment" - the employment offered is a job/position. This seems more like sense 2 (the occupation for which you are paid) or sense 1 (the state of being employed).

Hmm, but "employment" in general economic discussions (like this passage about immigration and employment) usually refers to the state of having jobs/the employment rate. The passage talks about "employment" in countries, "harms employment," etc.

Looking at the broader context: "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment" - here "employment" clearly refers to the state of being employed (employment levels/rates). "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment" - again, the state of being employed.

So throughout the passage, "employment" is used in the sense of "the state of being employed or having a job" (sense 1). The target instance "offers of employment" is in the same semantic field.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive <t>effect</t> on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses "a positive effect on wages" - meaning the consequence or result of immigration on wages. This aligns with sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" with synonyms like consequence, outcome, result.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same <t>way</t> as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "way" in the phrase "In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult..."

Here, "way" means "how something is done or how it happens" - it's about the manner or fashion in which something occurs. The sentence is saying "in the same manner as..." comparing the situation to how a surgeon would find it difficult.

Let me look at the senses:
1. way%1:07:01:: - how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion - "her dignified manner"
2. way%1:04:01:: - how a result is obtained or an end is achieved
3. way%1:15:00:: - a line leading to a place or point
4. way%1:26:00:: - the condition of things generally - "that's the way it is; I felt the same way"
5. way%1:04:00:: - a course of conduct
6. way%1:06:00:: - any artifact consisting of a road or path
7. way%1:04:02:: - a journey or passage
8. way%1:23:00:: - space for movement
9. way%1:07:02:: - the property of distance in general
10. way%1:09:00:: - doing as one pleases or chooses
11. way%1:09:01:: - a general category of things
12. way%1:21:00:: - a portion of something divided into shares

The phrase "in the same way as" means "in the same manner as" - it's about how something happens or is done. This matches sense 1: "how something is done or how it happens" with synonyms like manner, mode, style, fashion.

Wait, let me also consider sense 4: "the condition of things generally" with examples "that's the way it is; I felt the same way". The example "I felt the same way" is interesting because it uses "same way" like our context "the same way as". But "I felt the same way" means "I felt similarly" - it's about the condition of things or the state of affairs.

However, "in the same way as" here is more about the manner in which something happens - "in the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult" means "in the same manner as a surgeon would find it difficult". It's comparing the manner or fashion of difficulty.

Sense 1 seems like the best fit: "how something is done or how it happens" with synonyms manner, mode, style, fashion.

Actually, let me reconsider sense 4. "I felt the same way" - this is about how one feels, the condition of things. But "in the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult" - this is more about the manner in which something happens. The phrase "in the same way as" is typically about manner/fashion, not about the general condition of things.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: country
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a <t>country</t> with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "country" in the context: "a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists".

The context discusses immigration, labor markets, and wages. The sentence refers to a "country" as a geographical/political territory where a surgeon would work, specifically mentioning a shortage of anaesthetists in that country.

Let me consider the senses:

1. country%1:14:00:: - a politically organized body of people under a single government (synonyms: state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic) - This focuses on the political entity/government.

2. country%1:15:00:: - the territory occupied by a nation (synonyms: state, land) - examples: "he returned to the land of his birth"; "he visited several European countries" - This focuses on the territory/land.

3. country%1:14:01:: - the people who live in a nation or country (synonyms: nation, land) - This focuses on the people.

4. country%1:15:01:: - an area outside of cities and towns (synonyms: rural area) - This is the rural countryside.

5. country%1:15:02:: - a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (synonyms: area) - examples: "it was a mountainous area"; "Bible country" - This is a general area/region.

In the context, "a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists" - this refers to a country as a nation-state, a territory. The surgeon works in a country (a national territory) where there's a shortage of anaesthetists.

Between sense 1 (politically organized body of people) and sense 2 (territory occupied by a nation), the context seems to be about a geographic/national entity where one works. The example for sense 2 "he visited several European countries" aligns well with the usage here - referring to a country as a place/territory.

The context is about labor markets within a country's borders. "work in a country" suggests the territory/nation. Sense 2 seems most appropriate - the territory occupied by a nation. The surgeon works in a territory (country) that has a shortage of anaesthetists.

Sense 1 is more about the political organization/government. While "country" can refer to both, in this context where we talk about working in a country and labor shortages, it's more about the territory/nation as a place.

I'll go with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: shortage
Target surface form: shortage
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a <t>shortage</t> of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=shortage%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. sense_key=shortage%1:26:00:: | definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "shortage" appears in the context "a country with a shortage of anaesthetists" and also earlier "there is a shortage of local labor."

Let me analyze the two senses:

1. sense_key=shortage%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall
2. sense_key=shortage%1:26:00:: | definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

The context discusses a shortage of anaesthetists - meaning there aren't enough anaesthetists available. This is about an insufficiency of personnel/resources.

Sense 1 is about being an amount by which something is less than expected or required - this seems more about a quantitative deficit (like a nutritional deficit, or a budget shortfall).

Sense 2 is "an acute insufficiency" with synonyms dearth, famine - this seems more about a severe lack or scarcity of something, like a shortage of workers or professionals.

The context talks about a shortage of anaesthetists and a shortage of local labor - these are about a lack/scarcity of available people, which aligns more with "an acute insufficiency" (sense 2).

The example in sense 1 is about a "nutritional deficit" which is about a quantitative shortfall. The context here is about not having enough people (anaesthetists), which is more about a dearth or insufficiency.

I'll go with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: complementarity
Target surface form: complementarities
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the <t>complementarities</t> existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=complementarity%1:24:01:: | definition=a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities
2. sense_key=complementarity%1:24:02:: | definition=the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other | examples=the complementarity of the sexes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "complementarities" in the context of immigrants and local workers being complementary to each other. The text discusses how immigrants supplement local labor rather than replace it, and how they work in different sectors, creating a positive effect on wages.

Sense 1: "a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities" - this seems more about opposites that together cover all possibilities (like wave-particle duality in physics).

Sense 2: "the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other" with example "the complementarity of the sexes" - this is about things that supplement each other, which fits the context of immigrants and local workers supplementing each other's labor.

The context clearly talks about how immigrants and locals supplement each other - immigrants work in sectors where there's a shortage of local labor, and their arrival has a positive effect on local wages. This is about one group supplementing the other, not about opposite states exhausting possibilities.

Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arrival
Target surface form: arrival
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the <t>arrival</t> of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arrival%1:04:00:: | definition=accomplishment of an objective | synonyms=reaching
2. sense_key=arrival%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of arriving at a certain place | examples=they awaited her arrival
3. sense_key=arrival%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who arrives (or has arrived) | synonyms=arriver, comer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "arrival" in the context: "the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."

Let me analyze the senses:

1. sense_key=arrival%1:04:00:: | definition=accomplishment of an objective | synonyms=reaching
2. sense_key=arrival%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of arriving at a certain place | examples=they awaited her arrival
3. sense_key=arrival%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who arrives (or has arrived) | synonyms=arriver, comer

In the context, "the arrival of immigrants" refers to the act of immigrants arriving (coming to a country). This is about the act of arriving at a certain place (a country/region).

Sense 1 is about accomplishing an objective - not quite right here.
Sense 2 is about the act of arriving at a certain place - this fits well. "The arrival of immigrants" = the act of immigrants arriving at a place (the country).
Sense 3 is about a person who arrives - "the arrival" here isn't referring to the immigrants themselves as people, but rather the event/act of their coming.

Actually, let me reconsider. "The arrival of immigrants" - this could be interpreted as:
- The act of immigrants arriving (sense 2)
- The immigrants who have arrived (sense 3)

Looking at the context more carefully: "the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals" - this seems to refer to the event/act of immigrants coming/arriving, which causes an effect on wages. It's the act/event of arriving, not the people themselves. So sense 2 seems best.

Also, the next sentence says "a rise of 1% in the migratory flow" - this talks about the flow (act of migrating), which parallels "arrival" as an act/event.

So I'll go with sense 2.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive <t>effect</t> on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "effect" in the context: "the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
This refers to a consequence or outcome of immigration on wages.
Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" with synonyms like consequence, outcome, result.
This fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rise
Target surface form: rise
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a <t>rise</t> of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rise%1:11:00:: | definition=a growth in strength or number or importance
2. sense_key=rise%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of changing location in an upward direction | synonyms=ascent, ascension, ascending
3. sense_key=rise%1:17:00:: | definition=an upward slope or grade (as in a road) | synonyms=ascent, acclivity, raise, climb, upgrade | examples=the car couldn't make it up the rise
4. sense_key=rise%1:11:02:: | definition=a movement upward | synonyms=rising, ascent, ascension | examples=they cheered the rise of the hot-air balloon
5. sense_key=rise%1:07:02:: | definition=the amount a salary is increased | synonyms=raise, wage hike, hike, wage increase, salary increase | examples=he got a 3% raise; he got a wage hike
6. sense_key=rise%1:07:01:: | definition=the property possessed by a slope or surface that rises | synonyms=upgrade, rising slope
7. sense_key=rise%1:11:01:: | definition=a wave that lifts the surface of the water or ground | synonyms=lift
8. sense_key=rise%1:11:03:: | definition=(theology) the origination of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost | synonyms=emanation, procession | examples=the emanation of the Holy Spirit; the rising of the Holy Ghost
9. sense_key=rise%1:07:03:: | definition=an increase in cost | synonyms=boost, hike, cost increase | examples=they asked for a 10% rise in rates
10. sense_key=rise%1:04:01:: | definition=increase in price or value | synonyms=advance | examples=the news caused a general advance on the stock market

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "rise" in the context: "a rise of 1% in the migratory flow".
The context discusses an increase in migratory flow.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. a growth in strength or number or importance
2. the act of changing location in an upward direction
3. an upward slope or grade
4. a movement upward
5. the amount a salary is increased
6. the property possessed by a slope or surface that rises
7. a wave that lifts the surface of the water or ground
8. (theology) the origination of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost
9. an increase in cost
10. increase in price or value

"a rise of 1% in the migratory flow" refers to a growth in number.
Sense 1: a growth in strength or number or importance. "migratory flow" increasing by 1% is a growth in number.
Sense 9 is an increase in cost.
Sense 5 is salary increase.
Sense 10 is price or value.
Sense 1 fits "growth in number" (of immigrants / migratory flow).
Let's double check.
"a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."
This perfectly matches "a growth in strength or number or importance".

Is there another sense that might fit better?
WordNet noun senses for "rise":
1. a growth in strength or number or importance (especially in popularity or power)
2. the act of changing location in an upward direction
3. an upward slope or grade (as in a road)
4. a movement upward
5. the amount a salary is increased
6. the property possessed by a slope or surface that rises
7. a wave that lifts the surface of the water or ground
8. (theology) the origination of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost
9. an increase in cost
10. increase in price or value

In "a rise of 1% in the migratory flow", it's an increase in the number of immigrants. "growth in strength or number" fits perfectly.

So the sense index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flow
Target surface form: flow
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory <t>flow</t> causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flow%1:11:00:: | definition=the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) | synonyms=flowing
2. sense_key=flow%1:28:00:: | definition=the amount of fluid that flows in a given time | synonyms=flow rate, rate of flow
3. sense_key=flow%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression | synonyms=stream
4. sense_key=flow%1:22:00:: | definition=any uninterrupted stream or discharge
5. sense_key=flow%1:26:00:: | definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | synonyms=stream | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors
6. sense_key=flow%1:14:00:: | definition=dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | synonyms=stream, current | examples=two streams of development run through American history; stream of consciousness
7. sense_key=flow%1:22:01:: | definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | synonyms=menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, period | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation; a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "flow" in the context "a rise of 1% in the migratory flow".
The context discusses the number or rate of immigrants arriving.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. flow%1:11:00:: - motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) - not applicable.
2. flow%1:28:00:: - the amount of fluid that flows in a given time (flow rate, rate of flow) - could be metaphorical for rate of immigrants, but maybe there's a better fit.
3. flow%1:04:00:: - the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression (stream) - could apply to migration, continuous progression.
4. flow%1:22:00:: - any uninterrupted stream or discharge
5. flow%1:26:00:: - something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously (stream) - examples: "a stream of people emptied from the terminal", "the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors". This seems very close to "migratory flow" which means the movement of people.
6. flow%1:14:00:: - dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas
7. flow%1:22:01:: - the monthly discharge of blood...

"migratory flow" refers to the movement or stream of people immigrating.
Sense 5: "something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously" | examples="a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors"
This fits perfectly, as it explicitly mentions "a stream of people" and "flow of visitors".

Sense 3: "the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression"
Sense 5 is specifically about something resembling a flowing stream in moving continuously, with examples of people.
Let's check the indexing. Sense 5 is index 5.

Wait, "flow rate" (sense 2) means "the amount of fluid that flows in a given time". "A rise of 1% in the migratory flow" sounds like a quantity or rate, but the WordNet sense 5 has the example "the flow of visitors".
Therefore, sense 5 is the best choice.

Let's double check.
Sense 5: "something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously" (stream) - "a stream of people emptied from the terminal"; "the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors".
The target context is "migratory flow", referring to the movement of people immigrating.
Sense 5 is definitely the best match.

Sense index is 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: increase
Target surface form: increase
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an <t>increase</t> of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=increase%1:23:00:: | definition=a quantity that is added | synonyms=addition, gain | examples=there was an addition to property taxes this year; they recorded the cattle's gain in weight over a period of weeks
2. sense_key=increase%1:11:00:: | definition=a change resulting in an increase | examples=the increase is scheduled for next month
3. sense_key=increase%1:22:00:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increment, growth | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=increase%1:07:00:: | definition=the amount by which something increases | synonyms=increment | examples=they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare
5. sense_key=increase%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of increasing something | synonyms=step-up | examples=he gave me an increase in salary

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "increase" in the context: "Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."

The context says "causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9%". This refers to a quantity that is added or an amount by which something increases. It's a specific numerical amount (0.6 to 0.9%).

Looking at the candidates:

1. "a quantity that is added" - examples: "there was an addition to property taxes this year"; "they recorded the cattle's gain in weight over a period of weeks"
2. "a change resulting in an increase" - examples: "the increase is scheduled for next month"
3. "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important" - synonyms: increment, growth - examples: "the increase in unemployment"; "the growth of population"
4. "the amount by which something increases" - synonyms: increment - examples: "they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare"
5. "the act of increasing something" - synonyms: step-up - examples: "he gave me an increase in salary"

The context is about "an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9%". This is talking about a specific amount/quantity - the amount by which pay increases.

Sense 4 seems like a good fit: "the amount by which something increases" with the example "they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare" which is very similar to "an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9%".

Sense 1 also could work: "a quantity that is added" but the examples are about "addition to property taxes" and "gain in weight" which are slightly different.

The phrase "an increase of X%" most closely matches sense 4's example "an increase of 15 percent in the fare".

So the answer should be sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the <t>fact</t> that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "fact" in the sentence: "And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth"

Here, "the fact that..." introduces a piece of information about circumstances that exist (the diversity contributed by immigrants contributing to ideas and economic growth). It is a verified statement or piece of information about something that is the case.

Let's look at the senses:
1. fact%1:09:01:: - a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred. Examples: first you must collect all the facts of the case.
2. fact%1:10:01:: - a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened. Examples: he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts.
3. fact%1:26:01:: - an event known to have happened or something known to have existed. Examples: your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell.
4. fact%1:09:02:: - a concept whose truth can be proved. Examples: scientific hypotheses are not facts.

"the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas..." - this is a piece of information about circumstances that exist. It fits well with sense 1. It's not an event known to have happened (sense 3), nor a concept whose truth can be proved (sense 4). Is it a statement or assertion of verified information (sense 2)? It's more of a circumstance that exists. "Taking into account the fact that X" - the fact here is the reality/circumstance that X is true.

Sense 1 fits best: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist".

Let's check sense 2: "a statement or assertion of verified information". The fact here is presented as a truth, but it's used in the construction "the fact that", which usually introduces an existing circumstance rather than a formal statement.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: diversity
Target surface form: diversity
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the <t>diversity</t> contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=diversity%1:07:02:: | definition=noticeable heterogeneity | synonyms=diverseness, multifariousness, variety | examples=a diversity of possibilities; the range and variety of his work is amazing
2. sense_key=diversity%1:07:01:: | definition=the condition or result of being changeable

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "diversity" in the context: "the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth".

Here, "diversity" refers to the variety or heterogeneity brought by immigrants (different backgrounds, skills, cultures, perspectives).

Sense 1: "noticeable heterogeneity" with synonyms "diverseness, multifariousness, variety" and examples "a diversity of possibilities; the range and variety of his work is amazing". This fits well with the idea of immigrants bringing a variety of different perspectives/backgrounds.

Sense 2: "the condition or result of being changeable" - this is more about changeability, which doesn't fit the context.

Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: creation
Target surface form: creation
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the <t>creation</t> of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=creation%1:04:00:: | definition=the human act of creating | synonyms=creative activity
2. sense_key=creation%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone
3. sense_key=creation%1:11:00:: | definition=the event that occurred at the beginning of something | synonyms=conception | examples=from its creation the plan was doomed to failure
4. sense_key=creation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new | synonyms=initiation, founding, foundation, institution, origination, innovation | examples=she looked forward to her initiation as an adult; the foundation of a new scientific society
5. sense_key=creation%1:04:02:: | definition=(theology) God's act of bringing the universe into existence
6. sense_key=creation%1:17:00:: | definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, world, cosmos, macrocosm | examples=they study the evolution of the universe; the biggest tree in existence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "creation" in the phrase "the creation of ideas".
Let's analyze the context: "the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth".
Here, "creation of ideas" implies the act of bringing ideas into existence, originating ideas, or producing ideas.
Sense 1: "the human act of creating" (synonyms: creative activity). This fits well with "the creation of ideas" (the act of creating ideas).
Sense 4: "the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new" (synonyms: initiation, founding, foundation, institution, origination, innovation). This might fit, but it's more about starting an institution or movement, e.g., "the foundation of a new scientific society".
Sense 2: "an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone". "Creation of ideas" is not an artifact.
Sense 3: "the event that occurred at the beginning of something". Not fitting.
Sense 5: theology.
Sense 6: universe.

Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 4.
Sense 1: "the human act of creating", synonym "creative activity".
Sense 4: "the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new", synonyms "initiation, founding, foundation, institution, origination, innovation", example "foundation of a new scientific society".
"Creation of ideas" aligns perfectly with "the human act of creating" or "creative activity". It refers to the generation of ideas.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: idea
Target surface form: ideas
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of <t>ideas</t> and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "ideas" in the context: "the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth".

Let's analyze the context. "creation of ideas" refers to new thoughts, concepts, cognitive content. "ideas" here means thoughts, concepts, inventions, innovations.

Candidate senses:
1. idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

Sense 1 perfectly matches the context of "creation of ideas", relating to intellectual output, cognition, innovation, which is connected to "economic growth" and "founded by immigrants" (Google, Intel, etc., are born from ideas/thoughts).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: proportion
Target surface form: proportion
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large <t>proportion</t> of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=proportion%1:24:00:: | definition=the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole
2. sense_key=proportion%1:07:00:: | definition=magnitude or extent | synonyms=dimension | examples=a building of vast proportions
3. sense_key=proportion%1:25:00:: | definition=balance among the parts of something | synonyms=symmetry
4. sense_key=proportion%1:24:01:: | definition=the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree | synonyms=ratio | examples=an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin
5. sense_key=proportion%1:07:01:: | definition=harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole (as in a design); - John Ruskin | synonyms=proportionality, balance | examples=in all perfectly beautiful objects there is found the opposition of one part to another and a reciprocal balance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "proportion" in the phrase "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants".
"a large proportion of" refers to a large part or share of a group.
Looking at the senses:
1. "the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole" (mathematical proportion)
2. "magnitude or extent" (dimension)
3. "balance among the parts of something" (symmetry)
4. "the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree" (ratio) - example: "an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations"
5. "harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole" (balance)

"a large proportion of naturalised immigrants" fits perfectly with sense 4, as shown by the example "an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations".
"Proportion" here means the relation of the part (naturalised immigrants who are Nobel prize winners) to the whole (naturalised immigrants).
Wait, could it be sense 1? Sense 1 is the mathematical quotient. Sense 4 is the relation between things with respect to their comparative quantity. "A large proportion" implies a large share/percentage. Sense 4's example "an inordinate proportion of the book..." matches "a large proportion of..." perfectly.

Let's check sense 4 again. "the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree"
Examples: "an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin"

Yes, "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants" corresponds to "an inordinate proportion of the book".
Therefore, sense 4 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among <t>American</t> Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context mentions "American Nobel prize winners" and companies like Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo. This clearly refers to the United States of America, not the continents of the Americas.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: winner
Target surface form: winners
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize <t>winners</t>, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=winner%1:18:00:: | definition=the contestant who wins the contest | synonyms=victor
2. sense_key=winner%1:18:01:: | definition=a gambler who wins a bet
3. sense_key=winner%1:18:02:: | definition=a person with a record of successes | synonyms=achiever, success, succeeder | examples=his son would never be the achiever that his father was; only winners need apply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about Nobel prize winners. These are people who have achieved great success, not contestants who won a contest in the traditional sense (though Nobel prizes are awards). Let me think about the senses:

1. winner%1:18:00:: - the contestant who wins the contest (synonym: victor)
2. winner%1:18:01:: - a gambler who wins a bet
3. winner%1:18:02:: - a person with a record of successes (synonyms: achiever, success, succeeder)

The Nobel prize winners here are being cited as examples of successful people - immigrants who have achieved great things. The context is about how immigrants contribute to "creation of ideas and to economic growth." They're being highlighted as achievers/successes, not as contestants who won a competition.

Sense 3 seems most appropriate - these are people with records of success, achievers.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: yahoo
Target surface form: Yahoo
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and <t>Yahoo</t> were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yahoo%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is not very intelligent or interested in culture | synonyms=yokel, rube, hick, hayseed, bumpkin, chawbacon
2. sense_key=yahoo%1:18:00:: | definition=one of a race of brutes resembling men but subject to the Houyhnhnms in a novel by Jonathan Swift
3. sense_key=yahoo%1:10:00:: | definition=a widely used search engine for the web that finds information, news, images, products, finance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context mentions Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants. Yahoo here clearly refers to the company/search engine.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: contributor
Target surface form: contributors
Context:
Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net <t>contributors</t> to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=contributor%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who contributes (or promises to contribute) a sum of money | synonyms=subscriber
2. sense_key=contributor%1:18:01:: | definition=a writer whose work is published in a newspaper or magazine or as part of a book

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about migrants being "net contributors to social systems" and making "a net contribution ... to public budgets." This is about financial contributions to social systems and public budgets.

Sense 1: someone who contributes (or promises to contribute) a sum of money - synonyms: subscriber
Sense 2: a writer whose work is published in a newspaper or magazine or as part of a book

The context is clearly about financial contributions, not writing. Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: budget
Target surface form: budgets
Context:
Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total <t>budgets</t> of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=budget%1:21:02:: | definition=a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose | examples=the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year
2. sense_key=budget%1:21:03:: | definition=a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them | examples=the president submitted the annual budget to Congress

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "budgets" in the context: "Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries."

Sense 1: a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose (example: "the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year")
Sense 2: a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them (example: "the president submitted the annual budget to Congress")

The context refers to "the total budgets of European countries" and "public budgets". This is referring to the sum of money available/allocated for the countries, not a document or summary of expenditures. "Budgets of European countries" refers to the financial resources/funds of these countries.

Sense 1 seems more appropriate because it refers to a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose, which fits "budgets of European countries" as the total funds/finances of these countries.

Sense 2 refers to a formal document/plan (like a government budget document submitted to Congress), which is more specific and doesn't quite fit the general reference to the total financial resources.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Budgets of European countries" could refer to the national budgets (documents/plans) of these countries. But the context is about migrants being "net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets" - this seems to refer to the actual money/funds, not the documents. They contribute to the budget (the pool of money), not to the budget document.

Sense 1 is the better fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: Labor
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World <t>Labor</t> Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context mentions "World Labor Organisation" (likely referring to the International Labour Organization, ILO, but here called "World Labor Organisation"). This is a proper noun referring to an organization. Let me look at the senses:

1. labor%1:14:00:: - a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages
2. labor%1:04:00:: - productive work (especially physical work done for wages)
3. labor%1:26:00:: - concluding state of pregnancy
4. labor%1:14:04:: - an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action
5. labor%1:14:02:: - a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900
6. labor%1:14:01:: - the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States
7. labor%1:04:01:: - any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted

The context is "World Labor Organisation" - this seems to be referring to an organization related to labor. None of the senses exactly match "an international organization dealing with labor issues." But the closest would be sense 1 (a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages) since the organization deals with labor as a class of workers.

Wait, but "World Labor Organisation" is a proper noun - it's the name of an organization. None of the senses directly refer to the ILO. But the word "Labor" in this context refers to labor as workers/labor force. Sense 1 seems most appropriate: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" with example "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field."

The sentence is talking about immigrants and their economic contributions, wages, pay, etc. The "World Labor Organisation" is an organization concerned with labor (workers). The best sense would be sense 1, which refers to labor as a social class of workers.

Actually, let me reconsider. The "World Labor Organisation" is a specific entity. But none of the senses refer to the ILO specifically. Sense 6 refers to the US Department of Labor. Sense 4 refers to the labor movement.

The word "Labor" in "World Labor Organisation" is used to describe the domain - labor as in workers/wage earners. Sense 1 (a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages) seems the best fit, as the organization is about labor as a class of workers.