[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: making
Target surface form: making
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy <t>making</t> activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=making%1:04:00:: | definition=the act that results in something coming to be | synonyms=devising, fashioning | examples=the devising of plans; the fashioning of pots and pans
2. sense_key=making%1:07:00:: | definition=an attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something | synonyms=qualification | examples=her qualifications for the job are excellent; one of the qualifications for admission is an academic degree
3. sense_key=making%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something | examples=the recipe listed all the makings for a chocolate cake

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "making" appears in the context "national policy making activities." This refers to the act of creating or formulating policy.

Sense 1: "the act that results in something coming to be" - this fits "policy making" as the act of creating policy.
Sense 2: "an attribute that must be met or complied with" - doesn't fit.
Sense 3: "(usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something" - doesn't fit well here.

Sense 1 is the best fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: activity
Target surface form: activities
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making <t>activities</t> matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=activity%1:04:00:: | definition=any specific behavior | examples=they avoided all recreational activity
2. sense_key=activity%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being active | synonyms=action, activeness | examples=his sphere of activity; he is out of action
3. sense_key=activity%1:22:00:: | definition=an organic process that takes place in the body | synonyms=bodily process, body process, bodily function | examples=respiratory activity
4. sense_key=activity%1:26:01:: | definition=(chemistry) the capacity of a substance to take part in a chemical reaction | examples=catalytic activity
5. sense_key=activity%1:22:01:: | definition=a process existing in or produced by nature (rather than by the intent of human beings) | synonyms=natural process, natural action, action | examples=the action of natural forces; volcanic activity
6. sense_key=activity%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of being active; moving or acting rapidly and energetically | synonyms=activeness | examples=the level of activity declines with age

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "activities" in the context: "national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices."

The context is about political behavior - national policy making activities. This refers to specific behaviors or actions related to policy making.

Sense 1: "any specific behavior" - example "they avoided all recreational activity" - This fits well with "national policy making activities" being specific behaviors/actions.

Sense 2: "the state of being active" - example "his sphere of activity" - This is more about a state, not specific behaviors.

Sense 3: organic process in the body - doesn't fit.

Sense 4: chemistry - doesn't fit.

Sense 5: natural process - doesn't fit.

Sense 6: trait of being active - doesn't fit.

Sense 1 is the best fit. "National policy making activities" are specific behaviors/actions.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: relative
Target surface form: relative
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less <t>relative</t> to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=relative%3:00:00:: | definition=estimated by comparison; not absolute or complete | synonyms=comparative | examples=a relative stranger
2. sense_key=relative%5:00:00:proportionate:00 | definition=properly related in size or degree or other measurable characteristics; usually followed by `to' | synonyms=proportional | examples=the punishment ought to be proportional to the crime; earnings relative to production

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "relative" in the context: "where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices."

Here, "relative to" means "in relation to" or "proportionally compared to." The sentence is comparing the importance of duties in district offices versus Washington offices.

Sense 1: "estimated by comparison; not absolute or complete" - e.g., "a relative stranger"
Sense 2: "properly related in size or degree or other measurable characteristics; usually followed by `to'" - e.g., "the punishment ought to be proportional to the crime; earnings relative to production"

The context uses "relative to" in a comparative sense - duties matter more/less "relative to" Washington offices. This aligns with sense 2, which specifically mentions "usually followed by `to'" and deals with measurable characteristics being related in size or degree.

The phrase "relative to Washington offices" means "in comparison to / in proportion to Washington offices," which fits sense 2 well.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: office
Target surface form: offices
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington <t>offices</t>. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=office%1:06:00:: | definition=place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed | synonyms=business office | examples=he rented an office in the new building
2. sense_key=office%1:14:01:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, authority | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
3. sense_key=office%1:04:01:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, part, role | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
4. sense_key=office%1:26:00:: | definition=(of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power | synonyms=power | examples=being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage; during his first year in office
5. sense_key=office%1:14:00:: | definition=professional or clerical workers in an office | synonyms=office staff | examples=the whole office was late the morning of the blizzard
6. sense_key=office%1:04:00:: | definition=a religious rite or service prescribed by ecclesiastical authorities | examples=the offices of the mass
7. sense_key=office%1:04:02:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, spot, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "offices" in the context of "Washington offices" and "district offices". These are physical places where staff work. The context talks about "Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices."

So "offices" here refers to the physical places of business where the staff work. This matches sense 1: "place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: examination
Target surface form: examination
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An <t>examination</t> of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=examination%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of examining something closely (as for mistakes) | synonyms=scrutiny
2. sense_key=examination%1:10:00:: | definition=a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge | synonyms=exam, test | examples=when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of questions
3. sense_key=examination%1:10:01:: | definition=formal systematic questioning | synonyms=interrogation, interrogatory
4. sense_key=examination%1:09:03:: | definition=a detailed inspection of your conscience (as done daily by Jesuits) | synonyms=examen
5. sense_key=examination%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving students or candidates a test (as by questions) to determine what they know or have learned | synonyms=testing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987". This means the author is closely analyzing or scrutinizing these changes. It's about looking at something closely, not about a test, questioning, or conscience inspection.

Sense 1: "the act of examining something closely (as for mistakes)" - synonyms: scrutiny. This fits well.
Sense 5: "the act of giving students or candidates a test" - this is about testing students.
Sense 2: "a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge" - about a test.
Sense 3: "formal systematic questioning" - about interrogation.
Sense 4: "a detailed inspection of your conscience" - religious.

Sense 1 is the best fit.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: change
Target surface form: changes
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of <t>changes</t> in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=change%1:11:00:: | definition=an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another | synonyms=alteration, modification | examples=the change was intended to increase sales; this storm is certainly a change for the worse
2. sense_key=change%1:24:00:: | definition=a relational difference between states; especially between states before and after some event | examples=he attributed the change to their marriage
3. sense_key=change%1:04:00:: | definition=the action of changing something | examples=the change of government had no impact on the economy; his change on abortion cost him the election
4. sense_key=change%1:19:00:: | definition=the result of alteration or modification | examples=there were marked changes in the lining of the lungs; there had been no change in the mountains
5. sense_key=change%1:21:02:: | definition=the balance of money received when the amount you tender is greater than the amount due | examples=I paid with a twenty and pocketed the change
6. sense_key=change%1:06:01:: | definition=a thing that is different | examples=he inspected several changes before selecting one
7. sense_key=change%1:06:00:: | definition=a different or fresh set of clothes | examples=she brought a change in her overnight bag
8. sense_key=change%1:21:01:: | definition=coins of small denomination regarded collectively | examples=he had a pocketful of change
9. sense_key=change%1:21:03:: | definition=money received in return for its equivalent in a larger denomination or a different currency | examples=he got change for a twenty and used it to pay the taxi driver
10. sense_key=change%1:07:00:: | definition=a difference that is usually pleasant | synonyms=variety | examples=he goes to France for variety; it is a refreshing change to meet a woman mechanic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "changes" in the context: "An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987..."

The context is about examining changes in staffing decisions over a time period. This refers to events where something passes from one state to another - the staffing decisions altered/modified over time.

Sense 1: "an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another" - synonyms: alteration, modification. Examples: "the change was intended to increase sales"
Sense 3: "the action of changing something" - examples: "the change of government had no impact on the economy"

The phrase "changes in personal staffing decisions" refers to the alterations/modifications that occurred in staffing decisions. This is about the event of passing from one state to another. Sense 1 seems most appropriate because "changes" here refers to the events/alterations that happened to staffing decisions between 1986 and 1987.

Sense 3 is about "the action of changing something" which is more about the act itself. But "an examination of changes" suggests examining the alterations that occurred, which is sense 1.

I'll go with sense 1.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: personal
Target surface form: personal
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in <t>personal</t> staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=personal%3:00:00:: | definition=concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality | examples=a personal favor; for your personal use
2. sense_key=personal%5:00:00:subjective:00 | definition=particular to a given individual
3. sense_key=personal%3:01:01:: | definition=of or arising from personality | examples=personal magnetism
4. sense_key=personal%5:00:00:physical:00 | definition=intimately concerning a person's body or physical being | examples=personal hygiene
5. sense_key=personal%3:01:00:: | definition=indicating grammatical person | examples=personal verb endings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "personal" appears in "personal staffs" and "personal staffing decisions" in the context of congressional offices.

Let me analyze the context: "Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices" and "changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate" and "the personal staffing differences."

Here, "personal staff" refers to the staff that belongs to or is specific to individual legislators (as opposed to committee staff or other shared resources). The text contrasts "personal staffs" with "committee staff" - "the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority-party status, over other resources such as committee staff."

So "personal" here means staff that is particular to/associated with individual legislators. This seems to align with sense 2: "particular to a given individual" - the staff belongs to individual members of Congress.

Sense 1 is about "concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality" - this is more about private life.
Sense 2 is "particular to a given individual" - this fits because the staff is particular to individual legislators.

The answer should be sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: decision
Target surface form: decisions
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing <t>decisions</t> in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=decision%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of making up your mind about something | synonyms=determination, conclusion | examples=the burden of decision was his; he drew his conclusions quickly
2. sense_key=decision%1:09:00:: | definition=a position or opinion or judgment reached after consideration | synonyms=determination, conclusion | examples=a decision unfavorable to the opposition; his conclusion took the evidence into account
3. sense_key=decision%1:11:02:: | definition=(boxing) a victory won on points when no knockout has occurred | examples=had little trouble in taking a unanimous decision over his opponent
4. sense_key=decision%1:11:01:: | definition=the outcome of a game or contest | examples=the team dropped three decisions in a row
5. sense_key=decision%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of resoluteness as evidenced by firmness of character or purpose | synonyms=decisiveness | examples=a man of unusual decisiveness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "decisions" in the context of "personal staffing decisions" in the Senate. This refers to the act of making up one's mind about something - specifically, the choices/decisions made about personal staffing. This aligns with sense 1: "the act of making up your mind about something."

Sense 2 is about a position/opinion/judgment reached after consideration, which is more about a conclusion or judgment. "Staffing decisions" refers more to the act of deciding rather than a position or opinion.

So the best sense is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: control
Target surface form: control
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when <t>control</t> of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=control%1:07:00:: | definition=power to direct or determine | examples=under control
2. sense_key=control%1:24:00:: | definition=a relation of constraint of one entity (thing or person or group) by another | examples=measures for the control of disease; they instituted controls over drinking on campus
3. sense_key=control%1:04:02:: | definition=(physiology) regulation or maintenance of a function or action or reflex etc | examples=the timing and control of his movements were unimpaired; he had lost control of his sphincters
4. sense_key=control%1:09:02:: | definition=a standard against which other conditions can be compared in a scientific experiment | synonyms=control condition | examples=the control condition was inappropriate for the conclusions he wished to draw
5. sense_key=control%1:04:00:: | definition=the activity of managing or exerting control over something | examples=the control of the mob by the police was admirable
6. sense_key=control%1:26:00:: | definition=the state that exists when one person or group has power over another | synonyms=dominance, ascendance, ascendence, ascendancy, ascendency | examples=her apparent dominance of her husband was really her attempt to make him pay attention to her
7. sense_key=control%1:07:01:: | definition=discipline in personal and social activities | synonyms=restraint | examples=he was a model of polite restraint; she never lost control of herself
8. sense_key=control%1:09:01:: | definition=great skillfulness and knowledge of some subject or activity | synonyms=command, mastery | examples=a good command of French
9. sense_key=control%1:06:00:: | definition=a mechanism that controls the operation of a machine | synonyms=controller | examples=the speed controller on his turntable was not working properly; I turned the controls over to her
10. sense_key=control%1:18:00:: | definition=a spiritual agency that is assumed to assist the medium during a seance
11. sense_key=control%1:10:00:: | definition=the economic policy of controlling or limiting or curbing prices or wages etc. | examples=they wanted to repeal all the legislation that imposed economic controls

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "control" in the context: "when control of that body changed party hands".
Here, "control" refers to the power or dominance over the Senate (a legislative body).
The context says "control of that body changed party hands".
Sense 6: "the state that exists when one person or group has power over another" (synonyms: dominance, ascendance, ascendence, ascendancy, ascendency).
Sense 1: "power to direct or determine".
Sense 5: "the activity of managing or exerting control over something".

Let's look at "control of that body changed party hands".
It means the majority party in the Senate changed, so the power over the Senate changed.
Sense 6's definition is "the state that exists when one person or group has power over another". The synonym "dominance" fits perfectly with political control of a legislative body.
Sense 1 is "power to direct or determine", examples "under control". It's a bit abstract.
Sense 6 implies political dominance of a group over another (like one party over the Senate).
Wait, "control of that body" = the dominance of that body. A party having control.
Let's check Sense 1 vs Sense 6.
Sense 1: power to direct or determine. "under control"
Sense 6: the state that exists when one person or group has power over another. "her apparent dominance of her husband..."
In politics, "control of the House" or "control of the Senate" means the majority party has dominance.
Wait, let's look at another option. Sense 1: power to direct or determine. Often used as "in control of".
"control of that body changed party hands" -> the power to direct that body changed party hands.
But Sense 6 explicitly mentions "when one person or group has power over another" with synonyms like "dominance". Parties are groups.
Is there any better fit?
Sense 1: "power to direct or determine" (under control)
Sense 6: "the state that exists when one person or group has power over another" (dominance...)
"changed party hands" means the group (party) that has power over the body changed.
I will guess Sense 6 because of "group has power over another" and the context is about political parties and majority-party status. Wait, the text says: "disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources" - here "control" is also used! Wait, the target is "when control of that body changed party hands".
Yes, "control of that body changed party hands". This refers to the political dominance (state of one group having power over another).
Let's verify Sense 1: "power to direct or determine".
Let's check the hypernyms or lexicographer files.
Sense 1 is in 07 possession?
No, 07 is group?
Wait, 1:07:00:: -> 07 is act? No, lexicographer file numbers:
01 cognitive?
03?
04 act?
05 animal?
06 food?
07 possession?
09 feeling?
10 event?
Let's recall 06 = possession? No.
Wait. 1:07:00:: power to direct or determine. 07 possession? 07 act? Wait.
Wait, 1:26:00:: dominance. 26 is feeling? No, 26 is noun.cognition? No, 26 is noun.group?
In WordNet 3.0 lexicographer files:
04 = noun.act
06 = noun.food? No. 06 = noun.possession? Wait.
Let's check: 1:07:00:: -> noun.location? No.
Wait, WordNet sense keys: 1:07:00:: means part_of_speech=1 (noun), lexicographer_file=07 (noun.possession?). No, 07 is noun.act? Wait.
01 = noun.Tops
04 = noun.act
05 = noun.animal
06 = noun.food? No. 06 is noun.body?
Let's ignore the lexicographer files.
"control of that body changed party hands"
Body here means the Senate. The party that has control (dominance/majority) changed.
Sense 6: "the state that exists when one person or group has power over another" synonyms: dominance, ascendance, ascendence, ascendancy, ascendency.
In political contexts, "control of the Senate" is synonymous with "dominance of the Senate" or "ascendancy in the Senate".
Actually, does "control" as "power to direct or determine" (Sense 1) fit better?
"under control" implies a state of being controlled.
"control of that body" is the power to direct that body.
I think Sense 6 fits perfectly with "group has power over another" since it involves political parties.
Wait, another use of "control" in the text: "disproportionate control Democrats exercise... over other resources". If the target was "control", it's the same sense.
"disproportionate control Democrats exercise" -> dominance? No, control over resources is power to direct or determine.
"control of that body changed party hands" - this is definitely about political dominance.
Let's reconsider Sense 1: "power to direct or determine".
I'll bet on Sense 6: "the state that exists when one person or group has power over another" because of the explicit mention of "group" and political party.
Wait, if I look up "control of Congress" in WordNet examples, it might be Sense 1.
What if "control" here is Sense 6?
"the state that exists when one person or group has power over another" - "party hands" fits "group".
I'll choose 6.
Let me double check Sense 6. Synonyms: dominance, ascendance, ascendence, ascendancy, ascendency.
"her apparent dominance of her husband..."
It is a state. "control of that body" -> the dominance of that body. "Control changed party hands" -> the dominance changed party hands. This makes sense.
What about Sense 1? "power to direct or determine". "under control". "far out of my control".
If control changed party hands, the power to direct the body changed party hands. This also makes sense.
Is there any reason to prefer 6 over 1?
Sense 6 explicitly mentions "group", and here it's a political party (group) having power over a legislative body.
I will go with 6.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: body
Target surface form: body
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that <t>body</t> changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=body%1:08:00:: | definition=the entire structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being) | synonyms=organic structure, physical structure | examples=he felt as if his whole body were on fire
2. sense_key=body%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of persons associated by some common tie or occupation and regarded as an entity | examples=the whole body filed out of the auditorium; the student body
3. sense_key=body%1:08:02:: | definition=a natural object consisting of a dead animal or person | synonyms=dead body | examples=they found the body in the lake
4. sense_key=body%1:17:00:: | definition=an individual 3-dimensional object that has mass and that is distinguishable from other objects | examples=heavenly body
5. sense_key=body%1:08:01:: | definition=the body excluding the head and neck and limbs | synonyms=torso, trunk | examples=they moved their arms and legs and bodies
6. sense_key=body%1:14:02:: | definition=a collection of particulars considered as a system | examples=a body of law; a body of doctrine
7. sense_key=body%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of holding together and retaining its shape | synonyms=consistency, consistence, eubstance | examples=wool has more body than rayon; when the dough has enough consistency it is ready to bake
8. sense_key=body%1:10:00:: | definition=the central message of a communication | examples=the body of the message was short
9. sense_key=body%1:07:01:: | definition=the main mass of a thing
10. sense_key=body%1:06:01:: | definition=a resonating chamber in a musical instrument (as the body of a violin) | synonyms=soundbox
11. sense_key=body%1:06:00:: | definition=the external structure of a vehicle | examples=the body of the car was badly rusted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses "control of that body changed party hands" referring to the Senate, which is a legislative body. This matches sense 2: "a group of persons associated by some common tie or occupation and regarded as an entity."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: party
Target surface form: party
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed <t>party</t> hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=party%1:14:01:: | definition=an organization to gain political power | synonyms=political party | examples=in 1992 Perot tried to organize a third party at the national level
2. sense_key=party%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people gathered together for pleasure | examples=she joined the party after dinner
3. sense_key=party%1:14:02:: | definition=a band of people associated temporarily in some activity | synonyms=company | examples=they organized a party to search for food; the company of cooks walked into the kitchen
4. sense_key=party%1:11:00:: | definition=an occasion on which people can assemble for social interaction and entertainment | examples=he planned a party to celebrate Bastille Day
5. sense_key=party%1:18:00:: | definition=a person involved in legal proceedings | examples=the party of the first part

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "party" appears in the phrase "changed party hands" in the context of control of the Senate body changing between political parties (Democrats and Republicans). This is clearly referring to a political party organization.

Sense 1: "an organization to gain political power" with synonym "political party" - this fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reveal
Target surface form: reveals
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, <t>reveals</t> that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reveal%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible | synonyms=uncover, bring out, unveil | examples=Summer brings out bright clothes; He brings out the best in her
2. sense_key=reveal%2:32:00:: | definition=make known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret | synonyms=unwrap, disclose, let on, bring out, discover, expose | examples=The auction house would not disclose the price at which the van Gogh had sold; The actress won't reveal how old she is
3. sense_key=reveal%2:39:04:: | definition=disclose directly or through prophets | examples=God rarely reveal his plans for Mankind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "reveals" in the context: "An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987... moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to..."

Here, "reveals" means to make known or disclose information. The examination reveals (discloses, shows, makes known) that the personal staffing differences cannot be attributed to certain factors.

Sense 1: "make visible" - examples like "Summer brings out bright clothes" - this is about making something visible in a physical or figurative sense.

Sense 2: "make known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret" - synonyms include disclose, expose, discover - examples like "The auction house would not disclose the price"

Sense 3: "disclose directly or through prophets" - religious context.

The context is about an examination revealing/disclosed information. This is closest to sense 2, which involves making known information. Though the "previously kept secret" aspect isn't quite right, among the three senses, sense 2 is the best fit for "reveals that..." in an academic/informational context.

Sense 2 is the best match.

provider: Ionstream


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: personal
Target surface form: personal
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the <t>personal</t> staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=personal%3:00:00:: | definition=concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality | examples=a personal favor; for your personal use
2. sense_key=personal%5:00:00:subjective:00 | definition=particular to a given individual
3. sense_key=personal%3:01:01:: | definition=of or arising from personality | examples=personal magnetism
4. sense_key=personal%5:00:00:physical:00 | definition=intimately concerning a person's body or physical being | examples=personal hygiene
5. sense_key=personal%3:01:00:: | definition=indicating grammatical person | examples=personal verb endings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
Looking at the context, "personal staff" and "personal staffing differences" refer to staff that are particular to each individual legislator (as opposed to committee staff or other shared resources). The text contrasts "personal staffs" with "committee staff," emphasizing that personal staff belong to specific individual members of Congress.

Sense 2 ("particular to a given individual") best captures this meaning — the staff are particular to each individual legislator.

{"sense_index": 2}

reasoning_content:
The target word "personal" appears in the phrase "personal staffing differences" and earlier in "personal staffs" and "personal staffing decisions."

In this context, "personal staff" refers to the individual staff members who work directly for a specific legislator (as opposed to committee staff or other shared staff). The word "personal" here means particular to a given individual legislator - it's their own personal staff.

Looking at the senses:
1. concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality
2. particular to a given individual
3. of or arising from personality
4. intimately concerning a person's body or physical being
5. indicating grammatical person

Sense 2 "particular to a given individual" seems to fit best here. The "personal staff" is the staff particular to each individual legislator. The "personal staffing differences" are differences in how individual legislators staff their offices.

Sense 1 could also be considered, as it relates to "a particular person," but the emphasis in this context is on the staff being particular to each individual legislator rather than being about their private life or personality.

The phrase "personal staff" in congressional context means the staff that belongs to/works for a specific individual member of Congress, as opposed to committee staff or leadership staff. This is about being "particular to a given individual" - sense 2.

Let me reconsider sense 1: "concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality." The examples are "a personal favor" and "for your personal use." This could also work since "personal staff" is staff for a particular person (the legislator).

Hmm, but the context is about "personal staffing differences" - differences in how individual legislators arrange their personal staffs. This is more about being "particular to a given individual" - sense 2.

I'll go with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: difference
Target surface form: differences
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing <t>differences</t> noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=difference%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being unlike or dissimilar | examples=there are many differences between jazz and rock
2. sense_key=difference%1:11:00:: | definition=a variation that deviates from the standard or norm | synonyms=deviation, divergence, departure | examples=the deviation from the mean
3. sense_key=difference%1:10:00:: | definition=a disagreement or argument about something important | synonyms=dispute, difference of opinion, conflict | examples=he had a dispute with his wife; there were irreconcilable differences
4. sense_key=difference%1:24:00:: | definition=a significant change | examples=the difference in her is amazing; his support made a real difference
5. sense_key=difference%1:23:00:: | definition=the number that remains after subtraction; the number that when added to the subtrahend gives the minuend | synonyms=remainder

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "differences" in the context: "the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to..."

The context discusses differences in staffing decisions between Democrats and Republicans - specifically how they allocate staff differently. This refers to the quality of being unlike or dissimilar between the two parties' staffing patterns.

Sense 1: "the quality of being unlike or dissimilar" - fits well as it describes how the staffing patterns differ between parties.

Sense 2: "a variation that deviates from the standard or norm" - could work but implies deviation from a norm, which isn't quite the meaning here. The differences are between two groups, not deviations from a standard.

Sense 3: "a disagreement or argument" - not applicable here; this is about data/staffing patterns, not arguments.

Sense 4: "a significant change" - not quite; this is about differences between groups, not changes over time.

Sense 5: "the number that remains after subtraction" - mathematical, not applicable.

The best sense is 1.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: note
Target surface form: noted
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences <t>noted</t> in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=note%2:32:00:: | definition=make mention of | synonyms=observe, mention, remark | examples=She observed that his presentation took up too much time; They noted that it was a fine day to go sailing
2. sense_key=note%2:39:00:: | definition=notice or perceive | synonyms=notice, mark | examples=She noted that someone was following her; mark my words
3. sense_key=note%2:39:02:: | definition=observe with care or pay close attention to | synonyms=take note, observe | examples=Take note of this chemical reaction
4. sense_key=note%2:32:01:: | definition=make a written note of | synonyms=take down | examples=she noted everything the teacher said that morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "noted" appears in: "the personal staffing differences noted in the table"

This refers to differences that were mentioned/shown in the table. The text is referring back to differences that were presented in the table - making mention of them.

Sense 1: make mention of (observe, mention, remark) - "They noted that it was a fine day"
Sense 2: notice or perceive
Sense 3: observe with care
Sense 4: make a written note of

The phrase "noted in the table" means the differences that were mentioned/presented in the table. This is about making mention of - sense 1.

Wait, let me reconsider. "Noted in the table" - this could mean the differences that were recorded/written in the table. Sense 4 is "make a written note of."

But "noted in the table" here is used as a past participle modifying "differences" - meaning the differences that were mentioned/shown in the table. The table itself is a written document, so the differences were "noted" (written down) in the table.

Hmm, but sense 1 "make mention of" could also apply - the table mentions these differences.

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "They noted that it was a fine day to go sailing" - verbal mention
- Sense 4: "she noted everything the teacher said that morning" - written notes

"Noted in the table" - the differences are presented/written in the table. This seems more like sense 4 (make a written note of) since it's in a table (a written/recorded format).

But actually, "noted in the table" is a participial phrase meaning "mentioned in the table" or "pointed out in the table." The table is referenced as showing these differences.

Actually, I think sense 1 is the best fit. "Noted in the table" = "mentioned in the table" or "observed/reported in the table." The author is referring to differences that were previously mentioned/shown in the table. This is about making mention of, not about the physical act of writing notes.

Let me reconsider once more. The context says "as shown in the table" earlier, and then refers to "the personal staffing differences noted in the table." This is clearly about differences that were mentioned/presented in the table.

Sense 1 (make mention of) fits best - the differences were mentioned/presented in the table.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: table
Target surface form: table
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the <t>table</t> can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=table%1:14:00:: | definition=a set of data arranged in rows and columns | synonyms=tabular array | examples=see table 1
2. sense_key=table%1:06:01:: | definition=a piece of furniture having a smooth flat top that is usually supported by one or more vertical legs | examples=it was a sturdy table
3. sense_key=table%1:06:02:: | definition=a piece of furniture with tableware for a meal laid out on it | examples=I reserved a table at my favorite restaurant
4. sense_key=table%1:17:00:: | definition=flat tableland with steep edges | synonyms=mesa | examples=the tribe was relatively safe on the mesa but they had to descend into the valley for water
5. sense_key=table%1:14:01:: | definition=a company of people assembled at a table for a meal or game | examples=he entertained the whole table with his witty remarks
6. sense_key=table%1:13:01:: | definition=food or meals in general | synonyms=board | examples=she sets a fine table; room and board

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context mentions "as shown in the table" and "the table can not be attributed to...", referring to data arranged in rows and columns presenting information about personal staffing decisions and differences. This clearly matches sense 1: "a set of data arranged in rows and columns".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attribute
Target surface form: attributed
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be <t>attributed</t> to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attribute%2:31:00:: | definition=attribute or credit to | synonyms=impute, ascribe, assign | examples=We attributed this quotation to Shakespeare; People impute great cleverness to cats
2. sense_key=attribute%2:31:01:: | definition=decide as to where something belongs in a scheme | synonyms=assign | examples=The biologist assigned the mushroom to the proper class

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "attributed" appears in: "the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise..."

This means "cannot be credited to" or "cannot be ascribed to" - i.e., the differences cannot be explained by or credited to the disproportionate control.

Sense 1: "attribute or credit to" with synonyms impute, ascribe, assign. Examples: "We attributed this quotation to Shakespeare."
Sense 2: "decide as to where something belongs in a scheme" with synonym assign. Example: "The biologist assigned the mushroom to the proper class."

Sense 1 fits best here - the differences cannot be ascribed/credited to the disproportionate control.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: control
Target surface form: control
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate <t>control</t> Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=control%1:07:00:: | definition=power to direct or determine | examples=under control
2. sense_key=control%1:24:00:: | definition=a relation of constraint of one entity (thing or person or group) by another | examples=measures for the control of disease; they instituted controls over drinking on campus
3. sense_key=control%1:04:02:: | definition=(physiology) regulation or maintenance of a function or action or reflex etc | examples=the timing and control of his movements were unimpaired; he had lost control of his sphincters
4. sense_key=control%1:09:02:: | definition=a standard against which other conditions can be compared in a scientific experiment | synonyms=control condition | examples=the control condition was inappropriate for the conclusions he wished to draw
5. sense_key=control%1:04:00:: | definition=the activity of managing or exerting control over something | examples=the control of the mob by the police was admirable
6. sense_key=control%1:26:00:: | definition=the state that exists when one person or group has power over another | synonyms=dominance, ascendance, ascendence, ascendancy, ascendency | examples=her apparent dominance of her husband was really her attempt to make him pay attention to her
7. sense_key=control%1:07:01:: | definition=discipline in personal and social activities | synonyms=restraint | examples=he was a model of polite restraint; she never lost control of herself
8. sense_key=control%1:09:01:: | definition=great skillfulness and knowledge of some subject or activity | synonyms=command, mastery | examples=a good command of French
9. sense_key=control%1:06:00:: | definition=a mechanism that controls the operation of a machine | synonyms=controller | examples=the speed controller on his turntable was not working properly; I turned the controls over to her
10. sense_key=control%1:18:00:: | definition=a spiritual agency that is assumed to assist the medium during a seance
11. sense_key=control%1:10:00:: | definition=the economic policy of controlling or limiting or curbing prices or wages etc. | examples=they wanted to repeal all the legislation that imposed economic controls

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses Democrats having "disproportionate control" over resources like committee staff due to their majority-party status. This refers to the power or authority one group (Democrats) has over something (resources). Looking at the senses:

- Sense 1: "power to direct or determine" - This fits the idea of having control over resources.
- Sense 6: "the state that exists when one person or group has power over another" - This is about dominance of one group over another, with synonyms like dominance, ascendance.

The context says "disproportionate control Democrats exercise... over other resources such as committee staff." This is about having power/authority over resources, which is about directing or determining the use of those resources. Sense 1 ("power to direct or determine") seems most appropriate here, as it's about the power to direct or determine what happens with those resources.

Sense 6 is about power over another person or group (dominance), which doesn't quite fit since they're talking about control over resources, not control over other people.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Control of that body changed party hands" - this refers to control of the Senate. And "disproportionate control Democrats exercise... over other resources" - this is about having power over resources.

Sense 1: "power to direct or determine" - This is quite general and fits "control over resources."
Sense 5: "the activity of managing or exerting control over something" - This is about the activity itself.

The phrase "control Democrats exercise" suggests the power/ability to direct, which aligns with sense 1.

Let me also consider sense 6 more carefully: "the state that exists when one person or group has power over another." The Democrats have power over resources, but "another" here implies another entity, not resources. Though resources could be considered entities in a broad sense.

Actually, looking more carefully at the context, "control of that body changed party hands" - control of the Senate. This is about which party has power/authority over the Senate. And "disproportionate control Democrats exercise... over other resources" - the power Democrats have over resources.

Sense 1 "power to direct or determine" seems like the best fit. It's a general sense of having power to direct or determine outcomes, which applies to controlling a legislative body or resources.

Wait, but sense 6's definition says "the state that exists when one person or group has power over another." The Democrats are a group, and they have power. But "another" - does this mean another person/group, or another thing? The examples suggest it's about dominance of one person over another (her apparent dominance of her husband). The context is about control over resources, not dominance over another group per se.

I'll go with sense 1: "power to direct or determine." This captures the general sense of having power over something, whether it's a legislative body or resources.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: democrat
Target surface form: Democrats
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control <t>Democrats</t> exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=democrat%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Democratic Party
2. sense_key=democrat%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of democratic principles | synonyms=populist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The target word is "Democrats" in the context of a passage discussing congressional Republicans and Democrats, political parties, roll-call votes, House attendance rates, district offices, committee staff, majority-party status, and Senate elections. This clearly refers to members of the Democratic Party, not advocates of democratic principles in a generic sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exercise
Target surface form: exercise
Context:
To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats <t>exercise</t>, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exercise%2:34:00:: | definition=put to use | synonyms=exert | examples=exert one's power or influence
2. sense_key=exercise%2:41:00:: | definition=carry out or practice; as of jobs and professions | synonyms=practice, practise, do | examples=practice law
3. sense_key=exercise%2:29:01:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=work, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
4. sense_key=exercise%2:29:00:: | definition=do physical exercise | synonyms=work out | examples=She works out in the gym every day
5. sense_key=exercise%2:31:00:: | definition=learn by repetition | synonyms=drill, practice, practise | examples=We drilled French verbs every day; Pianists practice scales

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "exercise" in the context: "the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority-party status, over other resources such as committee staff."

Here, "exercise" means to put to use or exert control. The Democrats exercise control over resources.

Sense 1: "put to use" with synonyms "exert" and example "exert one's power or influence" - this fits perfectly with "exercise control over resources."

The answer is sense 1.