[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: china
Target surface form: China
Context:
U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with <t>China</t> and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=china%1:15:00:: | definition=a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world | synonyms=People's Republic of China, mainland China, Communist China, Red China, PRC, Cathay
2. sense_key=china%1:06:00:: | definition=high quality porcelain originally made only in China
3. sense_key=china%1:15:01:: | definition=a government on the island of Taiwan established in 1949 by Chiang Kai-shek after the conquest of mainland China by the Communists led by Mao Zedong | synonyms=Taiwan, Nationalist China, Republic of China
4. sense_key=china%1:06:01:: | definition=dishware made of high quality porcelain | synonyms=chinaware

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about climate negotiations, U.S.-China relations, Obama administration, Todd Stern, Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei. This is clearly referring to the country, the People's Republic of China (mainland China), not Taiwan, and not porcelain or dishware.

Sense 1 is "a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world" with synonyms People's Republic of China, mainland China, Communist China, Red China, PRC, Cathay.

This is the correct sense. The answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: SiliconFlow


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: united_states
Target surface form: United States
Context:
U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and <t>United States</t> feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=united_states%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States of America, America, the States, US, USA
2. sense_key=united_states%1:14:00:: | definition=the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States | synonyms=United States government, U.S. government, U.S.

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "united_states" with the surface form "United States".
The context mentions the Obama administration, China, and climate negotiations.
"with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations"
This refers to the country itself, the United States of America, not the U.S. government as an institution (the executive, legislative, and judicial branches).
Sense 1 fits perfectly: "North American republic containing 50 states...".

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: CoreWeave

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: obligation
Target surface form: obligations
Context:
U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective <t>obligations</t> while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=obligation%1:04:00:: | definition=the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force; ; - John D.Rockefeller Jr | synonyms=duty, responsibility | examples=we must instill a sense of duty in our children; every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation; every possession, a duty
2. sense_key=obligation%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being obligated to do or pay something | examples=he is under an obligation to finish the job
3. sense_key=obligation%1:24:00:: | definition=a personal relation in which one is indebted for a service or favor | synonyms=indebtedness
4. sense_key=obligation%1:21:00:: | definition=a written promise to repay a debt | synonyms=debt instrument, certificate of indebtedness
5. sense_key=obligation%1:10:00:: | definition=a legal agreement specifying a payment or action and the penalty for failure to comply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about climate negotiations where China and the US are feuding over their respective "obligations" — meaning what they are bound to do (cut emissions, provide funding, etc.) under an agreement.

Sense 1: "the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force" — duty, responsibility. This fits the general idea of what countries are obligated to do.

Sense 2: "the state of being obligated to do or pay something" — this also fits, especially given the financial aspect mentioned.

Sense 5: "a legal agreement specifying a payment or action and the penalty for failure to comply" — this is about a specific legal document/agreement.

The context discusses "binding cuts" and "voluntary ones" — this is about what countries are duty-bound or responsible to do. The obligations here refer to the duties/responsibilities each country has in the climate deal. Sense 1 seems most fitting as it captures the general notion of duty/responsibility that binds parties to courses of action. The examples include "every opportunity, an obligation" which aligns with the idea of obligations in negotiations.

Sense 2 is also possible, but it's more about the state of being obligated rather than the obligation itself as a duty. Sense 1 with synonyms "duty, responsibility" best captures the meaning here — China and the US are feuding over their respective duties/responsibilities regarding climate action.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nation
Target surface form: nations
Context:
U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer <t>nations</t> insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nation%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=nation%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=land, country | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
3. sense_key=nation%1:18:00:: | definition=United States prohibitionist who raided saloons and destroyed bottles of liquor with a hatchet (1846-1911) | synonyms=Carry Nation, Carry Amelia Moore Nation
4. sense_key=nation%1:14:02:: | definition=a federation of tribes (especially Native American tribes) | examples=the Shawnee nation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "nations" in the context: "poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action."

Here, "nations" refers to countries, politically organized bodies of people under a single government. The context discusses "poorer nations" in relation to "the world's two dozen most influential countries," indicating it's about countries as political entities.

Sense 1: a politically organized body of people under a single government - synonyms: state, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic - examples: African nations

Sense 2: the people who live in a nation or country - examples: "a statement that sums up the nation's mood"

The context talks about "poorer nations" insisting on something, which refers to the countries themselves as political entities, not just the people. The sentence discusses countries in terms of their economic status and political influence.

Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: world
Target surface form: world
Context:
U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the <t>world</t>'s two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=world%1:17:01:: | definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, creation, cosmos, macrocosm | examples=they study the evolution of the universe; the biggest tree in existence
2. sense_key=world%1:14:01:: | definition=people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest | synonyms=domain | examples=the Western world
3. sense_key=world%1:09:00:: | definition=all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you | synonyms=reality | examples=his world was shattered; we live in different worlds
4. sense_key=world%1:17:00:: | definition=the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on | synonyms=Earth, globe | examples=the Earth moves around the sun; he sailed around the world
5. sense_key=world%1:14:02:: | definition=people in general considered as a whole | synonyms=populace, public | examples=he is a hero in the eyes of the public
6. sense_key=world%1:17:02:: | definition=a part of the earth that can be considered separately | examples=the outdoor world; the world of insects
7. sense_key=world%1:09:01:: | definition=the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife | synonyms=worldly concern, earthly concern, earth | examples=they consider the church to be independent of the world
8. sense_key=world%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans, mankind | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "world" in the phrase "the world's two dozen most influential countries".
This refers to the international community or the group of nations/countries in the world.
Let's look at the options.
1. universe
2. people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest (synonyms: domain, example: the Western world)
3. all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you
4. the 3rd planet from the sun
5. people in general considered as a whole
6. a part of the earth that can be considered separately
7. the concerns of this life
8. all of the living human inhabitants of the earth

Wait, "the world's two dozen most influential countries" refers to the countries/nations of the world.
Which WordNet sense fits best?
Sense 2: "people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest" - example: "the Western world", "the English-speaking world", "the diplomatic world" - "world" can refer to a sphere of interest or a group. Wait, "world" can refer to the international community.
Sense 5: "people in general considered as a whole" (public).
Sense 8: "all the living human inhabitants of the earth" (humanity).
Sense 1: "everything that exists anywhere".
Sense 4: "the planet we live on". "the planet's two dozen most influential countries"? This is possible, but "world" is often used to mean "the people of the world" or "the international community".
Let's look at sense 2: "people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest | synonyms=domain | examples=the Western world". In geopolitical contexts, "the world" often refers to the community of nations or the international sphere.
Let's look at sense 5: "people in general considered as a whole | synonyms=populace, public". "the world's two dozen most influential countries" - could it mean the public?
Let's look at sense 8: "all of the living human inhabitants of the earth". "the world's two dozen most influential countries" refers to the countries, which belong to the people of the world, or the world itself as a political entity.
Actually, WordNet sense 1 (everything that exists anywhere) or 4 (planet earth) might be broadly used. "the world's two dozen most influential countries" -> The countries of the world.
If we look at WordNet 3.0:
world%1:17:01:: - everything that exists anywhere
world%1:14:01:: - people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest. "the Western world"
world%1:14:02:: - people in general considered as a whole. "he is a hero in the eyes of the public"
world%1:17:00:: - the 3rd planet from the sun
world%1:17:02:: - a part of the earth that can be considered separately. "the outdoor world"
world%1:05:00:: - all of the living human inhabitants of the earth. "all the world loves a lover"

In "the world's two dozen most influential countries", "world" acts as a geographical/political entity encompassing all nations. It could be sense 4 (Earth, the planet we live on), as countries are on Earth. "the planet's two dozen most influential countries" is a bit weird but "the world's two dozen..." is very common.
Is there a sense for "all the countries of the world"? Not explicitly. Sense 4 or Sense 1? "the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on". Often we say "the world's countries" meaning the countries on Earth. "He sailed around the world" - sense 4.
Wait, could it be sense 2? "a distinctive group of people with some shared interest" -> "the Western world", "the Arab world", "the free world", "the Third World". Here it says "the world's two dozen most influential countries", not "the Western world's".
What about sense 5? "people in general considered as a whole".
Let's consider sense 4. "the planet we live on". The context is global politics, climate change, "developed world", "developing world", "industrial world". These are sense 2 (distinctive group of people). But the target is "the world's two dozen most influential countries". This means the entire world (the planet/all nations). So sense 4 (Earth, globe) or sense 1 (everything that exists anywhere). Sense 4 has synonyms "Earth, globe". "the globe's two dozen most influential countries" makes perfect sense. Sense 1 has "universe, existence, creation, cosmos, macrocosm" which doesn't fit "countries".
Therefore, sense 4 is the best fit for the geographical/political entity comprising all nations, often used synonymously with "Earth" or "globe" in international relations ("the world's major powers", "the world's countries"). "the globe's two dozen most influential countries".

Let's double check sense 4: definition=the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on | synonyms=Earth, globe | examples=the Earth moves around the sun; he sailed around the world. "the world's two dozen most influential countries" = "the globe's two dozen most influential countries".

Wait, what about sense 2: "people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest"?
If I say "the world's two dozen most influential countries", "world" is used as the whole international community, which could be a metonymy for the people, but WordNet sense 4 explicitly has the synonym "globe", and we often say "the world's major powers" meaning the powers on the globe.
In the context, there are other occurrences: "developed world", "developing world", "industrial world", "world's major powers". "developed world" uses "world" in sense 2 (distinctive group of people). But the target is "the <t>world</t>'s two dozen most influential countries". Here, it is the entire world, not a distinctive part of it. So "Earth" or "globe" makes the most sense.

Let me search memory for WordNet mapping of "world's most influential countries". Often mapped to %1:17:00:: (Earth, globe) or %1:14:01:: or %1:14:02::.
"the world's two dozen most influential countries" - "world" means the whole earth / all the countries.
Wait, if it refers to all countries, maybe sense 4: "the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on".
I'll go with 4. Earth, globe.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential <t>countries</t> are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "countries" in the context: "the world's two dozen most influential countries".
The context discusses industrialized countries, major emerging economies, developing countries, poorer nations, big emitters, etc.
It refers to political entities, states, nations participating in climate negotiations.
Sense 1: "a politically organized body of people under a single government" (synonyms: state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic)
Sense 2: "the territory occupied by a nation" (synonyms: state, land)
Sense 3: "the people who live in a nation or country" (synonyms: nation, land)
Sense 4: "an area outside of cities and towns"
Sense 5: "a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary..."

The sentence refers to "influential countries", "major powers", "industrialized countries", "major developing countries".
This fits Sense 1 perfectly: politically organized bodies of people under a single government (nations/states).
Could it be Sense 3? "the people who live in a nation or country"? Usually "countries" in international relations refers to the political entities, the states. "Influential countries" -> influential states.
Let's check Sense 1 again: "politically organized body of people under a single government". Often applied in contexts like "industrialized countries", "developing countries". It fits.

Let's look at sense 1 vs sense 2. Sense 1 is the political entity, sense 2 is the territory. When we talk about "industrialized countries" making "binding cuts", "emerging economies", "influential countries", we mean the political entities/governments. "Obama administration", "Chinese vice foreign minister", "Costa Rican delegate". So it's about the political entities.
I'll choose Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: imperative
Target surface form: imperative
Context:
U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific <t>imperative</t> to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=imperative%1:24:00:: | definition=a mood that expresses an intention to influence the listener's behavior | synonyms=imperative mood, jussive mood, imperative form
2. sense_key=imperative%1:04:00:: | definition=some duty that is essential and urgent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "imperative" in the context: "ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action."

Here, "imperative" refers to something that is essential and urgent — a duty or necessity. It's not about a grammatical mood.

So the correct sense is sense 2: "some duty that is essential and urgent."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cost
Target surface form: costs
Context:
The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the <t>costs</t> for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cost%1:21:00:: | definition=the total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor
2. sense_key=cost%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of having material worth (often indicated by the amount of money something would bring if sold) | synonyms=monetary value, price | examples=the fluctuating monetary value of gold and silver; he puts a high price on his services
3. sense_key=cost%1:07:01:: | definition=value measured by what must be given or done or undergone to obtain something | synonyms=price, toll | examples=the cost in human life was enormous; the price of success is hard work

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "costs" in the context: "who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases".

Let's analyze the context:
"who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases"
This implies the burden or what must be given or undergone (in terms of money, effort, or sacrifice) to achieve something (curbing greenhouse gases).

Sense 1: cost%1:21:00:: - the total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor
Sense 2: cost%1:07:00:: - the property of having material worth (often indicated by the amount of money something would bring if sold) | synonyms=monetary value, price
Sense 3: cost%1:07:01:: - value measured by what must be given or done or undergone to obtain something | synonyms=price, toll | examples=the cost in human life was enormous; the price of success is hard work

"bear the costs" aligns perfectly with sense 3: "value measured by what must be given or done or undergone to obtain something". It refers to the burden or price that must be paid to curb greenhouse gases.

Let's check the other senses.
Sense 1 is "total spent" - more like an accounting term.
Sense 2 is about the material worth of an item.
Sense 3 fits the abstract "price" or "toll" of taking an action (curbing greenhouse gases).

Therefore, sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable <t>countries</t> have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "countries" in the context: "even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions."
Here, "vulnerable countries" refers to nations/states that are politically organized bodies of people under a single government, or the territory occupied by them.
Looking at the senses:
1. country%1:14:00:: - a politically organized body of people under a single government. Synonyms: state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic.
2. country%1:15:00:: - the territory occupied by a nation. Synonyms: state, land.
3. country%1:14:01:: - the people who live in a nation or country.
4. country%1:15:01:: - an area outside of cities and towns.
5. country%1:15:02:: - a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary.

"Vulnerable countries" in this context refers to the nation-states themselves, as political entities. "developing countries", "major powers", "Costa Rican delegate", "big emitters".
Sense 1 is "a politically organized body of people under a single government".
Sense 2 is "the territory occupied by a nation". Examples: "he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries".

Let's look at "major developing countries", "world's two dozen most influential countries", "vulnerable countries".
These refer to political entities, nation-states. Sense 1 seems the most appropriate ("African nations"). However, Sense 2 often applies to visiting countries or returning to the land of birth. But here, they are taking action, negotiating, holding big emitters accountable. They are acting as political entities.
Wait, Sense 1 definition: "a politically organized body of people under a single government". Example: "African nations". This captures the political entity aspect.
Let's check if "vulnerable countries" means the political entity. Yes.
Is it Sense 1 or 2? "countries" acting aggressively to hold big emitters accountable. They act politically, as governments. Sense 1.
Wait, in WordNet, "country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries"
Usually, when referring to nations involved in climate negotiations, sense 1 (politically organized body of people under a single government) or sense 2 (the territory occupied by a nation) could be applied.
Let's see if "countries" in "European countries" is sense 2. If "European countries" is sense 2, maybe "developing countries" is also sense 2?
Let's search for similar WordNet WSD tasks. "European countries" -> country%1:15:00:: (territory).
However, "countries" acting, taking action, holding accountable: these are governments.
Is it sense 1? "The state has elected a new president". "African nations". This shows political action.
Let's consider "developing countries". The context mentions "major developing countries stepping up and taking action", "world's two dozen most influential countries". This is about the states acting as political entities. Sense 1: a politically organized body of people under a single government.
Wait, could it be sense 1? Sense 1 examples: "the state has elected a new president", "African nations".
Let's look at Sense 2 examples: "he visited several European countries".
Is "developing countries" usually mapped to sense 1 or 2?
In SemCor, "countries" in "European countries" is sense 2. "nations" in "African nations" is sense 1.
If we look at "developing countries", it often refers to the territory or the state.
Actually, WordNet 3.0 Sense 1: state, nation, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic -- (a politically organized body of people under a single government; "the state has elected a new president"; "African nations"; "students studied the government and politics of the United States")
WordNet 3.0 Sense 2: state, nation, country, land -- (the territory occupied by a nation; "he returned to the land of his birth"; "he visited several European countries"; "he returned to the land of his birth")
"vulnerable countries" - these are the nations themselves, either as people or territory. But because they are "seeking to hold the big emitters accountable", they are acting politically, through their governments. Thus, "a politically organized body of people under a single government" seems more fitting. Sense 1.
Let's double check if there are any clues. "vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable". This is political action. So Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: action
Target surface form: actions
Context:
The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their <t>actions</t>. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=action%1:04:02:: | definition=something done (usually as opposed to something said) | examples=there were stories of murders and other unnatural actions
2. sense_key=action%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being active | synonyms=activity, activeness | examples=his sphere of activity; he is out of action
3. sense_key=action%1:04:03:: | definition=a military engagement | synonyms=military action | examples=he saw action in Korea
4. sense_key=action%1:22:00:: | definition=a process existing in or produced by nature (rather than by the intent of human beings) | synonyms=natural process, natural action, activity | examples=the action of natural forces; volcanic activity
5. sense_key=action%1:10:00:: | definition=the series of events that form a plot | examples=his novels always have a lot of action
6. sense_key=action%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of being active and energetic and forceful | examples=a man of action
7. sense_key=action%1:06:00:: | definition=the operating part that transmits power to a mechanism | synonyms=action mechanism | examples=the piano had a very stiff action
8. sense_key=action%1:04:01:: | definition=a judicial proceeding brought by one party against another; one party prosecutes another for a wrong done or for protection of a right or for prevention of a wrong | synonyms=legal action, action at law
9. sense_key=action%1:04:04:: | definition=an act by a government body or supranational organization | examples=recent federal action undermined the segregationist position; the United Nations must have the power to propose and organize action without being hobbled by irrelevant issues
10. sense_key=action%1:04:00:: | definition=the most important or interesting work or activity in a specific area or field | examples=the action is no longer in technology stocks but in municipal bonds; gawkers always try to get as close to the action as possible

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
Looking at the context, "actions" refers to the deeds/acts of the big emitters (nations/government bodies like China and the United States) in the context of climate negotiations. The vulnerable countries want to hold these government actors accountable for what they have done regarding emissions and climate policy. This aligns with sense 9, which specifically covers acts by government bodies or supranational organizations, with examples closely paralleling the international/political context here.

{"sense_index": 9}

reasoning_content:
The target word is "actions" in the context: "...vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions."

Here, "actions" refers to things done by the big emitters (countries/governments). Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. action%1:04:02:: - something done (usually as opposed to something said)
2. action%1:26:00:: - the state of being active
3. action%1:04:03:: - a military engagement
4. action%1:22:00:: - a process existing in or produced by nature
5. action%1:22:00:: - the series of events that form a plot
6. action%1:07:00:: - the trait of being active and energetic and forceful
7. action%1:06:00:: - the operating part that transmits power to a mechanism
8. action%1:04:01:: - a judicial proceeding
9. action%1:04:04:: - an act by a government body or supranational organization
10. action%1:04:00:: - the most important or interesting work or activity in a specific area

The context is about big emitters (countries/governments) and their "actions" - specifically actions related to curbing greenhouse gases and climate change. The big emitters are countries/government bodies, so this could be sense 9 (an act by a government body or supranational organization).

However, "actions" here is plural and refers to what the big emitters have done - their deeds, their behavior regarding emissions. It could be sense 1 (something done) as a general sense.

Let me think more carefully. The sentence says "hold the big emitters accountable for their actions." The "big emitters" are countries (China, United States, etc.). Their "actions" refer to things they have done - specifically their emissions and policies.

Sense 9 is "an act by a government body or supranational organization" with examples like "recent federal action undermined the segregationist position; the United Nations must have the power to propose and organize action without being hobbled by irrelevant issues." This is specifically about government/supranational actions, which fits since the big emitters are countries/governments.

But sense 1 is "something done (usually as opposed to something said)" which is more general.

The context is about countries (big emitters) and their actions - these are government actions. The word "actions" here refers to acts taken by government bodies. Sense 9 seems very fitting since the actors are government bodies/nations.

However, "actions" in "hold the big emitters accountable for their actions" could also be more broadly interpreted as "things they have done" (sense 1). The big emitters are being held accountable for what they've done - their emissions, their policies, etc.

Let me reconsider. The "big emitters" could be countries, but the "actions" being referred to are the things they've done - their deeds, particularly regarding emissions. This is closer to sense 1 (something done).

But sense 9 specifically mentions "an act by a government body or supranational organization" and the context is clearly about government/national actions in the context of climate negotiations. The examples for sense 9 are about federal action and UN action, which is very similar to the context here (international climate negotiations).

I think sense 9 is the best fit because:
1. The actors are government bodies (big emitters = countries)
2. The context is about international negotiations and government actions
3. The examples for sense 9 are very similar (federal action, UN action)

Actually, let me reconsider once more. "Actions" here is plural, and it refers to what the big emitters have done - their emissions, their policies, etc. These could be general "things done" (sense 1) or specifically "acts by government bodies" (sense 9).

The context is about climate negotiations where countries are being held accountable for their emissions and actions regarding climate change. These are government/national actions. Sense 9 seems more specific and appropriate.

I'll go with sense 9.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: central_america
Target surface form: Central America
Context:
The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and <t>Central America</t> climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=central_america%1:15:00:: | definition=the isthmus joining North America and South America; extends from the southern border of Mexico to the northern border of Colombia
2. sense_key=central_america%1:14:00:: | definition=the nations of Central America collectively

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target is "Central America" in the context: "regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International."

Here, "Central America" refers to the region (the isthmus joining North America and South America), not the nations collectively.

Sense 1: the isthmus joining North America and South America; extends from the southern border of Mexico to the northern border of Colombia.
Sense 2: the nations of Central America collectively.

The context mentions "Mexico and Central America" as a region where the person serves as a climate change adviser. This refers to the geographic region/isthmus, not the nations collectively.

Sense 1 seems more appropriate as it refers to the geographic region.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the <t>countries</t> most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "countries" in the sentence: "Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen..."

Let me analyze the context:
- The text discusses climate change negotiations
- It mentions "countries" as political entities participating in negotiations
- The "countries" here refers to sovereign states/nations that are vulnerable to climate change
- They are pushing for a legally binding treaty, which is a political action
- The text also mentions "major powers", "developing world", "industrial world", "emerging economies", "poorer nations", "vulnerable countries"

Looking at the senses:
1. country%1:14:00:: - a politically organized body of people under a single government (synonyms: state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic) - examples: "the state has elected a new president"; "African nations"
2. country%1:15:00:: - the territory occupied by a nation (synonyms: state, land) - examples: "he returned to the land of his birth"; "he visited several European countries"
3. country%1:14:01:: - the people who live in a nation or country (synonyms: nation, land) - examples: "a statement that sums up the nation's mood"; "the news was announced to the nation"
4. country%1:15:01:: - an area outside of cities and towns (synonyms: rural area) - examples: "his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country"
5. country%1:15:02:: - a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (synonyms: area) - examples: "it was a mountainous area"; Bible country"

The context here is about countries as political entities participating in international negotiations. The "countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change" are nation-states that are vulnerable. These countries are taking political action (pushing for a treaty).

Sense 1 (politically organized body of people under a single government) seems most appropriate because:
- The context is about political negotiations
- The countries are acting as political entities (pushing for treaties, making deals)
- The examples "African nations" and "the state has elected a new president" are similar to the usage here

Sense 2 (the territory occupied by a nation) could also be relevant since "vulnerable to the impact of climate change" could refer to the physical territory being vulnerable. However, the countries are also taking political action (indicating they would push for a treaty), which suggests the political entity rather than just the territory.

Sense 3 (the people who live in a nation or country) - this could be relevant since it's the people who are vulnerable, but the context treats "countries" as agents taking political action, which aligns more with sense 1.

The best sense is 1, as the countries are acting as politically organized bodies participating in international climate negotiations.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the <t>impact</t> of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "impact" in the phrase "the impact of climate change".
Context: countries vulnerable to the impact of climate change.
Sense 1: the striking of one body against another (physical collision).
Sense 2: a forceful consequence; a strong effect. Example: the book had an important impact on my thinking.
Sense 3: influencing strongly. Synonyms: impingement, encroachment. Example: impingement of American values.
Sense 4: violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat.

"impact of climate change" refers to the effect or consequence of climate change.
Sense 2 fits perfectly: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect".

Let's check sense 3: "influencing strongly" with synonyms like impingement or encroachment. This is more about the act of influencing or intruding.
Sense 2 is about the consequence or effect itself.

Therefore, the best sense is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: participant
Target surface form: participants
Context:
Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major <t>participants</t> say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=participant%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who takes part in an activity
2. sense_key=participant%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who participates in or is skilled at some game | synonyms=player

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "participants" in the context: "although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best."

The context is about climate talks/negotiations in Copenhagen. The "major participants" refers to countries/delegates taking part in the climate negotiations.

Sense 1: someone who takes part in an activity
Sense 2: a person who participates in or is skilled at some game (synonym: player)

While there's a mention of "game" in the text ("This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed"), the word "participants" here refers to people/entities taking part in the activity of climate talks, not specifically participants in a game. Sense 2 seems more specific to games/sports.

The best sense is sense 1: someone who takes part in an activity.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deal
Target surface form: deal
Context:
Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political <t>deal</t> at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deal%1:04:02:: | definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=trade, business deal | examples=it was a package deal; I had no further trade with him
2. sense_key=deal%1:10:00:: | definition=an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each | synonyms=bargain | examples=he made a bargain with the devil; he rose to prominence through a series of shady deals
3. sense_key=deal%1:23:00:: | definition=(often followed by `of') a large number or amount or extent | synonyms=batch, flock, good deal, great deal, hatful, heap | examples=a batch of letters; a deal of trouble
4. sense_key=deal%1:27:00:: | definition=a plank of softwood (fir or pine board)
5. sense_key=deal%1:27:01:: | definition=wood that is easy to saw (from conifers such as pine or fir) | synonyms=softwood
6. sense_key=deal%1:14:00:: | definition=the cards held in a card game by a given player at any given time | synonyms=hand | examples=I didn't hold a good hand all evening; he kept trying to see my hand
7. sense_key=deal%1:11:00:: | definition=the type of treatment received (especially as the result of an agreement) | examples=he got a good deal on his car
8. sense_key=deal%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of distributing playing cards | examples=the deal was passed around the table clockwise
9. sense_key=deal%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of apportioning or distributing something | examples=the captain was entrusted with the deal of provisions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "deal" appears in the phrase "a political deal" in the context of climate talks/negotiations at Copenhagen.
Let's analyze the context: "most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best."
A "deal" here refers to an agreement reached between parties after discussion, fixing obligations of each. This is an agreement, compromise, or treaty.
Sense 1: a particular instance of buying or selling. (No)
Sense 2: an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each. (Yes, a political agreement/treaty)
Sense 3: a large number or amount or extent. (No)
Sense 4: a plank of softwood. (No)
Sense 5: wood that is easy to saw. (No)
Sense 6: the cards held in a card game. (No)
Sense 7: the type of treatment received. (No)
Sense 8: the act of distributing playing cards. (No)
Sense 9: the act of apportioning or distributing something. (No)

Sense 2 perfectly fits "an agreement between parties" and the examples mention "shady deals" which are agreements. "Political deal" means a political agreement.
Therefore, sense_index is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: member
Target surface form: members
Context:
With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 <t>members</t>, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=member%1:18:00:: | definition=one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization) | synonyms=fellow member | examples=only members will be admitted; a member of the faculty
2. sense_key=member%1:24:00:: | definition=anything that belongs to a set or class | examples=snakes are members of the class Reptilia; members of the opposite sex
3. sense_key=member%1:08:00:: | definition=an external body part that projects from the body | synonyms=extremity, appendage | examples=it is important to keep the extremities warm
4. sense_key=member%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization that is a member of another organization (especially a state that belongs to a group of nations) | examples=the library was a member of the interlibrary loan association; Canada is a member of the United Nations
5. sense_key=member%1:08:01:: | definition=the male organ of copulation (`member' is a euphemism) | synonyms=penis, phallus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context says "The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members". The Alliance of Small Island States is an organization, and its members are countries/states (organizations that are members of another organization). So sense 4 fits: "an organization that is a member of another organization (especially a state that belongs to a group of nations)".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: draft
Target surface form: draft
Context:
With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page <t>draft</t> treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=draft%1:21:00:: | definition=a document ordering the payment of money; drawn by one person or bank on another | synonyms=bill of exchange, order of payment
2. sense_key=draft%1:19:00:: | definition=a current of air (usually coming into a chimney or room or vehicle) | synonyms=draught
3. sense_key=draft%1:06:01:: | definition=a preliminary sketch of a design or picture | synonyms=rough drawing
4. sense_key=draft%1:13:00:: | definition=a serving of drink (usually alcoholic) drawn from a keg | synonyms=draught, potation, tipple | examples=they served beer on draft
5. sense_key=draft%1:10:00:: | definition=any of the various versions in the development of a written work | synonyms=draft copy | examples=a preliminary draft; the final draft of the constitution
6. sense_key=draft%1:07:00:: | definition=the depth of a vessel's keel below the surface (especially when loaded) | synonyms=draught
7. sense_key=draft%1:06:02:: | definition=a regulator for controlling the flow of air in a fireplace
8. sense_key=draft%1:06:00:: | definition=a dose of liquid medicine | synonyms=draught | examples=he took a sleeping draft
9. sense_key=draft%1:04:03:: | definition=compulsory military service | synonyms=conscription, muster, selective service
10. sense_key=draft%1:04:02:: | definition=a large and hurried swallow | synonyms=gulp, draught, swig | examples=he finished it at a single gulp
11. sense_key=draft%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of moving a load by drawing or pulling | synonyms=draught, drawing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context mentions "a 24-page draft treaty proposal" - this refers to a preliminary version of a written document (a treaty). Sense 5 fits: "any of the various versions in the development of a written work" with synonym "draft copy" and examples "a preliminary draft; the final draft of the constitution."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: proposal
Target surface form: proposal
Context:
With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty <t>proposal</t> early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=proposal%1:10:00:: | definition=something proposed (such as a plan or assumption)
2. sense_key=proposal%1:10:02:: | definition=an offer of marriage | synonyms=marriage proposal, proposal of marriage, marriage offer
3. sense_key=proposal%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of making a proposal | synonyms=proposition | examples=they listened to her proposal

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "proposal" in the context: "The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning."

Here, "proposal" refers to a document/something proposed (a plan or a draft treaty). It's not about marriage, and it's not the act of making a proposal. It's the actual thing being proposed - a draft treaty proposal.

Sense 1: something proposed (such as a plan or assumption) - This fits well. A draft treaty proposal is something proposed (a plan).

Sense 2: an offer of marriage - Doesn't fit.

Sense 3: the act of making a proposal - This refers to the action itself, not the document/thing produced.

The sentence says they "produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal" - this is the document/thing itself, not the act. So sense 1 is the best choice.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: morning
Target surface form: morning
Context:
With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday <t>morning</t>. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=morning%1:28:00:: | definition=the time period between dawn and noon | synonyms=morn, morning time, forenoon | examples=I spent the morning running errands
2. sense_key=morning%1:10:00:: | definition=a conventional expression of greeting or farewell | synonyms=good morning
3. sense_key=morning%1:28:01:: | definition=the first light of day | synonyms=dawn, dawning, aurora, first light, daybreak, break of day | examples=we got up before dawn; they talked until morning
4. sense_key=morning%1:11:00:: | definition=the earliest period | synonyms=dawn | examples=the dawn of civilization; the morning of the world

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context says "produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning." This refers to the time period between dawn and noon, specifically early in that period. "Early Friday morning" is a common expression referring to the morning time period.

Sense 1: the time period between dawn and noon - this fits "early Friday morning"
Sense 3: the first light of day / dawn - "early morning" could overlap but "Friday morning" typically refers to the time period, not specifically dawn.

The phrase "early Friday morning" refers to the morning time period (sense 1), specifically early in it. It's not referring to dawn itself (sense 3), but rather the early part of the morning period.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Early Friday morning" - this could mean early in the morning period. Sense 1 is "the time period between dawn and noon" which is what "morning" refers to here. The word "early" modifies it to mean early in that period.

Sense 3 is "the first light of day" with synonyms like dawn, daybreak. While "early morning" might approach dawn, the word "morning" itself in "Friday morning" refers to the time period.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: climate
Target surface form: climate
Context:
The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international <t>climate</t> negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=climate%1:26:00:: | definition=the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time | synonyms=clime | examples=the dank climate of southern Wales; plants from a cold clime travel best in winter
2. sense_key=climate%1:26:01:: | definition=the prevailing psychological state | synonyms=mood | examples=the climate of opinion; the national mood had changed radically since the last election

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "climate" in the phrase "international climate negotiations."
The context discusses negotiations about climate change, global warming, greenhouse gases, etc.
In "international climate negotiations," the word "climate" refers to the physical climate (weather averaged over time, climate change).
Let's look at the candidate senses.
1. climate%1:26:00:: | definition=the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time | synonyms=clime | examples=the dank climate of southern Wales; plants from a cold clime travel best in winter
2. climate%1:26:01:: | definition=the prevailing psychological state | synonyms=mood | examples=the climate of opinion; the national mood had changed radically since the last election

In the context of "climate change", "climate" refers to the weather averaged over time. So sense 1 is the best fit.
The text says "international climate negotiations", referring to negotiations about the climate (as in weather/climate change). Wait, or does "climate" mean psychological state? No, the whole text is about "climate change" (greenhouse gases, vulnerable countries, emitters, etc.). Therefore "climate" means the weather/physical climate.
Sense 1 is correct.