[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: advance
Target surface form: advances
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about <t>advances</t> in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=advance%1:11:00:: | definition=a movement forward | synonyms=progress, progression | examples=he listened for the progress of the troops
2. sense_key=advance%1:11:01:: | definition=a change for the better; progress in development | synonyms=improvement, betterment
3. sense_key=advance%1:10:00:: | definition=a tentative suggestion designed to elicit the reactions of others | synonyms=overture, approach, feeler | examples=she rejected his advances
4. sense_key=advance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of moving forward (as toward a goal) | synonyms=progress, progression, procession, advancement, forward motion, onward motion
5. sense_key=advance%1:21:00:: | definition=an amount paid before it is earned | synonyms=cash advance
6. sense_key=advance%1:04:01:: | definition=increase in price or value | synonyms=rise | examples=the news caused a general advance on the stock market

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "advances" in the context: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

Context: The passage discusses scientific progress in cancer research, genetic testing, and the discovery of cancer-suppressor genes. The public is concerned about "advances in treatment" - meaning progress/improvements in cancer treatment.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. advance%1:11:00:: - a movement forward (synonyms: progress, progression) - examples: "he listened for the progress of the troops"
2. advance%1:11:01:: - a change for the better; progress in development (synonyms: improvement, betterment)
3. advance%1:10:00:: - a tentative suggestion designed to elicit the reactions of others (synonyms: overture, approach, feeler) - examples: "she rejected his advances"
4. advance%1:04:00:: - the act of moving forward (as toward a goal) (synonyms: progress, progression, procession, advancement, forward motion, onward motion)
5. advance%1:21:00:: - an amount paid before it is earned (synonyms: cash advance)
6. advance%1:04:01:: - increase in price or value (synonyms: rise) - examples: "the news caused a general advance on the stock market"

The context is about "advances in treatment" - meaning improvements or progress in medical treatment.

Sense 2 seems most appropriate: "a change for the better; progress in development" with synonyms "improvement, betterment." This fits because the public is concerned about improvements/progress in cancer treatment.

Sense 1 is "a movement forward" - this is more physical movement.
Sense 4 is "the act of moving forward (as toward a goal)" - this could also work, but it's more about the act/process of moving forward rather than the improvement itself.

The phrase "advances in treatment" most naturally refers to improvements or better developments in treatment methods, which aligns with sense 2 (a change for the better; progress in development).

Wait, let me reconsider. Sense 4 has "advancement" as a synonym, which is very close to "advances." But the definition "the act of moving forward (as toward a goal)" is more about the process of moving forward.

Sense 2: "a change for the better; progress in development" - this fits "advances in treatment" well because it refers to improvements in treatment.

I think sense 2 is the best fit here. "Advances in treatment" = improvements in treatment = a change for the better in treatment development.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: treatment
Target surface form: treatment
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in <t>treatment</t>, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word "treatment" appears in the context: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

The context discusses cancer research, genetic probes, discovering genes that control cancer, and the public's concern about "advances in treatment."
This clearly refers to medical treatment for cancer.

Sense 1: "care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury)" | synonyms=intervention
Sense 2: "the management of someone or something" | synonyms=handling
Sense 3: "a manner of dealing with something artistically"
Sense 4: "an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic" | synonyms=discussion, discourse

The context is about medical procedures to relieve illness (cancer), so Sense 1 is the correct one.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: basic
Target surface form: basic
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this <t>basic</t> research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=basic%3:00:00:: | definition=pertaining to or constituting a base or basis | examples=a basic fact; the basic ingredients
2. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:standard:01 | definition=reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality | synonyms=canonic, canonical | examples=a basic story line; a canonical syllable pattern
3. sense_key=basic%5:00:02:first:00 | definition=serving as a base or starting point | synonyms=introductory | examples=a basic course in Russian; basic training for raw recruits
4. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:alkaline:00 | definition=of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "basic" in the context: "this basic research will begin showing results there soon."
The context discusses fundamental research on cancer-suppressing genes.
The sentence before it says: "some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer".
So "basic research" means foundational, fundamental research, research that forms the basis for further discoveries.
Looking at the senses:
1. basic%3:00:00:: | definition=pertaining to or constituting a base or basis | examples=a basic fact; the basic ingredients
2. basic%5:00:00:standard:01 | definition=reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality | synonyms=canonic, canonical | examples=a basic story line; a canonical syllable pattern
3. basic%5:00:02:first:00 | definition=serving as a base or starting point | synonyms=introductory | examples=a basic course in Russian; basic training for raw recruits
4. basic%5:00:00:alkaline:00 | definition=of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base

"basic research" is research that serves as a base or basis. Sense 1 fits perfectly: "pertaining to or constituting a base or basis". Sense 3 is more about an introductory course or starting point for beginners (introductory), which doesn't fit "basic research" as well as Sense 1 does. Sense 1 relates to "basic fact", "basic ingredients", which fits "basic research" (research providing the basis for future advances).
Let's see. Sense 1 is pertains to base or basis. "basic research" is often contrasted with "applied research" and means fundamental, foundational research.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: begin
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will <t>begin</t> showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "begin" in the context: "this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

Let me analyze the context. The sentence is: "but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

Here, "begin" is followed by "showing results," which is a gerund phrase. This means "begin" is taking the first step in carrying out an action — the research will start to show results.

Let's look at the senses:
1. begin%2:30:00:: - take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | examples: "We began working at dawn; Who will start?"
3. begin%2:30:01:: - set in motion, cause to start | examples: "The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities"

Sense 1 is about "taking the first step or steps in carrying out an action" with examples like "We began working at dawn." The context "begin showing results" is similar — the research will start showing results, i.e., it will take the first step in the action of showing results.

Sense 3 is about "set in motion, cause to start" — this is more about causing something else to start, like starting a war or beginning hostilities. The research isn't causing results to start; rather, the research itself will begin to show results.

So sense 1 seems the best fit. The research will begin (start) showing results — taking the first step in carrying out the action of showing results.

Let me double-check. "begin showing results" — "begin" here is an intransitive verb followed by a gerund. The subject (basic research) will begin the action of showing results. This aligns with sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" with the example "We began working at dawn."

Yes, sense 1 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: showing
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin <t>showing</t> results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "showing" in the context: "I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

Let's analyze the context. "showing results" means producing results, becoming visible, or making results noticeable/evident.
Looking at the candidate senses:
1. show%2:39:02:: - give an exhibition of to an interested audience (demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate)
2. show%2:31:00:: - establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment (prove, demonstrate, establish, shew)
3. show%2:32:00:: - provide evidence for (testify, bear witness, prove, evidence)
4. show%2:39:00:: - make visible or noticeable
8. show%2:39:01:: - be or become visible or noticeable (show up)

"showing results" usually means yielding or producing results, becoming visible or noticeable. Sense 8 is "be or become visible or noticeable", synonyms "show up", examples "His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show". Sense 4 is "make visible or noticeable".
Wait, could it be sense 2: establish the validity of something? "showing results" - demonstrating results?
Let's consider "begin showing results". The results of the basic research will start to become visible/noticeable.
Sense 8: "be or become visible or noticeable". Example: "His good upbringing really shows". This is intransitive.
"showing results" -> "results" is the object. Wait, is "showing results" transitive or intransitive?
If it's "showing results", "results" is the direct object. It means making results visible or noticeable. So Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable".
Wait, does "show" take an object here? "this basic research will begin showing results". Yes, "results" is the object. So it is transitive. Sense 4 is "make visible or noticeable". Example: "She showed her talent for cooking". Here "results" is the thing that will be made visible.
Wait, could it be sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" - synonyms prove, demonstrate, establish, shew - examples "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound"? Basic research will begin showing results... "showing results" means "demonstrating results"?
Let's check the exact wording: "I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."
In WordNet, "show results" is often categorized under sense 4 (make visible or noticeable) or sense 2 (establish the validity of something, demonstrate).
Actually, "showing results" means yielding results. Yielding or producing is not exactly in WordNet's show. But "make visible or noticeable" fits the idea that the results will manifest.
Let's look closely at Sense 8: "be or become visible or noticeable". Intransitive. "The results will begin showing." But here it's "showing results", so it takes an object.
Let's reconsider Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable".
Let's reconsider Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" (prove, demonstrate, establish, shew). "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound."
"showing results" implies the research will produce visible/demonstrable results. "Results" is the object of "showing". "Demonstrate results" vs "make results visible". "Demonstrate" implies proving something. Here it just means the research will start to yield visible outcomes. Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable" is very broad and fits taking an object.
Wait, is there a sense of "show" meaning "to manifest, reveal"? Yes, sense 4 "make visible or noticeable" covers manifesting, revealing.

Let's check if there is any other sense.
1. demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate
2. prove, demonstrate, establish, shew
3. testify, bear witness, prove, evidence
4. make visible or noticeable
8. show up (intransitive)

In "showing results", the results become visible. Or the research makes the results visible.
I think Sense 4 fits best. "make visible or noticeable".
Let's look at Sense 8. "be or become visible or noticeable". Example: "The dirty side will show". It doesn't take an object.
Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable". Example: "She showed her talent for cooking". Here, talent is made visible.
If the sentence was "results will begin showing", it would be Sense 8. But it is "research will begin showing results". The research is making the results visible. So Sense 4.

Let's think if "showing results" could be Sense 2. "establish the validity of something". The research establishes the validity of results? No, the results themselves are the manifestation of the research being valid. The research produces results and makes them visible. So Sense 4 is better.

Let's double check.
"showing" -> making visible.
Context: "this basic research will begin showing results there soon."
Yes, Sense 4: make visible or noticeable.

Sense 4: make visible or noticeable.
Sense 8: be or become visible or noticeable.
Since "results" is the object, it has to be transitive. Sense 4 is the transitive version. I will go with 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing <t>results</t> there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "results" in the context: "...but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

Sense 1: a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon (consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot)
Sense 2: a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem (solution, answer, resolution, solvent)
Sense 3: something that results (resultant, final result, outcome, termination)
Sense 4: the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause

In this context, "results" refers to the outcomes or findings of basic research. Basic research will begin showing results - meaning it will produce outcomes or consequences in terms of practical applications (treatment advances).

Sense 1 seems to fit well: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" - the results follow from the basic research. Synonyms include consequence, effect, outcome.

Sense 3: "something that results" - this is also about outcomes, but it's more about the final result or termination of something. The example is "he listened for the results on the radio" which refers to election results or similar final outcomes.

Sense 1 is more about the effect or consequence of something, which fits "showing results" in the sense of producing tangible benefits or effects from the research.

The phrase "showing results" in the context of research usually means producing outcomes/effects/benefits. Sense 1 seems like the best fit because it emphasizes the causal relationship - the research (previous phenomenon) causes the results (benefits in treatment).

Sense 3 is "something that results" which is more general. But "showing results" in research context typically means producing effects/consequences.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: there
Target surface form: there
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results <t>there</t> soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=there%4:02:00:: | definition=in or at that place | synonyms=at that place, in that location | examples=they have lived there for years; it's not there
2. sense_key=there%4:02:02:: | definition=in that matter | synonyms=in that respect, on that point | examples=I agree with you there
3. sense_key=there%4:02:01:: | definition=to or toward that place; away from the speaker | synonyms=thither | examples=go there around noon!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "there" in the sentence: "...but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

Let me analyze the context. The sentence says "this basic research will begin showing results there soon." The "there" refers to a field/area of study or a domain. Looking at the broader context, it's about cancer research and treatment. "There" seems to refer to "in that area/field" or "in that respect."

Let me look at the senses:
1. "in or at that place" - physical location (they have lived there for years)
2. "in that matter" / "in that respect, on that point" - (I agree with you there)
3. "to or toward that place; away from the speaker" - (go there around noon!)

The context: "this basic research will begin showing results there soon." The "there" refers to the area of cancer treatment/advances in treatment. The public is concerned about advances in treatment, and the speaker is convinced that basic research will begin showing results "there" (in that area/respect) soon.

Sense 2 ("in that matter" / "in that respect, on that point") fits well here. The "there" refers to the area of treatment advances. "In that respect, results will begin showing soon."

Sense 1 could also work if "there" refers to "in that field" (a metaphorical place). But the WordNet examples for sense 1 are about physical places ("they have lived there for years").

Actually, let me reconsider. "Showing results there" - "there" could mean "in that field/area" which is a metaphorical location. But sense 2 "in that matter/respect" seems more precise for this abstract reference.

Wait, let me re-read: "the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

"There" = in that area (treatment). This is "in that respect" or "in that matter" - sense 2.

Actually, I'm now second-guessing. "There" could also be interpreted as "in that place" metaphorically - the field of cancer treatment. But sense 2 seems more appropriate because it's about "in that matter/respect" - referring to the domain of treatment advances.

I'll go with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: made
Context:
This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja <t>made</t> his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "made" in the context: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."
Let's analyze the context.
Dr. Dryja made a discovery. "made a discovery" usually maps to the sense of achieving, finding, or performing.
Wait, earlier in the text: "the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja"
Then: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."
Making a discovery.
Which sense fits "make a discovery"?
Looking at the candidate senses:
7. make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion. ("draw a conclusion" is similar to "make a discovery"?)
16. make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move. ("make a discovery" could be "perform or carry out".)
Wait, what about "make a discovery"? Is it creating something, or formulating in the mind, or performing an action?
Let's see:
Sense 3: make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
Sense 5: make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
Sense 6: make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create
Sense 16: make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
Let's check WordNet for "make".
"make" as in "make a discovery" - actually, "make a discovery" usually falls under "make" v. "make, make" -> "make or cause to be or to become".
Wait! To "make a discovery" means to formulate it, or discover it.
Let's look at Sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind". "draw a conclusion". Making a discovery is similar to formulating a conclusion.
Let's look at Sense 16: "perform or carry out". Examples: "make a decision; make a move". "Make a discovery" is not quite "perform or carry out".
What about Sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind". "draw a conclusion". Making a discovery is similar to formulating a conclusion.
Wait, look at Sense 24: "make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas".
Look at Sense 1: "engage in". "make an effort".
Is there a sense for "make" meaning "achieve, reach, or discover"?
Sense 13: "reach a goal, e.g.".
Sense 14: "be or be capable of being changed or made into".
Wait, I should find the exact WordNet sense of "make" for "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery".
Let's recall the WordNet senses of "make".
In WordNet 3.0:
make%2:36:00:: "make or cause to be or to become" (create). Example: "make a mess".
make%2:36:12:: "perform or carry out". Examples: "make a decision", "make a move".
make%2:31:00:: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind". Example: "I draw a line here", "draw a conclusion". Wait, does "make a discovery" fit this? No, discovery is usually not "in the mind" unless it's a conclusion.
Wait! Let's re-read Sense 16: "perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move"
Let's re-read Sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion"
Could it be Sense 7? A discovery is derived or formulated.
Let's check another sense: Sense 16: "perform or carry out". Is "make a discovery" in WordNet an example for "perform or carry out"?
Actually, "make a discovery" might just be "make%2:36:00:: make or cause to be or to become" -> "make a discovery" (creating a discovery).
Wait. Let's look up "make a discovery" in WordNet.
Often "make" + noun (like "make a mistake", "make a decision") goes to "perform or carry out".
Wait, "make a mistake" is Sense 24.
"make a decision" is Sense 16.
What about "make a discovery"?
Let's search my knowledge base for "make a discovery" in WordNet.
Often, "make a discovery" is not listed in the standard examples, but it's a light verb construction.
Is there a sense for "make" in "make a discovery"?
"discover, find" -> make a discovery.
Wait, in WordNet, "make" has a sense "make%2:36:12:: perform or carry out", with examples "make a decision; make a move".
Another sense "make%2:31:00:: make, formulate, or derive in the mind", with examples "I draw a line here; draw a conclusion".
What about "make a discovery"? Could it be Sense 16?
Or Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become". "make a mess in one's office; create a furor". If you make a discovery, you bring a discovery into existence.
In WordNet, "make%2:36:00::" definition is "make or cause to be or to become". "make a mess", "create a furor", "make a discovery" might be an example.
Wait, let me check WordNet examples for Sense 3: "make a mess in one's office", "create a furor", "make a discovery"? Wait, sometimes the WordNet example is "make a discovery"!
Let me check my memory for "make a discovery" in WordNet.
Yes! "make a discovery" is often an example for the "create" or "cause to be" sense.
Let's see: Sense 3 is make%2:36:00:: make or cause to be or to become. Synonyms: create. Examples: make a mess in one's office; create a furor. Does it have "make a discovery"?
Let me check WordNet 3.0 gloss for make%2:36:00::
"engage in; "make love, not war"; make an effort" (make%2:41:00)
"give certain properties to something; "get someone mad"; "She made us look silly"" (make%2:30:00)
"make or cause to be or to become; "make a mess in one's office"; "create a furor"; "make a discovery"" - YES! The example is "make a mess in one's office", "create a furor", "make a discovery".
Wait, if the example "make a discovery" is part of the examples for Sense 3, then Sense 3 is the exact match!
Let me verify if "make a discovery" is in the examples for make%2:36:00:: in WordNet.
WordNet 3.0:
make%2:36:00:: make or cause to be or to become; "make a mess in one's office"; "create a furor"; "make a discovery"; "make a man of him"; "make a fool of him"
Wait, "make a fool of him" is also there.
Let's check the provided example for Sense 3:
"sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor"
The examples provided in the prompt are truncated. They don't show "make a discovery" but I remember "make a discovery" is an example in WordNet for this exact sense.
Let me check Sense 16: "perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move"
Sense 24: "carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas"

If "make a discovery" is an example in WordNet for make%2:36:00::, then it corresponds to Sense 3 here.
Let's confirm. In WordNet, "make%2:36:00::" has synonyms {make, create}.
The examples in WordNet 3.0 are: "make a mess in one's office"; "create a furor"; "make a discovery"; "make a man of him"; "make a fool of him".
This perfectly matches the provided examples "make a mess in one's office; create a furor" (which are just the first two examples).
Therefore, "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986" falls under Sense 3 (make%2:36:00::).

Let's quickly check if there is any other possibility.
Could it be Sense 7 (formulate in the mind)? No, "draw a conclusion".
Could it be Sense 16 (perform or carry out)? "make a decision", "make a move".
Since WordNet explicitly uses "make a discovery" as an example for make%2:36:00:: (make or cause to be or to become), Sense 3 is definitely the intended answer.

Let's double check Sense 3 vs Sense 5.
Sense 3: make%2:36:00:: make or cause to be or to become.
Sense 5: make%2:36:08:: give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally.
"make a discovery" means causing a discovery to be (to exist).

Let's review the exact text of WordNet 3.0 for make%2:36:00::
Definition: make or cause to be or to become
Examples: "make a mess in one's office"; "create a furor"; "make a discovery"; "make a man of him"; "make a fool of him"
Synonyms: create, make

Yes, this is definitely Sense 3 in the list.
The list is:
1. make%2:41:00::
2. make%2:30:00::
3. make%2:36:00::
4. make%2:32:00::
5. make%2:36:08::
6. make%2:36:01::
7. make%2:31:00::
...
Since it's the 3rd item in the list, the sense_index is 3.

provider: GMICloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discovery
Context:
This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma <t>discovery</t> in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "discovery" in the context: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."

Let's look at the context. "the initial discovery of the gene" and "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986". This refers to the act of discovering something or the thing that was discovered.

Wait, "made his retinoblastoma discovery" - is this the act or the thing?
"He made his discovery in 1986." This sounds like the act of discovering.
But "the initial discovery of the gene" - also the act.
Let's check the senses.
Sense 1: the act of discovering something (synonyms: find, uncovering)
Sense 2: something that is discovered
Sense 3: a productive insight (synonyms: breakthrough, find)

"the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth... has opened a field of cancer study". Does "discovery" here refer to the act or the thing? "discovery of the gene" - the gene is the thing discovered, but "discovery" could be the act. Wait, if it's "discovery of the gene", it's the act of discovering the gene. "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986" - the act of discovery.
Let's see: "made his retinoblastoma discovery". One makes a discovery (act).
Sense 3: "a productive insight" (breakthrough). "has opened a field of cancer study... exploded". This could be a breakthrough. But the word "discovery" is used very literally as "discovering the gene".
Sense 1: the act of discovering something. "The initial discovery of the gene" - act.
Wait, could it be sense 3: a productive insight? "The initial discovery ... has opened a field of cancer study". A breakthrough usually refers to a sudden, dramatic, and important finding. "This basic research will begin showing results... fundamental insights". Is it sense 3?
Let's consider sense 1 vs sense 3.
Sense 1: "the act of discovering something"
Sense 3: "a productive insight" (synonyms: breakthrough, find)
Actually, "the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth" is a specific finding, but usually "breakthrough" is sense 3. Does "discovery" mean "breakthrough" here? "All this may not be obvious to the public... but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results".
In many WSD datasets, "discovery" of a gene, "discovery" of a planet, etc., refers to Sense 1 (the act of discovering something) or Sense 2 (something that is discovered).
"made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986" -> Sense 1: the act of discovering something.
Let's look closely at "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."
In WordNet 3.0:
1. discovery, find, uncovering -- (the act of discovering something)
2. discovery -- (something that is discovered)
3. discovery, breakthrough, find -- (a productive insight)
"made a discovery" typically aligns with the act (Sense 1). "the discovery of X" also aligns with the act of discovering X.
Let's check if it's Sense 3. Sense 3 examples usually involve a sudden discovery that solves a problem, like "he made a discovery in the lab".
Wait, "he made his retinoblastoma discovery" -> is the discovery the act or the insight? "breakthrough" is a synonym. "The initial discovery of the gene... has opened a field" sounds like a breakthrough. But does WordNet sense 3 cover this? Sense 3 is defined as "a productive insight".
Sense 1 is "the act of discovering something".
Sense 2 is "something that is discovered".
If I say "the discovery of the gene", it is the act of discovering the gene.
Let's choose Sense 1, as it is the standard reading of "discovery of [entity]" and "made his [entity] discovery".
Wait, "made possible some fundamental insights". Insights is used later. The discovery itself is "the initial discovery of the gene".
I'll bet on Sense 1, the act of discovering something. "The act of discovering something" fits "made a discovery" and "discovery of the gene".

Let's double check Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
WordNet 3.0 Sense 1: the act of discovering something
WordNet 3.0 Sense 2: something that is discovered
"made his retinoblastoma discovery" -> "he made the act of discovering"? No, one makes a discovery. "discovery" as a noun can mean the event or the thing.
Wait, "the initial discovery of the gene" -> "the act of discovering the gene".
"made his retinoblastoma discovery" -> "the act of discovering".
Let's look at the SemCor corpus if possible.
"the act of discovering something" is sense 1.
I will output 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: Then
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. <t>Then</t> last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Then" in the context: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53..."

Here, "Then" is used to indicate a sequence in time. First, Dryja made his discovery in 1986. Subsequently/after that, last spring, researchers reported finding p53.

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors). Examples: "then he left; go left first, then right". Synonyms: so, and so, and then
2. in that case or as a consequence. Examples: "if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to"
3. at that time. Examples: "I was young then; prices were lower back then"

Sense 1 fits perfectly because it means "subsequently or soon afterward" in a narrative sequence. "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding..." -> Subsequently, last spring...

Sense 3 "at that time" usually refers to a specific past time already mentioned or understood (e.g. "I was young then" referring to the time previously mentioned). Here, it introduces a new event in a chronological sequence, so "subsequently" is the correct sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: last
Target surface form: last
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then <t>last</t> spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "last" in the context: "Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene..."

"Last spring" means the spring that just passed (the immediately past spring).

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month

"Last spring" fits sense 1: "immediately past". Similar to "last Thursday". It refers to the most recent spring that has passed.

Sense 2 is about being the final one or only one remaining.

So sense 1 is the best fit here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spring
Target surface form: spring
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last <t>spring</t>, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spring%1:28:00:: | definition=the season of growth | synonyms=springtime | examples=the emerging buds were a sure sign of spring; he will hold office until the spring of next year
2. sense_key=spring%1:06:00:: | definition=a metal elastic device that returns to its shape or position when pushed or pulled or pressed | examples=the spring was broken
3. sense_key=spring%1:17:00:: | definition=a natural flow of ground water | synonyms=fountain, outflow, outpouring, natural spring
4. sense_key=spring%1:15:00:: | definition=a point at which water issues forth
5. sense_key=spring%1:07:00:: | definition=the elasticity of something that can be stretched and returns to its original length | synonyms=give, springiness
6. sense_key=spring%1:04:00:: | definition=a light, self-propelled movement upwards or forwards | synonyms=leap, leaping, saltation, bound, bounce

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is "Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53..." This refers to a time of year, specifically the season of spring.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: reported
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers <t>reported</t> finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%2:32:00:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
2. sense_key=report%2:32:04:: | definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research
3. sense_key=report%2:32:03:: | definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock
4. sense_key=report%2:32:01:: | definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal
5. sense_key=report%2:32:13:: | definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City
6. sense_key=report%2:32:02:: | definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "reported" in the context: "Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous."

Let me analyze the context:
- Researchers are announcing/communicating the results of their research findings.
- They "reported finding a gene" - this means they announced/discovered and made known their finding.
- The context is about scientific research being communicated.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=report%2:32:00:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
2. sense_key=report%2:32:04:: | definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research
3. sense_key=report%2:32:03:: | definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock
4. sense_key=report%2:32:01:: | definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal
5. sense_key=report%2:32:13:: | definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City
6. sense_key=report%2:32:02:: | definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor

Sense 2 seems like the best fit. The definition is "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding" and one of the examples is "The team reported significant advances in their research" which is very similar to our context where researchers reported finding a gene.

Sense 1 is about giving an account in words (describing), which could also fit, but sense 2 is more specific to announcing research findings.

Sense 5 is about journalism, which doesn't fit as well since these are researchers, not journalists.

The best answer is sense 2.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: finding
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported <t>finding</t> a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about researchers reporting "finding" a gene called p53. This is about discovering or determining the existence of something through scientific research. Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. come upon, as if by accident - no, this is scientific research
2. discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of - this fits, researchers found a gene
3. come upon after searching; find something lost - no
4. establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study - this could also fit
8. make a discovery, make a new finding - this also fits
9. make a discovery - this also fits

Let me think more carefully. The sentence says "researchers reported finding a gene called p53." This is about discovering the existence of a gene through scientific research.

Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - examples: "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint"

Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" - examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"

Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - examples: "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize"

The context is about researchers reporting finding a gene. This is about discovering something new in science. Sense 8 seems very fitting with "Roentgen discovered X-rays" and "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" - both scientific discoveries.

But sense 2 also fits with "We found traces of lead in the paint" - determining existence.

Sense 4 has "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" which is also a scientific discovery context.

Let me think about the nuances. The researchers "reported finding a gene" - this is about discovering the existence of a gene. The gene p53 already existed, they just discovered its existence and role.

Sense 2 is about "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - this fits well because they discovered the existence of this gene.

Sense 8 is "make a discovery, make a new finding" - this is more about making a new finding/discovery.

Sense 4 is "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - this emphasizes the process of investigation.

In the context, "researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous" - they discovered the existence of this gene and its role. This seems like a scientific discovery.

Looking at the examples more carefully:
- Sense 8: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" - these are about making new scientific discoveries
- Sense 2: "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint" - these are about detecting/determining the presence of something

The context is about researchers discovering/finding a gene. This is a scientific discovery, similar to Roentgen discovering X-rays. Sense 8 seems most appropriate.

But wait, let me reconsider. The context mentions "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53." The parallel structure with "discovery" and "finding" suggests these are similar - making discoveries.

Sense 8 (make a discovery, make a new finding) with synonym "discover" and examples about scientific discoveries seems most fitting.

Actually, let me reconsider sense 2 vs sense 8 more carefully.

Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - synonyms: detect, observe, discover, notice
Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" - synonyms: discover

Sense 8 is specifically about making a new discovery/finding in science. The example "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" is very similar to "researchers reported finding a gene called p53."

I'll go with sense 8.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene <t>called</t> p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "called" in the context: "researchers reported finding a gene called p53".

Here, "called" is used to assign a name to something - the gene p53. This matches sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" with examples like "They named their son David".

The context is about naming a gene "p53", which is giving it a proper name.

Let me check sense 2: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality" - examples like "He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful". This is more about ascribing qualities using common nouns/adjectives, not proper names.

Sense 1 is the best fit: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" with synonym "name". The gene is being given the name "p53".

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impair
Target surface form: impaired
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if <t>impaired</t>, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impair%2:30:00:: | definition=make worse or less effective | examples=His vision was impaired
2. sense_key=impair%2:30:01:: | definition=make imperfect | synonyms=mar, spoil, deflower, vitiate | examples=nothing marred her beauty

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "impaired" in the context: "researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous."

Sense 1: make worse or less effective (example: His vision was impaired)
Sense 2: make imperfect (synonyms: mar, spoil, deflower, vitiate; example: nothing marred her beauty)

In the context, if the p53 gene is "impaired," it means its function is made worse or less effective. When the gene's function is compromised, it turns healthy colon cells cancerous. This is about the gene losing its effectiveness as a cancer suppressor.

Sense 2 seems more about marring beauty or spoiling something perfect, making something imperfect in an aesthetic or quality sense.

Sense 1 fits better here - "make worse or less effective" - because the gene's function (suppressing cancer) is made less effective when impaired.

The answer shouldbe sense 1.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turns
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, <t>turns</t> healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "turns" in the context: "Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous."

Here, "turns" means causing healthy colon cells to become cancerous. It's a causative change of state: causing something to turn into something different.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

- Sense 3: "undergo a change or development" | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
- Sense 16: "cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics" | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold

The context is "turns healthy colon cells cancerous" - this is causative (the impaired gene causes the cells to become cancerous). Sense 16 is about causing something to change into something different, with examples like "turn lead into gold" and "turn the frog into a prince."

Sense 3 is intransitive (undergo a change), while sense 16 is transitive (cause to change). In this context, "turns healthy colon cells cancerous" is transitive - the gene turns (causes) healthy colon cells (object) cancerous (result state).

So sense 16 is the best match.