[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effects
Context:
The active substance in Alimta, pemetrexed, is a cytotoxic medicine (a medicine that kills cells that are dividing, such as cancer cells), which belongs to the group antimetabolites. In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the <t>effects</t> of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "effects" in the context: "the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine)".

Alimta is a medicine/drug. The context discusses the effects (outcomes/results) of the medicine Alimta in treating cancer.

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. consequence, outcome, result - "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon"
6. a symptom caused by an illness or a drug - "the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic"

Sense 6 explicitly mentions "a drug" and "the effect of the anesthetic". In a medical context, the "effects" of a drug like Alimta refers to its pharmacological effects, which aligns perfectly with "a symptom caused by an illness or a drug" (or the medical outcomes of the drug).
Wait, Alimta is a medicine, so "a symptom caused by an illness or a drug" fits well, as its examples include "the effect of the anesthetic". In medical texts, drug effects are often categorized under this sense. Let's double check.
Actually, Alimta's effects here refer to its therapeutic effects (efficacy/outcomes in treating cancer). "The effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel". This means its efficacy or results.
Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 6.
Sense 1: consequence, outcome, result. Examples: "the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business"
Sense 6: a symptom caused by an illness or a drug. Examples: "the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic"

The context specifically talks about a drug (Alimta). "the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine)". Sense 6 directly matches "a symptom caused by an illness or a drug" and has the example "the effect of the anesthetic". Therefore, Sense 6 is the most specific and appropriate sense for "effect" in a medical/pharmacological context.

Let me review if Sense 1 might be better because it's about comparing the *results* of the treatment.
"effects of Alimta" -> efficacy.
However, WordNet sense 6 specifically covers drug effects. "the effect of the anesthetic".

I will choose Sense 6.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: compare
Target surface form: compared
Context:
The active substance in Alimta, pemetrexed, is a cytotoxic medicine (a medicine that kills cells that are dividing, such as cancer cells), which belongs to the group antimetabolites. In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were <t>compared</t> with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=compare%2:31:00:: | definition=examine and note the similarities or differences of | examples=John compared his haircut to his friend's; We compared notes after we had both seen the movie
2. sense_key=compare%2:42:00:: | definition=be comparable | examples=This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes
3. sense_key=compare%2:31:01:: | definition=consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous | synonyms=liken, equate | examples=We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans; You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed
4. sense_key=compare%2:32:00:: | definition=to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The context describes a medical study where the effects of Alimta were "compared" with those of docetaxel, and also "compared" with gemcitabine.
The meaning here is to examine and note the similarities or differences of the effects of the two treatments.
Sense 1: examine and note the similarities or differences of. (e.g., "John compared his haircut to his friend's")
Sense 2: be comparable
Sense 3: consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous
Sense 4: grammar (comparative/superlative)

The correct sense is clearly 1. They compared the effects of Alimta to the effects of docetaxel (examining differences/similarities in efficacy).
Therefore, sense_index is 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: medicine
Target surface form: medicine
Context:
The active substance in Alimta, pemetrexed, is a cytotoxic medicine (a medicine that kills cells that are dividing, such as cancer cells), which belongs to the group antimetabolites. In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer <t>medicine</t>) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=medicine%1:09:00:: | definition=the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques | synonyms=medical specialty
2. sense_key=medicine%1:06:00:: | definition=(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease | synonyms=medication, medicament, medicinal drug
3. sense_key=medicine%1:04:00:: | definition=the learned profession that is mastered by graduate training in a medical school and that is devoted to preventing or alleviating or curing diseases and injuries | synonyms=practice of medicine | examples=he studied medicine at Harvard
4. sense_key=medicine%1:04:02:: | definition=punishment for one's actions | synonyms=music | examples=you have to face the music; take your medicine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses "medicine" as a substance (pemetrexed, an anticancer medicine) that treats disease. Sense 2 fits: "(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: study
Context:
The active substance in Alimta, pemetrexed, is a cytotoxic medicine (a medicine that kills cells that are dividing, such as cancer cells), which belongs to the group antimetabolites. In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one <t>study</t> involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "study" in the context: "in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease"

This refers to a clinical study/trial, which is a research investigation. Looking at the senses:

1. study%1:04:00:: - a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. study%1:09:03:: - applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject
3. study%1:10:00:: - a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. study%1:09:04:: - a state of deep mental absorption
5. study%1:06:00:: - a room used for reading and writing and studying
6. study%1:09:02:: - a branch of knowledge
7. study%1:06:01:: - preliminary drawing for later elaboration
8. study%1:09:01:: - attentive consideration and meditation
9. study%1:18:00:: - someone who memorizes quickly and easily
10. study%1:10:01:: - a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique

The context describes a clinical study involving 571 patients. This is a research study that produces findings. Sense 3 (a written document describing the findings of some individual or group) seems closest, as clinical studies are reports of findings. However, sense 1 (a detailed critical inspection) could also apply.

Looking more carefully, the text says "in one study involving 571 patients" - this refers to the research investigation itself, not necessarily the written document. But in medical contexts, "study" often refers to the clinical trial/research, which is reported in a document.

Sense 3 with its example "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" seems to match the usage well - referring to a research study that has findings. The context mentions comparing effects in a study involving patients.

Actually, let me reconsider. Sense 1 is "a detailed critical inspection" with synonym "survey". Sense 3 is "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" with synonyms "report, written report".

In medical/regulatory contexts like this EMA document, "study" refers to a clinical trial - a research investigation. The results are often published as a report. The word "study" here is used to refer to the research investigation itself.

Looking at the example for sense 3: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" - this is very similar to how "study" is used in the context. In both cases, "study" refers to a piece of research that has findings.

I'll go with sense 3, as it best fits the context of a research study with findings involving patients.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involve
Target surface form: involving
Context:
The active substance in Alimta, pemetrexed, is a cytotoxic medicine (a medicine that kills cells that are dividing, such as cancer cells), which belongs to the group antimetabolites. In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study <t>involving</t> 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involve%2:42:01:: | definition=connect closely and often incriminatingly | synonyms=affect, regard | examples=This new ruling affects your business
2. sense_key=involve%2:42:04:: | definition=engage as a participant | examples=Don't involve me in your family affairs!
3. sense_key=involve%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a necessary feature | synonyms=imply | examples=This decision involves many changes
4. sense_key=involve%2:42:07:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, take | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
5. sense_key=involve%2:42:02:: | definition=contain as a part | examples=Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses
6. sense_key=involve%2:31:00:: | definition=occupy or engage the interest of | examples=His story completely involved me during the entire afternoon
7. sense_key=involve%2:30:00:: | definition=make complex or intricate or complicated | examples=The situation was rather involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
Looking at the context, "a study involving 571 patients" means the study enrolled/engaged 571 patients as participants in the research. The patients are active participants in the clinical study—they are the subjects being studied and receiving treatment. This aligns with the sense "engage as a participant," where the example "Don't involve me in your family affairs!" shows the same pattern of drawing people into participation in something.

{"sense_index": 2}

reasoning_content:
The target word is "involving" in the context: "in one study involving 571 patients" and "in a study involving 1,725 patients".

The context is about a study that includes/contains 571 patients as participants. The study "involves" patients - meaning the patients are part of the study, they are participants in it.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. connect closely and often incriminatingly - No, not about incriminating
2. engage as a participant - "Don't involve me in your family affairs!" - This is about engaging someone as a participant
3. have as a necessary feature - "This decision involves many changes" - Not quite
4. require as useful, just, or proper - Not about requirement
5. contain as a part - "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses" - This is about containing as a part
6. occupy or engage the interest of - No
7. make complex or intricate - No

The study "involving" 571 patients means the study includes/contains 571 patients as part of it. Or it could mean the study engages 571 patients as participants.

Sense 5 "contain as a part" with example "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses" - the study involves 571 patients, meaning the study contains/includes 571 patients as a part.

Sense 2 "engage as a participant" with example "Don't involve me in your family affairs!" - the study involves patients, engaging them as participants.

Hmm, in the context of a clinical study "involving 571 patients," this typically means the study included 571 patients as participants. The patients were enrolled in the study.

Sense 2 "engage as a participant" seems to fit well - the study engaged 571 patients as participants.

But sense 5 "contain as a part" also could work - the study contained 571 patients as part of it.

Let me think more carefully. "A study involving 571 patients" - this means the study has 571 patients in it. The patients are participants in the study.

Sense 2 says "engage as a participant" - this is about making someone a participant in something. "Don't involve me in your family affairs" means don't make me a participant in your family affairs. So "a study involving 571 patients" would mean a study that engaged 571 patients as participants.

Sense 5 says "contain as a part" - "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses" means dinner contains six courses as part of it. So "a study involving 571 patients" would mean a study that contains 571 patients as part of it.

I think sense 2 is the better fit here because the patients are active participants in the study - they are engaged as participants, not just contained as a part. The word "involve" in the context of a study with patients typically means the patients were enrolled/participated.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Involving" in "a study involving 571 patients" is a common way to say the study included 571 patients. The patients are part of the study.

Sense 5 "contain as a part" - the study contains 571 patients as part of it.
Sense 2 "engage as a participant" - the study engages 571 patients as participants.

I think sense 2 is more appropriate because patients in a clinical study are participants - they are actively engaged in the study, not just passively contained. The sense "engage as a participant" captures this better.

But actually, thinking about it more, "involve" in this context is more about inclusion/having as part. The study "involved" 571 patients means it had 571 patients in it. It's not necessarily about "engaging" them actively.

Let me look at the examples again:
- Sense 2: "Don't involve me in your family affairs!" - Here, "involve" means to draw someone into participation
- Sense 5: "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses" - Here, "involve" means to include/contain as part

"A study involving 571 patients" - This is more like "a study that includes 571 patients" or "a study that has 571 patients as part of it." This seems closer to sense 5 "contain as a part."

But wait, patients in a study are participants - they actively participate. So "a study involving 571 patients" could mean "a study that engages 571 patients as participants," which is sense 2.

Hmm, I think the key distinction is:
- Sense 2 is about engaging someone as a participant in an activity/affair
- Sense 5 is about containing something as a component part

In "a study involving 571 patients," the patients are participants in the study. They are enrolled and participate. So sense 2 "engage as a participant" seems more fitting.

But I could also see how sense 5 "contain as a part" works - the study contains 571 patients as part of its composition.

Let me think about which is more natural. In academic/medical writing, "a study involving 571 patients" is a very common phrase. It means the study included 571 patients. The patients were part of the study.

I think sense 2 "engage as a participant" is the best fit because:
1. The patients are participants in the study
2. "Involve" here means to include/enroll patients as participants
3. The example "Don't involve me in your family affairs" shows the pattern of involving someone (a person) in something, similar to involving patients in a study

Actually, let me reconsider once more. Sense 5's example is "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses" - here, dinner (an event/activity) involves courses (things that are part of it). Similarly, "a study involving 571 patients" - a study (an event/activity) involves patients (people who are part of it).

Sense 2's example is "Don't involve me in your family affairs!" - here, someone is being asked not to be drawn into participation. This is more about the action of drawing someone in.

In "a study involving 571 patients," the study already has 571 patients as part of it. It's describing the composition of the study, not the action of drawing patients in. This seems more like sense 5 "contain as a part."

But actually, "involve" in both cases is a stative verb describing a relationship. "A study involving 571 patients" describes a study that has 571 patients participating in it. The patients are engaged as participants.

I think I'll go with sense 2 "engage as a participant" because the patients are participants in the study, and "involve" in this context means to have/enroll patients as participants.

Wait, but let me reconsider sense 5 once more. "Contain as a part" - the study contains 571 patients as a part. This is also a very natural reading. "A study involving 571 patients" = "a study that contains/includes 571 patients as part of it."

Hmm, I'm going back and forth. Let me think about what "involve" most naturally means here.

"A study involving 571 patients" - the most natural paraphrase is "a study that includes 571 patients" or "a study with 571 patients." The patients are part of the study.

Sense 5 "contain as a part" with example "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses" - "involve" = "contain as a part." A study involving 571 patients = a study that contains 571 patients as part of it.

Sense 2 "engage as a participant" with example "Don't involve me in your family affairs!" - "involve" = "engage as a participant." A study involving 571 patients = a study that engages 571 patients as participants.

Both work, but I think sense 2 is slightly better because:
1. Patients in a clinical study are specifically participants - they are enrolled and participate
2. The word "involve" when used with people often carries the sense of engagement/participation
3. Sense 5's example involves inanimate objects (courses), while sense 2's example involves a person, and our context involves people (patients)

Actually, I just realized that sense 5's example "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses" - courses are part of the dinner. In our context, patients are part of the study. But patients are active participants, not just components.

I'll go with sense 2 "engage as a participant."

Hmm, but actually, let me reconsider one more time. In the phrase "a study involving 571 patients," the emphasis is on the study and its composition. The study includes 571 patients. This is more about what the study contains/includes rather than about engaging patients.

Also, sense 2's definition is "engage as a participant" and the example is "Don't involve me in your family affairs!" This is about someone being drawn into participation in something. But in "a study involving 571 patients," the patients are already part of the study - it's describing the study's composition, not the action of drawing patients in.

I think sense 5 "contain as a part" is actually the better fit. The study contains 571 patients as part of its composition. Just like "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses" - dinner contains six courses as part of it.

But wait, "engage as a participant" can also be stative - the study engages 571 patients as participants (i.e., has 571 patients engaged as participants).

OK, I need to make a decision. Let me think about what's most natural:

"A study involving 571 patients" most naturally means "a study that includes/has 571 patients." The patients are part of the study.

Sense 5 "contain as a part" = the study contains 571 patients as a part. ✓
Sense 2 "engage as a participant" = the study engages 571 patients as participants. ✓

Both work, but I think sense 2 is slightly better because patients are participants (they actively participate in the study), and "involve" with people often carries the sense of participation/engagement.

Actually, I just thought of another angle. The phrase "a study involving 571 patients" is very common in medical/academic writing. In this context, "involve" means "to include" or "to have as participants." The emphasis is on the study including these patients.

Looking at the senses again:
- Sense 2: "engage as a participant" - This implies active engagement/participation
- Sense 5: "contain as a part" - This implies inclusion as a component

In medical research, patients in a study are indeed participants - they are enrolled and actively participate. So "a study involving 571 patients" means a study that has 571 patients participating in it. This aligns with sense 2 "engage as a participant."

I'll go with sense 2.

Actually, let me reconsider one final time. I've been going back and forth, so let me try to be more systematic.

The context: "a study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease"

What does "involving" mean here? It means the study includes/has 571 patients. These patients are participants in the study.

Sense 2: "engage as a participant" - Example: "Don't involve me in your family affairs!"
- Here, "involve" means to draw someone into participation
- In our context: the study has drawn in 571 patients as participants
- This works

Sense 5: "contain as a part" - Example: "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses"
- Here, "involve" means to include/contain as a component
- In our context: the study contains 571 patients as part of it
- This also works

The key question: Is "involve" in "a study involving 571 patients" more about (a) engaging patients as participants, or (b) containing patients as a part?

I think it's (a) - engaging patients as participants. The patients are active participants in the study, not just passive components. The word "involve" when used with people (especially in the context of studies, projects, etc.) typically means to have them as participants.

Final answer: sense 2 "engage as a participant"

Hmm, but actually, I want to reconsider once more. Let me think about whether "contain as a part" could be the better sense.

"A study involving 571 patients" = "a study that includes 571 patients"

The word "include" is key here. "Include" can mean both "contain as a part" and "engage as a participant." But in the context of a study, patients are included as participants.

Sense 5 "contain as a part" with example "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses" - here, the courses are components of the dinner. They don't actively participate; they are part of the dinner.

Sense 2 "engage as a participant" with example "Don't involve me in your family affairs!" - here, the person is being asked to participate in family affairs. They would be an active participant.

In "a study involving 571 patients," the patients are active participants. They are enrolled in the study and receive treatment, provide data, etc. So they are engaged as participants, not just contained as parts.

I'm going with sense 2.

Wait, I want to check one more thing. Let me re-read the context:

"For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past."

So the study "involves" 571 patients. These patients are the subjects of the study. They are participants in the study.

"Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past."

Again, the study "involves" 1,725 patients. These patients are participants in the study.

I'm confident that sense 2 "engage as a participant" is the best fit. The patients are engaged as participants in the study.

Final answer: sense 2

Actually, hold on. Let me reconsider sense 5 one more time.

"Contain as a part" - The study contains 571 patients as part of it. This is also a valid reading. The study includes 571 patients.

But I think the distinction is:
- Sense 2: The patients are participants - they are actively engaged in the study
- Sense 5: The patients are components - they are part of the study's composition

In medical research, patients are indeed participants. They are the subjects of the study, and they actively participate by receiving treatment, providing data, etc. So sense 2 is more appropriate.

Also, the example for sense 2 is "Don't involve me in your family affairs!" - this shows "involve" being used with a person, where the person is being drawn into participation. Similarly, "a study involving 571 patients" shows patients being drawn into participation in the study.

The example for sense 5 is "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses" - this shows "involve" being used with inanimate objects (courses), where the courses are components of the dinner.

Since our context involves people (patients) who are participants in a study, sense 2 is more appropriate.

Final answer: sense 2

Hmm, but I'm still not 100% sure. Let me think about this differently.

What is the relationship between the study and the 571 patients?
- The study includes 571 patients as participants
- The patients are enrolled in the study
- The patients are subjects of the study

"Involving" in this context means "including" or "having as participants."

Sense 2 "engage as a participant" - The study engages 571 patients as participants. This means the study has 571 patients participating in it. ✓

Sense 5 "contain as a part" - The study contains 571 patients as a part. This means the study has 571 patients as part of its composition. ✓

Both senses work, but I think sense 2 is more precise because it specifically captures the idea of patients being participants in the study, not just components.

OK, final answer: sense 2

Actually, I just want to consider one more thing. The WordNet sense keys give us some information:

- Sense 2: involve%2:42:04:: - The "2:42" part tells us this is a verb in the cognitive domain (42 = cognition)
- Sense 5: involve%2:42:02:: - Also a verb in the cognitive domain (42 = cognition)

Wait, both are in the same domain. Let me check the others:

- Sense 1: involve%2:42:01:: - verb, cognition
- Sense 2: involve%2:42:04:: - verb, cognition
- Sense 3: involve%2:42:00:: - verb, cognition
- Sense 4: involve%2:42:07:: - verb, cognition
- Sense 5: involve%2:42:02:: - verb, cognition
- Sense 6: involve%2:31:00:: - verb, cognition (31 = ?)
- Sense 7: involve%2:30:00:: - verb, body? (30 = body)

Actually, I'm not sure about the domain numbers. Let me not rely on that and just go with the definitions and examples.

Final answer: sense 2 "engage as a participant"

The study engages 571 patients as participants. This is the best fit for the context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: patient
Target surface form: patients
Context:
The active substance in Alimta, pemetrexed, is a cytotoxic medicine (a medicine that kills cells that are dividing, such as cancer cells), which belongs to the group antimetabolites. In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 <t>patients</t> with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=patient%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who requires medical care | examples=the number of emergency patients has grown rapidly
2. sense_key=patient%1:10:00:: | definition=the semantic role of an entity that is not the agent but is directly involved in or affected by the happening denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=affected role, patient role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about a clinical study involving "patients" with lung cancer who had received chemotherapy.
The word "patients" here refers to people receiving medical care.
Sense 1: a person who requires medical care.
Sense 2: the semantic role of an entity that is not the agent... (patient role).

Clearly, Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: locally
Target surface form: locally
Context:
The active substance in Alimta, pemetrexed, is a cytotoxic medicine (a medicine that kills cells that are dividing, such as cancer cells), which belongs to the group antimetabolites. In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with <t>locally</t> advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=locally%4:02:00:: | definition=by a particular locality | examples=it was locally decided
2. sense_key=locally%4:02:01:: | definition=to a restricted area of the body | synonyms=topically | examples=apply this medicine topically

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "locally" in the phrase "locally advanced or metastatic disease".
"Locally advanced" means the cancer has spread but only to nearby tissues or lymph nodes, not to distant organs.
This relates to a restricted area of the body, rather than a particular locality in a geographical/administrative sense.
Sense 1: by a particular locality (e.g., it was locally decided).
Sense 2: to a restricted area of the body (synonyms: topically, apply this medicine topically).
"Locally advanced" refers to cancer restricted to a local area of the body.
Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice.

Wait, does "locally advanced" mean "topically"? "Topically" usually means applied to the surface. But the definition is "to a restricted area of the body", which perfectly matches "locally advanced".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: advanced
Target surface form: advanced
Context:
The active substance in Alimta, pemetrexed, is a cytotoxic medicine (a medicine that kills cells that are dividing, such as cancer cells), which belongs to the group antimetabolites. In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally <t>advanced</t> or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=advanced%5:00:00:precocious:00 | definition=farther along in physical or mental development | examples=the child's skeletal age was classified as `advanced'; children in the advanced classes in elementary school read far above grade average
2. sense_key=advanced%5:00:00:late:02 | definition=comparatively late in a course of development | examples=the illness had reached an advanced stage; an advanced state of exhaustion
3. sense_key=advanced%5:00:00:progressive:01 | definition=ahead of the times | synonyms=forward-looking, innovative, modern | examples=the advanced teaching methods; had advanced views on the subject
4. sense_key=advanced%5:00:02:high:02 | definition=at a higher level in training or knowledge or skill | examples=an advanced degree; an advanced text in physics
5. sense_key=advanced%5:00:00:high-tech:00 | definition=ahead in development; complex or intricate | synonyms=sophisticated | examples=advanced technology; a sophisticated electronic control system
6. sense_key=advanced%5:00:00:late:00 | definition=far along in time | synonyms=ripe | examples=a man of advanced age; advanced in years
7. sense_key=advanced%5:00:00:civilized:00 | definition=(of societies) highly developed especially in technology or industry | examples=advanced societies; an advanced country technologically
8. sense_key=advanced%5:00:00:front:00 | definition=situated ahead or going before | synonyms=advance, in advance | examples=an advance party; at that time the most advanced outpost was still east of the Rockies

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "advanced" in the context of "locally advanced or metastatic disease".
In medical terminology, "advanced disease" refers to a disease that has progressed significantly or is at a late stage.
Let's evaluate the candidate senses.
Sense 2: "comparatively late in a course of development", examples: "the illness had reached an advanced stage", "an advanced state of exhaustion". This perfectly matches the medical context of a disease being "advanced", meaning it has progressed far in its development.
Sense 6: "far along in time", synonyms "ripe", examples "a man of advanced age". This is about age or time, not disease progression specifically.
Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: past
Target surface form: past
Context:
The active substance in Alimta, pemetrexed, is a cytotoxic medicine (a medicine that kills cells that are dividing, such as cancer cells), which belongs to the group antimetabolites. In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the <t>past</t>. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=past%1:28:00:: | definition=the time that has elapsed | synonyms=past times, yesteryear | examples=forget the past
2. sense_key=past%1:28:01:: | definition=a earlier period in someone's life (especially one that they have reason to keep secret) | examples=reporters dug into the candidate's past
3. sense_key=past%1:10:00:: | definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the past | synonyms=past tense

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "past" in the context: "...who had received chemotherapy in the past."
Here, "the past" refers to the time that has elapsed.
Sense 1: "the time that has elapsed" - synonyms: past times, yesteryear - examples: forget the past.
Sense 2: "a earlier period in someone's life (especially one that they have reason to keep secret)" - examples: reporters dug into the candidate's past.
Sense 3: "a verb tense..."

"In the past" means in a time before the present, referring to the time that has elapsed. Thus, Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: compare
Target surface form: compared
Context:
In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also <t>compared</t> with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=compare%2:31:00:: | definition=examine and note the similarities or differences of | examples=John compared his haircut to his friend's; We compared notes after we had both seen the movie
2. sense_key=compare%2:42:00:: | definition=be comparable | examples=This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes
3. sense_key=compare%2:31:01:: | definition=consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous | synonyms=liken, equate | examples=We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans; You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed
4. sense_key=compare%2:32:00:: | definition=to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "compared" in the context: "Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past."

Sense 1: examine and note the similarities or differences of (e.g., "John compared his haircut to his friend's")
Sense 2: be comparable (e.g., "This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes")
Sense 3: consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous (synonyms: liken, equate)
Sense 4: to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb

In this context, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of other medicines in studies. This means they examined and noted the similarities or differences (effectiveness) between the treatments. This is a scientific/medical study context where they are comparing the effects of two treatments to see which is better or if they are similar.

Sense 1 seems to be the best fit: "examine and note the similarities or differences of". The studies are comparing the effects of Alimta with other medicines to examine the differences in effectiveness (how long patients survived).

Sense 3 could also be a possibility if they were describing them as similar, but the context is about examining the differences in effectiveness, not equating them.

Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: medicine
Target surface form: medicine
Context:
In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer <t>medicine</t>), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=medicine%1:09:00:: | definition=the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques | synonyms=medical specialty
2. sense_key=medicine%1:06:00:: | definition=(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease | synonyms=medication, medicament, medicinal drug
3. sense_key=medicine%1:04:00:: | definition=the learned profession that is mastered by graduate training in a medical school and that is devoted to preventing or alleviating or curing diseases and injuries | synonyms=practice of medicine | examples=he studied medicine at Harvard
4. sense_key=medicine%1:04:02:: | definition=punishment for one's actions | synonyms=music | examples=you have to face the music; take your medicine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about Alimta, which is compared with docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) and gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine). These are drugs used to treat cancer. The word "medicine" here refers to a substance that treats disease, specifically a medication/drug.

Sense 2: "(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease | synonyms=medication, medicament, medicinal drug" - This fits perfectly as Alimta, docetaxel, and gemcitabine are all anticancer medications.

Sense 1 refers to branches of medical science.
Sense 3 refers to the profession of medicine.
Sense 4 refers to punishment.

The best sense is 2.

provider: Inceptron


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: study
Context:
In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a <t>study</t> involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The target word "study" refers to a clinical research study comparing Alimta with other medicines. It involves patients, measures of effectiveness, and findings. This aligns with sense 3 (a written document describing findings) or sense 1 (a detailed critical inspection/survey). Given the clinical trial context, it's a research study/report. Sense 3 fits best as a "report" describing findings.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involve
Target surface form: involving
Context:
In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study <t>involving</t> 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involve%2:42:01:: | definition=connect closely and often incriminatingly | synonyms=affect, regard | examples=This new ruling affects your business
2. sense_key=involve%2:42:04:: | definition=engage as a participant | examples=Don't involve me in your family affairs!
3. sense_key=involve%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a necessary feature | synonyms=imply | examples=This decision involves many changes
4. sense_key=involve%2:42:07:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, take | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
5. sense_key=involve%2:42:02:: | definition=contain as a part | examples=Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses
6. sense_key=involve%2:31:00:: | definition=occupy or engage the interest of | examples=His story completely involved me during the entire afternoon
7. sense_key=involve%2:30:00:: | definition=make complex or intricate or complicated | examples=The situation was rather involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "involving" in the context: "a study involving 1,725 patients".

Let's analyze the senses:
1. involve%2:42:01:: - connect closely and often incriminatingly
2. involve%2:42:04:: - engage as a participant
3. involve%2:42:00:: - have as a necessary feature
4. involve%2:42:07:: - require as useful, just, or proper
5. involve%2:42:02:: - contain as a part
6. involve%2:31:00:: - occupy or engage the interest of
7. involve%2:30:00:: - make complex or intricate or complicated

Context: "in a study involving 1,725 patients".
This means the study contains or includes 1,725 patients as part of it.
Or does it mean it engages 1,725 patients as participants?

Sense 5: "contain as a part" - examples: Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses.
Sense 2: "engage as a participant" - examples: Don't involve me in your family affairs!

"a study involving 1,725 patients" implies the study includes 1,725 patients.
Let's look at Sense 5 ("contain as a part"). A study involving 1,725 patients means the study contains 1,725 patients as part of its design.
Another option: Sense 2 ("engage as a participant"). "involving 1,725 patients" could mean engaging them as participants. But the example for Sense 2 is more about dragging someone into something ("Don't involve me in..."). Wait, WordNet often aligns "involve" in "a study involving X patients" with Sense 5 (contain as a part) or Sense 2. Let's check Sense 5.
Wait, Sense 5's definition is "contain as a part". "Dinner involves six courses."
Actually, "involve" in the sense of "include" is often Sense 5. Let's look at Sense 2. "engage as a participant". "This study involved 1,725 patients" - it engaged them as participants.
Wait, what about Sense 2? Synonyms: involve.
Let's consider Sense 5: "contain as a part". Synonyms: involve. Example: "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses."
Does a study involving 1,725 patients contain them as a part? Yes.
What if it's Sense 5?

Let's search my memory for WordNet sense disambiguation of "involving" in "a study involving X patients".
Usually, "involve" in this context maps to Sense 5 (contain as a part).
Wait, let's look at another common mapping. In SemCor or similar corpora, "The play involves three characters" is Sense 5 (contain as a part).
"involve" = include, Sense 5: contain as a part.

Let's check Sense 5 definition: "contain as a part".
Synonyms: involve.
Let's check Sense 2 definition: "engage as a participant".
Usually, "involve" in the sense of "involve someone in a study" is Sense 2? But here it is "a study involving 1,725 patients". The study has 1,725 patients as a part of it.

Wait, could it be Sense 2?
Sense 2: engage as a participant. Example: Don't involve me in your family affairs!
Here, "involving 1,725 patients" - the patients are participants in the study. But "involve" here is used transitively where the object is the number of patients. "A study involving 1,725 patients" -> "A study that involves 1,725 patients." It means the study contains 1,725 patients.

Let's re-read the candidates:
1. connect closely and often incriminatingly
2. engage as a participant
3. have as a necessary feature
4. require as useful, just, or proper
5. contain as a part
6. occupy or engage the interest of
7. make complex or intricate or complicated

If I say "a study involving 1,725 patients", it means the study includes 1,725 patients. To "include" is to "contain as a part" (Sense 5).
Let's check Sense 5: contain as a part.
Is it Sense 5? Yes, "involve" = "include".
Sense 5 index is 5.

Let me double check Sense 2. "engage as a participant". Does it mean to make someone participate? Yes. But the example "Don't involve me in your family affairs" shows it's more about embroiling someone. Sense 5 is closer to "include", which perfectly matches "a study involving 1,725 patients" (a study including 1,725 patients).

Let's consider Sense 5 again. "contain as a part".
"A study involving 1,725 patients" -> the study contains 1,725 patients as a part.
Matches perfectly.

Sense 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: patient
Target surface form: patients
Context:
In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 <t>patients</t> who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=patient%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who requires medical care | examples=the number of emergency patients has grown rapidly
2. sense_key=patient%1:10:00:: | definition=the semantic role of an entity that is not the agent but is directly involved in or affected by the happening denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=affected role, patient role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "patient", surface form "patients".
The context is about a medical study involving "1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past."
Candidate senses:
1. a person who requires medical care
2. the semantic role of an entity that is not the agent but is directly involved in or affected by the happening denoted by the verb in the clause

The context clearly uses "patients" to mean people receiving medical care (treatment for lung cancer).
Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: past
Target surface form: past
Context:
In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the <t>past</t>. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=past%1:28:00:: | definition=the time that has elapsed | synonyms=past times, yesteryear | examples=forget the past
2. sense_key=past%1:28:01:: | definition=a earlier period in someone's life (especially one that they have reason to keep secret) | examples=reporters dug into the candidate's past
3. sense_key=past%1:10:00:: | definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the past | synonyms=past tense

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "past" in the context: "...who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past."

Let's analyze the context. "in the past" here means "previously" or "formerly" - it refers to the time that has elapsed. The sentence is saying these patients had not previously received chemotherapy for lung cancer.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "the time that has elapsed" - synonyms: past times, yesteryear - examples: "forget the past"
2. "a earlier period in someone's life (especially one that they have reason to keep secret)" - examples: "reporters dug into the candidate's past"
3. "a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the past" - synonyms: past tense

Sense 3 is about grammar/verb tense, which doesn't fit here.

Sense 2 is about someone's personal history, especially secret past - doesn't fit the medical context about chemotherapy.

Sense 1 is "the time that has elapsed" - this is the general sense of "the past" meaning previous times. "in the past" means "in the time that has elapsed" which fits this context about patients who had not received chemotherapy previously.

So the best sense is sense 1.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three <t>studies</t>, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived. What benefit has Alimta shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about clinical trials / medical studies. "In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived."

This refers to a written document describing findings of some individual or group - a research study/report. Sense 3: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report"

Sense 1: "a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey" - this could also fit, as a study is an investigation.

Looking at the context, "Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients" - this is a clinical trial, which produces findings. The "studies" here refer to the research investigations conducted.

Sense 1 (detailed critical inspection) vs Sense 3 (written document describing findings).

The studies here are clinical trials - they're investigations. The word "study" in medical contexts typically refers to the research investigation itself, which is a detailed critical inspection. However, it also produces a written report.

Hmm, sense 3 says "a written document describing the findings" - the studies are the actual research, not just the document. Sense 1 "a detailed critical inspection" seems closer to the actual research activity.

Actually, in medical/clinical contexts, "study" refers to the clinical trial - the research investigation. This is a detailed critical inspection. Sense 1 seems most appropriate.

Let me reconsider. The examples for sense 3 include "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" - which sounds like a research study. In medical literature, "studies" often refers to published research, which are written reports.

But the context here describes the studies as activities: "Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients" - the study involved patients, comparing effects. This is the research activity/investigation, not just the written document.

I think sense 1 (a detailed critical inspection) is the best fit. The studies are investigations/inspections of the drug's effects.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: main
Target surface form: main
Context:
How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the <t>main</t> measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived. What benefit has Alimta shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=main%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=most important element | synonyms=chief, primary, principal, master | examples=the chief aim of living; the main doors were of solid glass
2. sense_key=main%3:00:02:: | definition=(of a clause) capable of standing syntactically alone as a complete sentence | synonyms=independent | examples=the main (or independent) clause in a complex sentence has at least a subject and a verb
3. sense_key=main%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=of force; of the greatest possible intensity | examples=by main strength

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "main" in the context "the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived."

Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=main%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=most important element | synonyms=chief, primary, principal, master | examples=the chief aim of living; the main doors were of solid glass
2. sense_key=main%3:00:02:: | definition=(of a clause) capable of standing syntactically alone as a complete sentence | synonyms=independent | examples=the main (or independent) clause in a complex sentence has at least a subject and a verb
3. sense_key=main%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=of force; of the greatest possible intensity | examples=by main strength

"main measure of effectiveness" means the most important measure of effectiveness.
Sense 1 fits perfectly. Sense 2 is grammatical. Sense 3 relates to physical force.

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: measure
Target surface form: measure
Context:
How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main <t>measure</t> of effectiveness was how long the patients survived. What benefit has Alimta shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=measure%1:04:01:: | definition=any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal | synonyms=step | examples=the situation called for strong measures; the police took steps to reduce crime
2. sense_key=measure%1:03:00:: | definition=how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify | synonyms=quantity, amount
3. sense_key=measure%1:10:02:: | definition=a statute in draft before it becomes law | synonyms=bill | examples=they held a public hearing on the bill
4. sense_key=measure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule | synonyms=measurement, measuring, mensuration | examples=the measurements were carefully done; his mental measurings proved remarkably accurate
5. sense_key=measure%1:10:03:: | definition=a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated | synonyms=standard, criterion, touchstone | examples=the schools comply with federal standards; they set the measure for all subsequent work
6. sense_key=measure%1:10:01:: | definition=(prosody) the accent in a metrical foot of verse | synonyms=meter, metre, beat, cadence
7. sense_key=measure%1:10:00:: | definition=musical notation for a repeating pattern of musical beats | synonyms=bar | examples=the orchestra omitted the last twelve bars of the song
8. sense_key=measure%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument having a sequence of marks at regular intervals; used as a reference in making measurements | synonyms=measuring stick, measuring rod
9. sense_key=measure%1:06:01:: | definition=a container of some standard capacity that is used to obtain fixed amounts of a substance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about a clinical study where "the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived."

Here, "measure" refers to a criterion or standard used to evaluate effectiveness. The main measure of effectiveness = the main criterion for evaluating effectiveness.

Sense 5: "a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated" with synonyms "standard, criterion, touchstone" and example "they set the measure for all subsequent work" — this fits well.

Sense 4: "the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule" — this is about the act of measuring, not quite right.

Sense 2: "how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify" — this is about quantity/amount, not quite right.

Sense 1: "any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal" — not right.

Sense 5 seems best — "measure of effectiveness" = criterion for effectiveness.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: long
Target surface form: long
Context:
How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how <t>long</t> the patients survived. What benefit has Alimta shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=long%4:02:00:: | definition=for an extended time or at a distant time | examples=a promotion long overdue; something long hoped for
2. sense_key=long%4:02:03:: | definition=for an extended distance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "long" in the context "how long the patients survived."
Sense 1: for an extended time or at a distant time. Examples: "a promotion long overdue", "something long hoped for".
Sense 2: for an extended distance.

"How long the patients survived" refers to the duration of time, not distance. So it corresponds to "for an extended time".
Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: patient
Target surface form: patients
Context:
How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the <t>patients</t> survived. What benefit has Alimta shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=patient%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who requires medical care | examples=the number of emergency patients has grown rapidly
2. sense_key=patient%1:10:00:: | definition=the semantic role of an entity that is not the agent but is directly involved in or affected by the happening denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=affected role, patient role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about medical studies involving Alimta, a cancer treatment. The target word "patients" refers to people receiving medical care in clinical trials.
Sense 1: "a person who requires medical care" - This fits perfectly with the context of people being treated for mesothelioma and lung cancer.
Sense 2: "the semantic role of an entity that is not the agent..." - This is a grammatical/linguistic sense, not applicable here.
The answer is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: survive
Target surface form: survived
Context:
How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients <t>survived</t>. What benefit has Alimta shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=survive%2:42:01:: | definition=continue to live through hardship or adversity | synonyms=last, live, live on, go, endure, hold up | examples=We went without water and food for 3 days; These superstitions survive in the backwaters of America
2. sense_key=survive%2:42:02:: | definition=continue in existence after (an adversity, etc.) | synonyms=pull through, pull round, come through, make it | examples=He survived the cancer against all odds
3. sense_key=survive%2:42:00:: | definition=support oneself | synonyms=exist, live, subsist | examples=he could barely exist on such a low wage; Can you live on $2000 a month in New York City?
4. sense_key=survive%2:42:03:: | definition=live longer than | synonyms=outlive, outlast | examples=She outlived her husband by many years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "survived" in the context: "how long the patients survived."
Context is a medical study about cancer treatment (Alimta).
The main measure of effectiveness was "how long the patients survived."
This refers to living through a disease (cancer), enduring a hardship/adversity.
Sense 1: continue to live through hardship or adversity. Example: "We went without water..."
Sense 2: continue in existence after (an adversity, etc.). Example: "He survived the cancer against all odds."
Wait, in the text: "how long the patients survived." The patients are surviving the cancer.
But here, it's about the duration of survival: "how long the patients survived".
Sense 2 example: "He survived the cancer". Here the context says "survived" intransitively, meaning how long they lived after/through the disease.
Actually, "survive" in "how long the patients survived" means "continue to live". "how long the patients survived" = how long they lived.
Wait, in clinical trials, survival is a duration. So sense 1 (continue to live through hardship or adversity) or sense 3 (support oneself - exist).
No, sense 2 is often transitive ("survived the cancer") or intransitive ("survived after"). Let's look at the definition of sense 1: "continue to live through hardship or adversity". "These superstitions survive in the backwaters of America." "We went without water and food for 3 days."
Sense 2: "continue in existence after (an adversity, etc.)" "He survived the cancer against all odds".
Wait, "how long the patients survived". Here, the patients are surviving cancer.
But usually, surviving cancer is sense 2. "He survived the cancer".
Let's look at the context: "how long the patients survived". It means how long they continued to live (during/after the cancer).
Is there a sense 2 vs sense 1 distinction?
In WordNet:
survive%2:42:01:: "continue to live through hardship or adversity"
survive%2:42:02:: "continue in existence after (an adversity, etc.)"
"survived" here is intransitive. "how long the patients survived."
In cancer studies, patients "survive" (continue to live). If they survive the cancer, it's sense 2. But "how long the patients survived" is intransitive.
Sense 1 is also intransitive: "These superstitions survive in the backwaters of America"
But wait, "He survived the cancer against all odds" is transitive.
If we look at the phrase "how long the patients survived", it implies they lived through the disease.
Is it sense 1 or 2? "survive%2:42:02::" implies "continue in existence after". In a survival study, it's the duration of survival.
Actually, "survive" as in "survive cancer" is Sense 2. But here there's no direct object. "how long the patients survived."
Let's consider Sense 1: continue to live.
Wait, in many WSD datasets (like SemCor), "survive" meaning to live through hardship is Sense 1. "Survive cancer" is Sense 2.
Since the patients are surviving cancer, and the text mentions "treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma", they are surviving the disease.
Let's check "survive%2:42:01::" vs "survive%2:42:02::".
Definition 2: "continue in existence after (an adversity, etc.)". This perfectly matches surviving cancer. The example is exactly "He survived the cancer against all odds". The context is about cancer treatment. So Sense 2 is highly relevant to the medical domain of cancer.
Wait, but "how long the patients survived" is intransitive. Does "survive%2:42:02::" apply intransitively?
Synonyms for 2: pull through, pull round, come through, make it. "He came through."
Synonyms for 1: last, live, live on, go, endure, hold up. "We lived on."
"how long the patients survived" = how long the patients lived.
If it means "how long they lived", "last, live, live on" (Sense 1) fits the "how long" duration better.
However, the example "He survived the cancer against all odds" strongly points to Sense 2 for cancer.
Let's think about the sentence: "the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived."
Does it mean "how long they continued in existence after (cancer)" or "how long they continued to live through (cancer)"?
In clinical trials, "overall survival" is the time from randomization to death. The patients continue to live (Sense 1: last, live, live on).
Wait, "survive%2:42:01::" is defined as "continue to live through hardship or adversity". This fits the survival of patients in a cancer study.
Wait, "survive%2:42:02::" is "continue in existence after". But the patients are living *with* the disease until they die. Survival time is measured from the start of treatment.
Let's look at Sense 1: "continue to live through hardship or adversity". The patients are living through the cancer.
Also, "last, live, live on" are better synonyms for "how long they survived".
Wait, let's look at Sense 2: "continue in existence after (an adversity, etc.)". If a patient survives cancer, they live after the cancer is gone. But in mesothelioma and metastatic lung cancer, survival is often living *with* the disease, and the measure is "how long they lived".
Therefore, Sense 1 might be better for "how long they survived".
Let's reconsider Sense 2: "continue in existence after (an adversity, etc.)". "He survived the cancer against all odds" is the example.
If the sentence was "The patients survived the cancer", it would be Sense 2.
But the sentence is "how long the patients survived."
In SemCor, "how long they survived" or "survived" without an object is often Sense 1.
Wait, "survive" in "how long the patients survived" has no object. Sense 2 is "continue in existence after (an adversity, etc.)", which implies an object. "Survive the cancer".
Sense 1 is "continue to live through hardship or adversity", which can be intransitive. "These superstitions survive in the backwaters of America."
So Sense 1 is the correct sense for "how long the patients survived."
Let's double check.
If the text says "how long the patients survived", the measure is survival time. "last, live, live on" are the synonyms.
Also, the WordNet example for Sense 1 is "We went without water and food for 3 days" - duration is involved.
So Sense 1 is the best fit.
Let me check if there is any ambiguity. "survive" as in "live longer than" is Sense 4. "Support oneself" is Sense 3.
So it's between 1 and 2.
Context: "how long the patients survived."
Sense 1: "continue to live through hardship or adversity"
Synonyms: last, live, live on, go, endure, hold up
Sense 2: "continue in existence after (an adversity, etc.)"
Synonyms: pull through, pull round, come through, make it

Since "survived" here is intransitive and measures a duration ("how long"), Sense 1 fits better because "last, live, live on" measure duration, whereas "pull through, come through, make it" are typically punctual or focus on the event of surviving an adversity rather than the duration of living.
"how long they pulled through"? No.
"how long they lived"? Yes.
So Sense 1 is correct.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.