[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: example
Target surface form: example
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an <t>example</t>. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=example%1:09:00:: | definition=an item of information that is typical of a class or group | synonyms=illustration, instance, representative | examples=this patient provides a typical example of the syndrome; there is an example on page 10
2. sense_key=example%1:09:02:: | definition=a representative form or pattern | synonyms=model | examples=I profited from his example
3. sense_key=example%1:09:01:: | definition=something to be imitated | synonyms=exemplar, model, good example | examples=an exemplar of success; a model of clarity
4. sense_key=example%1:10:00:: | definition=punishment intended as a warning to others | synonyms=deterrent example, lesson, object lesson | examples=they decided to make an example of him
5. sense_key=example%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=case, instance | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday
6. sense_key=example%1:04:00:: | definition=a task performed or problem solved in order to develop skill or understanding | synonyms=exercise | examples=you must work the examples at the end of each chapter in the textbook

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "example" appears in the phrase "Here is an example." The context then provides a scenario about asking parents about encouraging creativity in schools, which serves to illustrate the point being made about beliefs dominating the educational establishment.

This is an item of information that is typical of a class or group - an illustration or instance that demonstrates the point being made.

Sense 1: "an item of information that is typical of a class or group" with synonyms like "illustration, instance, representative" and examples like "this patient provides a typical example of the syndrome; there is an example on page 10"

This fits well. The speaker is providing an illustration/instance to demonstrate their point about beliefs dominating educational establishments.

Sense 5: "an occurrence of something" with synonyms "case, instance" - this could also fit, but sense 1 seems more appropriate because the "example" here is being used as an illustration of a broader point, not just an occurrence.

Sense 1 is the best fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ask
Target surface form: ask
Context:
It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to <t>ask</t> a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ask%2:32:00:: | definition=inquire about | synonyms=inquire, enquire | examples=I asked about their special today; He had to ask directions several times
2. sense_key=ask%2:32:01:: | definition=make a request or demand for something to somebody | examples=She asked him for a loan
3. sense_key=ask%2:32:02:: | definition=direct or put; seek an answer to | examples=ask a question
4. sense_key=ask%2:32:05:: | definition=consider obligatory; request and expect | synonyms=require, expect | examples=We require our secretary to be on time; Aren't we asking too much of these children?
5. sense_key=ask%2:32:04:: | definition=address a question to and expect an answer from | examples=Ask your teacher about trigonometry; The children asked me about their dead grandmother
6. sense_key=ask%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, postulate, need, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
7. sense_key=ask%2:32:09:: | definition=require or ask for as a price or condition | examples=He is asking $200 for the table; The kidnappers are asking a million dollars in return for the release of their hostage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The context is: "If I were to ask a sample of American parents, 'Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children?'"

This is clearly asking a question to someone and expecting an answer. The target is "ask a sample of American parents" a question.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. inquire about - examples: "I asked about their special today" - this is more like inquiring about something, not directly putting a question to someone.
2. make a request or demand for something to somebody - examples: "She asked him for a loan" - this is requesting something, not posing a question.
3. direct or put; seek an answer to - examples: "ask a question" - this is about posing/putting a question.
4. consider obligatory; request and expect - examples: "Aren't we asking too much of these children?" - not this.
5. address a question to and expect an answer from - examples: "Ask your teacher about trigonometry" - this is about addressing a question to someone.
6. require as useful, just, or proper - not this.
7. require or ask for as a price or condition - not this.

The context is "If I were to ask a sample of American parents, 'Do you wish...'" - This is addressing a question to someone (the parents) and expecting an answer.

Sense 5 seems like the best fit: "address a question to and expect an answer from" with examples like "Ask your teacher about trigonometry."

Sense 3 is "direct or put; seek an answer to" with example "ask a question" - this is more about the act of putting forth a question.

Sense 1 is "inquire about" with examples like "I asked about their special today" - this is more general inquiry.

The context specifically involves addressing a question to a group of people (parents) and expecting an answer. Sense 5 captures this best: "address a question to and expect an answer from."

Let me reconsider. The sentence is "If I were to ask a sample of American parents, 'Do you wish...'" - this is directly putting a question to someone.

Sense 5: "address a question to and expect an answer from" - examples: "Ask your teacher about trigonometry; The children asked me about their dead grandmother"

This seems like the best fit. The speaker is addressing a question to the parents and expecting an answer.

Actually, let me reconsider sense 3 vs sense 5.

Sense 3: "direct or put; seek an answer to" - example: "ask a question" - This is about the act of posing a question.

Sense 5: "address a question to and expect an answer from" - This specifically involves addressing someone with a question.

In the context, the speaker is addressing a question to "a sample of American parents" - this involves both putting a question AND addressing it to specific people. Sense 5 seems more specific and fitting.

I'll go with sense 5.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sample
Target surface form: sample
Context:
It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a <t>sample</t> of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sample%1:09:00:: | definition=a small part of something intended as representative of the whole
2. sense_key=sample%1:09:01:: | definition=items selected at random from a population and used to test hypotheses about the population | synonyms=sample distribution, sampling
3. sense_key=sample%1:17:00:: | definition=all or part of a natural object that is collected and preserved as an example of its class

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context: "If I were to ask a sample of American parents..." Here "sample" refers to a small part of something intended as representative of the whole — a sample of parents representing all American parents.

Sense 1: a small part of something intended as representative of the whole. This fits — a sample of American parents is a small representative group.

Sense 2: items selected at random from a population and used to test hypotheses about the population (statistics). While it could be statistical, the context is more general — asking parents a question, not testing a statistical hypothesis. It's more about a representative subset.

Sense 3: all or part of a natural object collected and preserved — doesn't fit.

Sense 1 is the best fit.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of <t>American</t> parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context mentions "American parents" in the context of educational establishment, media, politicians, and parents. This refers to parents in the United States of America.

Sense 1: of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture
Sense 2: of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas

The context is clearly about the United States, referring to the educational system and establishment. Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: parents
Context:
It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American <t>parents</t>, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context refers to "American parents" being asked about schools encouraging creativity in their children. This clearly refers to human parents, fathers or mothers who raise children. Sense 1 is the correct sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: encourage
Target surface form: encourage
Context:
It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to <t>encourage</t> creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=encourage%2:41:00:: | definition=contribute to the progress or growth of | synonyms=promote, advance, boost, further | examples=I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom
2. sense_key=encourage%2:37:00:: | definition=inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to
3. sense_key=encourage%2:32:00:: | definition=spur on | examples=His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about schools encouraging creativity in children. The question asks whether elementary schools should "encourage" creativity.

Sense 1: contribute to the progress or growth of (promote, advance, boost, further) - "I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom"
Sense 2: inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to
Sense 3: spur on - "His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife"

The context is about schools encouraging/fostering/promoting creativity in children. This is about contributing to the development or growth of creativity, not about giving confidence or spurring on someone to do something specific.

Sense 1 fits best - schools encouraging creativity means they contribute to the progress/growth of creativity, similar to promoting the use of computers in the classroom.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: child
Target surface form: children
Context:
It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your <t>children</t>? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=child%1:18:00:: | definition=a young person of either sex | synonyms=kid, youngster, minor, shaver, nipper, small fry | examples=she writes books for children; they're just kids
2. sense_key=child%1:18:01:: | definition=a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age | synonyms=kid | examples=they had three children; they were able to send their kids to college
3. sense_key=child%1:18:06:: | definition=an immature childish person | synonyms=baby | examples=he remained a child in practical matters as long as he lived; stop being a baby!
4. sense_key=child%1:18:07:: | definition=a member of a clan or tribe | examples=the children of Israel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "children" in the context: "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children?"

The context refers to "American parents" and their "children" in relation to "elementary schools."

Sense 1: "a young person of either sex" - examples include "she writes books for children; they're just kids" - this is about young people generally.
Sense 2: "a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age" - examples include "they had three children; they were able to send their kids to college" - this is specifically about offspring/parent relationship.

The context says "American parents" and "your children" - this emphasizes the parent-child relationship. The parents are being asked about "your children" - meaning their offspring. However, the children are also in "elementary schools," which suggests they are young people.

Hmm, the key distinction is whether "children" here refers to:
1. Young people (in general, as an age group)
2. Offspring of parents (regardless of age)

The phrase "your children" specifically refers to the offspring of the parents being addressed. The parent-child relationship is emphasized. Even though the children are in elementary school (which makes them young), the use of "your children" with "parents" points to the offspring sense.

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "she writes books for children" - children as young people
- Sense 2: "they had three children" - children as offspring

The context: "If I were to ask a sample of American parents, 'Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children?'"

"Your children" - the possessive "your" linking to "parents" strongly suggests the offspring relationship. The parents are being asked about their own offspring.

Sense 2 seems most appropriate because:
1. "Your children" = offspring of the parents
2. The parent-child relationship is explicitly mentioned
3. The example for sense 2 ("they were able to send their kids to college") also involves education

However, sense 1 could also apply because "elementary schools" implies young people.

I think sense 2 is the better fit because the context emphasizes the parent-child relationship ("American parents" ... "your children"). The focus is on the offspring of these parents, not just any young people.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: answer
Target surface form: answer
Context:
It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous <t>answer</t> would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=answer%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation | synonyms=reply, response | examples=I waited several days for his answer; he wrote replies to several of his critics
2. sense_key=answer%1:10:02:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, result, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=answer%1:10:00:: | definition=the speech act of replying to a question
4. sense_key=answer%1:10:03:: | definition=the principal pleading by the defendant in response to plaintiff's complaint; in criminal law it consists of the defendant's plea of `guilty' or `not guilty' (or nolo contendere); in civil law it must contain denials of all allegations in the plaintiff's complaint that the defendant hopes to controvert and it can contain affirmative defenses or counterclaims
5. sense_key=answer%1:04:00:: | definition=a nonverbal reaction | examples=his answer to any problem was to get drunk; their answer was to sue me

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "the near-unanimous answer would be, 'Yes, of course.'"
This is a statement made in reply to a question asked to parents.
Sense 1: "a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation" - synonyms: reply, response. Example: "I waited several days for his answer"
Sense 3: "the speech act of replying to a question"

The context says: 'If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children?" the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course."'

"the near-unanimous answer" refers to the specific statement "Yes, of course." that is made in reply to a question.
Sense 1 fits best as it specifies a statement made to reply to a question.
Sense 3 is the speech act itself. "answer" here refers to the content of the statement ("Yes, of course"). So sense 1 is better.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mean
Target surface form: mean
Context:
It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we <t>mean</t>, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mean%2:32:01:: | definition=mean or intend to express or convey | synonyms=intend | examples=You never understand what I mean!; what do his words intend?
2. sense_key=mean%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a logical consequence | synonyms=entail, imply | examples=The water shortage means that we have to stop taking long showers
3. sense_key=mean%2:32:03:: | definition=denote or connote | synonyms=intend, signify, stand for | examples=`maison' means `house' in French; An example sentence would show what this word means
4. sense_key=mean%2:31:00:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, think | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
5. sense_key=mean%2:42:03:: | definition=have a specified degree of importance | examples=My ex-husband means nothing to me; Happiness means everything
6. sense_key=mean%2:31:01:: | definition=intend to refer to | synonyms=think of, have in mind | examples=I'm thinking of good food when I talk about France; Yes, I meant you when I complained about people who gossip!
7. sense_key=mean%2:31:05:: | definition=destine or designate for a certain purpose | examples=These flowers were meant for you

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "mean" in the sentence: "But what do we mean, specifically, by 'creativity'?"

The context is asking about the definition or intended meaning of a word ("creativity"). The speaker is asking what people intend to express or convey when they use the word "creativity."

Let's analyze the candidate senses:

1. mean%2:32:01:: - mean or intend to express or convey - "You never understand what I mean!; what do his words intend?"
2. mean%2:42:00:: - have as a logical consequence - "The water shortage means that we have to stop taking long showers"
3. mean%2:32:03:: - denote or connote - "`maison' means `house' in French; An example sentence would show what this word means"
4. mean%2:31:00:: - have in mind as a purpose - "I mean no harm; I only meant to help you"
5. mean%2:42:03:: - have a specified degree of importance - "My ex-husband means nothing to me"
6. mean%2:31:01:: - intend to refer to - "I'm thinking of good food when I talk about France; Yes, I meant you when I complained about people who gossip!"
7. mean%2:31:05:: - destine or designate for a certain purpose - "These flowers were meant for you"

The sentence is "But what do we mean, specifically, by 'creativity'?" This is asking about the meaning or definition of a word/term.

Sense 3 seems most appropriate: "denote or connote" with examples like "An example sentence would show what this word means." The sentence is asking what the word "creativity" denotes or connotes.

However, sense 1 is also possible: "mean or intend to express or convey" with example "You never understand what I mean!"

The key difference between sense 1 and sense 3:
- Sense 1 is about what a person means to express or convey (more about intention)
- Sense 3 is about what a word denotes or connotes (more about linguistic meaning)

The sentence "But what do we mean, specifically, by 'creativity'?" is asking about what is meant by a specific term. The "by 'creativity'" part suggests it's about what the word denotes or connotes, which aligns with sense 3.

But wait, the subject is "we" - "what do we mean by 'creativity'" - this could be interpreted as "what do we intend to express when we use the word 'creativity'?" which would be sense 1.

Let me think more carefully. The phrase "what do we mean by X" is a common way of asking about the meaning of X. In this context, the author is asking about the specific meaning of the word "creativity" - what does it denote or connote?

Sense 3 has the example "An example sentence would show what this word means" which is very similar to asking "what do we mean by 'creativity'?" - both are asking about the meaning/definition of a word.

Sense 1 has "You never understand what I mean!" which is more about personal communication and intention.

I think sense 3 is the best fit because the context is about the linguistic meaning of a specific term ("creativity").

Actually, let me reconsider. "What do we mean by 'creativity'?" could be:
1. What do we (people) intend to express when we say "creativity"? - sense 1
2. What does the word "creativity" denote/connote? - sense 3

The phrase "what do we mean by X" is typically asking about definition/meaning. The example for sense 3 "An example sentence would show what this word means" is very close to this usage.

I'll go with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: one
Context:
And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No <t>one</t> can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "one" in the sentence: "No one can say."
"No one" is a pronoun phrase meaning "not any person" or "not a single person".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. one%1:23:00:: - the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number (number)
2. one%1:09:00:: - a single person or thing (person/thing)

"No one" means "no person". Here, "one" refers to a person. "No one can say" -> "No person can say".
Sense 2 matches this perfectly: "a single person or thing" with examples "he is the best one".
Therefore, sense_index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: equate
Target surface form: equated
Context:
These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being <t>equated</t> with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=equate%2:31:00:: | definition=consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous | synonyms=compare, liken | examples=We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans; You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed
2. sense_key=equate%2:42:00:: | definition=be equivalent or parallel, in mathematics | synonyms=correspond
3. sense_key=equate%2:30:00:: | definition=make equal, uniform, corresponding, or matching | synonyms=equal, match, equalize, equalise | examples=let's equalize the duties among all employees in this office; The company matched the discount policy of its competitors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "equated" in the context: "In practice, it ends up being equated with a 'self-expression' that encourages the youngsters' 'self-esteem.'"

The sentence means that in practice, the concept of "creativity" is treated as being the same as or analogous to "self-expression."

Sense 1: consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous. Example: "You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed."
Sense 2: be equivalent or parallel, in mathematics.
Sense 3: make equal, uniform, corresponding, or matching. Example: "let's equalize the duties among all employees in this office."

The context shows that "creativity" is being considered or described as similar to "self-expression." This matches sense 1, as in "You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed." The phrase "equated with" fits sense 1 perfectly.

Sense 3 is about making things equal or uniform, like equalizing duties. Sense 2 is mathematical.

The best sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: encourage
Target surface form: encourages
Context:
These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that <t>encourages</t> the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=encourage%2:41:00:: | definition=contribute to the progress or growth of | synonyms=promote, advance, boost, further | examples=I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom
2. sense_key=encourage%2:37:00:: | definition=inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to
3. sense_key=encourage%2:32:00:: | definition=spur on | examples=His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "encourages" in the context: "...a 'self-expression' that encourages the youngsters' 'self-esteem.'"

Let's analyze the context. The sentence says that "self-expression" ends up being equated with something that "encourages" the youngsters' "self-esteem". This means that the practice of self-expression contributes to the progress or growth of the youngsters' self-esteem. It promotes or fosters self-esteem.

Let's look at the senses:
1. contribute to the progress or growth of (promote, advance, boost, further)
2. inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to
3. spur on (His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife)

Sense 1 is "contribute to the progress or growth of". The context talks about how self-expression encourages (contributes to the growth of) self-esteem. This fits perfectly with sense 1. "Encouraging self-esteem" means promoting or boosting self-esteem.

Sense 2 is "inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to". While related to self-esteem, the direct object here is "self-esteem", not a person. You encourage a person, but you contribute to the growth of self-esteem.

Sense 3 is "spur on", like an event causing someone to do something. Here, self-expression doesn't spur self-esteem on to do something; rather, it promotes or fosters it.

So sense 1 is the best fit. "encourages self-esteem" -> "promotes self-esteem" / "contributes to the growth of self-esteem".

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: result
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The <t>result</t> is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "result" in context refers to the outcome/consequence of equating creativity with self-expression. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance..." - this is a phenomenon that follows from previous actions/phenomena.

Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" - consequence, effect, outcome
Sense 3: "something that results" - resultant, final result, outcome, termination

The distinction between sense 1 and sense 3 is subtle. Sense 1 emphasizes a phenomenon caused by some previous phenomenon (consequence, effect). Sense 3 is "something that results" (outcome, termination).

In this context, "The result is a generation of young people..." - this is a consequence/effect of the educational practices described. It's a phenomenon that follows and is caused by previous phenomena (the equating of creativity with self-expression, the focus on self-esteem).

Sense 1 seems to fit best - it's about a consequence/effect of previous actions. The synonyms "consequence, effect, outcome" match well here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: generation
Target surface form: generation
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a <t>generation</t> of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=generation%1:14:01:: | definition=all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age | synonyms=coevals, contemporaries
2. sense_key=generation%1:14:00:: | definition=group of genetically related organisms constituting a single step in the line of descent
3. sense_key=generation%1:28:00:: | definition=the normal time between successive generations | examples=they had to wait a generation for that prejudice to fade
4. sense_key=generation%1:28:01:: | definition=a stage of technological development or innovation | examples=the third generation of computers
5. sense_key=generation%1:11:00:: | definition=a coming into being | synonyms=genesis
6. sense_key=generation%1:04:01:: | definition=the production of heat or electricity | examples=dams were built for the generation of electricity
7. sense_key=generation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of producing offspring or multiplying by such production | synonyms=multiplication, propagation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context says "a generation of young people" - this refers to all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: young
Target surface form: young
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of <t>young</t> people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=young%3:00:00:: | definition=(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth | synonyms=immature | examples=young people
2. sense_key=young%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=new | examples=new potatoes; young corn
3. sense_key=young%5:00:01:young:00 | definition=suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh | synonyms=youthful, vernal | examples=he is young for his age
4. sense_key=young%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=being in its early stage | examples=a young industry; the day is still young
5. sense_key=young%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=not tried or tested by experience | synonyms=unseasoned, untested, untried | examples=unseasoned artillery volunteers; still untested in battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "young" used in the phrase "a generation of young people."
The context refers to "young people" as a demographic, living persons in an early period of life.
Sense 1 definition: "(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth" with examples "young people". This fits perfectly.
Sense 3 refers to "suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh" with examples "he is young for his age". This doesn't fit as well as sense 1.
Sense 4 refers to things in their early stage ("a young industry"). Not applicable to "young people".
Sense 5 refers to inexperienced. While possible, the context emphasizes the generation of young people (demographic), so sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: people
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young <t>people</t> whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "people" in the phrase "a generation of young people".
Sense 1: (plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively. Example: old people.
Sense 2: the body of citizens of a state or country. Example: the Spanish people.
Sense 3: members of a family line.
Sense 4: the common people generally.

"Young people" refers to a group of human beings collectively. It doesn't specifically refer to citizens of a state (though they might be American, the text says "a generation of young people whose ignorance..."). It is not family line, nor the masses/hoi polloi specifically in a sociological sense (though it overlaps, "young people" just refers to human beings collectively).

So Sense 1 is the best fit.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: incompetence
Target surface form: incompetence
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual <t>incompetence</t> is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=incompetence%1:07:00:: | definition=lack of physical or intellectual ability or qualifications | synonyms=incompetency
2. sense_key=incompetence%1:26:00:: | definition=inability of a part or organ to function properly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "incompetence" in the context of "intellectual incompetence" of young people, referring to their lack of intellectual ability or qualifications.
Candidate senses:
1. incompetence%1:07:00:: | definition=lack of physical or intellectual ability or qualifications
2. incompetence%1:26:00:: | definition=inability of a part or organ to function properly

In the context, "ignorance and intellectual incompetence" clearly refers to a lack of intellectual ability or qualifications. Sense 1 matches this perfectly. Sense 2 refers to a biological/medical condition of an organ or body part functioning improperly.

Therefore, sense_index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: match
Target surface form: matched
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is <t>matched</t> only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=match%2:42:00:: | definition=be compatible, similar or consistent; coincide in their characteristics | synonyms=fit, correspond, check, jibe, gibe, tally | examples=The two stories don't agree in many details; The handwriting checks with the signature on the check
2. sense_key=match%2:40:00:: | definition=provide funds complementary to | examples=The company matched the employees' contributions
3. sense_key=match%2:35:08:: | definition=bring two objects, ideas, or people together | synonyms=mate, couple, pair, twin | examples=This fact is coupled to the other one; Matchmaker, can you match my daughter with a nice young man?
4. sense_key=match%2:42:01:: | definition=be equal to in quality or ability | synonyms=equal, touch, rival | examples=Nothing can rival cotton for durability; Your performance doesn't even touch that of your colleagues
5. sense_key=match%2:30:01:: | definition=make correspond or harmonize | synonyms=fit | examples=Match my sweater
6. sense_key=match%2:41:00:: | definition=satisfy or fulfill | synonyms=meet, cope with | examples=meet a need; this job doesn't match my dreams
7. sense_key=match%2:35:10:: | definition=give or join in marriage
8. sense_key=match%2:33:00:: | definition=set into opposition or rivalry | synonyms=pit, oppose, play off | examples=let them match their best athletes against ours; pit a chess player against the Russian champion
9. sense_key=match%2:30:00:: | definition=be equal or harmonize | examples=The two pieces match
10. sense_key=match%2:30:07:: | definition=make equal, uniform, corresponding, or matching | synonyms=equal, equalize, equalise, equate | examples=let's equalize the duties among all employees in this office; The company matched the discount policy of its competitors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves."

This means their ignorance and incompetence is equaled by their good opinion of themselves. The phrase "matched only by" suggests that one thing is equal to or rivaling another in degree or quality.

Let's look at the senses:
1. be compatible, similar or consistent; coincide in their characteristics
4. be equal to in quality or ability
9. be equal or harmonize

Sense 4 seems the best fit: "be equal to in quality or ability" with synonyms "equal, touch, rival". The example "Your performance doesn't even touch that of your colleagues" is similar in structure. The phrase "is matched only by" means "is equaled only by" or "is rivaled only by".

Let's compare 1 and 4.
1 is about coinciding in characteristics, like two stories agreeing.
4 is about being equal in quality or ability. "matched only by" implies the degree of ignorance is equal to the degree of good opinion of themselves.

Sense 4 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched <t>only</t> by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "only" in the context: "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves."

Here, "only" means "and nothing more" or "merely/simply". The sentence says their ignorance is matched merely by their good opinion of themselves - nothing else matches it.

Wait, let me think more carefully. "matched only by" - this means their good opinion of themselves is the sole thing that matches their ignorance. So it's "without any others being included or involved" - sense 2.

Actually, let me reconsider. "matched only by X" means X is the only thing that matches it. This is about exclusivity - "without any others being included or involved." This fits sense 2 (entirely, exclusively, solely, alone).

But wait, sense 1 is "and nothing more" with synonyms merely, simply, just, but. "matched only by" could be read as "matched merely by" or "matched solely by."

The phrase "matched only by X" typically means that X is the exclusive match - nothing else matches. This is more about exclusivity (sense 2: solely, exclusively, alone) rather than merely (sense 1).

Actually, "only" here functions as an adverb modifying "by." It means "exclusively" or "solely" - their ignorance is matched solely by their good opinion. This is sense 2.

Let me reconsider once more. "matched only by their good opinion of themselves" - the "only" here restricts the matching to just one thing. The synonyms for sense 2 include "solely" and "alone" which fit perfectly: "matched solely by" or "matched alone by."

Sense 1 with "merely" or "simply" would imply a diminishment, like "it's just/merely X" suggesting X is not significant. But here the point is that two bad things are equally matched - their ignorance AND their good opinion of themselves. The "only" emphasizes that nothing else matches their level of ignorance.

So sense 2 seems best: "without any others being included or involved" with synonyms entirely, exclusively, solely, alone.

Wait, but let me reconsider sense 1 again. "and nothing more" - "matched only by their good opinion" could mean "matched by their good opinion and nothing more." This also works.

Hmm, the distinction is subtle. Sense 1 (merely, simply, just, but) vs sense 2 (entirely, exclusively, solely, alone).

In the phrase "matched only by," the word "only" is restricting the set of things that match to just one. This is about exclusivity - "solely" or "exclusively." The example for sense 2 is "was entirely to blame" and "a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children."

Actually, looking at this more carefully, "only" in "matched only by" means "and nothing more" - their ignorance is matched by their good opinion and nothing more. This seems to fit sense 1 better with its definition "and nothing more."

But "solely" from sense 2 also works: "matched solely by their good opinion."

The key difference: Sense 1 examples are "I was merely asking" and "it is simply a matter of time" - these use "only" to mean "just, merely" in a diminishing way. Sense 2 examples are "was entirely to blame" and "a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children" - these use "only" to mean exclusively/solely.

"Matched only by" is more about exclusivity - only one thing matches. This aligns with sense 2.

I'll go with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: good
Target surface form: good
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their <t>good</t> opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=good%3:00:01:: | definition=having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified | examples=good news from the hospital; a good report card
2. sense_key=good%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=full | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
3. sense_key=good%3:00:02:: | definition=morally admirable
4. sense_key=good%5:00:00:reputable:00 | definition=deserving of esteem and respect | synonyms=estimable, honorable, respectable | examples=all respectable companies give guarantees; ruined the family's good name
5. sense_key=good%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=promoting or enhancing well-being | synonyms=beneficial | examples=an arms limitation agreement beneficial to all countries; the beneficial effects of a temperate climate
6. sense_key=good%5:00:00:nice:00 | definition=agreeable or pleasing | examples=we all had a good time; good manners
7. sense_key=good%5:00:00:righteous:00 | definition=of moral excellence | synonyms=just, upright | examples=a genuinely good person; a just cause
8. sense_key=good%5:00:00:skilled:00 | definition=having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude | synonyms=adept, expert, practiced, proficient, skillful, skilful | examples=adept in handicrafts; an adept juggler
9. sense_key=good%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=thorough | examples=had a good workout; gave the house a good cleaning
10. sense_key=good%5:00:00:close:02 | definition=with or in a close or intimate relationship | synonyms=dear, near | examples=a good friend; my sisters and brothers are near and dear
11. sense_key=good%5:00:01:sound:00 | definition=financially sound | synonyms=dependable, safe, secure | examples=a good investment; a secure investment
12. sense_key=good%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=right, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
13. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
14. sense_key=good%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=effective, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
15. sense_key=good%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=capable of pleasing | examples=good looks
16. sense_key=good%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=serious | examples=good music; a serious book
17. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=in excellent physical condition | synonyms=sound | examples=good teeth; I still have one good leg
18. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthful:00 | definition=tending to promote physical well-being; beneficial to health | synonyms=salutary | examples=beneficial effects of a balanced diet; a good night's sleep
19. sense_key=good%5:00:00:genuine:00 | definition=not forged | synonyms=honest | examples=a good dollar bill
20. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=not left to spoil | synonyms=undecomposed, unspoiled, unspoilt | examples=the meat is still good
21. sense_key=good%5:00:00:discriminating:00 | definition=generally admired | examples=good taste

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
The context is: "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves."

The phrase is "good opinion of themselves." Here, "good" modifies "opinion." The phrase "good opinion" means a high or favorable opinion - i.e., they think highly of themselves.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. having desirable or positive qualities - this is very general
4. deserving of esteem and respect | synonyms=estimable, honorable, respectable | examples=ruined the family's good name

Sense 4 has the example "ruined the family's good name" - "good name" means a reputable name, a name that deserves respect. Similarly, "good opinion" could mean a favorable, respectable opinion - i.e., they hold themselves in high regard.

But wait, "good opinion of themselves" - this means they have a high/favorable opinion of themselves. The "good" here modifies "opinion" meaning a favorable or positive opinion.

Looking at sense 4: "deserving of esteem and respect" with synonyms estimable, honorable, respectable, and example "ruined the family's good name." In "good name," "good" means respectable/reputable. In "good opinion," it could similarly mean a favorable opinion.

But sense 1 is "having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified." This is the most general sense. "Good opinion" = a positive/favorable opinion.

Hmm, but "good opinion" is a set phrase. Let me think about this more carefully.

"Good opinion of themselves" means they think well of themselves - they have a high opinion of themselves. The "good" here means favorable/positive.

Sense 4 seems like a strong candidate because "good name" and "good opinion" are similar constructions where "good" means something like "favorable in reputation/esteem." The definition "deserving of esteem and respect" with example "ruined the family's good name" is very close to the usage here.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Good opinion" here means a favorable opinion - they think well of themselves. The word "good" is modifying "opinion" to mean a positive/favorable one.

Sense 4's definition is "deserving of esteem and respect" - but "good opinion" doesn't mean an opinion that deserves esteem. It means a favorable opinion. The "good name" example works because a "good name" is a name that deserves respect. But "good opinion of themselves" means they have a high opinion of themselves.

Sense 1 is the most general: "having desirable or positive qualities." A "good opinion" is a positive opinion.

I think sense 4 is the best fit because "good opinion" and "good name" are similar collocations where "good" means favorable/reputable. The example "ruined the family's good name" is very similar to "their good opinion of themselves."

Actually, I need to think about this differently. "Good opinion of themselves" = they hold themselves in good opinion = they think highly of themselves. The "good" modifies the opinion - it's a favorable opinion.

In the phrase "good name," "good" means "reputable" - the name is one that commands respect. Similarly, in "good opinion," "good" could mean the opinion is a favorable one.

Sense 4 seems most appropriate: "deserving of esteem and respect" with the example "ruined the family's good name." The parallel between "good name" and "good opinion" is strong.

I'll go with sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: opinion
Target surface form: opinion
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good <t>opinion</t> of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=opinion%1:09:00:: | definition=a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty | synonyms=sentiment, persuasion, view, thought | examples=my opinion differs from yours; I am not of your persuasion
2. sense_key=opinion%1:10:01:: | definition=a message expressing a belief about something; the expression of a belief that is held with confidence but not substantiated by positive knowledge or proof | synonyms=view | examples=his opinions appeared frequently on the editorial page
3. sense_key=opinion%1:09:01:: | definition=a belief or sentiment shared by most people; the voice of the people | synonyms=public opinion, popular opinion, vox populi | examples=he asked for a poll of public opinion
4. sense_key=opinion%1:10:00:: | definition=the legal document stating the reasons for a judicial decision | synonyms=legal opinion, judgment, judgement | examples=opinions are usually written by a single judge
5. sense_key=opinion%1:04:01:: | definition=the reason for a court's judgment (as opposed to the decision itself) | synonyms=ruling
6. sense_key=opinion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, notion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target is "opinion" in the phrase "good opinion of themselves". Let's analyze the context.
"matched only by their good opinion of themselves"
This means their personal belief or judgment about themselves. It refers to a high self-regard.
Sense 1: a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty (synonyms: sentiment, persuasion, view, thought) - Examples: my opinion differs from yours. This fits "good opinion of themselves", meaning their personal belief about themselves.
Sense 2: a message expressing a belief about something.
Sense 3: a belief or sentiment shared by most people.
Sense 6: a vague idea in which some confidence is placed (synonyms: impression, feeling, belief, notion).

"Good opinion of oneself" means a favorable personal belief or judgment about oneself. Sense 1 seems to fit perfectly. "a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty"
Let's check sense 6: "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed" (impression, feeling, belief, notion). Doesn't fit "good opinion of" idiomatically. "Good opinion of themselves" means they think highly of themselves, a personal belief.

Let's confirm. "good opinion of themselves" -> they have a high personal belief/judgment of themselves. Sense 1 is the standard sense for "opinion" in "have a good/bad/high/low opinion of someone".
Sense index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: whole
Target surface form: whole
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The <t>whole</t> notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=whole%3:00:00:: | definition=including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete | examples=gave his whole attention; a whole wardrobe for the tropics
2. sense_key=whole%3:00:02:: | definition=(of siblings) having the same parents | examples=whole brothers and sisters
3. sense_key=whole%5:00:00:uninjured:00 | definition=not injured | synonyms=unharmed, unhurt, unscathed
4. sense_key=whole%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=exhibiting or restored to vigorous good health | synonyms=hale | examples=hale and hearty; whole in mind and body
5. sense_key=whole%5:00:00:undiversified:00 | definition=acting together as a single undiversified whole | synonyms=solid, unanimous | examples=a solid voting bloc

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was..."
Here, "whole" modifies "notion". It means the entire notion, the complete notion.
Sense 1: "including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete". Example: "gave his whole attention". This fits "whole notion".
Sense 2: siblings
Sense 3: not injured
Sense 4: healthy
Sense 5: undiversified (solid, unanimous)
Clearly sense 1 is the correct one.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: notion
Target surface form: notion
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole <t>notion</t> of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: | definition=a general inclusive concept
3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: | definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon
4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction..."

Here, "notion" refers to the concept or idea of "creativity" in education. It's a general concept, not a vague impression, not a fanciful idea, and not small personal articles.

Sense 1: "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed" - This could partially fit, but the context isn't about a vague idea with confidence placed in it.
Sense 2: "a general inclusive concept" - This fits well. The "notion of creativity in education" refers to the general concept/idea of creativity as applied in education.
Sense 3: "an odd or fanciful or capricious idea" - While the author seems critical of this notion, calling it "romantic extravagance," the word "notion" itself here refers to the concept, not necessarily something fanciful.
Sense 4: small personal articles - clearly not.

The best fit is sense 2: "a general inclusive concept." The "whole notion of creativity in education" refers to the general concept/idea of creativity as it pertains to education.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in <t>education</t> was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "creativity" in education, referring to the system of educating/instructing in schools. The passage talks about "the whole notion of 'creativity' in education" being part of a romantic rebellion against "disciplined instruction." This refers to the activities/process of education - teaching, instruction in schools.

Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing" - this fits well as the context discusses what happens in schools regarding instruction.

Sense 3: "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" - example "education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's" - this is more about the process/experience of education.

Sense 4: "the profession of teaching" - this is about the profession.

The context talks about "creativity in education" as something happening in schools, related to instruction. It's about the practice/activity of education in schools. Sense 1 seems most fitting: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill."

The phrase "in education" suggests the domain/field of educational activity. The passage discusses how schools approach teaching and instruction, with "creativity" being contrasted with "disciplined instruction." This aligns with sense 1 - the activities of educating or instructing.

Actually, let me reconsider. "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education" - this could mean the field/system of education. Sense 1 is about activities of educating. Sense 3 is about the gradual process of acquiring knowledge.

The passage discusses how education is practiced (in schools), what approaches are used (creativity vs. disciplined instruction). This is about the activity/practice of education, which is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: romantic
Target surface form: romantic
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a <t>romantic</t> rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=romantic%3:01:00:: | definition=belonging to or characteristic of Romanticism or the Romantic Movement in the arts | synonyms=romanticist, romanticistic | examples=romantic poetry
2. sense_key=romantic%5:00:01:loving:00 | definition=expressive of or exciting sexual love or romance | synonyms=amatory, amorous | examples=her amatory affairs; amorous glances
3. sense_key=romantic%5:00:00:impractical:00 | definition=not sensible about practical matters; idealistic and unrealistic | synonyms=quixotic, wild-eyed | examples=as quixotic as a restoration of medieval knighthood; a romantic disregard for money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses a "romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction" and "romantic extravagance" in education. It describes ideas about "self-expression," "self-esteem," and "latent talents" and "potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children." The author criticizes these views as being impractical, idealistic, and unrealistic—equating "creativity" with "self-expression" that boosts "self-esteem" regardless of actual competence.

Sense 1: belonging to Romanticism or the Romantic Movement in the arts
Sense 3: not sensible about practical matters; idealistic and unrealistic

The context here is about a romantic rebellion in education. While this could be seen as "Romanticism" in a broad sense (the philosophical movement), the passage's tone emphasizes impracticality, idealism, and unrealistic views about children's potential. The phrase "romantic extravagance" and the description of the views as idealistic and unrealistic strongly suggest Sense 3 (impractical, idealistic, unrealistic).

However, let me reconsider. The passage talks about a "romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction" and "latent talents" and "potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children." These are indeed ideas that trace back to Romanticism (the philosophical/literary movement of Rousseau, etc.). The word "romantic" here could be referring to the Romantic movement's philosophy applied to education.

But the passage also uses "romantic" in a pejorative sense — "romantic extravagance" — suggesting impracticality. The author is criticizing these views as unrealistic.

Sense 1 says "belonging to or characteristic of Romanticism or the Romantic Movement in the arts" — this is about the arts specifically, though Romanticism was broader.
Sense 3 says "not sensible about practical matters; idealistic and unrealistic" with synonyms "quixotic, wild-eyed" and examples like "a romantic disregard for money."

The passage describes a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction and romantic extravagance, focusing on the impracticality and idealism of these educational ideas. The use of "romantic" here seems to mean idealistic and unrealistic rather than specifically referring to the Romantic Movement in the arts. The context emphasizes the impracticality and unrealistic nature of these ideas — "ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves."

Given that Sense 1 is specifically about "the Romantic Movement in the arts," and the context is about education and impractical idealism, Sense 3 seems to be the better fit. The passage uses "romantic" to describe ideas that are idealistic and unrealistic about education.

Actually, let me think again. The phrase "romantic rebellion" could be referring to the Romantic movement's influence on education (Rousseau's ideas about natural education, etc.). But the WordNet sense 1 specifies "in the arts," which doesn't perfectly match this educational context. The passage is more about the attitude of being idealistic and unrealistic, which aligns with Sense 3.

I'll go with Sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rebellion
Target surface form: rebellion
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic <t>rebellion</t> against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rebellion%1:04:01:: | definition=refusal to accept some authority or code or convention | examples=each generation must have its own rebellion; his body was in rebellion against fatigue
2. sense_key=rebellion%1:04:00:: | definition=organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another | synonyms=insurrection, revolt, rising, uprising

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses "rebellion" against disciplined instruction, part of a romantic movement. This is not an organized armed uprising but rather a refusal to accept authority or convention (in this case, educational conventions/disciplined instruction). Sense 1 fits better: "refusal to accept some authority or code or convention."

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: disciplined
Target surface form: disciplined
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against <t>disciplined</t> instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00 | definition=obeying the rules
2. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00 | definition=trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise | examples=the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "disciplined" in the context: "a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction."

The context discusses education, contrasting "creativity" and "self-expression" with "disciplined instruction," which is regarded as "authoritarian." The term "disciplined instruction" refers to instruction that follows rules, is structured, and orderly — essentially instruction that is controlled and rule-based.

Sense 1: "obeying the rules" — this fits "disciplined instruction" as instruction that follows a structured, rule-based approach.

Sense 2: "trained mentally or physical by instruction or exercise" — examples are "disciplined muscles" and "disciplined mind." This is more about something that has been trained through practice.

In the context, "disciplined instruction" means instruction that is orderly, structured, and follows rules — it's being contrasted with free-form "creativity" and "self-expression." The word "authoritarian" further suggests a rule-based, controlled approach.

Sense 1 seems more appropriate here because "disciplined instruction" refers to instruction that follows rules and is controlled/structured, as opposed to the free-form, unstructured approach of "creativity" and "self-expression."