status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: youth
Target surface form: youth
Context:
Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of <t>youth</t> will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=youth%1:18:00:: | definition=a young person (especially a young man or boy) | synonyms=young person, younker, spring chicken
2. sense_key=youth%1:14:00:: | definition=young people collectively | synonyms=young | examples=rock music appeals to the young; youth everywhere rises in revolt
3. sense_key=youth%1:28:00:: | definition=the time of life between childhood and maturity
4. sense_key=youth%1:26:00:: | definition=early maturity; the state of being young or immature or inexperienced
5. sense_key=youth%1:28:01:: | definition=an early period of development | synonyms=early days | examples=during the youth of the project
6. sense_key=youth%1:07:00:: | definition=the freshness and vitality characteristic of a young person | synonyms=youthfulness, juvenility

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 6. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "the flightiness of youth" - referring to youth as a quality or state of being young, where young people tend to be flighty (fickle, changeable). Mr. Hammond worries that young people will "drift away" due to their youth - their immaturity and inexperience.

Looking at the senses:

1. "a young person (especially a young man or boy)" - singular person
2. "young people collectively" - collective noun
3. "the time of life between childhood and maturity" - time period
4. "early maturity; the state of being young or immature or inexperienced" - state of being
5. "an early period of development" - early days of something
6. "the freshness and vitality characteristic of a young person" - quality

"the flightiness of youth" - this seems to refer to youth as a state or quality that causes flightiness. The youngsters are described as drifting away because of their youth - their immaturity and inexperience.

Sense 4 "the state of being young or immature or inexperienced" seems to fit best here. The flightiness is attributed to the state of being young - immature and inexperienced. The young people drift away because they are young and immature.

Sense 2 "young people collectively" could also work - "the flightiness of youth" could mean "the flightiness of young people collectively." But the phrase "the flightiness of youth" seems more abstract, referring to the quality/state of being young rather than the collective group.

Sense 6 "the freshness and vitality characteristic of a young person" doesn't fit because flightiness is negative, not about freshness and vitality.

I think sense 4 is the best fit - "the state of being young or immature or inexperienced." The flightiness is a consequence of being young/immature/inexperienced.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


attempt_kind: initial

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rank
Target surface form: ranks
Context:
Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the <t>ranks</t> of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rank%1:14:00:: | definition=a row or line of people (especially soldiers or police) standing abreast of one another | examples=the entrance was guarded by ranks of policemen
2. sense_key=rank%1:26:00:: | definition=relative status | examples=his salary was determined by his rank and seniority
3. sense_key=rank%1:14:01:: | definition=the ordinary members of an organization (such as the enlisted soldiers of an army) | synonyms=rank and file | examples=the strike was supported by the union rank and file; he rose from the ranks to become a colonel
4. sense_key=rank%1:26:01:: | definition=position in a social hierarchy | synonyms=social station, social status, social rank | examples=the British are more aware of social status than Americans are
5. sense_key=rank%1:14:02:: | definition=the body of members of an organization or group | synonyms=membership | examples=they polled their membership; they found dissension in their own ranks

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "ranks" in the context: "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing."

Here, "ranks" refers to the body of members of an organization or group (the East Anglian group of bell ringers). The phrase "diminish the ranks" means reducing the number of members in the group.

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. rank%1:14:00:: - a row or line of people standing abreast - this is about a physical line/row
2. rank%1:26:00:: - relative status - about hierarchical status
3. rank%1:14:01:: - the ordinary members of an organization (rank and file) - about enlisted soldiers or ordinary members
4. rank%1:26:01:: - position in a social hierarchy - about social status
5. rank%1:14:02:: - the body of members of an organization or group | synonyms=membership | examples=they found dissension in their own ranks

Sense 5 fits best because "the ranks of the East Anglian group" refers to the membership/body of members of that group. The phrase "diminish the ranks" means reducing the number of people in the group, which aligns with "the body of members of an organization or group."

The example "they found dissension in their own ranks" is very similar to "diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group."

So the answer is sense_index 5.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: group
Target surface form: group
Context:
Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian <t>group</t> that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=group%1:03:00:: | definition=any number of entities (members) considered as a unit | synonyms=grouping
2. sense_key=group%1:27:00:: | definition=(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule | synonyms=radical, chemical group
3. sense_key=group%1:09:00:: | definition=a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse | synonyms=mathematical group

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about a group of bell ringers in East Anglia. "the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing". This refers to a number of people considered as a unit.
Candidate senses:
1. any number of entities (members) considered as a unit (grouping)
2. (chemistry) two or more atoms...
3. (mathematics) a set...

Sense 1 is the correct one.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: keep
Target surface form: keeps
Context:
Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that <t>keeps</t> the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=keep%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=maintain, hold | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. sense_key=keep%2:42:07:: | definition=continue a certain state, condition, or activity | synonyms=continue, go on, proceed, go along | examples=Keep on working!; We continued to work into the night
3. sense_key=keep%2:40:00:: | definition=retain possession of | synonyms=hold on | examples=Can I keep my old stuffed animals?; She kept her maiden name after she married
4. sense_key=keep%2:41:01:: | definition=stop (someone or something) from doing something or being in a certain state | synonyms=prevent | examples=We must prevent the cancer from spreading; His snoring kept me from falling asleep
5. sense_key=keep%2:41:03:: | definition=conform one's action or practice to | synonyms=observe | examples=keep appointments; she never keeps her promises
6. sense_key=keep%2:31:00:: | definition=stick to correctly or closely | synonyms=observe, maintain | examples=The pianist kept time with the metronome; keep count
7. sense_key=keep%2:40:01:: | definition=look after; be the keeper of; have charge of | examples=He keeps the shop when I am gone
8. sense_key=keep%2:32:00:: | definition=maintain by writing regular records | synonyms=maintain | examples=keep a diary; maintain a record
9. sense_key=keep%2:42:01:: | definition=supply with room and board | examples=He is keeping three women in the guest cottage; keep boarders
10. sense_key=keep%2:41:02:: | definition=allow to remain in a place or position or maintain a property or feature | synonyms=retain, continue, keep on | examples=We cannot continue several servants any longer; She retains a lawyer
11. sense_key=keep%2:34:00:: | definition=supply with necessities and support | synonyms=sustain, maintain | examples=She alone sustained her family; The money will sustain our good cause
12. sense_key=keep%2:42:03:: | definition=fail to spoil or rot | synonyms=stay fresh | examples=These potatoes keep for a long time
13. sense_key=keep%2:41:05:: | definition=behave as expected during of holidays or rites | synonyms=observe, celebrate | examples=Keep the commandments; celebrate Christmas
14. sense_key=keep%2:41:00:: | definition=keep under control; keep in check | synonyms=restrain, keep back, hold back | examples=suppress a smile; Keep your temper
15. sense_key=keep%2:42:02:: | definition=maintain in safety from injury, harm, or danger | synonyms=preserve | examples=May God keep you
16. sense_key=keep%2:42:12:: | definition=raise | examples=She keeps a few chickens in the yard; he keeps bees
17. sense_key=keep%2:40:09:: | definition=retain rights to | synonyms=keep open, hold open, save | examples=keep my job for me while I give birth; keep my seat, please
18. sense_key=keep%2:40:13:: | definition=store or keep customarily | examples=Where do you keep your gardening tools?
19. sense_key=keep%2:40:12:: | definition=have as a supply | examples=I always keep batteries in the freezer; keep food for a week in the pantry
20. sense_key=keep%2:40:10:: | definition=maintain for use and service | synonyms=maintain | examples=I keep a car in the countryside; She keeps an apartment in Paris for her shopping trips
21. sense_key=keep%2:35:10:: | definition=hold and prevent from leaving | examples=The student was kept after school
22. sense_key=keep%2:30:10:: | definition=prevent (food) from rotting | synonyms=preserve | examples=preserved meats; keep potatoes fresh

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about a group of ringers who keep the Aslacton bells pealing.
The sentence: "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing."
"keeps the bells pealing" implies maintaining the bells in a state of pealing, or keeping the bells ringing.
Let's check the senses.
1. keep%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g. | synonyms=maintain, hold | examples=keep clean; hold in place
"keeps the bells pealing" - pealing is a state or activity. To "keep the bells pealing" is to keep them in the activity of pealing. Wait, or is it maintaining?
Let's look at 1: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity". "keeps the bells pealing" perfectly matches this structure (keep + object + V-ing). Wait, "keep" with object + present participle often means to cause something to remain in a certain state. The definition says "keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g. keep clean, hold in place".
What about 2: "continue a certain state, condition, or activity" (intransitive usually: Keep on working!).
Here "keeps" is transitive: "keeps the Aslacton bells pealing".
In "keeps the bells pealing", "keep" means to cause to remain in a state. But wait, the definition for sense 1 says "keep in a certain state...". It might also apply.
Is there a sense for "keep [object] [verb-ing]"? Sense 1 is "keep in a certain state, position, or activity". It fits well.
Let's look at sense 10: "allow to remain in a place or position or maintain a property or feature". Examples: We cannot continue several servants any longer; She retains a lawyer.
Sense 11: "supply with necessities and support"
Sense 1 is transitive with adjective or participles. "keep clean", "hold in place" -> "keeps the bells pealing". "pealing" is a participle.
So sense 1 seems very appropriate.
Let's double check if there are other senses.
1. keep%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g. | synonyms=maintain, hold | examples=keep clean; hold in place
"keeps the Aslacton bells pealing" -> keeps the bells in the activity of pealing.
Yes, sense 1 fits perfectly.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton <t>bells</t> pealing. History, after all, is not on his side.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about church bells being rung by ringers in belfries. The word "bells" refers to the physical bells in the church tower that make a ringing sound when struck.

Sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - this fits the physical bells in the church.
Sense 3: "the sound of a bell being struck" with example "she heard the distant toll of church bells" - this could also fit since the text mentions "bells sounding" and "bells pealing."

But looking more carefully, the text says "keeps the Aslacton bells pealing" and "keep the bells sounding in the many belfries" - the bells here are physical objects in belfries that are being rung. The focus is on the physical devices, not just the sound. The ringers are people who ring the bells, and the bells are in belfries.

Sense 1 is the best fit - it's the physical hollow device made of metal.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: history
Target surface form: History
Context:
The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. <t>History</t>, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=history%1:28:00:: | definition=the aggregate of past events | examples=a critical time in the school's history
2. sense_key=history%1:10:00:: | definition=a record or narrative description of past events | synonyms=account, chronicle, story | examples=a history of France; he gave an inaccurate account of the plot to kill the president
3. sense_key=history%1:09:00:: | definition=the discipline that records and interprets past events involving human beings | examples=he teaches Medieval history; history takes the long view
4. sense_key=history%1:28:02:: | definition=the continuum of events occurring in succession leading from the past to the present and even into the future | examples=all of human history
5. sense_key=history%1:09:01:: | definition=all that is remembered of the past as preserved in writing; a body of knowledge | examples=the dawn of recorded history; from the beginning of history

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses how history (past events/trends) is not on Mr. Hammond's side, referring to a nationwide survey showing church bells are no longer being rung. This is about the aggregate of past events showing a trend - "History is not on his side" suggests the continuum of events or aggregate of past events working against him.

Let me distinguish between sense 1 (aggregate of past events) and sense 4 (continuum of events occurring in succession leading from past to present and future). "History is not on his side" suggests the trajectory/continuum of events, which fits sense 4 better. But sense 1 (aggregate of past events) could also work.

Actually, "History is not on his side" is a common idiom meaning the general trend of past events doesn't favor him. This aligns more with the continuum sense (4) or aggregate (1). Looking at the example for sense 4: "all of human history" - that's broad. Sense 1 example: "a critical time in the school's history."

"History is not on his side" - this suggests the accumulated weight of past events/trends. I think sense 1 (aggregate of past events) fits best, as the phrase suggests the collective body of past events works against him.

Wait, but "history is not on his side" implies the direction things are going - the trajectory. That's more sense 4.

Hmm. Let me think more carefully. "History is not on his side" means the trend over time (declining bell-ringers) works against him. The "continuum of events occurring in succession leading from past to present and future" captures this trajectory idea better than "aggregate of past events."

I'll go with sense 4.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: side
Target surface form: side
Context:
The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his <t>side</t>. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=side%1:15:02:: | definition=a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location | examples=they always sat on the right side of the church; he never left my side
2. sense_key=side%1:14:00:: | definition=one of two or more contesting groups | examples=the Confederate side was prepared to attack
3. sense_key=side%1:08:00:: | definition=either the left or right half of a body | examples=he had a pain in his side
4. sense_key=side%1:15:00:: | definition=a surface forming part of the outside of an object | synonyms=face | examples=he examined all sides of the crystal; dew dripped from the face of the leaf
5. sense_key=side%1:06:00:: | definition=an extended outer surface of an object | examples=he turned the box over to examine the bottom side; they painted all four sides of the house
6. sense_key=side%1:09:00:: | definition=an aspect of something (as contrasted with some other implied aspect) | examples=he was on the heavy side; he is on the purchasing side of the business
7. sense_key=side%1:15:01:: | definition=a line segment forming part of the perimeter of a plane figure | examples=the hypotenuse of a right triangle is always the longest side
8. sense_key=side%1:14:01:: | definition=a family line of descent | examples=he gets his brains from his father's side
9. sense_key=side%1:13:00:: | definition=a lengthwise dressed half of an animal's carcass used for food | synonyms=side of meat
10. sense_key=side%1:10:00:: | definition=an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute | synonyms=position | examples=there are two sides to every question
11. sense_key=side%1:17:01:: | definition=an elevated geological formation | synonyms=slope, incline | examples=he climbed the steep slope; the house was built on the side of a mountain
12. sense_key=side%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) the spin given to a ball by striking it on one side or releasing it with a sharp twist | synonyms=English

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "side" in the context: "History, after all, is not on his side."
The phrase "on someone's side" means being favorable to them, supporting them, or being in their favor.
Looking at the candidate senses:
1. a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location
2. one of two or more contesting groups
3. either the left or right half of a body
4. a surface forming part of the outside of an object
5. an extended outer surface of an object
6. an aspect of something (as contrasted with some other implied aspect)
7. a line segment forming part of the perimeter of a plane figure
8. a family line of descent
9. a lengthwise dressed half of an animal's carcass
10. an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute
11. an elevated geological formation
12. (sports) the spin given to a ball...

Wait, "History is not on his side" means history is not favorable to him or does not support his cause.
Is there a sense that captures this?
Sense 2: one of two or more contesting groups. "on his side" -> on his faction / contesting group. "History is not on his side" -> History is not in his camp.
Sense 6: an aspect of something (as contrasted with some other implied aspect) - "he was on the heavy side". Not exactly.
Sense 10: an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute. Synonym: position. "there are two sides to every question"

Let's re-evaluate "on his side".
Usually, "on one's side" means to support one's position or be one's ally, aligning with one's contesting group (sense 2) or opinion (sense 10).
Sense 2: "one of two or more contesting groups". If history is on his side, history is in his contesting group.
Sense 10: "an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute". "History is not on his side" - history does not support his opinion?

Let's check WordNet for "side" in "on one's side".
In WordNet, "side" (noun) senses:
- side#n:1 a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location
- side#n:2 one of two or more contesting groups (the Confederate side was prepared to attack) -> "they always sat on the right side of the church" is side#n:1? Wait, WordNet 3.0:
1. side -- (a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location; "they always sat on the right side of the church"; "he never left my side")
2. side -- (one of two or more contesting groups; "the Confederate side was prepared to attack")
3. side -- (either the left or right half of a body; "he had a pain in his side")
4. face, side -- (a surface forming part of the outside of an object; "he examined all sides of the crystal"; "dew dripped from the face of the leaf")
5. side -- (an extended outer surface of an object; "he turned the box over to examine the bottom side"; "they painted all four sides of the house")
6. side -- (an aspect of something (as contrasted with some other implied aspect); "he was on the heavy side"; "he is on the purchasing side of the business")
7. side -- (a line segment forming part of the perimeter of a plane figure; "the hypotenuse of a right triangle is always the longest side")
8. side -- (a family line of descent; "he gets his brains from his father's side")
9. side, side of meat -- (a lengthwise dressed half of an animal's carcass used for food)
10. position, side -- (an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute; "there are two sides to every question")
11. slope, incline, side -- (an elevated geological formation; "he climbed the steep slope"; "the house was built on the side of a mountain")
12. english, side -- ((sports) the spin given to a ball by striking it on one side or releasing it with a sharp twist)

Let's see if "on his side" fits "an opinion that is held in opposition to another" or "one of two or more contesting groups".
"History is not on his side" means History does not support his position or opinion. "Position" is a synonym for sense 10. "an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute". This matches "on his side" meaning "history doesn't support his position/opinion".
Also, Sense 6: "an aspect of something (as contrasted with some other implied aspect)". Does it fit "on his side"? "He is on the purchasing side of the business" is an example of Sense 6. "History is not on his side" might be Sense 6?
Wait, if "history is not on his side", it's about whether history favors his position or his group. "The Confederate side was prepared to attack" - side as a group. "History is not on his side" -> history is not on his team / group.
Actually, WordNet has a specific sense for "on one's side" or "side" as an ally?
Let's check if there's another sense.
Wait, the provided list has only 12 senses.
1. side%1:15:02:: - a place within a region
2. side%1:14:00:: - one of two or more contesting groups
3. side%1:15:00:: - a surface forming part of the outside
4. side%1:08:00:: - either the left or right half of a body
5. side%1:06:00:: - an extended outer surface
6. side%1:15:01:: - a line segment
7. side%1:14:01:: - a family line of descent
8. side%1:13:00:: - side of meat
9. side%1:09:00:: - an aspect of something (as contrasted with some other implied aspect)
10. side%1:17:01:: - slope
11. side%1:10:00:: - an opinion that is held in opposition to another
12. side%1:11:00:: - spin given to a ball

Wait, the mapping of sense_keys:
side%1:15:02:: -> place within a region
side%1:14:00:: -> one of two or more contesting groups
side%1:08:00:: -> left or right half of a body
side%1:15:00:: -> surface forming part of the outside
side%1:06:00:: -> extended outer surface
side%1:09:00:: -> an aspect of something
side%1:15:01:: -> line segment
side%1:14:01:: -> family line of descent
side%1:13:00:: -> side of meat
side%1:10:00:: -> an opinion that is held in opposition to another
side%1:17:01:: -> elevated geological formation
side%1:11:00:: -> sports spin

"History, after all, is not on his side."
Sense 2: one of two or more contesting groups.
Sense 10: an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute; "there are two sides to every question". Synonyms: position.
Is "History is not on his side" meaning history is not in his contesting group, or history does not support his opinion?
Sense 10: "position" -> "History is not on his side" = History does not take his position.
Wait, WordNet examples for Sense 9 (side%1:09:00::): "he was on the heavy side", "he is on the purchasing side of the business".
Actually, "on his side" often means "favoring his position". "Position" is the synonym for Sense 10. I will bet on Sense 10 (indexed as 10).
Wait, in WordNet 3.0, sense 10 is "position, side -- (an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute; "there are two sides to every question")". The target is "History is not on his side." It means History does not support his position. So 10 fits perfectly.
Let's check Sense 2: "one of two or more contesting groups". If we say "God is on our side", God is part of our group. But does it mean "contest"?
Often "on his side" meaning "favoring him" or "supporting his position".
In SemCor, "on his side" is usually tagged with Sense 10 (position) or Sense 2 (contest).
Let's look at the wording. "History ... is not on his side." It means his position is not supported by history.
Could it be Sense 10?
Let's consider Sense 6 in standard WordNet: "side -- (an aspect of something (as contrasted with some other implied aspect); "he was on the heavy side"; "he is on the purchasing side of the business")". That doesn't match "History is not on his side".

Let's think about "on someone's side" in WordNet.
Often, "on one's side" is tagged as position (Sense 10) or contesting groups (Sense 2).
But sense 10 says "an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute". "History is not on his side" means history does not support his opinion.
Let's look at Sense 2: "one of two or more contesting groups; "the Confederate side was prepared to attack"". History is not in his group.

Wait, is there a sense in WordNet for "a favoring aspect" or something?
In WordNet, "side" has another sense: "side -- (a favoring factor; "it was on his side that it was a legitimate question")" wait, no.
Is there a sense: "side#n:13: a favoring factor" ? No, WordNet 3.0 has only 12 senses for "side" as a noun. Wait, wait. WordNet 3.0 noun "side" has 12 senses.
Let's list the 12 senses of "side" in WordNet 3.0:
1. side -- (a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location; "they always sat on the right side of the church"; "he never left my side")
2. side -- (one of two or more contesting groups; "the Confederate side was prepared to attack")
3. side -- (either the left or right half of a body; "he had a pain in his side")
4. face, side -- (a surface forming part of the outside of an object; "he examined all sides of the crystal"; "dew dripped from the face of the leaf")
5. side -- (an extended outer surface of an object; "he turned the box over to examine the bottom side"; "they painted all four sides of the house")
6. side -- (an aspect of something (as contrasted with some other implied aspect); "he was on the heavy side"; "he is on the purchasing side of the business")
7. side -- (a line segment forming part of the perimeter of a plane figure; "the hypotenuse of a right triangle is always the longest side")
8. side -- (a family line of descent; "he gets his brains from his father's side")
9. side, side of meat -- (a lengthwise dressed half of an animal's carcass used for food)
10. position, side -- (an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute; "there are two sides to every question")
11. slope, incline, side -- (an elevated geological formation; "he climbed the steep slope"; "the house was built on the side of a mountain")
12. english, side -- ((sports) the spin given to a ball by striking it on one side or releasing it with a sharp twist)

Wait, what about the phrase "on one's side"? Is there a sense like "a favoring factor"? No, that might be for "advantage" or something else.
But wait, WordNet's Sense 10 is "position, side". "an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute". History not being on his side means history does not hold his opinion.
Sense 2 is "one of two or more contesting groups". Is history a contesting group? No. Is history holding an opinion? Sort of, history is taking his position.
Could it be Sense 2? "We are on God's side" -> contesting groups. "History is not on his side" -> History is not allied with his group.

Wait! Look at the sentence: "History, after all, is not on his side."
If history is not on his side, it means it doesn't favor him.
In SemCor, "on his side" in "There are two sides to every question" is obviously Sense 10.
What about "History is not on his side"?
If I search for "History is not on his side", SemCor might have this exact sentence or a similar one.
Wait! Let's check the example for Sense 10: "there are two sides to every question". This perfectly aligns with opinions in a dispute.
"History is not on his side" means his opinion/position is not supported by history. Therefore, history is not on his position.
Let's check if Sense 2 "one of two or more contesting groups" is better. "History" is not a group. "Mr. Hammond" is an individual, not a group (well, he represents a group of ringers, but "History is not on his side" is a general statement about his position/cause). If it's his position, Sense 10 fits better. Synonym "position" strongly suggests a point of view or stance, which is what "side" means in "on his side" (supporting his stance).
Wait, is there any chance it's Sense 10? "an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute". History is an abstract concept, not a person holding an opinion. "History is on my side" is a common idiom meaning the course of events will prove my position right.
Does "side" here mean "position"? Yes.
Let's check Sense 6: "an aspect of something (as contrasted with some other implied aspect)".
Sense 10: "an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute".
I will bet on Sense 10. "Position" is the synonym, which fits "on his side" (supporting his position).

Let's carefully evaluate Sense 2 vs Sense 10.
Sense 2: "one of two or more contesting groups". Example: "the Confederate side was prepared to attack." This refers to a group of people.
Sense 10: "an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute". Synonym: "position". Example: "there are two sides to every question."
"History is not on his side" implies that in the dispute between him and the passage of time/demographic changes, history's position is not aligned with his. Or rather, history does not favor his position.
In fact, "history is on my side" is widely recognized as "history will prove my position correct."
I will choose Sense 10.
Wait, let's look at the wording of Sense 10. "an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute". Is Mr. Hammond in an argument or dispute? He "worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group". It's a struggle. So it is somewhat of a dispute/struggle.
But does "on his side" mean "supporting his opinion"? Yes, "to be on someone's side" means to support their position.
I am confident in 10.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: survey
Target surface form: survey
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide <t>survey</t> taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=survey%1:04:02:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=study
2. sense_key=survey%1:10:00:: | definition=short descriptive summary (of events) | synonyms=sketch, resume
3. sense_key=survey%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of looking or seeing or observing | synonyms=view, sight | examples=he tried to get a better view of it; his survey of the battlefield was limited

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The target word "survey" refers to a "nationwide survey taken a year ago" that found nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung. This is a detailed critical inspection/study - a systematic investigation collecting data about church bells across the nation. It's not a "short descriptive summary of events" (sense 2) nor is it "the act of looking or seeing or observing" in a visual sense (sense 3). It's a research study that collected data. Sense 1 fits best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: taken
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey <t>taken</t> a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them."

Here "taken" means a survey was conducted/carried out. A "survey taken" means a survey was conducted or carried out.

Looking at the senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps

This seems to fit - "a survey taken" means a survey was carried out/conducted.

Let me check sense 24: sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors

This also could fit - "A reading was taken" is similar to "a survey taken." A survey involves measuring/ascertaining.

But "take a survey" is more about conducting/carrying out a survey, which is closer to sense 1 "carry out." However, sense 24's example "A reading was taken of the earth's tremors" is very similar to "a survey taken a year ago."

Let me think more carefully. "Take a survey" - this is a common collocation. A survey is taken when people are polled or data is collected. This is about ascertaining or determining by measuring/computing.

Sense 24: "ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial" with examples "take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors"

The example "A reading was taken" is very close to "a survey taken." Both involve collecting data/measurements.

Sense 1: "carry out" with examples "take action; take steps" - these are more about performing actions, not specifically about measurements or surveys.

I think sense 24 is the better fit because "take a survey" involves ascertaining information through measurement/data collection, and the example "A reading was taken" is very similar to "a survey taken."

Let me reconsider. "Take a survey" can mean:
1. To conduct a survey (carry out)
2. To record a measurement (ascertain by measuring)

In the context "a nationwide survey taken a year ago," the survey was conducted/carried out. The word "taken" here means the survey was done/conducted.

But looking at the examples more carefully:
- Sense 1: "take action; take steps" - these are about performing actions
- Sense 24: "take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors" - these are about recording measurements

A survey is essentially a systematic collection of data, which is closer to taking a reading or measurement. The example "A reading was taken" is very similar in structure to "a survey was taken."

I'll go with sense 24.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: year
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a <t>year</t> ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context says "taken a year ago" meaning a period of 365/366 days ago. This is sense 1.

provider: CoreWeave


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: church
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's <t>church</t> bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "church" in the phrase "England's church bells".
Context mentions: "belfries", "bells sounding", "ringers", "tower".
"church bells" refers to the bells in a church building.
Sense 1: one of the groups of Christians...
Sense 2: a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building
Sense 3: a service conducted...
Sense 4: the body of people...
"church bells" means bells of the church building. Therefore, sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church <t>bells</t> are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about church bells that are rung by ringers in belfries on Sundays. The target word "bells" refers to "England's church bells."

Sense 1: a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck - this is the general definition of a bell, and fits church bells.
Sense 3: the sound of a bell being struck - this is about the sound, not the physical object. The context says "bells are no longer rung" - referring to the physical bells.

The context clearly refers to the physical bells in church belfries that are rung by ringers. Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: no
Target surface form: no
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are <t>no</t> longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=no%4:02:02:: | definition=referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present | synonyms=no more | examples=he was no heavier than a child
2. sense_key=no%4:02:01:: | definition=not in any degree or manner; not at all | examples=he is no better today
3. sense_key=no%4:02:00:: | definition=used to express refusal or denial or disagreement etc or especially to emphasize a negative statement | examples=no, you are wrong

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them."
The target word is "no".
Here, "no longer" means "not anymore" or "not in any degree" modifying "longer rung".
Sense 1: referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present (e.g., no more, he was no heavier than a child).
Sense 2: not in any degree or manner; not at all (e.g., he is no better today).
Sense 3: used to express refusal or denial (e.g., no, you are wrong).

"no longer" fits "not in any degree or manner; not at all" or "referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present"?
"he is no better today" -> "no" modifies "better".
"no longer" -> "no" modifies "longer".
"longer" is an adverb of degree or time.
Sense 1 is "referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present". Synonyms: no more.
Sense 2 is "not in any degree or manner; not at all". Examples: he is no better today.

Wait, "no longer" is similar to "no more". "they are no longer rung" -> they are not runged anymore.
Sense 1 synonym: no more.
Sense 2 example: he is no better today.

Let's look closely at WordNet senses for "no" (adverb):
no%4:02:00:: (noun act) used to express refusal or denial...
no%4:02:01:: (noun attribute) not in any degree or manner; not at all
no%4:02:02:: (noun state) referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present

"no longer" - "longer" means for a greater length of time.
"he was no heavier than a child" -> "heavier" is a quality. "no heavier" means "not any heavier".
Is "no longer" modifying a quality? Not really. "longer" is an adverb.
Sense 2: "not in any degree or manner; not at all" - example "he is no better today".
Wait, in "no longer", "no" is used as "not in any degree or manner" -> "not at all longer" or "not in any manner longer".
Often, "no longer" fits under "no more" (synonyms for sense 1).
Wait, WordNet 3.0:
no (adv)
S: (adv) no (referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present) "he was no heavier than a child"
S: (adv) no (not in any degree or manner; not at all) "he is no better today"
S: (adv) no (used to express refusal or denial or disagreement etc or especially to emphasize a negative statement) "no, you are wrong"

Is "no longer" covered by Sense 1 or Sense 2?
Actually, sense 1 has synonyms: no more.
Sense 2: not in any degree or manner; not at all.
"he is no better today" - "better" is comparative.
"longer" is comparative.
If "he was no heavier", "heavier" is a quality.
"longer" isn't a quality, it's a degree of time.
I'll bet Sense 2 "not in any degree or manner; not at all" is the correct one for "no longer" because "longer" is not a quality, but a duration.
Wait, in WordNet, "no more" is a synonym of Sense 1.
"no longer" is very close to "no more".
Let's check the synonyms. Sense 1 synonyms: no more.
If WordNet puts "no more" as a synonym for Sense 1, and the phrase is "no longer" (which means "no more"), maybe it maps to Sense 1? No, "no more" is the synonym *for* the target lemma 'no' in sense 1? Wait, "no more" is listed under "Synonyms".
If the target lemma is "no", and "no more" is a synonym of Sense 1, then "no longer" might be Sense 2?
Let's consider the definition:
Sense 1: referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present
Sense 2: not in any degree or manner; not at all
"no longer" = not in any degree or manner longer = not at all longer.
"he is no better today" -> not at all better today.
I will choose Sense 2. Wait, "no more" is a synonym for sense 1? In WordNet, if "no" is sense 1, its synonym is "no more" - this implies "no more" is treated as a variant of "no" in that sense?
Actually, in WordNet, the synset for "no" (degree) might include "no more" as a synonym.
Let me choose sense 2 because "no longer" doesn't refer to a "quality". "not at all" fits better.

Wait, the context says: "are no longer rung".
"no longer" = "not anymore".
I will output {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ring
Target surface form: rung
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer <t>rung</t> on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ring%2:39:00:: | definition=sound loudly and sonorously | synonyms=peal | examples=the bells rang
2. sense_key=ring%2:39:04:: | definition=ring or echo with sound | synonyms=resound, echo, reverberate | examples=the hall resounded with laughter
3. sense_key=ring%2:39:01:: | definition=make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification | synonyms=knell | examples=Ring the bells; My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church
4. sense_key=ring%2:32:00:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=call, telephone, call up, phone | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
5. sense_key=ring%2:35:03:: | definition=extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle | synonyms=surround, environ, skirt, border | examples=The forest surrounds my property
6. sense_key=ring%2:35:00:: | definition=attach a ring to the foot of, in order to identify | synonyms=band | examples=ring birds; band the geese to observe their migratory patterns

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about church bells being rung on Sundays. "nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them." This refers to people ringing the bells. The sense that matches is "make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification" with examples "Ring the bells; My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church". This is sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sunday
Target surface form: Sundays
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on <t>Sundays</t> because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sunday%1:28:00:: | definition=first day of the week; observed as a day of rest and worship by most Christians | synonyms=Lord's Day, Dominicus, Sun
2. sense_key=sunday%1:18:00:: | definition=United States evangelist (1862-1935) | synonyms=Billy Sunday, William Ashley Sunday

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context clearly refers to "Sundays" as days of the week when church bells are rung for services. This is the day of the week sense, not the person Billy Sunday.

Sense 1 matches: "first day of the week; observed as a day of rest and worship by most Christians"


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ring
Target surface form: ring
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to <t>ring</t> them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ring%2:39:00:: | definition=sound loudly and sonorously | synonyms=peal | examples=the bells rang
2. sense_key=ring%2:39:04:: | definition=ring or echo with sound | synonyms=resound, echo, reverberate | examples=the hall resounded with laughter
3. sense_key=ring%2:39:01:: | definition=make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification | synonyms=knell | examples=Ring the bells; My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church
4. sense_key=ring%2:32:00:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=call, telephone, call up, phone | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
5. sense_key=ring%2:35:03:: | definition=extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle | synonyms=surround, environ, skirt, border | examples=The forest surrounds my property
6. sense_key=ring%2:35:00:: | definition=attach a ring to the foot of, in order to identify | synonyms=band | examples=ring birds; band the geese to observe their migratory patterns

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "ring" in the context: "no one to <t>ring</t> them" referring to church bells.
The context is about ringing church bells.
Sense 1: sound loudly and sonorously (intransitive, e.g., "the bells rang")
Sense 3: make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification (transitive, e.g., "Ring the bells", "My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church")

In the sentence: "no one to ring them" - "them" refers to "church bells". So it's transitive.
Sense 3 fits best because it's about making bells ring, and the example "My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church" perfectly matches the context of church bell ringing.

Let's check sense 3.
"make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification" - synonyms=knell. examples=Ring the bells; My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church.
This perfectly matches the context of ringing church bells.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: easy
Target surface form: easy
Context:
"To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is <t>easy</t> to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=easy%3:00:01:: | definition=posing no difficulty; requiring little effort | examples=an easy job; an easy problem
2. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:unhurried:00 | definition=not hurried or forced | synonyms=easygoing, leisurely | examples=an easy walk around the block; at a leisurely (or easygoing) pace
3. sense_key=easy%3:00:02:: | definition=free from worry or anxiety | examples=knowing that I had done my best, my mind was easy; an easy good-natured manner
4. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=affording pleasure | examples=easy good looks
5. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:light:08 | definition=having little impact | synonyms=gentle, soft | examples=an easy pat on the shoulder; gentle rain
6. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:impressionable:00 | definition=readily exploited or tricked | examples=an easy victim; an easy mark
7. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:rich:00 | definition=in fortunate circumstances financially; moderately rich | synonyms=comfortable, prosperous, well-fixed, well-heeled, well-off, well-situated | examples=they were comfortable or even wealthy by some standards; easy living
8. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:gradual:02 | definition=marked by moderate steepness | synonyms=gentle | examples=an easy climb; a gentle slope
9. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:comfortable:00 | definition=affording comfort | examples=soft light that was easy on the eyes
10. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:unchaste:00 | definition=casual and unrestrained in sexual behavior | synonyms=light, loose, promiscuous, sluttish, wanton | examples=her easy virtue; he was told to avoid loose (or light) women
11. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:available:00 | definition=less in demand and therefore readily obtainable | examples=commodities are easy this quarter
12. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:abundant:00 | definition=obtained with little effort or sacrifice, often obtained illegally | examples=easy money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes."

Here "easy" means "posing no difficulty; requiring little effort" - it's easy to understand/see why something is happening. This is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: see
Target surface form: see
Context:
"To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to <t>see</t> why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=see%2:39:00:: | definition=perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight | examples=You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?
2. sense_key=see%2:31:01:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realize, realise | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
3. sense_key=see%2:39:02:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
4. sense_key=see%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind | synonyms=visualize, visualise, envision, project, fancy, figure | examples=I can't see him on horseback!; I can see what will happen
5. sense_key=see%2:31:00:: | definition=deem to be | synonyms=consider, reckon, view, regard | examples=She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow
6. sense_key=see%2:31:02:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
7. sense_key=see%2:39:03:: | definition=see or watch | synonyms=watch, view, catch, take in | examples=view a show on television; This program will be seen all over the world
8. sense_key=see%2:38:00:: | definition=come together | synonyms=meet, run into, encounter, run across, come across | examples=I'll probably see you at the meeting; How nice to see you again!
9. sense_key=see%2:32:00:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, find out, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works
10. sense_key=see%2:31:03:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=check, insure, see to it, ensure, control, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
11. sense_key=see%2:41:11:: | definition=go to see for professional or business reasons | examples=You should see a lawyer; We had to see a psychiatrist
12. sense_key=see%2:41:12:: | definition=go to see for a social visit | examples=I went to see my friend Mary the other day
13. sense_key=see%2:41:10:: | definition=go to see a place, as for entertainment | synonyms=visit | examples=We went to see the Eiffel Tower in the morning
14. sense_key=see%2:41:14:: | definition=take charge of or deal with | synonyms=attend, take care, look | examples=Could you see about lunch?; I must attend to this matter
15. sense_key=see%2:35:09:: | definition=receive as a specified guest | examples=the doctor will see you now; The minister doesn't see anybody before noon
16. sense_key=see%2:41:00:: | definition=date regularly; have a steady relationship with | synonyms=go steady, go out, date | examples=Did you know that she is seeing an older man?; He is dating his former wife again!
17. sense_key=see%2:39:05:: | definition=see and understand, have a good eye | examples=The artist must first learn to see
18. sense_key=see%2:31:08:: | definition=deliberate or decide | examples=See whether you can come tomorrow; let's see--which movie should we see tonight?
19. sense_key=see%2:39:11:: | definition=observe as if with an eye | examples=The camera saw the burglary and recorded it
20. sense_key=see%2:39:13:: | definition=observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect | synonyms=examine | examples=The customs agent examined the baggage; I must see your passport before you can enter the country
21. sense_key=see%2:39:12:: | definition=go or live through | synonyms=experience, go through | examples=We had many trials to go through; he saw action in Viet Nam
22. sense_key=see%2:38:03:: | definition=accompany or escort | synonyms=escort | examples=I'll see you to the door
23. sense_key=see%2:33:00:: | definition=match or meet | examples=I saw the bet of one of my fellow players
24. sense_key=see%2:31:13:: | definition=make sense of; assign a meaning to | synonyms=interpret, construe | examples=What message do you see in this letter?; How do you interpret his behavior?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes."
Here, "see" means to perceive an idea or situation mentally, to understand.
"see%2:31:01:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realize, realise | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point"
This matches perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ancient
Target surface form: ancient
Context:
"To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the <t>ancient</t> art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ancient%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=belonging to times long past especially of the historical period before the fall of the Western Roman Empire | examples=ancient history; ancient civilizations such as those of the Etruscans and Sumerians
2. sense_key=ancient%5:00:00:old:02 | definition=very old | examples=an ancient mariner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context describes the "ancient art" of bell ringing in England. The art of bell ringing (change ringing) is a very old tradition, but it's not from times before the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It dates back to around the 16th-17th century in England. So sense 1 (belonging to times long past especially of the historical period before the fall of the Western Roman Empire) doesn't fit well. Sense 2 (very old) fits better because the art is very old but not from ancient times before the fall of Rome.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: art
Target surface form: art
Context:
"To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient <t>art</t> is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=art%1:06:00:: | definition=the products of human creativity; works of art collectively | synonyms=fine art | examples=an art exhibition; a fine collection of art
2. sense_key=art%1:04:00:: | definition=the creation of beautiful or significant things | synonyms=artistic creation, artistic production | examples=art does not need to be innovative to be good; I was never any good at art
3. sense_key=art%1:09:00:: | definition=a superior skill that you can learn by study and practice and observation | synonyms=artistry, prowess | examples=the art of conversation; it's quite an art
4. sense_key=art%1:10:00:: | definition=photographs or other visual representations in a printed publication | synonyms=artwork, graphics, nontextual matter | examples=the publisher was responsible for all the artwork in the book

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses "the ancient art" of bell ringing (campanology/change ringing). This is a skill that requires study and practice. Sense 3 fits perfectly: "a superior skill that you can learn by study and practice and observation" with examples like "the art of conversation."

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: less
Target surface form: less
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The <t>less</t> complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=less%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a lesser extent | examples=less interesting; less expensive
2. sense_key=less%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of little | examples=she walks less than she should; he works less these days

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "less" in the context: "The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells..."
Here, "less" is used to form the comparative of the adjective "complicated" (less complicated).
Looking at the senses:
1. sense_key=less%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a lesser extent | examples=less interesting; less expensive
2. sense_key=less%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of little | examples=she walks less than she should; he works less these days

The context "less complicated" aligns perfectly with the first sense, as it is used to form the comparative of the adjective "complicated" (similar to "less interesting", "less expensive").

provider: Sail Research


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: version
Target surface form: version
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated <t>version</t> of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=version%1:10:01:: | definition=an interpretation of a matter from a particular viewpoint | examples=his version of the fight was different from mine
2. sense_key=version%1:09:01:: | definition=something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=variant, variation, edition | examples=an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word
3. sense_key=version%1:10:02:: | definition=a written work (as a novel) that has been recast in a new form | synonyms=adaptation | examples=the play is an adaptation of a short novel
4. sense_key=version%1:10:00:: | definition=a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language | synonyms=translation, interlingual rendition, rendering
5. sense_key=version%1:09:00:: | definition=a mental representation of the meaning or significance of something | synonyms=interpretation, reading
6. sense_key=version%1:04:00:: | definition=manual turning of a fetus in the uterus (usually to aid delivery)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "version" in the context: "The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells..."

Let me analyze the context. The sentence discusses "The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe." This is comparing a simpler method/form of playing tunes on bells (carillons) to the more complex English method of change-ringing.

So "version" here refers to a variant or form of playing tunes on bells - it's a different type or variant of the same activity.

Sense 2: "something a little different from others of the same type" with synonyms like "variant, variation, edition" and examples like "an experimental version of the night fighter" - this fits well. The "less complicated version" of playing bells is a variant/variation of the activity.

Sense 1: "an interpretation of a matter from a particular viewpoint" - this doesn't fit as well because it's not about interpretation from a viewpoint.

Sense 5: "a mental representation of the meaning or significance of something" - no, this is about a mental representation.

The best fit is sense 2 - "something a little different from others of the same type." The carillon method is a simpler variant of bell-playing compared to change-ringing.