[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the <t>cells</t> taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about cancer research, genes, tumors, chromosomes, and tissue. The word "cells" refers to the biological cells taken from lung cancer tissue.
Sense 1: any small compartment (honeycomb)
Sense 2: (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
Sense 3: electric cell
Sense 4: political cadre
Sense 5: mobile phone
Sense 6: monk's room
Sense 7: jail cell

The context clearly refers to biological cells.
Sense 2 is the best fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: taken
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells <t>taken</t> from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The context is: "about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."
The target word is "taken", meaning cells that were removed/extracted from the tissue.
Sense 17: definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
"Cells taken from lung cancer tissue" means cells removed from the tissue. Sense 17 fits best.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tissue
Target surface form: tissue
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer <t>tissue</t> they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tissue%1:08:00:: | definition=part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function
2. sense_key=tissue%1:27:02:: | definition=a soft thin (usually translucent) paper | synonyms=tissue paper

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "tissue" in the context of "lung cancer tissue" and "tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers".
Sense 1 is "part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function". (biological tissue)
Sense 2 is "a soft thin (usually translucent) paper". (tissue paper)

The context clearly refers to biological tissue (part of an organism), as it talks about cancer, tumors, genes, and organs.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: test
Target surface form: tested
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they <t>tested</t> are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=test%2:41:00:: | definition=put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to | synonyms=prove, try, try out, examine, essay | examples=This approach has been tried with good results; Test this recipe
2. sense_key=test%2:41:01:: | definition=test or examine for the presence of disease or infection | synonyms=screen | examples=screen the blood for the HIV virus
3. sense_key=test%2:32:00:: | definition=examine someone's knowledge of something | synonyms=quiz | examples=The teacher tests us every week; We got quizzed on French irregular verbs
4. sense_key=test%2:42:00:: | definition=show a certain characteristic when tested | examples=He tested positive for HIV
5. sense_key=test%2:33:00:: | definition=achieve a certain score or rating on a test | examples=She tested high on the LSAT and was admitted to all the good law schools
6. sense_key=test%2:32:08:: | definition=determine the presence or properties of (a substance)
7. sense_key=test%2:31:06:: | definition=undergo a test | examples=She doesn't test well

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "tested" in the context: "about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

The scientists are examining/testing the lung cancer tissue cells to see if the p53 gene is missing.
This is about examining something for its properties or characteristics, specifically examining cells/tissue.

Sense 1: "put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to" - synonyms: prove, try, try out, examine, essay. This could fit "examine".
Sense 2: "test or examine for the presence of disease or infection" - synonyms: screen. They are testing cells from lung cancer tissue, but they are looking for missing genes, not screening for disease/infection in a patient.
Sense 6: "determine the presence or properties of (a substance)" - They are determining the properties (missing p53 gene) of the cells (substance).

Let's re-read carefully: "about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."
Wait, are they testing the tissue/cells to find out if the gene is missing?
Yes. They are examining the cells (substance) to determine the presence or properties (is the gene there or not).
Sense 6: "determine the presence or properties of (a substance)". "Cells" is a substance/biological material, and they are determining the presence of the p53 gene.
Sense 1: "put to the test... give experimental use to... examine". Also broad.

Let's look at the wording. "cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested"
"tested" modifies "cells" -> "cells they tested".
Is it testing for disease/infection? No, the tissue is already lung cancer tissue. They are analyzing the cells to see if the gene is missing. This aligns well with "determine the presence or properties of (a substance)" (Sense 6) or "examine" (Sense 1).

Let's check the senses.
Sense 1: test%2:41:00:: | definition=put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to | synonyms=prove, try, try out, examine, essay | examples=This approach has been tried with good results; Test this recipe
Sense 6: test%2:32:08:: | definition=determine the presence or properties of (a substance)

"cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested" -> determining the properties of these cells (whether they have the gene). "Cells" can be considered a substance in a broad scientific sense. But wait, they are testing the *cells* to see if the gene is missing. That is determining the properties of the cells. But they are also examining the tissue. Sense 1 has the synonym "examine". Sense 6 doesn't have examples or synonyms, but its definition specifically mentions "presence or properties of a substance". Is DNA/cells a substance? Yes.
But let's consider Sense 1. "examine". They examined the cells.
Is there any other sense?
Sense 2: screen for disease. No, not screening for disease, the patients already have cancer.
Sense 4: "show a certain characteristic when tested". "He tested positive for HIV" -> "half the cells... tested are missing this gene". Wait! "the cells they tested are missing this gene" vs "the cells tested are missing". If the sentence was "the cells tested positive for missing the gene" it would be sense 4. But it says "cells ... they tested". "They" is the subject, "tested" is the transitive verb, "cells" is the object.
So it's "They [scientists] tested the cells". This means the scientists are doing the testing. So Sense 4 (show a certain characteristic when tested) and Sense 6 (undergo a test) are intransitive or passive, but here it is active "they tested".

So it's a transitive action by the scientists.
Scientists tested the cells.
Do they test the cells for the presence of disease? No.
Do they determine the presence or properties of a substance? They test the cells to see if the gene is missing. Missing gene is a property of the cells. So Sense 6 might fit perfectly.
However, "determine the presence or properties of (a substance)" - "cells" is a bit of a stretch for "substance" maybe? What about Sense 1: "examine". "examine" means inspect or look at carefully. "They examined the cells." But "test" often implies a specific procedure to determine something. "test the cells" -> "determine the properties of the cells". Wait, Sense 1's synonyms include "examine".

Let's check WordNet 3.0 for test (verb):
Sense 1: test, prove, try, try out, examine, essay -- (put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to; "This approach has been tried with good results"; "Test this recipe")
Sense 2: test -- (test or examine for the presence of disease or infection; "screen the blood for the HIV virus")
Sense 3: quiz, test -- (examine someone's knowledge of something; ...)
Sense 4: test -- (show a certain characteristic when tested; "He tested positive for HIV")
Sense 5: test -- (achieve a certain score or rating on a test; ...)
Sense 6: test -- (determine the presence or properties of (a substance))
Sense 7: test -- (undergo a test; "She doesn't test well")

Wait, if it's "determine the presence or properties of (a substance)", does that refer to a chemical assay? "test the water for lead". Cells could be tested for the presence of a gene. The presence of the gene is the property of the cells. Is "gene" a substance? No, but cells are biological material. Or maybe it's testing the *tissue*? "tissue they tested". Is tissue a substance? Yes, biological tissue.
Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 6. Sense 1 is "put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to". "They tested the cells" - they didn't give experimental use to the cells, nor test the cells for their *quality*, they tested them to determine the presence of the gene. "determine the presence or properties of (a substance)" is a very precise match for an analytical test in a lab. Scientists took cells and tested them to determine if the p53 gene was present. Thus, Sense 6 is the most specific and accurate for scientific analytical testing of biological material.
Wait, let me double check WordNet examples for Sense 6.
Actually, there might not be examples in WordNet 3.0 for sense 6. But "determine the presence or properties of (a substance)" perfectly matches testing cells in a lab to see if a gene is present.
Wait! What if the sentence implies: "half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene." The scientists are testing the cells to determine the properties (missing gene). That aligns perfectly with Sense 6.

Let me reconsider Sense 1: "put to the test... examine".
If I test a recipe, I give it experimental use.
If I test an approach, I give it experimental use.
If I test the cells, do I examine them? "examine" is a synonym for Sense 1. "The doctor examined the patient." "The scientists examined the cells."
But Sense 6 specifically says "determine the presence or properties of (a substance)". This is exactly what a lab test does. "test the cells for the p53 gene" -> determining the presence of the gene in the cells.
Therefore, Sense 6 seems highly specific and correct.

Let's review the prompt's candidate senses:
1. sense_key=test%2:41:00:: | definition=put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to | synonyms=prove, try, try out, examine, essay | examples=This approach has been tried with good results; Test this recipe
2. sense_key=test%2:41:01:: | definition=test or examine for the presence of disease or infection | synonyms=screen | examples=screen the blood for the HIV virus
...
6. sense_key=test%2:32:08:: | definition=determine the presence or properties of (a substance)

Sense 6 is specifically about determining the presence or properties of a substance. The scientists are testing the lung cancer tissue/cells to determine if the p53 gene is missing. This means they are determining the properties of the cells/tissue.
I will choose Sense 6.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: miss
Target surface form: missing
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are <t>missing</t> this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=miss%2:39:00:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=lose | examples=I missed that remark; She missed his point
2. sense_key=miss%2:37:00:: | definition=feel or suffer from the lack of | examples=He misses his mother
3. sense_key=miss%2:42:01:: | definition=fail to attend an event or activity | examples=I missed the concert; He missed school for a week
4. sense_key=miss%2:31:00:: | definition=leave undone or leave out | synonyms=neglect, pretermit, omit, drop, leave out, overlook | examples=How could I miss that typo?; The workers on the conveyor belt miss one out of ten
5. sense_key=miss%2:38:00:: | definition=fail to reach or get to | examples=She missed her train
6. sense_key=miss%2:42:00:: | definition=be without | synonyms=lack | examples=This soup lacks salt; There is something missing in my jewelry box!
7. sense_key=miss%2:35:00:: | definition=fail to reach | examples=The arrow missed the target
8. sense_key=miss%2:42:02:: | definition=be absent | examples=The child had been missing for a week
9. sense_key=miss%2:32:00:: | definition=fail to experience | synonyms=escape | examples=Fortunately, I missed the hurricane

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "missing" in the context: "about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."
And "missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers."

The cells are missing the gene. This means the gene is absent or lacking in those cells.
Sense 6: be without | synonyms=lack | examples=This soup lacks salt; There is something missing in my jewelry box!
Sense 8: be absent | examples=The child had been missing for a week

Sense 6 fits perfectly: "be without" or "lack". The cells lack the gene. The example "There is something missing in my jewelry box!" uses the surface form "missing" to mean "lacking" or "be without".

Let's look at the options again.
6. sense_key=miss%2:42:00:: | definition=be without | synonyms=lack | examples=This soup lacks salt; There is something missing in my jewelry box!

This is definitely sense 6.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: reports
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are <t>reports</t> from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "reports" in the context: "There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers."

These are "reports" from labs, unpublished, about scientific findings. This refers to written documents or accounts describing findings from scientific research.

Sense 1: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" - synonyms: study, written report. Example: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale"

Sense 3: "a short account of the news" - synonyms: news report, story, account, write up. Example: "the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news"

The context mentions "reports from several labs, as yet unpublished" - these are scientific reports, written documents describing findings. Sense 1 seems most appropriate because they are describing findings of groups (labs), and they are unpublished (meaning they are written documents not yet published). The example with "study" also aligns well with scientific reports.

Sense 3 is about news reports, which is more journalistic. These are lab reports about scientific findings, not news items.

So Sense 1 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: yet
Target surface form: yet
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as <t>yet</t> unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yet%4:02:02:: | definition=up to the present time | examples=I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out
2. sense_key=yet%4:02:04:: | definition=used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time | synonyms=so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet | examples=So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet
3. sense_key=yet%4:02:03:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=even, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=yet%4:02:00:: | definition=within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time | synonyms=in time | examples=he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves; sooner or later you will have to face the facts
5. sense_key=yet%4:02:05:: | definition=used after a superlative | synonyms=so far | examples=this is the best so far; the largest drug bust yet
6. sense_key=yet%4:02:06:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=however, nevertheless, withal, still, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target is "yet" in the phrase "as yet unpublished".

Context: "There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers."

The phrase "as yet" means "up to now" or "so far" - describing a situation that has existed up to this point.

Sense 2: definition=used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time | synonyms=so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet | examples=So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet

Sense 2 has "as yet" as a synonym, and "unpublished" is essentially a negative statement (not yet published). This fits perfectly.

Sense 1: definition=up to the present time | examples=I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out

Sense 1 is about future events that haven't happened yet, like "I have yet to see" (meaning I still need to see). The examples are about things yet to happen.

In our context, "as yet unpublished" means the reports are unpublished up to now/so far. This is describing a state that has existed up to now (unpublished), which matches sense 2 better, especially since "as yet" is explicitly listed as a synonym for sense 2.

So the answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tissue
Target surface form: tissue
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in <t>tissue</t> taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tissue%1:08:00:: | definition=part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function
2. sense_key=tissue%1:27:02:: | definition=a soft thin (usually translucent) paper | synonyms=tissue paper

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The target word "tissue" appears twice in the context: "lung cancer tissue" and "tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers." In both cases, "tissue" refers to biological tissue — parts of an organism consisting of cells. This is clearly sense 1, not the paper sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: taken
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue <t>taken</t> from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "taken" in the context: "of missing p53 genes in tissue <t>taken</t> from kidney, brain and skin cancers."

Let me analyze the context. The sentence is talking about tissue that was "taken from" kidney, brain and skin cancers. This means tissue was removed or extracted from these cancer sources.

Looking at the candidate senses:

Sense 17: sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper

This seems to fit best. "Tissue taken from kidney" means tissue was removed from the kidney. The definition "remove something concrete" matches well, as tissue is a concrete thing being removed from a body part.

Let me also consider:

Sense 4: take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please

This is about physically taking something into one's hands, like grabbing a cookie. Not quite the same as removing tissue from a body part.

Sense 7: take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss

This is about transporting something, not about extracting/removing.

Sense 10: take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives

This is about choosing, not quite right.

Sense 17 seems to be the best fit. "Tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers" means tissue was removed/extracted from these cancer sites. The definition "remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off" and synonyms "remove, take away, withdraw" match this usage well.

The answer is sense 17.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: brain
Target surface form: brain
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, <t>brain</t> and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=brain%1:08:00:: | definition=that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord | synonyms=encephalon
2. sense_key=brain%1:09:00:: | definition=mental ability | synonyms=brainpower, learning ability, mental capacity, mentality, wit | examples=he's got plenty of brains but no common sense
3. sense_key=brain%1:09:01:: | definition=that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason | synonyms=mind, head, psyche, nous | examples=his mind wandered; I couldn't get his words out of my head
4. sense_key=brain%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality | synonyms=genius, mastermind, brainiac, Einstein | examples=Mozart was a child genius; he's smart but he's no Einstein
5. sense_key=brain%1:13:00:: | definition=the brain of certain animals used as meat

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "brain" in the phrase "brain cancers." This refers to the anatomical organ, the brain, as the location of the cancer.
Sense 1 is "that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord" with synonym "encephalon". This matches the anatomical organ.

Let's check the other senses:
Sense 2: mental ability (not applicable)
Sense 3: mind, head, psyche, nous (not applicable)
Sense 4: genius, mastermind (not applicable)
Sense 5: the brain of certain animals used as meat (not applicable)

Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: at_the_same_time
Target surface form: At the same time
Context:
Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. <t>At the same time</t>, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=at_the_same_time%4:02:03:: | definition=at the same instant | synonyms=simultaneously | examples=they spoke simultaneously
2. sense_key=at_the_same_time%4:02:05:: | definition=overlapping in duration | synonyms=concurrently | examples=concurrently with the conference an exhibition of things associated with Rutherford was held; going to school and holding a job at the same time

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context describes various research teams working on different aspects of cancer genetics. "At the same time" here means that while these discoveries about p53 are being reported, the Johns Hopkins team and others are concurrently rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. This is about activities overlapping in duration, not happening at the exact same instant.

Sense 1: "at the same instant" - simultaneously
Sense 2: "overlapping in duration" - concurrently

The context suggests concurrent ongoing research activities, not something happening at a single instant. So sense 2 is better.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: team
Target surface form: team
Context:
Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins <t>team</t> and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=team%1:14:00:: | definition=a cooperative unit (especially in sports) | synonyms=squad
2. sense_key=team%1:14:01:: | definition=two or more draft animals that work together to pull something

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context describes "the Johns Hopkins team" which refers to a group of researchers/scientists working together.
Sense 1 definition: "a cooperative unit (especially in sports)", synonyms=squad.
Sense 2 definition: "two or more draft animals that work together to pull something".

While sense 1 specifies "especially in sports", it's the only one that fits the general idea of a cooperative unit of people. WordNet glosses are schematic. "Team" here means a group of researchers working together. Sense 1 fits this much better than sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rush
Target surface form: rushing
Context:
Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are <t>rushing</t> to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rush%2:38:00:: | definition=move fast | synonyms=hotfoot, hasten, hie, speed, race, pelt along | examples=He rushed down the hall to receive his guests; The cars raced down the street
2. sense_key=rush%2:33:00:: | definition=attack suddenly
3. sense_key=rush%2:30:01:: | definition=urge to an unnatural speed | synonyms=hurry | examples=Don't rush me, please!
4. sense_key=rush%2:30:00:: | definition=act or move at high speed | synonyms=hasten, hurry, look sharp, festinate | examples=We have to rush!; hurry--it's late!
5. sense_key=rush%2:38:01:: | definition=run with the ball, in football
6. sense_key=rush%2:38:10:: | definition=cause to move fast or to rush or race | synonyms=race | examples=The psychologist raced the rats through a long maze
7. sense_key=rush%2:36:00:: | definition=cause to occur rapidly | synonyms=induce, stimulate, hasten | examples=the infection precipitated a high fever and allergic reactions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "rushing" in the context: "At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes."

The context describes scientists/researchers who are trying to find other tumor-suppressor genes quickly. "Rushing to pinpoint" means they are acting/moving at high speed to do something.

Let's look at the senses:
1. rush%2:38:00:: - move fast (e.g., "He rushed down the hall"). This is physical movement.
2. rush%2:33:00:: - attack suddenly
3. rush%2:30:01:: - urge to an unnatural speed (e.g., "Don't rush me, please!"). This is transitive, rushing someone else.
4. rush%2:30:00:: - act or move at high speed (e.g., "We have to rush!; hurry--it's late!"). This is intransitive, acting at high speed.
5. rush%2:38:01:: - run with the ball, in football
6. rush%2:38:10:: - cause to move fast or to rush or race (e.g., "The psychologist raced the rats"). Transitive.
7. rush%2:36:00:: - cause to occur rapidly. Transitive.

The sentence says "the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes."
This is an intransitive use of "rush" meaning to act at high speed. Sense 4 fits perfectly ("act or move at high speed", synonyms: hasten, hurry).
Sense 1 means "move fast" physically (like running down a hall). Sense 4 is "act or move at high speed" which applies to acting quickly to accomplish a task.

Let's double check sense 1 vs sense 4.
Sense 1: "He rushed down the hall to receive his guests; The cars raced down the street" - implies physical motion from one place to another.
Sense 4: "We have to rush!; hurry--it's late!" - implies acting or proceeding quickly.

"rushing to pinpoint" = acting at high speed to pinpoint. Sense 4 is the best fit.

Sense index 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint <t>other</t> tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "other" in the sentence: "At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes."

The context is about researchers looking for additional tumor-suppressor genes, besides the p53 gene they've been discussing.

Candidate senses:
1. "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" - examples: "today isn't any other day", "the construction of highways and other public works"
2. "recently past" - example: "the other evening"
3. "belonging to the distant past" - synonyms: early, former
4. "very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected"

The sentence is talking about "other tumor-suppressor genes," meaning tumor-suppressor genes besides the p53 gene that has been the focus of the discussion.

Sense 1 fits this usage best. The p53 gene has been mentioned, and now they're looking for "other" (additional, different) tumor-suppressor genes. The example "highways and other public works" is analogous - highways are one type of public works, and "other" refers to additional types not yet mentioned.

Sense 2 and 3 relate to time (past), which doesn't fit here.
Sense 4 is about being unusual/strange, which doesn't fit here.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hope
Target surface form: hopes
Context:
The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein <t>hopes</t> soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hope%2:37:01:: | definition=expect and wish | synonyms=trust, desire | examples=I trust you will behave better from now on; I hope she understands that she cannot expect a raise
2. sense_key=hope%2:37:00:: | definition=be optimistic; be full of hope; have hopes | examples=I am still hoping that all will turn out well
3. sense_key=hope%2:31:00:: | definition=intend with some possibility of fulfilment | synonyms=go for | examples=I hope to have finished this work by tomorrow evening

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "hopes" in the context: "Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer."

Let me analyze the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=hope%2:37:01:: | definition=expect and wish | synonyms=trust, desire | examples=I trust you will behave better from now on; I hope she understands that she cannot expect a raise

2. sense_key=hope%2:37:00:: | definition=be optimistic; be full of hope; have hopes | examples=I am still hoping that all will turn out well

3. sense_key=hope%2:31:00:: | definition=intend with some possibility of fulfilment | synonyms=go for | examples=I hope to have finished this work by tomorrow evening

The context is "Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer."

This is about Dr. Vogelstein having a specific scientific goal - to isolate a gene on chromosome 18. The structure "hopes to isolate" is similar to the example in sense 3: "I hope to have finished this work by tomorrow evening." Both involve hoping to accomplish a specific task/goal.

Sense 3: "intend with some possibility of fulfilment" - This fits because Dr. Vogelstein is intending to isolate a gene, with some possibility of fulfillment. The example "I hope to have finished this work by tomorrow evening" parallels "hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18."

Sense 1 is about expecting and wishing (like hoping someone understands something or behaves better) - more about expectations of others' behavior or situations.

Sense 2 is about being optimistic in general - "I am still hoping that all will turn out well" - more about general optimism about outcomes.

Sense 3 is the best fit because:
- It involves a specific intention/goal (to isolate a gene)
- The structure "hopes to [verb]" matches the example "I hope to have finished..."
- The definition "intend with some possibility of fulfilment" fits a scientist working towards isolating a gene - it's an intention with possibility of fulfillment.

The answer is sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also <t>involved</t> in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "involved" in the context: "Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer."

Here, "involved" means connected by participation or association. The gene on chromosome 18 is connected/associated with colon cancer. It participates in or is associated with colon cancer.

Sense 1: "connected by participation or association or use" - This fits perfectly. The gene is connected/associated with colon cancer.

Sense 2: "entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire" - Doesn't fit.

Sense 3: "emotionally involved" - Doesn't fit.

Sense 4: "highly complex or intricate" - Doesn't fit.

Sense 5: "enveloped" - Doesn't fit.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: close
Target surface form: close
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are <t>close</t> to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=close%3:00:01:: | definition=at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other | examples=close to noon; how close are we to town?
2. sense_key=close%3:00:02:: | definition=close in relevance or relationship | examples=a close family; we are all...in close sympathy with...
3. sense_key=close%3:00:05:: | definition=not far distant in time or space or degree or circumstances | synonyms=near, nigh | examples=near neighbors; in the near future
4. sense_key=close%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=rigorously attentive; strict and thorough | examples=close supervision; paid close attention
5. sense_key=close%5:00:00:accurate:00 | definition=marked by fidelity to an original | synonyms=faithful | examples=a close translation; a faithful copy of the portrait
6. sense_key=close%5:00:00:equal:00 | definition=(of a contest or contestants) evenly matched | synonyms=tight | examples=a close contest; a close election
7. sense_key=close%5:00:00:confined:00 | definition=crowded | synonyms=confining | examples=close quarters
8. sense_key=close%5:00:00:unventilated:00 | definition=lacking fresh air | synonyms=airless, stuffy, unaired | examples=a dusty airless attic; the dreadfully close atmosphere
9. sense_key=close%5:00:00:fine:00 | definition=of textiles | synonyms=tight | examples=a close weave; smooth percale with a very tight weave
10. sense_key=close%5:00:00:restrained:00 | definition=strictly confined or guarded | examples=kept under close custody
11. sense_key=close%5:00:00:private:00 | definition=confined to specific persons | examples=a close secret
12. sense_key=close%5:00:00:tight:01 | definition=fitting closely but comfortably | synonyms=snug, close-fitting | examples=a close fit
13. sense_key=close%5:00:00:short:01 | definition=used of hair or haircuts | examples=a close military haircut
14. sense_key=close%5:00:00:stingy:00 | definition=giving or spending with reluctance | synonyms=cheeseparing, near, penny-pinching, skinny | examples=our cheeseparing administration; very close (or near) with his money
15. sense_key=close%5:00:00:uncommunicative:00 | definition=inclined to secrecy or reticence about divulging information | synonyms=closelipped, closemouthed, secretive, tightlipped | examples=although they knew her whereabouts her friends kept close about it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "close" in the context: "Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5."

Here, "close to finding" means they are at or within a short distance (in terms of progress/degree) from finding the gene. This is about being near to achieving something.

Sense 1: "at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other" - examples: "close to noon; how close are we to town?"
Sense 3: "not far distant in time or space or degree or circumstances" - synonyms: near, nigh - examples: "near neighbors; in the near future"

Both sense 1 and sense 3 seem relevant. The phrase "close to finding" suggests proximity in terms of degree/progress toward a goal.

Sense 1 mentions "at or within a short distance in space or time" and the example "how close are we to town?" is similar to "close to finding" - both use "close to" to indicate proximity to a goal or destination.

Sense 3 mentions "not far distant in time or space or degree or circumstances" with synonyms near, nigh.

The distinction between sense 1 and sense 3 is subtle. Sense 1 seems more about being at or within a short distance, with the example "how close are we to town?" which parallels "close to finding another gene." Sense 3 includes "degree or circumstances" which could also apply.

Looking more carefully, sense 1's example "how close are we to town?" is very similar in structure to "are close to finding" - both express proximity to a goal/destination. Sense 3's examples are more about physical/temporal proximity (near neighbors, near future).

I'll go with sense 1, as the example "how close are we to town?" closely matches the usage "close to finding another gene."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: finding
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to <t>finding</t> another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "finding" (lemma "find") in the context:
"Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5."

The context is about researchers who are close to discovering/locating a specific gene.
They are searching for a gene, and they are close to finding it.
This means they are about to discover or determine the existence/location of this gene.

Let's look at the senses:
1. come upon, as if by accident; meet with - No, it's a deliberate search.
2. discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of - Plausible, but they are looking for the location/existence of something they know might be there.
3. come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost - Not exactly lost, they are looking for a gene.
4. establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, or study - "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, or study". Examples: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize". This fits scientific research.
8. make a discovery, make a new finding - "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle". This also fits well.

Wait, is it sense 4 or sense 8?
Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, or study" - Examples: "find the product of two numbers", "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize"
Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" - Examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays", "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"

"close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer"
They are doing research to establish the location/existence of the gene.
"close to finding" -> they are close to discovering/locating it.
Sense 4 has "investigation" and "study", and the example is about a physicist finding an elusive particle.
Sense 8 has "make a discovery", example is "Roentgen discovered X-rays".
However, in this context, they are looking for a specific gene that is hypothesized to be there ("thought to be on chromosome 5"). Finding the gene is establishing its existence/location through study.
Let's check sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - "We found traces of lead in the paint".
Actually, Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, or study". Finding a gene in genetic research is establishing its location/existence after a study. This fits perfectly. "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" - similar scientific search.

Let's look at the difference between 4 and 8.
Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding". "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle".
Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, or study". "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize".
Often, WordNet groups "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, or study" under "determine, find out, ascertain", and "make a discovery" under "discover".
Wait, "finding" here is an ongoing research goal.
"close to finding another gene"
Does "find" mean "discover" (make a discovery) or "determine/establish"?
If they "find" the gene, they will make a discovery. But they are searching for a specific gene that is thought to be on chromosome 5. They are trying to pinpoint it. "pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes" is used earlier. To pinpoint is to establish the location of.
Let's see the synonyms for 4: determine, find out, ascertain.
Synonyms for 8: discover.
Actually, finding a gene through research is usually covered by sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, or study". "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" - the particle was theorized and then found (established).
Or Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water".
But Sense 4 has the example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize", which is extremely close to finding a gene in cancer research.
Let's look at another example: "Roentgen discovered X-rays" (Sense 8). Roentgen wasn't looking for X-rays. He accidentally discovered them. But "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" (Sense 8) is also an intentional search.
Wait, "finding" in "close to finding another gene" - are they discovering a new gene or establishing the location of an already theorized gene? "another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5". They think it is on chromosome 5, but they haven't found it yet. When they find it, they will establish its location/existence.
Therefore, Sense 4 seems highly appropriate due to the "investigation, experiment, or study" and the parallel example of the elusive particle.

Let's review Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of".
Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, or study". "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize"
Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding". "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"

Which is best for "finding a gene"?
In biomedical literature, "finding a gene" usually maps to "discover" or "determine". Sense 8's definition is "make a discovery, make a new finding", synonym "discover".
Wait, Sense 4's definition: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, or study".
Sense 8's definition: "make a discovery, make a new finding".
Is finding a new gene a discovery? Yes. "Discover" is the synonym for 8. "Ray White ... are close to finding another gene" -> they are close to discovering another gene.
But wait, "close to finding" -> "close to discovering".
In WordNet, "find" (verb)
Sense 2: detect, observe, discover, notice -- (discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of; "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water"; "We found traces of lead in the paint")
Sense 4: determine, find out, ascertain, find -- (establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, or study; "find the product of two numbers"; "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize")
Sense 8: discover, find -- (make a discovery, make a new finding; "Roentgen discovered X-rays"; "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle")

Is "finding a gene" making a discovery or establishing after an investigation?
Usually, finding a gene is an establishment after an investigation. You don't just "discover" a gene, you establish its role or location through study. The example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" perfectly matches finding a gene, which is an elusive biological entity.
Let's search for "close to finding a gene" or similar.
"close to discovering a gene" is also common.
Wait, another candidate is Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of".
Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, or study".
I'll bet on Sense 4. The example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" is highly specific to finding a theorized entity (like the elusive particle, or a gene thought to be on chromosome 5) through scientific study.
Wait, "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" - is this "find%2:32:00::" which is Sense 4?
Yes, Sense 4 is `find%2:32:00::`.
Sense 8 is `find%2:38:10::`.
Sense 2 is `find%2:39:02::`.
Wait, let me double check the indices from the prompt:
1. find%2:40:02:: (happen, chance)
2. find%2:39:02:: (discover or determine the existence)
3. find%2:40:00:: (come upon after searching; find the location)
4. find%2:32:00:: (establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, or study)
5. find%2:31:10:: (come to believe on the basis of emotion)
6. find%2:39:01:: (perceive or be contemporaneous with)
7. find%2:40:01:: (get something or somebody for a specific purpose)
8. find%2:36:00:: (make a discovery, make a new finding)
9. find%2:31:09:: (make a discovery)
10. find%2:40:03:: (obtain through effort or management)
11. find%2:32:01:: (decide on and make a declaration about)
12. find%2:30:00:: (receive a specified treatment)
13. find%2:39:05:: (perceive oneself to be in a certain condition)
14. find%2:40:15:: (get or find back; recover the use of)
15. find%2:38:10:: (succeed in reaching; arrive at)
16. find%2:30:13:: (accept and make use of one's personality)

Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" -> "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"
Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, or study" -> "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize"

The difference between 4 and 8:
Sense 4 emphasizes "establishing" something through calculation/study.
Sense 8 emphasizes "making a discovery" (creating new knowledge).
Is finding a gene establishing its existence/location after a study? Or making a discovery?
"They are close to finding another gene" - they are doing research to find it. Finding it establishes its existence and location.
Actually, Sense 4 is widely used for scientific "findings" that are established. Finding the product of two numbers is Sense 4. Finding an elusive particle is Sense 4. Finding a gene on a chromosome is exactly like finding an elusive particle. Thus, Sense 4 seems best.

Let me consider Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". Example: "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water".
Discovering a gene might also be Sense 2.
But "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, or study" has the example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize", which is a much closer parallel to finding a gene.

What about Sense 8? "make a discovery, make a new finding". Examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays", "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle".
Is there a distinction between 4 and 8?
In WordNet 3.0:
find, happen, chance, bump, encounter -- (come upon, as if by accident; meet with; "We find this idea in Plato"; "I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here"; "She chanced upon an interesting book in the bookstore"; "She struck a goldmine"; "The hikers struck a rich vein of ore")
detect, observe, discover, notice, find -- (discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of; "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water"; "We found traces of lead in the paint")
regain, find -- (come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost; "Did you find your glasses?"; "I cannot find my gloves!")
determine, find out, ascertain, find -- (establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, or study; "find the product of two numbers"; "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize")
find, feel -- (come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds; "I feel that he doesn't like me"; "I find him to be obnoxious")
witness, see, find -- (perceive or be contemporaneous with; "We found Republicans winning the offices"; "You'll see a lot of cheating in this school")
line up, get hold, come up, find -- (get something or somebody for a specific purpose; "I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener"; "I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing")
discover, find -- (make a discovery, make a new finding; "Roentgen discovered X-rays"; "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle")
discover, find -- (make a discovery; "She found that he had lied to her"; "The story is false, so far as I can discover")
find -- (obtain through effort or management; "She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents"; "We found the money to send our sons to college")
rule, find -- (decide on and make a declaration about; "find someone guilty")
receive, get, find, obtain, incur -- (receive a specified treatment (abstract); "These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation"; "His movie received a good review")
find -- (perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place; "I found myself in a difficult situation"; "When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room")
recover, retrieve, find, regain -- (get or find back; recover the use of; "She regained control of herself"; "She found her voice and replied quickly")
find -- (succeed in reaching; arrive at; "The arrow found its mark")
find oneself, find -- (accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation; "My son went to Berkeley to find himself")

The target sentence: "Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5."
They are trying to find a gene. A gene is a physical entity, but its location and existence are established through investigation. It's very similar to "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" which is in Sense 4. In biomedical literature, finding a gene usually implies establishing its existence/location through mapping/sequencing (calculation/investigation/experiment). Thus, Sense 4 is highly relevant.

Wait, is "find a gene" a discovery (Sense 8) or an establishment (Sense 4)? "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" is Sense 8. But an elementary particle is purely a discovery. A gene "thought to be on chromosome 5" is being established.
However, finding a gene is typically described as a discovery. But wait, Sense 4's example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" is very compelling. Particle physics involves heavy calculation, investigation, experiment, and study. Finding a gene involves similar research.

Let me compare Sense 4 and 8 again.
Sense 4: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, or study.
Sense 8: make a discovery, make a new finding.
Finding a gene that is "thought to be on chromosome 5" sounds like they are establishing its existence/location after an investigation. But "make a discovery" (Sense 8) also fits.
Let's check the index of Sense 8 in the list. Sense 8.
But Sense 4 is `find%2:32:00::`, and Sense 8 is `find%2:36:00::`.
I will choose Sense 4 because of the explicit mention of "investigation, experiment, or study" and the highly similar example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize".

Wait, let's look at the options again.
Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, or study" -> "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize".
This example is extremely specific to scientific research establishing the existence of a theorized entity. The gene is thought to be on chromosome 5, so it's a theorized entity that they are trying to establish the existence/location of. This perfectly mirrors finding an elusive particle.

Therefore, Sense 4.