[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: person
Target surface form: person
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A <t>person</t> who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=person%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=individual, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=person%1:08:00:: | definition=a human body (usually including the clothing) | examples=a weapon was hidden on his person
3. sense_key=person%1:10:00:: | definition=a grammatical category used in the classification of pronouns, possessive determiners, and verb forms according to whether they indicate the speaker, the addressee, or a third party | examples=stop talking about yourself in the third person

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "person" in the context "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene... is especially prone to cancer" refers to a human being.
Sense 1: a human being. Matches well.
Sense 2: a human body (usually including the clothing). Doesn't match well, it refers to a living human who is born and prone to cancer.
Sense 3: grammatical category. Doesn't match.

So the best sense is Sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bear
Target surface form: born
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is <t>born</t> with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bear%2:42:01:: | definition=have | examples=bear a resemblance; bear a signature
2. sense_key=bear%2:29:01:: | definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, birth, have | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!
3. sense_key=bear%2:31:00:: | definition=put up with something or somebody unpleasant | synonyms=digest, endure, stick out, stomach, stand, tolerate | examples=I cannot bear his constant criticism; The new secretary had to endure a lot of unprofessional remarks
4. sense_key=bear%2:35:00:: | definition=move while holding up or supporting | examples=Bear gifts; bear a heavy load
5. sense_key=bear%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=turn out | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
6. sense_key=bear%2:40:02:: | definition=take on as one's own the expenses or debts of another person | synonyms=take over, accept, assume | examples=I'll accept the charges; She agreed to bear the responsibility
7. sense_key=bear%2:42:14:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=hold, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
8. sense_key=bear%2:40:01:: | definition=bring in | synonyms=yield, pay | examples=interest-bearing accounts; How much does this savings certificate pay annually?
9. sense_key=bear%2:29:02:: | definition=have on one's person | synonyms=wear | examples=He wore a red ribbon; bear a scar
10. sense_key=bear%2:41:00:: | definition=behave in a certain manner | synonyms=behave, acquit, deport, conduct, comport, carry | examples=She carried herself well; he bore himself with dignity
11. sense_key=bear%2:40:00:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=hold | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
12. sense_key=bear%2:35:01:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=hold, carry | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
13. sense_key=bear%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, carry, gestate, expect | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "born" (past participle of "bear") in the context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene."

The context is about a person being born (coming into existence through birth) with a genetic condition.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. bear%2:42:01:: - "have" - bear a resemblance; bear a signature
2. bear%2:29:01:: - "cause to be born" - synonyms: give birth, deliver, birth, have - "My wife had twins yesterday!"
3. bear%2:31:00:: - "put up with something or somebody unpleasant" - tolerate
4. bear%2:35:00:: - "move while holding up or supporting" - Bear gifts; bear a heavy load
5. bear%2:36:00:: - "bring forth" - The apple tree bore delicious apples
6. bear%2:40:02:: - "take on as one's own the expenses or debts" - accept, assume
7. bear%2:42:14:: - "contain or hold; have within" - hold, carry, contain
8. bear%2:40:01:: - "bring in" - yield, pay
9. bear%2:29:02:: - "have on one's person" - wear - bear a scar
10. bear%2:41:00:: - "behave in a certain manner" - behave, acquit, deport, conduct, comport, carry
11. bear%2:40:00:: - "have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices" - hold
12. bear%2:35:01:: - "support or hold in a certain manner" - hold, carry
13. bear%2:29:00:: - "be pregnant with" - carry, gestate, expect

The word "born" here means "brought into existence through birth." The person is born with a defective copy - this is about being born, as in the passive form of "cause to be born."

Sense 2: "cause to be born" - synonyms: give birth, deliver, birth, have. "My wife had twins yesterday!" This is the sense where someone bears (gives birth to) a child. In passive form, "A person who is born" means a person who has been caused to be born. This is the correct sense.

The sense "born" as the past participle of "bear" in the meaning of "to give birth" (passive) - "A person who is born" = "A person who is brought into existence by birth."

So the answer is sense2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Together

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective <t>copy</t> of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses genes inherited in two copies, one from each parent. "copy" here refers to a genetic copy - a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (the gene). The clone example fits: "the clone was a copy of its ancestor."

Sense 2 fits best: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing."

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one <t>copy</t> is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "copy" in the context refers to one of the two copies of a gene inherited from each parent. "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life..."

Sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" with examples "she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor" - this fits best because the gene copies are identical/similar copies inherited from each parent.

Sense 1 is about written records, Sense 3 is about printing matter, Sense 4 is about journalistic material.

Sense 2 is the best fit.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is <t>damaged</t> early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "damage" and the surface form is "damaged".
Context: "...or in whom one copy is damaged early in life..."
Sense 1: "inflict damage upon" (active or passive "be damaged" meaning something damages it).
Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage" (examples: These fine china cups damage easily - intransitive use).
In the context, "one copy is damaged" is a passive construction of the transitive verb meaning "inflict damage upon". The gene copy is acted upon.
Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.
Wait, sense 2 is intransitive ("damage easily"). The context uses "is damaged", which is passive, corresponding to sense 1.
Let's verify.
Sense 1: "inflict damage upon" - "The snow damaged the roof" -> "The roof was damaged by the snow" -> "The roof is damaged".
Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage" -> "These fine china cups damage easily". This is an intransitive verb meaning something gets damaged easily.
The context "one copy is damaged" matches sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: early
Target surface form: early
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged <t>early</t> in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=early%4:02:01:: | definition=during an early stage | synonyms=early on | examples=early on in her career
2. sense_key=early%4:02:00:: | definition=before the usual time or the time expected | synonyms=ahead of time, too soon | examples=she graduated early; the house was completed ahead of time
3. sense_key=early%4:02:02:: | definition=in good time | synonyms=betimes | examples=he awoke betimes that morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "early" used in the phrase "early in life".
Context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer..."
The options are:
1. early%4:02:01:: - during an early stage | synonyms=early on | examples=early on in her career
2. early%4:02:00:: - before the usual time or the time expected | synonyms=ahead of time, too soon | examples=she graduated early
3. early%4:02:02:: - in good time | synonyms=betimes

"Early in life" means during an early stage of life. This matches sense 1 ("during an early stage", synonym "early on", example "early on in her career").


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: life
Target surface form: life
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in <t>life</t>, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=life%1:26:01:: | definition=a characteristic state or mode of living | examples=social life; city life
2. sense_key=life%1:09:00:: | definition=the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities | synonyms=living | examples=he could no longer cope with the complexities of life
3. sense_key=life%1:26:02:: | definition=the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living | examples=he hoped for a new life in Australia; he wanted to live his own life without interference from others
4. sense_key=life%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of living or the state of being alive | synonyms=animation, living, aliveness | examples=while there's life there's hope; life depends on many chemical and physical processes
5. sense_key=life%1:28:00:: | definition=the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) | synonyms=lifetime, lifespan | examples=the battery had a short life; he lived a long and happy life
6. sense_key=life%1:28:01:: | definition=the period between birth and the present time | examples=I have known him all his life
7. sense_key=life%1:28:02:: | definition=the period from the present until death | examples=he appointed himself emperor for life
8. sense_key=life%1:18:00:: | definition=a living person | examples=his heroism saved a life
9. sense_key=life%1:07:01:: | definition=animation and energy in action or expression | synonyms=liveliness, spirit, sprightliness | examples=it was a heavy play and the actors tried in vain to give life to it
10. sense_key=life%1:03:00:: | definition=living things collectively | examples=the oceans are teeming with life
11. sense_key=life%1:19:00:: | definition=the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones | examples=there is no life on the moon
12. sense_key=life%1:10:00:: | definition=an account of the series of events making up a person's life | synonyms=biography, life story, life history
13. sense_key=life%1:16:00:: | definition=a motive for living | examples=pottery was his life
14. sense_key=life%1:28:03:: | definition=a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives | synonyms=life sentence | examples=he got life for killing the guard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in <t>life</t>, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

Here, "life" refers to the period of a person's existence, specifically from birth onwards. The phrase "early in life" means early in the period between birth and death.

Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: a characteristic state or mode of living (social life, city life) - No
2. sense 2: the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities - No
3. sense 3: the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living - No
4. sense 4: the condition of living or the state of being alive - No
5. sense 5: the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) | synonyms=lifetime, lifespan - This could fit "early in life".
6. sense 6: the period between birth and the present time | examples=I have known him all his life - This could also fit.
7. sense 7: the period from the present until death - No.
8. sense 8: a living person - No.
9. sense 9: animation and energy - No.
10. sense 10: living things collectively - No.
11. sense 11: the organic phenomenon - No.
12. sense 12: an account of the series of events - No.
13. sense 13: a motive for living - No.
14. sense 14: a prison term - No.

Between sense 5 (lifetime/lifespan: period during which something is functional, between birth and death) and sense 6 (period between birth and the present time).
"Early in life" usually means early in one's lifetime. Let's look at the example for sense 5: "he lived a long and happy life". This aligns with "life" as the whole span of existence. "Early in life" = early in one's lifespan.
Sense 6 example: "I have known him all his life" (from birth until now). "early in life" doesn't quite match "birth to present". It refers to the lifespan.

Wait, sense 5 says "the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death)". "Early in life" refers to this period.
Let's consider "early in life". It means early in the course of one's existence from birth to death.
Sense 5 definition: "the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death)".
Sense 6 definition: "the period between birth and the present time". "early in life" is not from birth to present.

So sense 5 fits best. Let's double check.
"early in life" = early in one's lifetime/lifespan.
Sense 5 synonyms: lifetime, lifespan.
Sense 5 example: "he lived a long and happy life"
Sense 5 seems the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: especially
Target surface form: especially
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is <t>especially</t> prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "especially" in the context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

Sense 1: "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common" - synonyms: particularly, peculiarly, specially - examples: "he was particularly fussy about spelling", "a particularly gruesome attack"

Sense 2: "in a special manner" - synonyms: specially - examples: "a specially arranged dinner"

In this context, "especially prone to cancer" means the person is prone to cancer to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common (compared to someone born with both copies intact). This is about degree/extent, not about something being arranged in a special manner.

So Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to <t>cancer</t> because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about genes, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, malignant cells, cell growth, and cancer diagnosis. It's clearly about the disease cancer.

Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease"

This matches the medical context of the passage.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need <t>only</t> lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "only" in the context: "he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

Let me analyze the context. "he need only lose the other copy" - this means he merely/just needs to lose the other copy. The meaning here is "and nothing more" - he needs nothing more than to lose the other copy.

This matches sense 1: "and nothing more" with synonyms merely, simply, just, but. Examples: "I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time."

So the answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lose
Target surface form: lose
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only <t>lose</t> the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lose%2:40:02:: | definition=fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense | examples=She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat
2. sense_key=lose%2:33:00:: | definition=fail to win | examples=We lost the battle but we won the war
3. sense_key=lose%2:37:00:: | definition=suffer the loss of a person through death or removal | examples=She lost her husband in the war; The couple that wanted to adopt the child lost her when the biological parents claimed her
4. sense_key=lose%2:35:00:: | definition=place (something) where one cannot find it again | synonyms=misplace, mislay | examples=I misplaced my eyeglasses
5. sense_key=lose%2:40:01:: | definition=miss from one's possessions; lose sight of | examples=I've lost my glasses again!
6. sense_key=lose%2:39:00:: | definition=allow to go out of sight | examples=The detective lost the man he was shadowing after he had to stop at a red light
7. sense_key=lose%2:40:06:: | definition=fail to make money in a business; make a loss or fail to profit | synonyms=turn a loss | examples=I lost thousands of dollars on that bad investment!; The company turned a loss after the first year
8. sense_key=lose%2:40:00:: | definition=fail to get or obtain | examples=I lost the opportunity to spend a year abroad
9. sense_key=lose%2:33:01:: | definition=retreat | synonyms=fall back, drop off, fall behind, recede
10. sense_key=lose%2:39:01:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=miss | examples=I missed that remark; She missed his point
11. sense_key=lose%2:30:03:: | definition=be set at a disadvantage | synonyms=suffer | examples=This author really suffers in translation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about tumor-suppressor genes and cancer. A person born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene needs only to "lose" the other copy for cancer to develop. Here, "lose" means to fail to keep or maintain, cease to have. The person has two copies of the gene, one is already defective, and if they "lose" (cease to have, through damage or impairment) the other copy, cancer develops.

Sense 1: "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense" - examples=She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat

This fits best. The person ceases to have the functional other copy of the gene.

Sense 8: "fail to get or obtain" - doesn't fit as well because the person already has the gene, they don't fail to obtain it.

Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the <t>other</t> copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "other" in the context: "he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

Here, "other" refers to the second copy of the tumor-suppressor gene, the one not already mentioned (or the remaining one). The person has two copies, one is defective/damaged, and they need to lose the "other" copy (the one not yet damaged).

This matches sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other <t>copy</t> for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about genetics and tumor-suppressor genes inherited in two copies, one from each parent. The target word "copy" refers to a genetic copy - one of the two copies of a gene inherited from each parent.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. copy%1:10:00:: - a reproduction of a written record (legal/school record) - transcript
2. copy%1:06:00:: - a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing - examples include "clone was a copy of its ancestor"
3. copy%1:10:01:: - matter to be printed
4. copy%1:10:02:: - material suitable for a journalistic account

Sense 2 is the best fit. In genetics, a "copy" of a gene refers to one of the two copies (one from each parent) of that gene. This is essentially "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" - the two copies of a gene are similar/identical copies. The example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" is closely related to the genetic context.

The answer is sense_index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a <t>cancer</t> to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about genes, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, malignant cells, and cell growth. It talks about "for a cancer to develop" and "cancer-susceptible individuals". The target word "cancer" refers to the disease caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.

Sense 1: any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream. This matches the biomedical context.

Sense 2: astrology person. No.
Sense 3: zodiacal constellation. No.
Sense 4: fourth sign of the zodiac. No.
Sense 5: type genus of family Cancridae. No.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to <t>develop</t>. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about cancer developing in a person. "for a cancer to develop" means cancer comes into existence or arises in the person.

Looking at the senses:
- Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape" with synonyms like "originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow". Examples: "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship". This seems like a good fit for "a cancer to develop" - cancer comes into existence.
- Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment". Examples: "A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower". This is also a possibility - cancer growing/progressing.
- Sense 20: "happen" with synonyms "break, recrudesce". Examples: "Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time". This is about events happening.

The phrase "for a cancer to develop" - cancer is a biological entity that comes into existence and grows.

Sense 5 is about coming into existence/taking form. "A cancer to develop" = a cancer to come into existence.

Sense 10 is about growing/progressing through natural growth processes. "A flower developed on the branch" - this is about biological growth.

Both could fit. But "develop" here is intransitive - the cancer develops (comes into existence/arises).

Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape" - this fits "a cancer to develop" meaning for a cancer to come into being.

Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment" - this also fits, as cancer develops through biological growth processes.

I think sense 5 is the better fit because "develop" here means "come into existence" - the cancer arising/coming into being. The context is about the conditions needed for cancer to arise/come into existence.

Actually, let me reconsider. Cancer developing involves biological growth and progression. Sense 10 with examples like "A flower developed on the branch" is about biological development through natural growth. This seems very fitting for cancer developing.

But sense 5 "come into existence; take on form or shape" with example "A new religious movement originated in that country" - this is more abstract.

Hmm, but cancer is a biological process. Sense 10's examples involve biological growth ("A flower developed on the branch").

I think sense 5 is better because "develop" here means the cancer coming into existence - it's about the onset/origination of cancer, not just growth. The sentence is about the conditions under which cancer arises.

Actually, looking more carefully:
- "for a cancer to develop" = for cancer to come into existence/arise

Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape" with synonyms "originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow"

This matches well. The cancer originates/arises in the person.

I'll go with sense 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emerging
Target surface form: Emerging
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. <t>Emerging</t> genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emerging%5:00:00:future:00 | definition=coming to maturity | synonyms=rising | examples=the rising generation
2. sense_key=emerging%5:00:00:nascent:00 | definition=coming into existence | synonyms=emergent | examples=an emergent republic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Emerging" in the context "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals."

The sentence is talking about genetic tests that are coming into existence - they are new, developing, just starting to be available. This aligns with sense 2: "coming into existence" with synonyms "emergent" and examples "an emergent republic."

Sense 1 is "coming to maturity" with synonyms "rising" and examples "the rising generation." This is more about a generation or group reaching maturity, not about new technologies coming into being.

The "emerging genetic tests" are new tests that are coming into existence, not a generation coming to maturity. So sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging <t>genetic</t> tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "genetic" in the phrase "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals".

Let's analyze the context.
The context discusses oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and how defects in these genes (inherited or damaged) lead to cancer susceptibility. "Emerging genetic tests" refers to tests that look at a person's genes to spot cancer-susceptible individuals (who have a defective copy of a suppressor gene).

Candidate senses:
1. occurring among members of a family usually by heredity (familial, hereditary, inherited)
2. of or relating to or produced by or being a gene (genic, genetical)
3. pertaining to or referring to origin
4. of or relating to the science of genetics (genetical)

"Genetic tests" means tests related to genes or genetics.
Looking at Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" - relates to genes.
Looking at Sense 4: "of or relating to the science of genetics" - genetic research/tests could fit here.
Wait, "genetic tests" usually refers to tests that examine genes. Sense 2 explicitly mentions "gene", whereas Sense 4 mentions "the science of genetics". Both are plausible.
Let's look closely at Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene", synonyms: genic, genetical. Example: "genic combinations; genetic code".
Sense 4: "of or relating to the science of genetics". Example: "genetic research".

"Genetic tests" tests the genes. Does it mean tests of the science of genetics, or tests of genes?
Actually, in WordNet, "genetic testing" usually falls under relating to genes.
Let's re-read the context: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals". It is looking for a defective copy of a suppressor gene. Thus, it's testing for genes. Sense 2 relates to genes.

Wait, let's consider "genetic tests". Is it "genetic" as in the science of genetics (Sense 4) or as in genes (Sense 2)?
Often, "genetic" in "genetic tests", "genetic engineering", "genetic disorders" is considered Sense 2 (of or relating to or produced by or being a gene) or maybe Sense 4.
In WordNet 3.0:
genetic (adj) #1: of or relating to or produced by or being a gene; "genic combinations"; "genetic code"
genetic (adj) #2: of or relating to the science of genetics; "genetic research"
genetic (adj) #3: occurring among members of a family usually by heredity; "familial traits"; "an inherited disease"
genetic (adj) #4: pertaining to or referring to origin; "genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work"

In the provided text:
1. genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00
2. genetic%3:01:02:: (of or relating to or produced by or being a gene)
3. genetic%3:01:01:: (origin)
4. genetic%3:01:00:: (science of genetics)

"genetic tests" -> tests on genes. It could be Sense 2. "genetic tests" tests the genes. It makes proteins, copies of genes.
Let's think if it's 4. "genetic tests" relates to genetics? Or genes? "genetic testing" tests the DNA, the genes. "genetic" here means "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" (Sense 2).
Let's choose Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: able
Target surface form: able
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be <t>able</t> to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=able%3:00:00:: | definition=(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something | examples=able to swim; she was able to program her computer
2. sense_key=able%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=have the skills and qualifications to do things well | synonyms=capable | examples=able teachers; a capable administrator
3. sense_key=able%5:00:00:capable:00 | definition=having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity | examples=able to learn; human beings are able to walk on two feet
4. sense_key=able%5:00:00:fit:01 | definition=having a strong healthy body | synonyms=able-bodied | examples=an able seaman; every able-bodied young man served in the army

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "able" in the context: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals..."
This means the genetic tests have the capability/means to spot individuals.
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. "(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something" -> examples: "able to swim", "able to program her computer". This matches "able to spot" because genetic tests will have the necessary means (technology/capability) to do this.
2. "have the skills and qualifications to do things well" -> examples: "able teachers", "a capable administrator". This refers to people being competent. Tests are not competent in this sense.
3. "having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity" -> examples: "able to learn", "able to walk on two feet". Refers to inherent physical/mental ability.
4. "having a strong healthy body" -> examples: "able seaman", "able-bodied". Refers to physical fitness.

The context is "will be able to spot". It is followed by "to", which strongly aligns with sense 1: "(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something". Genetic tests are not people, so they don't have "skills and qualifications" (sense 2) or "inherent physical or mental ability" (sense 3) or a "strong healthy body" (sense 4). They have the necessary means to spot something. So sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: individual
Target surface form: individuals
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible <t>individuals</t>, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=individual%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=individual%1:18:00:: | definition=a single organism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "individuals" in the context "cancer-susceptible individuals".
Sense 1: a human being (synonyms: person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul)
Sense 2: a single organism

The context discusses "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan", "A person who is born with one defective copy...", "he need only lose the other copy...".
"Cancer-susceptible individuals" refers to human beings who are susceptible to cancer due to genetic factors.
Sense 1 seems correct.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believe
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists <t>believe</t> is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "believe" in the sentence: "ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
Here, "believe" means "think" or "judge or regard". The scientists think/judge that this is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer
5. credit with veracity

The phrase is "believe is a new age". This means "think that it is a new age".
Sense 2 has synonyms "think, consider, conceive".
Wait, "believe" + clause: "some scientists believe [that this] is a new age".
This aligns with "think" or "judge or regard". Sense 2.
Let's double check sense 1. "accept as true; take to be true". "some scientists believe [the claim] is a new age". This could also be sense 1. Wait.
Sense 1: "accept as true". "I believe his report" -> "I believe the report".
Sense 2: "judge or regard". "I believe her to be very smart".
"what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
Actually, "believe" with a "that" clause is often sense 1 in WordNet. Let's check WordNet.
believe%2:31:00:: "accept as true; take to be true" -> I believe his report, We didn't believe his stories. (Can take a that-clause: I believe that he is here).
Wait, in WordNet 3.0:
believe%2:31:00:: accept as true; take to be true; "I believed his report"; "We didn't believe his stories from the War"; "They believe in ghosts"
believe%2:31:04:: judge or regard; look upon; judge; "I think he is very smart"; "I believe her to be very smart"
believe%2:31:03:: be confident about something; "I believe that he will come back from the war"
believe%2:31:01:: follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer; "When you hear his sermons,you will be able to believe, too"
believe%2:31:02:: credit with veracity; "You cannot believe this man"; "Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?"

Wait, if sense 3 has "I believe that he will come back from the war", it implies "believe" with a "that" clause is sense 3?
But sense 3 is "be confident about something" (synonym: trust).
Wait, "some scientists believe is a new age..." -> "what some scientists believe [to be] a new age" or "believe [that it] is a new age".
Wait, "believe" in "what some scientists believe is a new age" means "think".
Is it sense 1 or 2?
Sense 1: accept as true. "believe [that] it is a new age".
Sense 2: judge or regard. Often takes "to be" -> "I believe her to be very smart". In our context, "believe is" is equivalent to "believe [it] to be".
Let's look at the context again: "usher in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
"believe is" = think (that it) is.
Sense 2's synonyms include "think, consider, conceive". "think" is a very good synonym here. "what some scientists think is a new age".
Sense 1: "accept as true" -> "what some scientists accept as true is a new age" -> "what some scientists believe to be true".
But usually "think" is sense 2.
Let's check standard WSD annotations for "believe".
"believe" + clause often maps to believe%2:31:04:: (think, consider, conceive) if it means opinion/judgment, or believe%2:31:00:: if it means accept as true.
"what some scientists believe is a new age" -> their judgment/opinion is that it's a new age. Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a <t>new</t> age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "new" in the phrase "a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
Let's analyze the context:
"Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
Here, "new age" means an age that is just beginning or recently coming into being. It refers to something that has just come into existence.
Looking at the senses:
1. not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. lacking training or experience
4. having no previous example or precedent or parallel
5. other than the former one(s); different
6. unaffected by use or exposure
7. (of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new
8. in use after medieval times
9. used of a living language; being the current stage in its development
10. (of crops) harvested at an early stage
11. unfamiliar

"New age of predictive cancer diagnosis" means an age that is just coming into being.
Sense 1 fits perfectly: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being". Example: "a new law". "a new age".
Sense 2 is "original and of a kind not seen before". Could predictive cancer diagnosis be an original kind of age? Yes, but "new age" commonly aligns with sense 1 (not of long duration; recently come into being). Let's see. The text says "ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis." It implies this age is just beginning. Sense 1 is the most general and fits "recently come into being".
Wait, could it be sense 2? "original and of a kind not seen before". An age of predictive cancer diagnosis is novel. But "new age" is a very common collocation meaning an age that is just starting. Sense 1 fits "a new law" - recently enacted. "new age" - recently begun.
Let's consider Sense 2: synonyms "fresh, novel". In the text: "ushering in ... a new age". Sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being". This applies to the age.

Wait, let's look at another "new" in the context: "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings."
Here, "new findings" means findings recently acquired or discovered. This is also sense 1.
But the target is specifically "ushering in what some scientists believe is a <t>new</t> age".
"new age" -> not of long duration; having just come into being.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: age
Target surface form: age
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new <t>age</t> of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=age%1:07:00:: | definition=how long something has existed | examples=it was replaced because of its age
2. sense_key=age%1:28:02:: | definition=an era of history having some distinctive feature | synonyms=historic period | examples=we live in a litigious age
3. sense_key=age%1:28:00:: | definition=a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises | synonyms=eld | examples=she was now of school age; tall for his eld
4. sense_key=age%1:28:03:: | definition=a prolonged period of time | synonyms=long time, years | examples=we've known each other for ages; I haven't been there for years and years
5. sense_key=age%1:28:01:: | definition=a late time of life | synonyms=old age, years, eld, geezerhood | examples=old age is not for sissies; he's showing his years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context says "ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis." This refers to an era or period of history with a distinctive feature (predictive cancer diagnosis). Sense 2 fits: "an era of history having some distinctive feature" with example "we live in a litigious age."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive <t>cancer</t> diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, malignant cells, and cancer diagnosis. The target word "cancer" appears in "predictive cancer diagnosis."

Sense 1 is about any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division. This fits the medical context perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: first
Target surface form: first
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the <t>first</t> beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=first%3:00:00:: | definition=preceding all others in time or space or degree | examples=the first house on the right; the first day of spring
2. sense_key=first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=indicating the beginning unit in a series | synonyms=1st
3. sense_key=first%5:00:02:opening:00 | definition=serving to set in motion | synonyms=inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden | examples=the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations
4. sense_key=first%5:00:01:opening:00 | definition=serving to begin | synonyms=beginning | examples=the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse
5. sense_key=first%5:00:00:best:00 | definition=ranking above all others | synonyms=foremost, world-class | examples=was first in her class; the foremost figure among marine artists
6. sense_key=first%3:00:03:: | definition=highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections | examples=first soprano; the first violin section

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
Looking at the context: "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the **first** beneficiaries of the new findings."

Here, "first" means they are among the earliest people to benefit — they precede others in time. This is not an ordinal usage (like "1st" in a numbered series), nor is it about initiating/setting in motion, ranking highest, or referring to musical parts. The phrase "among the first beneficiaries" indicates they are among those who come before others in time.

{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
The target word is "first" in the phrase "among the first beneficiaries of the new findings."

Let me analyze the context:
- Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.
- This means they are among the earliest/initial beneficiaries - they are among the first people to benefit from these new findings.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. first%3:00:00:: - "preceding all others in time or space or degree" - examples: "the first house on the right", "the first day of spring" - This is about being before others in time, space, or degree. "Among the first beneficiaries" would mean they are among those who precede others in benefiting from the findings - i.e., they are early beneficiaries.

2. first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 - "indicating the beginning unit in a series" - synonyms: 1st - This is more about an ordinal number indicating the first item in a series (like 1st, 2nd, 3rd). This doesn't quite fit "among the first" because "among the first" is not using "first" as an ordinal indicator for a specific position.

3. first%5:00:02:opening:00 - "serving to set in motion" - synonyms: inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden - examples: "the magazine's inaugural issue", "the initiative phase in the negotiations" - This is about initiating or setting something in motion. Not quite right for "among the first beneficiaries."

4. first%5:00:01:opening:00 - "serving to begin" - synonyms: beginning - examples: "the beginning canto of the poem", "the first verse" - This is about something that begins something. Not quite right for "among the first beneficiaries."

5. first%5:00:00:best:00 - "ranking above all others" - synonyms: foremost, world-class - examples: "was first in her class", "the foremost figure among marine artists" - This is about being the best or highest ranked. "Among the first beneficiaries" doesn't mean among the best beneficiaries.

6. first%3:00:03:: - "highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections" - examples: "first soprano", "the first violin section" - This is about music. Not relevant.

So the best fit is sense 1: "preceding all others in time or space or degree." When we say "among the first beneficiaries," we mean they are among the earliest people to benefit - they precede others in time. They are among the initial group of beneficiaries.

Sense 2 (ordinal) could be considered, but "among the first" is not really using "first" as an ordinal number (1st). It's using "first" as an adjective meaning "earliest" or "preceding others." The ordinal sense (1st, 2nd, 3rd) is more about a specific position in a numbered series.

The phrase "among the first" means "among the earliest" - this aligns with sense 1: "preceding all others in time or space or degree."

Actually, let me reconsider. "Among the first beneficiaries" - does "first" here function as an ordinal (sense 2) or as an adjective meaning "earliest/preceding" (sense 1)?

When we say "among the first," we're not saying "among the 1st" - we're saying "among the earliest." The word "first" here is being used adjectivally to mean "preceding all others in time." This is sense 1.

If it were ordinal, it would be more like "the first beneficiary" (the 1st beneficiary) rather than "among the first beneficiaries" (among the earliest beneficiaries).

So my answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: beneficiary
Target surface form: beneficiaries
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first <t>beneficiaries</t> of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=beneficiary%1:18:00:: | definition=the recipient of funds or other benefits | synonyms=donee
2. sense_key=beneficiary%1:10:00:: | definition=the semantic role of the intended recipient who benefits from the happening denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=benefactive role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses Bill and Bonnie Quinlan as the first to benefit from new findings in cancer research. They are people who receive benefits (in this case, the benefit of new knowledge about cancer). This is the noun referring to a person who receives benefits, not the semantic role.