[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fairly
Target surface form: fairly
Context:
The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all <t>fairly</t> be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fairly%4:02:02:: | definition=to a moderately sufficient extent or degree | synonyms=reasonably, moderately, pretty, jolly, somewhat, middling | examples=pretty big; pretty bad
2. sense_key=fairly%4:02:00:: | definition=without favoring one party, in a fair evenhanded manner | synonyms=fair, evenhandedly | examples=deal fairly with one another
3. sense_key=fairly%4:02:03:: | definition=in conformity with the rules or laws and without fraud or cheating | synonyms=fair, clean | examples=they played fairly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "fairly" in the context: "They could all fairly be described as 'pap' courses."

Let's analyze the context:
- The author took courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.
- These courses could all "fairly" be described as "pap" courses.
- "Pap" courses suggests something that is soft, easy, lacking substance (like pap food).

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. fairly%4:02:02:: = to a moderately sufficient extent or degree (reasonably, moderately, pretty, somewhat). Examples: pretty big, pretty bad.
2. fairly%4:02:00:: = without favoring one party, in a fair evenhanded manner. Example: deal fairly with one another.
3. fairly%4:02:03:: = in conformity with the rules or laws and without fraud or cheating. Example: they played fairly.

In the sentence "They could all fairly be described as 'pap' courses", "fairly" means "justly" or "accurately" or "without exaggeration". It implies that calling them "pap" courses is a reasonable and fair characterization.

Sense 2 is "without favoring one party, in a fair evenhanded manner". The author is saying that it is an evenhanded, just description of the courses. However, does "fairly be described" fit better with "reasonably/accurately" or "evenhandedly"?

Actually, "fairly described" often means "accurately and justly described", without bias. But let's consider Sense 1: "to a moderately sufficient extent or degree" (like "pretty", "reasonably"). "They could all reasonably be described as 'pap' courses." "They could all somewhat be described..." This doesn't sound as good as "They could all justly/fairly be described..."
Wait, "reasonably" in Sense 1 means "moderately". "Reasonably" can also mean "justly" or "logically" in other contexts, but its synonym here is "moderately", "pretty".
Wait, "fairly" can mean "actually" or "justly". But "fairly be described" usually means "it is fair to say they are described as". That aligns with "without favoring one party, in a fair evenhanded manner" or "fairly" as in "honestly/justly".

Let's rethink. "fairly be described" -> "one can fairly say". The phrase "fairly say" means "justly say". It means it's an accurate/fair assessment. Does this fit Sense 2? Sense 2: "without favoring one party, in a fair evenhanded manner". If I describe them as pap courses, am I being evenhanded? Yes, I am judging them fairly.

Is there another sense of "fairly" in WordNet that means "actually" or "justly"? No, these three senses are the only ones provided.

Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 2.
Sense 1: "to a moderately sufficient extent or degree" (synonyms: reasonably, moderately, pretty). "They could all moderately be described as 'pap' courses." "They could all pretty much be described as 'pap' courses."
Sense 2: "without favoring one party, in a fair evenhanded manner" (synonyms: fair, evenhandedly). "They could all evenhandedly be described as..." "It is fair to describe them as..."

"They could all fairly be described as 'pap' courses."
If I substitute "reasonably" (in the sense of "moderately"), it becomes "They could all reasonably be described..." But "reasonably" here might mean "with good reason", which isn't quite "moderately".
If I substitute "fairly" with "fair", it means "It is fair to describe them as..."

Wait, if "fairly" means "justly" or "rightly", it is Sense 2. "Fairly" in "fairly described" means "in a fair manner".
Let's consider if "fairly" means "pretty much" or "somewhat". "The movie was fairly good." "fairly" = moderately.
In "fairly be described as", does it mean "moderately be described as" or "justly be described as"? It means "justly". "One can fairly say..." means "It is fair to say..." This aligns with Sense 2: "without favoring one party, in a fair evenhanded manner" (even though the context of "evenhanded manner" usually implies between two parties, it extends to justness of judgment).

Let me check WordNet 3.0 for "fairly".
Adv. 1. fairly (to a moderately sufficient extent or degree) "pretty big"; "pretty bad"; "jolly decent of him"
Adv. 2. fairly (without favoring one party, in a fair evenhanded manner) "deal fairly with one another"
Adv. 3. fairly (in conformity with the rules or laws and without fraud or cheating) "they played fairly"

So the choices are exactly these three.
In "They could all fairly be described as...", "fairly" means "justly" or "accurately". This matches Sense 2 (without favoring one party, in a fair evenhanded manner). It means the description is fair.

Let's double check if it could be Sense 1. "to a moderately sufficient extent or degree" -> "They could all somewhat be described as 'pap' courses." But the word "all" makes it strong. "They could all accurately/fairly be described..." The author is saying the description of "pap" courses is a fair one. "I can fairly say..." = "I can justly say". It's a fair description. This matches Sense 2.

Let's check the definition of Sense 2 again: "without favoring one party, in a fair evenhanded manner". Yes, making a fair judgment about the courses. The author is judging them to be "pap" courses, and says this judgment is a fair one.

Therefore, the best sense is 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: describe
Target surface form: described
Context:
The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be <t>described</t> as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=describe%2:32:00:: | definition=give a description of | synonyms=depict, draw | examples=He drew an elaborate plan of attack
2. sense_key=describe%2:32:01:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=report, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
3. sense_key=describe%2:35:00:: | definition=make a mark or lines on a surface | synonyms=trace, draw, line, delineate | examples=draw a line; trace the outline of a figure in the sand
4. sense_key=describe%2:31:00:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, name

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "described" in the context: "They could all fairly be described as 'pap' courses."
This means the courses could be characterized or identified as "pap" courses.
Let's look at the senses:
1. give a description of (depict, draw) - He drew an elaborate plan
2. to give an account or representation of in words (report, account) - Discreet Italian police described it...
3. make a mark or lines on a surface (trace, draw, line) - draw a line
4. identify as in botany or biology, for example (identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, name) - e.g., identify a plant

"Described as" usually means giving an account or representation of in words, or identifying/characterizing something.
Wait, in WordNet, is there a sense for "characterize"?
Sense 2 is "to give an account or representation of in words". This fits "They could all fairly be described as 'pap' courses" (giving an account/representation in words).
Sense 4 is "identify as in botany or biology".
Could it be sense 2? "Described as" fits giving an account in words.
Let's check sense 1 vs 2.
Sense 1: give a description of. Example: He drew an elaborate plan of attack.
Sense 2: to give an account or representation of in words. Example: Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental.
Sense 2 fits the context of saying what the courses are in words.
Wait, sense 2 is widely used for representing something in words, like "described as".
Let's consider 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pap
Target surface form: pap
Context:
The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "<t>pap</t> "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pap%1:10:00:: | definition=worthless or oversimplified ideas | synonyms=pablum
2. sense_key=pap%1:13:00:: | definition=a diet that does not require chewing; advised for those with intestinal disorders | synonyms=soft diet, spoon food
3. sense_key=pap%1:08:00:: | definition=the small projection of a mammary gland | synonyms=nipple, mammilla, mamilla, teat, tit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context talks about courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy that the author took in college, describing them as "pap" courses. The meaning here is that these courses contained worthless or oversimplified ideas - they were intellectually empty or trivial.

Sense 1: worthless or oversimplified ideas (pablum) - this fits perfectly.
Sense 2: a diet that does not require chewing - doesn't fit.
Sense 3: the small projection of a mammary gland - doesn't fit.

The answer is sense 1.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: course
Target surface form: courses
Context:
The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "<t>courses</t>. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=course%1:04:01:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
2. sense_key=course%1:14:00:: | definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=line | examples=the government took a firm course; historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available
3. sense_key=course%1:15:00:: | definition=general line of orientation | synonyms=trend | examples=the river takes a southern course; the northeastern trend of the coast
4. sense_key=course%1:04:00:: | definition=a mode of action | synonyms=course of action | examples=if you persist in that course you will surely fail; once a nation is embarked on a course of action it becomes extremely difficult for any retraction to take place
5. sense_key=course%1:17:00:: | definition=a line or route along which something travels or moves | synonyms=path, track | examples=the hurricane demolished houses in its path; the track of an animal
6. sense_key=course%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, grade | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
7. sense_key=course%1:13:00:: | definition=part of a meal served at one time | examples=she prepared a three course meal
8. sense_key=course%1:06:01:: | definition=(construction) a layer of masonry | synonyms=row | examples=a course of bricks
9. sense_key=course%1:06:00:: | definition=facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport | examples=the course had only nine holes; the course was less than a mile

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "courses" in the context: "They could all fairly be described as 'pap' courses."
This is referring to courses taken in college (educational psychology and educational philosophy). This is clearly about education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings.

Sense 1: education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings (course of study, course of instruction, class) - examples: "he took a course in basket weaving"

This matches perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
"Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on <t>teachers</t>, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses teachers as people who have an occupation in teaching, who took courses in educational psychology and philosophy, who are "schoolteachers," and who are "seriously committed to conscientious teaching." This clearly refers to a person whose occupation is teaching, not a personified abstraction.

Sense 1: a person whose occupation is teaching - matches perfectly.
Sense 2: a personified abstraction that teaches - does not match.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: distinct
Target surface form: distinct
Context:
"Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as <t>distinct</t> from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=distinct%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=(often followed by `from') not alike; different in nature or quality | synonyms=distinguishable | examples=plants of several distinct types; the word `nationalism' is used in at least two distinct senses
2. sense_key=distinct%3:00:00:: | definition=easy to perceive; especially clearly outlined | examples=a distinct flavor; a distinct odor of turpentine
3. sense_key=distinct%5:00:00:separate:00 | definition=constituting a separate entity or part | synonyms=discrete | examples=a government with three discrete divisions; on two distinct occasions
4. sense_key=distinct%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=recognizable; marked | synonyms=decided | examples=noticed a distinct improvement; at a distinct (or decided) disadvantage
5. sense_key=distinct%5:00:00:clear:00 | definition=clearly or sharply defined to the mind | synonyms=clear-cut, trenchant | examples=clear-cut evidence of tampering; Claudius was the first to invade Britain with distinct...intentions of conquest

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment."

The phrase "as distinct from" means "as separate from" or "as different from." Here, the author is contrasting teachers with the educational establishment, saying it's unfair to blame teachers as a group separate from the broader educational establishment.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. (often followed by `from') not alike; different in nature or quality - examples: plants of several distinct types; the word `nationalism' is used in at least two distinct senses
2. easy to perceive; especially clearly outlined - examples: a distinct flavor; a distinct odor of turpentine
3. constituting a separate entity or part - synonyms=discrete - examples: a government with three discrete divisions; on two distinct occasions
4. recognizable; marked - synonyms=decided - examples: noticed a distinct improvement; at a distinct (or decided) disadvantage
5. clearly or sharply defined to the mind - synonyms=clear-cut, trenchant - examples: clear-cut evidence of tampering; Claudius was the first to invade Britain with distinct...intentions of conquest

The phrase "as distinct from" is used to distinguish between two entities - teachers vs. the educational establishment. The author is saying teachers are a separate entity from the educational establishment, and it's unfair to dump on teachers when they are distinct from (separate from/different from) the establishment.

Sense 1 explicitly mentions "often followed by 'from'" and means "not alike; different in nature or quality." This fits well because the author is contrasting teachers with the educational establishment, saying they are different entities.

Sense 3 means "constituting a separate entity or part" with synonyms=discrete. This could also fit because teachers are being treated as a separate entity from the educational establishment.

The key question is whether the meaning is "different in nature or quality" (sense 1) or "constituting a separate entity or part" (sense 3).

In the phrase "as distinct from," the usage typically means "as separate from" or "as different from." The author is making a distinction between two groups - teachers and the educational establishment - saying they should be treated as separate entities.

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "plants of several distinct types" and "the word `nationalism' is used in at least two distinct senses" - these show different types or meanings
- Sense 3: "a government with three discrete divisions" and "on two distinct occasions" - these show separate parts or separate instances

The phrase "as distinct from" is most commonly used to mean "as separate from" or "as different from." In this context, the author is saying teachers should be considered separately from the educational establishment - they are a separate entity.

I think sense 1 is the best fit here because:
1. It explicitly mentions "often followed by 'from'" which matches the usage "as distinct from"
2. The meaning "not alike; different in nature or quality" captures the contrast being made between teachers and the educational establishment
3. The synonym "distinguishable" fits - teachers are distinguishable from the educational establishment

Actually, let me reconsider. The phrase "as distinct from" here means the author is drawing a distinction between two groups. The teachers are being contrasted with the educational establishment. The author is saying "it is unfair to dump on teachers, as [a group] distinct from [i.e., separate from/different from] the educational establishment."

Sense 1 specifically notes the "from" construction and means "different in nature or quality." This seems to be the most appropriate sense for the phrase "as distinct from."

Sense 3 means "constituting a separate entity or part" which could also work, but the examples for sense 3 ("a government with three discrete divisions"; "on two distinct occasions") suggest it's more about separate parts or occasions rather than the "A as distinct from B" construction.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
"Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the <t>educational</t> establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "educational" in the context: "But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment."

Context analysis:
The passage discusses progressive education, teachers, courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy, and the "educational establishment."

In the phrase "educational establishment," the word "educational" is used as an adjective modifying "establishment." It refers to the system or institutions related to the process of education. It is similar to "educational psychology" (which is explicitly mentioned as an example for sense 1) and "educational philosophy" (also mentioned in the text).

Sense 1: relating to the process of education (examples: educational psychology)
Sense 2: providing knowledge (examples: an educational film)

In "educational establishment," it means relating to the process/system of education, not "providing knowledge." An "educational establishment" is an institution relating to education, not an institution that provides knowledge in the way an "educational film" does.

The context also explicitly mentions "educational psychology" and "educational philosophy," which match the example for sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: establishment
Target surface form: establishment
Context:
"Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational <t>establishment</t>. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=establishment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of forming or establishing something | synonyms=constitution, formation, organization, organisation | examples=the constitution of a PTA group last year; it was the establishment of his reputation
2. sense_key=establishment%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization founded and united for a specific purpose | synonyms=institution
3. sense_key=establishment%1:14:02:: | definition=the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something | synonyms=administration, governance, governing body, brass, organization, organisation | examples=he claims that the present administration is corrupt; the governance of an association is responsible to its members
4. sense_key=establishment%1:06:00:: | definition=a public or private structure (business or governmental or educational) including buildings and equipment for business or residence
5. sense_key=establishment%1:14:01:: | definition=any large organization
6. sense_key=establishment%1:22:00:: | definition=(ecology) the process by which a plant or animal becomes established in a new habitat | synonyms=ecesis
7. sense_key=establishment%1:09:00:: | definition=the cognitive process of establishing a valid proof | synonyms=validation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about the "educational establishment". The text distinguishes between individual teachers and the "educational establishment". This refers to the people and institutions that run the educational system - the administration, governing bodies, departments, etc.

Sense 3: "the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something" with synonyms like "administration, governance, governing body, brass, organization". This fits well because the "educational establishment" refers to the administrative body/system that governs education, as distinct from individual teachers.

Sense 5: "any large organization" - this is also possible, but sense 3 is more specific and fitting.

Sense 2: "an organization founded and united for a specific purpose" with synonym "institution" - also possible but less specific.

The phrase "the educational establishment" is a common collocation referring to the powerful people and organizations that control education policy, which aligns best with sense 3 - the persons/committees/departments who administer something.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Educational establishment" could also refer to the institution(s) of education more broadly. But the contrast in the text is between individual teachers and the broader administrative/governing structure. Sense 3 seems most appropriate.

Wait, but "establishment" in "the educational establishment" often refers to the entrenched power structure - the institutions, administrators, policymakers. Sense 3 with its emphasis on "persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something" fits this well.

I'll go with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I <t>know</t> many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "know" in the context: "I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching."

The sentence means "I am personally familiar with / acquainted with many schoolteachers."
This aligns with the definition "be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object."
Examples: "She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?"
This corresponds to sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: seriously
Target surface form: seriously
Context:
It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are <t>seriously</t> committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=seriously%4:02:00:: | definition=in a serious manner | synonyms=earnestly, in earnest | examples=talking earnestly with his son; she started studying snakes in earnest
2. sense_key=seriously%4:02:01:: | definition=to a severe or serious degree | synonyms=badly, severely, gravely | examples=fingers so badly frozen they had to be amputated; badly injured

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "seriously" in the context: "they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching."

Sense 1: "in a serious manner" - synonyms: earnestly, in earnest - examples: talking earnestly with his son; she started studying snakes in earnest
Sense 2: "to a severe or serious degree" - synonyms: badly, severely, gravely - examples: fingers so badly frozen they had to be amputated; badly injured

In this context, "seriously committed" means they are committed in an earnest, serious manner - not that they are committed to a severe degree. The word modifies "committed," indicating the manner of their commitment.

Sense 1 fits better here. The teachers are earnestly/in earnest committed to conscientious teaching.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: committed
Target surface form: committed
Context:
It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously <t>committed</t> to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=committed%3:00:00:: | definition=bound or obligated, as under a pledge to a particular cause, action, or attitude | examples=committed church members; a committed Marxist
2. sense_key=committed%3:00:04:: | definition=associated in an exclusive sexual relationship | synonyms=attached

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about teachers being "seriously committed to conscientious teaching." This means they are dedicated and bound to their cause of teaching.

Sense 1: "bound or obligated, as under a pledge to a particular cause, action, or attitude" - examples include "committed church members" and "committed Marxist." This fits the context of teachers being dedicated to teaching.

Sense 2: "associated in an exclusive sexual relationship" - this is about romantic relationships, which doesn't fit the context at all.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teaching
Target surface form: teaching
Context:
It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious <t>teaching</t>. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teaching%1:04:00:: | definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=instruction, pedagogy | examples=he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession
2. sense_key=teaching%1:09:00:: | definition=a doctrine that is taught | synonyms=precept, commandment | examples=the teachings of religion; he believed all the Christian precepts
3. sense_key=teaching%1:04:01:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, instruction, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "schoolteachers" who are "seriously committed to conscientious teaching." This refers to the act of educating or instructing, not the profession itself (though it's related), and not a doctrine.

Let me look at the candidates:
1. teaching%1:04:00:: - the profession of a teacher
2. teaching%1:09:00:: - a doctrine that is taught
3. teaching%1:04:01:: - the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill

The context says "they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching." Here, "teaching" refers to the activity that teachers engage in - the act of educating or instructing. The sentence is about what teachers do (their activity), not about teaching as a profession (though the broader passage discusses the profession). "Conscientious teaching" emphasizes the quality of the activity itself.

So sense 3 is the best fit - the activities of educating or instructing.

provider: CoreWeave


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: best
Target surface form: best
Context:
It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "<t>best</t> and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=best%3:00:00:: | definition=(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities | examples=the best film of the year; the best solution
2. sense_key=best%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=better | examples=it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond
3. sense_key=good%3:00:01:: | definition=having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified | synonyms=good | examples=good news from the hospital; a good report card
4. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=full, good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
5. sense_key=good%3:00:02:: | definition=morally admirable | synonyms=good
6. sense_key=estimable%5:00:00:reputable:00 | definition=deserving of esteem and respect | synonyms=estimable, good, honorable, respectable | examples=all respectable companies give guarantees; ruined the family's good name
7. sense_key=beneficial%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=promoting or enhancing well-being | synonyms=beneficial, good | examples=an arms limitation agreement beneficial to all countries; the beneficial effects of a temperate climate
8. sense_key=good%5:00:00:nice:00 | definition=agreeable or pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=we all had a good time; good manners
9. sense_key=good%5:00:00:righteous:00 | definition=of moral excellence | synonyms=good, just, upright | examples=a genuinely good person; a just cause
10. sense_key=adept%5:00:00:skilled:00 | definition=having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude | synonyms=adept, expert, good, practiced, proficient, skillful | examples=adept in handicrafts; an adept juggler
11. sense_key=good%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=thorough | synonyms=good | examples=had a good workout; gave the house a good cleaning
12. sense_key=dear%5:00:00:close:02 | definition=with or in a close or intimate relationship | synonyms=dear, good, near | examples=a good friend; my sisters and brothers are near and dear
13. sense_key=dependable%5:00:00:sound:00 | definition=financially sound | synonyms=dependable, good, safe, secure | examples=a good investment; a secure investment
14. sense_key=good%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=good, right, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
15. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=good, well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
16. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=effective, good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
17. sense_key=good%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=capable of pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=good looks
18. sense_key=good%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=good, serious | examples=good music; a serious book
19. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=in excellent physical condition | synonyms=good, sound | examples=good teeth; I still have one good leg
20. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthful:00 | definition=tending to promote physical well-being; beneficial to health | synonyms=good, salutary | examples=beneficial effects of a balanced diet; a good night's sleep
21. sense_key=good%5:00:00:genuine:00 | definition=not forged | synonyms=good, honest | examples=a good dollar bill
22. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=not left to spoil | synonyms=good, undecomposed, unspoiled, unspoilt | examples=the meat is still good
23. sense_key=good%5:00:00:discriminating:00 | definition=generally admired | synonyms=good | examples=good taste

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about teachers not being among the "best and brightest" of their generation.
"Best" here is used as a superlative of "good", referring to people with the most positive qualities (intelligence, ability, etc.).
"the best film of the year" -> "the best and brightest" of their generation.
Sense 1: sense_key=best%3:00:00:: | definition=(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities | examples=the best film of the year; the best solution
This fits perfectly. "Best and brightest" means the people with the most positive qualities.
Sense 2 is comparative/superlative of 'well', wiser or more advantageous. Not applicable here.
Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bright
Target surface form: brightest
Context:
It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and <t>brightest</t> "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bright%3:00:00:: | definition=emitting or reflecting light readily or in large amounts | examples=the sun was bright and hot; a bright sunlit room
2. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:colorful:00 | definition=having striking color | synonyms=brilliant, vivid | examples=bright dress; brilliant tapestries
3. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:intelligent:00 | definition=characterized by quickness and ease in learning | synonyms=smart | examples=some children are brighter in one subject than another; smart children talk earlier than the average
4. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:light:06 | definition=having lots of light either natural or artificial | examples=the room was bright and airy; a stage bright with spotlights
5. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:polished:00 | definition=made smooth and bright by or as if by rubbing; reflecting a sheen or glow | synonyms=burnished, lustrous, shining, shiny | examples=bright silver candlesticks; a burnished brass knocker
6. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:glorious:00 | definition=splendid | examples=the bright stars of stage and screen; a bright moment in history
7. sense_key=bright%3:00:02:: | definition=not made dim or less bright | synonyms=undimmed | examples=undimmed headlights; surprisingly the curtain started to rise while the houselights were still undimmed
8. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:reverberant:00 | definition=clear and sharp and ringing | synonyms=brilliant | examples=the bright sound of the trumpet section; the brilliant sound of the trumpets
9. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:happy:00 | definition=characterized by happiness or gladness | examples=bright faces; all the world seems bright and gay
10. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:auspicious:00 | definition=full or promise | synonyms=hopeful, promising | examples=had a bright future in publishing; the scandal threatened an abrupt end to a promising political career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about teachers not being among the "best and brightest" of their generation. Here, "brightest" refers to intelligence and intellectual ability, as it's paired with "best" in the common idiom "best and brightest." The phrase refers to the most capable and intelligent people. This matches sense 3: "characterized by quickness and ease in learning" with synonym "smart."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: generation
Target surface form: generation
Context:
It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their <t>generation</t> -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=generation%1:14:01:: | definition=all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age | synonyms=coevals, contemporaries
2. sense_key=generation%1:14:00:: | definition=group of genetically related organisms constituting a single step in the line of descent
3. sense_key=generation%1:28:00:: | definition=the normal time between successive generations | examples=they had to wait a generation for that prejudice to fade
4. sense_key=generation%1:28:01:: | definition=a stage of technological development or innovation | examples=the third generation of computers
5. sense_key=generation%1:11:00:: | definition=a coming into being | synonyms=genesis
6. sense_key=generation%1:04:01:: | definition=the production of heat or electricity | examples=dams were built for the generation of electricity
7. sense_key=generation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of producing offspring or multiplying by such production | synonyms=multiplication, propagation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses "best and brightest of their generation", referring to people of approximately the same age group living at the same time. This matches sense 1: "all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: very
Target surface form: very
Context:
It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are <t>very</t> few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=very%4:02:00:: | definition=used as intensifiers; `real' is sometimes used informally for `really'; `rattling' is informal | synonyms=really, real, rattling | examples=she was very gifted; he played very well
2. sense_key=very%4:02:01:: | definition=precisely so | examples=on the very next page; he expected the very opposite

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "very" in the context: "there are very few such people, by definition."

Here, "very" is used as an intensifier modifying "few". It means "really" or "extremely" few.

Sense 1: used as intensifiers; `real' is sometimes used informally for `really'; `rattling' is informal. Examples: "she was very gifted; he played very well"
Sense 2: precisely so. Examples: "on the very next page; he expected the very opposite"

In the context "very few such people," "very" is an intensifier modifying "few." This matches sense 1.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: people
Context:
It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such <t>people</t>, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context says: "there are very few such people, by definition." This refers to the "best and brightest" of their generation. So "people" here means any group of human beings collectively, referring to individuals who are among the "best and brightest."

Sense 1: (plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively - examples: "old people"; "there were at least 200 people in the audience"

This seems to be the best fit. "There are very few such people" means there are very few such individuals/persons. Sense 1 is the general plural sense of "people" as human beings.

Sense 4 is about "the common people generally" (masses, hoi polloi) - this doesn't fit because the context is talking about the "best and brightest," not the common people.

Sense 2 is about citizens of a state - not relevant here.

Sense 3 is about family lines - not relevant.

So sense 1 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: job
Target surface form: jobs
Context:
I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their <t>jobs</t> well. Yes, we all can remember one or two truly inspiring teachers from our school days.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=job%1:04:00:: | definition=the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money | synonyms=occupation, business, line of work, line | examples=he's not in my line of business
2. sense_key=job%1:04:01:: | definition=a specific piece of work required to be done as a duty or for a specific fee | synonyms=task, chore | examples=estimates of the city's loss on that job ranged as high as a million dollars; the job of repairing the engine took several hours
3. sense_key=job%1:06:00:: | definition=a workplace; as in the expression | examples=on the job
4. sense_key=job%1:06:01:: | definition=an object worked on; a result produced by working | examples=he held the job in his left hand and worked on it with his right
5. sense_key=job%1:04:04:: | definition=the responsibility to do something | examples=it is their job to print the truth
6. sense_key=job%1:04:05:: | definition=the performance of a piece of work | examples=she did an outstanding job as Ophelia; he gave it up as a bad job
7. sense_key=job%1:04:03:: | definition=a damaging piece of work | examples=dry rot did the job of destroying the barn; the barber did a real job on my hair
8. sense_key=job%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=problem | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him
9. sense_key=job%1:18:00:: | definition=a Jewish hero in the Old Testament who maintained his faith in God in spite of afflictions that tested him
10. sense_key=job%1:18:01:: | definition=any long-suffering person who withstands affliction without despairing
11. sense_key=job%1:10:01:: | definition=(computer science) a program application that may consist of several steps but is a single logical unit
12. sense_key=job%1:10:00:: | definition=a book in the Old Testament containing Job's pleas to God about his afflictions and God's reply | synonyms=Book of Job
13. sense_key=job%1:04:02:: | definition=a crime (especially a robbery) | synonyms=caper | examples=the gang pulled off a bank job in St. Louis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about schoolteachers and doing their "jobs" well. The sentence says "But they need not be to do their jobs well." This refers to the principal activity in their life that they do to earn money - their occupation as teachers.

Sense 1: "the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money" with synonyms occupation, business, line of work, line. This fits because teachers' jobs are their occupation/profession.

Sense 2: "a specific piece of work required to be done as a duty or for a specific fee" - this is more about a specific task.

Sense 5: "the responsibility to do something" - this could also fit, as in "it is their job to print the truth."

The context is about schoolteachers doing their jobs well - this refers to their occupation/profession as teachers. Sense 1 seems most appropriate here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: well
Target surface form: well
Context:
I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs <t>well</t>. Yes, we all can remember one or two truly inspiring teachers from our school days.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=well%4:02:00:: | definition=(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (`good' is a nonstandard dialectal variant for `well') | synonyms=good | examples=the children behaved well; a task well done
2. sense_key=well%4:02:05:: | definition=thoroughly or completely; fully; often used as a combining form; ; ; ; ; , | examples=The problem is well understood; she was well informed
3. sense_key=well%4:02:03:: | definition=indicating high probability; in all likelihood | synonyms=easily | examples=I might well do it; a mistake that could easily have ended in disaster
4. sense_key=well%4:02:15:: | definition=(used for emphasis or as an intensifier) entirely or fully | examples=a book well worth reading; was well aware of the difficulties ahead
5. sense_key=well%4:02:08:: | definition=to a suitable or appropriate extent or degree | examples=the project was well underway; the fetus has well developed organs
6. sense_key=well%4:02:07:: | definition=favorably; with approval | examples=their neighbors spoke well of them; he thought well of the book
7. sense_key=well%4:02:11:: | definition=to a great extent or degree | synonyms=considerably, substantially | examples=I'm afraid the film was well over budget; painting the room white made it seem considerably (or substantially) larger
8. sense_key=well%4:02:14:: | definition=with great or especially intimate knowledge | synonyms=intimately | examples=we knew them well
9. sense_key=well%4:02:13:: | definition=with prudence or propriety | examples=You would do well to say nothing more; could not well refuse
10. sense_key=well%4:02:12:: | definition=with skill or in a pleasing manner | examples=she dances well; he writes well
11. sense_key=well%4:02:10:: | definition=in a manner affording benefit or advantage | synonyms=advantageously | examples=she married well; The children were settled advantageously in Seattle
12. sense_key=well%4:02:09:: | definition=in financial comfort | synonyms=comfortably | examples=They live well; she has been able to live comfortably since her husband died
13. sense_key=well%4:02:01:: | definition=without unusual distress or resentment; with good humor | examples=took the joke well; took the tragic news well

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "well" in the sentence: "But they need not be to do their jobs well."

Let's analyze the context:
The text is talking about schoolteachers. It says "they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the 'best and brightest' of their generation... But they need not be to do their jobs well."

The phrase "do their jobs well" means performing their jobs in a good or proper or satisfactory manner, or to a high standard.

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. (often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (`good' is a nonstandard dialectal variant for `well') | synonyms=good | examples=the children behaved well; a task well done
2. thoroughly or completely; fully; often used as a combining form | examples=The problem is well understood; she was well informed
3. indicating high probability; in all likelihood | synonyms=easily | examples=I might well do it; a mistake that could easily have ended in disaster
4. (used for emphasis or as an intensifier) entirely or fully | examples=a book well worth reading; was well aware of the difficulties ahead
5. to a suitable or appropriate extent or degree | examples=the project was well underway; the fetus has well developed organs
6. favorably; with approval | examples=their neighbors spoke well of them; he thought well of the book
7. to a great extent or degree | synonyms=considerably, substantially | examples=I'm afraid the film was well over budget; painting the room white made it seem considerably (or substantially) larger
8. with great or especially intimate knowledge | synonyms=intimately | examples=we knew them well
9. with prudence or propriety | examples=You would do well to say nothing more; could not well refuse
10. with skill or in a pleasing manner | examples=she dances well; he writes well
11. in a manner affording benefit or advantage | synonyms=advantageously | examples=she married well; The children were settled advantageously in Seattle
12. in financial comfort | synonyms=comfortably | examples=They live well; she has been able to live comfortably since her husband died
13. without unusual distress or resentment; with good humor | examples=took the joke well; took the tragic news well

"do their jobs well" matches "in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard". Example: "a task well done" is very close to "do their jobs well".
Also, sense 10 is "with skill or in a pleasing manner" (she dances well; he writes well). "Do their jobs well" could be related to skill, but "a task well done" is an exact parallel to "do their jobs well".
Wait, let me double check sense 1 vs 10.
Sense 1: "in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (`good' is a nonstandard dialectal variant for `well')" | examples=the children behaved well; a task well done
Sense 10: "with skill or in a pleasing manner" | examples=she dances well; he writes well

"do their jobs well" - doing a job well means in a satisfactory manner, or to a high standard. "a task well done" is in sense 1.

Let's check the sense indices.
1: well%4:02:00::
10: well%4:02:12::

Sense 1 fits perfectly because of "a task well done" and "in a good or proper or satisfactory manner".

I will choose sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: remember
Target surface form: remember
Context:
They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well. Yes, we all can <t>remember</t> one or two truly inspiring teachers from our school days. But our education proceeded at the hands of those others, who were merely competent and conscientious.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=remember%2:31:00:: | definition=recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection | synonyms=retrieve, recall, call back, call up, recollect, think | examples=I can't remember saying any such thing; I can't think what her last name was
2. sense_key=remember%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind for attention or consideration | synonyms=think of | examples=Remember the Alamo; Remember to call your mother every day!
3. sense_key=remember%2:31:02:: | definition=recapture the past; indulge in memories | synonyms=think back | examples=he remembered how he used to pick flowers
4. sense_key=remember%2:40:00:: | definition=show appreciation to | examples=He remembered her in his will
5. sense_key=remember%2:32:07:: | definition=mention favorably, as in prayer | examples=remember me in your prayers
6. sense_key=remember%2:32:00:: | definition=mention as by way of greeting or to indicate friendship | synonyms=commend | examples=Remember me to your wife
7. sense_key=remember%2:31:08:: | definition=exercise, or have the power of, memory | examples=After the shelling, many people lost the ability to remember; some remember better than others
8. sense_key=remember%2:31:09:: | definition=call to remembrance; keep alive the memory of someone or something, as in a ceremony | synonyms=commemorate | examples=We remembered the 50th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz; Remember the dead of the First World War

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "Yes, we all can remember one or two truly inspiring teachers from our school days."

This is about recalling memories from the past. The person is talking about recalling specific inspiring teachers from their school days.

Sense 1: "recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection" - examples: "I can't remember saying any such thing" - this is about recalling something.
Sense 3: "recapture the past; indulge in memories" - examples: "he remembered how he used to pick flowers" - this is about nostalgic recollection of past experiences.

The context "we all can remember one or two truly inspiring teachers from our school days" is about recalling memories from school days, which is recapturing the past/indulging in memories. This fits sense 3 well.

However, sense 1 could also apply since it's about having a recollection.

Let me think more carefully. "We all can remember one or two truly inspiring teachers" - this is about recalling specific people from the past.

Sense 1 is about recalling knowledge from memory, having a recollection. The example "I can't remember saying any such thing" is about recalling a specific event/fact.

Sense 3 is about "recapture the past; indulge in memories" with the example "he remembered how he used to pick flowers" - this is more about nostalgic reminiscence.

The context here is about recalling specific teachers from school days - it's a recollection of past experiences. Both senses 1 and 3 could apply, but sense 3 seems more fitting because it's specifically about recalling past experiences/memories from one's past (school days), rather than just recalling a fact.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Remember one or two truly inspiring teachers" - this is recalling/recollecting people from memory. Sense 1 says "recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection" which is more general. Sense 3 says "recapture the past; indulge in memories" which is specifically about past memories/experiences.

The context is clearly about recalling memories from school days (the past), so sense 3 seems most appropriate.

But wait - "we all can remember one or two truly inspiring teachers from our school days" - is this indulging in memories/recapturing the past, or is it simply having a recollection?

I think sense 3 is the best fit because the context is specifically about recalling past experiences (school days), which aligns with "recapture the past; indulge in memories" and the example "he remembered how he used to pick flowers."

Let me go with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: truly
Target surface form: truly
Context:
They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well. Yes, we all can remember one or two <t>truly</t> inspiring teachers from our school days. But our education proceeded at the hands of those others, who were merely competent and conscientious.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=truly%4:02:00:: | definition=in accordance with truth or fact or reality | synonyms=genuinely, really | examples=she was now truly American; a genuinely open society
2. sense_key=truly%4:02:01:: | definition=by right | synonyms=rightfully | examples=baseball rightfully is the nation's pastime
3. sense_key=truly%4:02:03:: | definition=with sincerity; without pretense | synonyms=sincerely, unfeignedly | examples=she praised him sincerely for his victory; was unfeignedly glad to see his old teacher
4. sense_key=truly%4:02:04:: | definition=in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers) | synonyms=in truth, really | examples=in truth, moral decay hastened the decline of the Roman Empire; really, you shouldn't have done it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "truly" in the sentence: "Yes, we all can remember one or two truly inspiring teachers from our school days."

Here, "truly" is modifying "inspiring" as an intensifier. It means "really" or "genuinely" inspiring - in fact inspiring.

Let me look at the candidates:

1. "in accordance with truth or fact or reality" - synonyms: genuinely, really - examples: "she was now truly American; a genuinely open society"
2. "by right" - synonyms: rightfully - examples: "baseball rightfully is the nation's pastime"
3. "with sincerity; without pretense" - synonyms: sincerely, unfeignedly - examples: "she praised him sincerely for his victory"
4. "in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers)" - synonyms: in truth, really - examples: "in truth, moral decay hastened the decline of the Roman Empire; really, you shouldn't have done it"

In the context "truly inspiring teachers," "truly" is functioning as an intensifier meaning "really" or "genuinely." It's saying these teachers were genuinely/actually inspiring.

Sense 1 seems to fit well - "in accordance with truth or fact or reality" with synonyms "genuinely, really" and example "a genuinely open society" which is similar to "truly inspiring."

Sense 4 is about sentence modifiers/intensifiers, but the examples show it modifying entire sentences ("in truth, moral decay hastened..." and "really, you shouldn't have done it"). In our context, "truly" is modifying the adjective "inspiring," not the whole sentence.

Sense 1's example "a genuinely open society" shows "truly" (or its synonym "genuinely") modifying an adjective, which is exactly what's happening in "truly inspiring teachers."

So I'll go with sense 1.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well. Yes, we all can remember one or two truly inspiring <t>teachers</t> from our school days. But our education proceeded at the hands of those others, who were merely competent and conscientious.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context talks about "teachers" in schools, describing them as "schoolteachers" who are committed to teaching, who are among a generation of people, and who do jobs. This clearly refers to actual people whose occupation is teaching, not personified abstractions.

Sense 1: a person whose occupation is teaching - fits perfectly.
Sense 2: a personified abstraction that teaches - doesn't fit; the context refers to real people in schools.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well. Yes, we all can remember one or two truly inspiring teachers from our school days. But our <t>education</t> proceeded at the hands of those others, who were merely competent and conscientious. In this sense, a teacher can be compared to one's family doctor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "education" in the context: "But our education proceeded at the hands of those others, who were merely competent and conscientious."

Let's analyze the context:
- "our education proceeded" - this refers to the process of acquiring knowledge over time, through the hands of teachers.
- The sentence talks about how their education was carried out by teachers who were "merely competent and conscientious."

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. education%1:04:00:: - the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill (synonyms: instruction, teaching, pedagogy) - This is about the activities of teaching.
2. education%1:09:00:: - knowledge acquired by learning and instruction - This is about the knowledge itself.
3. education%1:09:01:: - the gradual process of acquiring knowledge - This is about the process of acquiring knowledge.
4. education%1:04:01:: - the profession of teaching - This is about the profession.
5. education%1:07:01:: - the result of good upbringing - Not relevant here.
6. education%1:14:00:: - the United States federal department - Not relevant here.

The context says "our education proceeded at the hands of those others." This suggests a process - the education "proceeded" over time, at the hands of teachers.

Sense 3 (the gradual process of acquiring knowledge) seems to fit best because:
- "education" here refers to the process that "proceeded" over time
- The example "a girl's education was less important than a boy's" also refers to the ongoing process of education one receives

Sense 1 is about the activities of educating (teaching activities), but the sentence says "our education proceeded" - it's about the students' experience, not the teachers' activities.

Sense 2 is about knowledge acquired, but the context emphasizes the process ("proceeded at the hands of").

So sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: proceed
Target surface form: proceeded
Context:
But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well. Yes, we all can remember one or two truly inspiring teachers from our school days. But our education <t>proceeded</t> at the hands of those others, who were merely competent and conscientious. In this sense, a teacher can be compared to one's family doctor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=proceed%2:32:00:: | definition=continue talking;  he continued, | synonyms=continue, go on, carry on | examples=I know it's hard,; but there is no choice
2. sense_key=proceed%2:38:00:: | definition=move ahead; travel onward in time or space | synonyms=go forward, continue | examples=We proceeded towards Washington; She continued in the direction of the hills
3. sense_key=proceed%2:41:00:: | definition=follow a procedure or take a course | synonyms=go, move | examples=We should go farther in this matter; She went through a lot of trouble
4. sense_key=proceed%2:30:00:: | definition=follow a certain course | synonyms=go | examples=The inauguration went well; how did your interview go?
5. sense_key=proceed%2:42:00:: | definition=continue a certain state, condition, or activity | synonyms=continue, go on, go along, keep | examples=Keep on working!; We continued to work into the night

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "proceeded" in the context: "But our education proceeded at the hands of those others, who were merely competent and conscientious."

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence talks about education proceeding at the hands of competent teachers.
- "proceeded" here means the education continued or went on over time.
- It's about education continuing/progressing through the efforts of these teachers.

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. proceed%2:32:00:: - "continue talking" - This is about continuing to speak, which doesn't fit here. The context is about education proceeding, not someone talking.

2. proceed%2:38:00:: - "move ahead; travel onward in time or space" - Examples: "We proceeded towards Washington; She continued in the direction of the hills." This is about physical movement or traveling onward. While "in time or space" is mentioned, the examples suggest physical movement.

3. proceed%2:41:00:: - "follow a procedure or take a course" - Examples: "We should go farther in this matter; She went through a lot of trouble." This is about following a procedure or course of action.

4. proceed%2:30:00:: - "follow a certain course" - Examples: "The inauguration went well; how did your interview go?" This is about how something goes or unfolds.

5. proceed%2:42:00:: - "continue a certain state, condition, or activity" - Examples: "Keep on working!; We continued to work into the night." This is about continuing an activity or state.

In the context, "our education proceeded at the hands of those others" means the education continued or went on. The education is an ongoing activity that continued over time.

Sense 5 (continue a certain state, condition, or activity) seems to fit well because education is an activity that continued. The synonyms "continue, go on, go along, keep" match the meaning here - the education continued/went on at the hands of these teachers.

Sense 2 (move ahead; travel onward in time or space) could also potentially fit since it mentions "travel onward in time" and the education proceeded over time. But the examples are more about physical movement towards a destination.

Sense 4 (follow a certain course) - "The inauguration went well" - this is about how something unfolds or goes. "Our education proceeded" could mean how the education went/unfolded. But this seems more about the manner of proceeding (well/badly) rather than the continuation itself.

Let me reconsider. The sentence says "But our education proceeded at the hands of those others." This means the education continued/went on, was carried out, or progressed through the efforts of these other teachers.

Sense 5: "continue a certain state, condition, or activity" with synonyms "continue, go on, go along, keep" and examples "Keep on working!; We continued to work into the night" - This fits well because education is an activity that continued over time.

Actually, let me reconsider sense 2 again. "Move ahead; travel onward in time or space" - "We proceeded towards Washington; She continued in the direction of the hills." This could mean progress/move forward in time, which is what education does - it progresses/moves ahead over time. But the examples are about physical spatial movement.

I think sense 5 is the best fit. "Our education proceeded" = "Our education continued" as an activity over time. The education went on, continued, was carried out.

Wait, let me also consider sense 4 more carefully. "follow a certain course" with example "The inauguration went well; how did your interview go?" This is about how events unfold or proceed. "Our education proceeded at the hands of those others" could mean the education took its course/was carried out by those others. But the sense seems to be about the manner in which something goes (well/badly) rather than the continuation itself.

And sense 3: "follow a procedure or take a course" - "We should go farther in this matter; She went through a lot of trouble." This is about following a procedure or taking a course of action.

I'll go with sense 5: "continue a certain state, condition, or activity" - "Our education proceeded" = "Our education continued" as an ongoing activity.

Actually, wait. Let me reconsider all senses one more time.

The context: "But our education proceeded at the hands of those others, who were merely competent and conscientious."

This is saying that the education was carried on, continued, or progressed through the work of these other (merely competent) teachers. The emphasis is on the continuation of education as an activity over time.

Sense 5: "continue a certain state, condition, or activity" - synonyms: continue, go on, go along, keep - examples: "Keep on working!; We continued to work into the night"

This seems to be the best fit. The education continued (as an activity) at the hands of these teachers.

Sense 2: "move ahead; travel onward in time or space" - This could work if we interpret "proceeded" as "moved ahead in time" (progressed), but the examples are about spatial movement.

I'm going to go with sense 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: competent
Target surface form: competent
Context:
But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well. Yes, we all can remember one or two truly inspiring teachers from our school days. But our education proceeded at the hands of those others, who were merely <t>competent</t> and conscientious. In this sense, a teacher can be compared to one's family doctor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=competent%3:00:00:: | definition=properly or sufficiently qualified or capable or efficient | examples=a competent typist
2. sense_key=competent%5:00:00:adequate:00 | definition=adequate for the purpose | examples=a competent performance
3. sense_key=competent%3:00:02:: | definition=legally qualified or sufficient | examples=a competent court; competent testimony

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "competent" in the context: "But our education proceeded at the hands of those others, who were merely <t>competent</t> and conscientious."

The context contrasts "truly inspiring teachers" with those who were "merely competent and conscientious." The word "merely" suggests that these teachers were adequate or sufficient for the purpose, but not exceptional. They were capable of doing their jobs well, but not among the "best and brightest."

Sense 1: "properly or sufficiently qualified or capable or efficient" - This is about being qualified or capable.
Sense 2: "adequate for the purpose" - This aligns well with "merely competent," suggesting they were adequate but not exceptional.
Sense 3: "legally qualified or sufficient" - This is a legal sense, not applicable here.

The use of "merely competent" strongly suggests sense 2, "adequate for the purpose." The context emphasizes that these teachers weren't exceptional but were good enough to do their jobs well. The word "merely" implies a baseline level of adequacy rather than high qualification or capability.

However, sense 1 could also fit: "properly or sufficiently qualified or capable or efficient." The teachers were capable and qualified to do their jobs.

The distinction between sense 1 and sense 2:
- Sense 1 emphasizes qualification and capability (being properly qualified)
- Sense 2 emphasizes adequacy (being adequate for the purpose)

The context says "they need not be to do their jobs well" and "merely competent." This suggests they were adequate for the purpose of teaching, which aligns with sense 2. The word "merely" particularly supports sense 2, as it implies "just adequate" rather than "highly qualified."

Also, the example for sense 2 is "a competent performance," which is similar to a competent teaching performance.

I'll go with sense 2.