[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: process
Target surface form: process
Context:
They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the <t>process</t> of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=process%1:04:00:: | definition=a particular course of action intended to achieve a result | synonyms=procedure | examples=the procedure of obtaining a driver's license; it was a process of trial and error
2. sense_key=process%1:09:00:: | definition=(psychology) the performance of some composite cognitive activity; an operation that affects mental contents | synonyms=cognitive process, mental process, operation, cognitive operation | examples=the process of thinking; the cognitive operation of remembering
3. sense_key=process%1:10:00:: | definition=a writ issued by authority of law; usually compels the defendant's attendance in a civil suit; failure to appear results in a default judgment against the defendant | synonyms=summons
4. sense_key=process%1:09:01:: | definition=a mental process that you are not directly aware of | synonyms=unconscious process | examples=the process of denial
5. sense_key=process%1:08:00:: | definition=a natural prolongation or projection from a part of an organism either animal or plant | synonyms=outgrowth, appendage | examples=a bony process
6. sense_key=process%1:03:00:: | definition=a sustained phenomenon or one marked by gradual changes through a series of states | synonyms=physical process | examples=events now in process; the process of calcification begins later for boys than for girls

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "process" in the context: "New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment..."

"In the process of" means currently undergoing a particular course of action. Let me look at the senses:

1. procedure - a particular course of action intended to achieve a result
6. physical process - a sustained phenomenon or one marked by gradual changes through a series of states; examples include "events now in process"

The phrase "in the process of trying to disengage" suggests an ongoing course of action. Sense 1 is about a particular course of action intended to achieve a result. Sense 6 is about a sustained phenomenon marked by gradual changes through a series of states, with the example "events now in process."

The phrase "in the process of" here means "in the midst of" or "currently engaged in" a course of action. This aligns more with sense 1 (a particular course of action intended to achieve a result) or sense 6 (a sustained phenomenon).

Looking more carefully, "in the process of" typically means being in the midst of doing something - it's about a course of action. Sense 1 seems to fit better: "a particular course of action intended to achieve a result." The context describes New York trying to achieve the result of disengaging from a commitment.

But sense 6's example "events now in process" is very close to "in the process of." However, sense 6 is described as a "physical process" - a sustained phenomenon marked by gradual changes through a series of states. This seems more about physical/natural processes.

Actually, looking at the example for sense 6: "events now in process; the process of calcification begins later for boys than for girls" - this seems to be about ongoing physical phenomena.

The phrase "in the process of trying to disengage" is about an ongoing course of action. Sense 1 (procedure - a particular course of action intended to achieve a result) seems to be the best fit. New York is in the midst of a particular course of action (trying to disengage).

I'll go with sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: try
Target surface form: trying
Context:
They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of <t>trying</t> to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=try%2:41:00:: | definition=make an effort or attempt | synonyms=seek, attempt, essay, assay | examples=He tried to shake off his fears; The infant had essayed a few wobbly steps
2. sense_key=try%2:41:01:: | definition=put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to | synonyms=test, prove, try out, examine, essay | examples=This approach has been tried with good results; Test this recipe
3. sense_key=try%2:41:06:: | definition=put on trial or hear a case and sit as the judge at the trial of | synonyms=judge, adjudicate | examples=The football star was tried for the murder of his wife; The judge tried both father and son in separate trials
4. sense_key=try%2:34:00:: | definition=take a sample of | synonyms=sample, try out, taste | examples=Try these new crackers; Sample the regional dishes
5. sense_key=try%2:41:05:: | definition=examine or hear (evidence or a case) by judicial process | synonyms=hear | examples=The jury had heard all the evidence; The case will be tried in California
6. sense_key=try%2:37:01:: | definition=give pain or trouble to | examples=I've been sorely tried by these students
7. sense_key=try%2:37:00:: | definition=test the limits of | synonyms=strain, stress | examples=You are trying my patience!
8. sense_key=try%2:30:00:: | definition=melt (fat or lard) in order to separate out impurities | synonyms=render | examples=try the yak butter; render fat in a casserole
9. sense_key=try%2:29:00:: | definition=put on a garment in order to see whether it fits and looks nice | synonyms=try on | examples=Try on this sweater to see how it looks

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "trying" in the context: "New York is in the process of <t>trying</t> to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance"

Here, "trying to disengage" means making an effort or attempt to disengage. This matches sense 1: "make an effort or attempt" with synonyms like seek, attempt, essay, assay.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: system
Target surface form: system
Context:
They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this <t>system</t> of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=system%1:06:00:: | definition=instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity | examples=he bought a new stereo system; the system consists of a motor and a small computer
2. sense_key=system%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole | synonyms=scheme | examples=a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going
3. sense_key=system%1:27:00:: | definition=(physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium | examples=in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface; a system generating hydrogen peroxide
4. sense_key=system%1:09:00:: | definition=a complex of methods or rules governing behavior | synonyms=system of rules | examples=they have to operate under a system they oppose; that language has a complex system for indicating gender
5. sense_key=system%1:09:02:: | definition=an organized structure for arranging or classifying | synonyms=arrangement, organization, organisation | examples=he changed the arrangement of the topics; the facts were familiar but it was in the organization of them that he was original
6. sense_key=system%1:08:00:: | definition=a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts | examples=the body has a system of organs for digestion
7. sense_key=system%1:09:01:: | definition=a procedure or process for obtaining an objective | examples=they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation
8. sense_key=system%1:08:01:: | definition=the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole | examples=exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system
9. sense_key=system%1:07:00:: | definition=an ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being methodical and well organized | synonyms=organization, organisation | examples=his compulsive organization was not an endearing quality; we can't do it unless we establish some system around here

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "system" in the context: "New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance..."

The context talks about a "system of school governance", which involves locally elected school boards. This is a method or arrangement for governing schools.

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity (e.g. stereo system)
2. a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole (e.g. economic system of production/distribution/consumption)
3. physical chemistry sample of matter
4. a complex of methods or rules governing behavior (system of rules)
5. an organized structure for arranging or classifying (arrangement, organization)
6. anatomically related organs
7. a procedure or process for obtaining an objective
8. living body
9. ordered manner; orderliness

"System of school governance" refers to a structured way of governing schools, involving school boards, etc.
Sense 4: "a complex of methods or rules governing behavior" - examples: "they have to operate under a system they oppose; that language has a complex system for indicating gender". "Governance" relates to rules and methods. "System of rules".
Sense 2: "a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole" - examples: "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going". This often applies to social/economic/political systems.
Wait, does "system of school governance" fit Sense 2 or Sense 4?
School governance usually involves a set of rules, structures, and methods. "A complex of methods or rules governing behavior" fits "system of rules".
Let's re-read Sense 4: "a complex of methods or rules governing behavior".
But "system of school governance" is a political/administrative system.
Let's consider Sense 4. "governing behavior" might fit governance. "they have to operate under a system they oppose".
However, "school governance" is a political/social system. Is it Sense 2?
Sense 2: "a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole" - synonyms=scheme.
Actually, wait. WordNet has "system" as a hypernym of "form of government", "political system". But that is not in the candidate senses.
Let's look at the candidates again.
1. system%1:06:00:: (artifact)
2. system%1:14:00:: (group)
4. system%1:09:00:: (system of rules)
5. system%1:09:02:: (arrangement, organization)

What about "system of school governance"? A "system of governance" usually refers to a method/structure of governing. Sense 4 definition: "a complex of methods or rules governing behavior". Does "school governance" govern behavior? Not really, it governs the school.
Wait, what about Sense 4 vs Sense 2?
In "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going" (Sense 2), it's an abstract, socioeconomic system.
"this system of school governance" could be a "complex of methods or rules" (Sense 4) or an "organized structure" (Sense 5) or "group of interrelated elements" (Sense 2).
Wait, look at "system of rules" in Sense 4.
Let's see if there is another WordNet definition for "system".
Ah, Sense 4 is `system%1:09:00::` which is defined as "a complex of methods or rules governing behavior" and has the synonym "system of rules".
Could "system of school governance" be Sense 4?
"system of governance" -> rules governing behavior. "governance" is the act of governing. So a system of governance is a system of methods or rules for governing.

Wait, let's check if there's a better fit.
Could it be Sense 5: "an organized structure for arranging or classifying"? No.
Could it be Sense 2: "a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole"?
Actually, "system of government" or "political system" in WordNet is under `system%1:14:00::`?
Let's check the hypernym tree for WordNet 3.0.
`system%1:14:00::` is "a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole".
Hypernyms of `system%1:14:00::`: `group%1:03:00::`.
Hyponyms of `system%1:14:00::`: `scheme%1:14:00::`, `hierarchy%1:14:00::`, `ecosystem%1:14:00::`, `body%1:14:00::`, `social system%1:14:00::`, `network%1:14:00::`, `subsystem%1:14:00::`, `theory%1:14:00::`, ...
Wait, `social system` is a hyponym of `system%1:14:00::`.
"form of government" is under `social system`?
Yes, "form of government" -> "political system" -> "social system" -> `system%1:14:00::`.
So "this system of school governance" refers to a social or political system. It fits `system%1:14:00::` (Sense 2).
Let's verify.
`system%1:09:00::` is "a complex of methods or rules governing behavior". Its hyponyms: "accounting", "honor system", "merit system", "point system", "spoils system". "Spoils system" is a system of governance, isn't it?
Wait. "Spoils system" is "the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power". It is a method or rule for governing.
But "this system of school governance" refers to "Locally elected school boards". It's a structure of governance, a political/social system. Is it Sense 2?
Wait, let's look closely at the text: "New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance". It refers to locally elected school boards. This is a "political system" or "social system".
Sense 2 definition: "a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole".
Sense 4 definition: "a complex of methods or rules governing behavior".
Does "system of school governance" mean "a complex of methods or rules governing behavior"? "Governance" is the action of governing, but "school governance" is the administration of schools. The locally elected school boards are the interrelated elements comprising a unified whole.
Let's look at WordNet sense 4 again. Does it fit "this system of school governance"? "a complex of methods or rules governing behavior". The school board is not just methods or rules, it's an administrative/political system.
But wait, if "system of governance" is a system of rules, it would fit 4.
If it's a social system, it's 2.
Actually, what if it is Sense 4?
Let's look at the example for Sense 4: "they have to operate under a system they oppose".
What about Sense 2: "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going".
The text talks about "school governance" and "Community involvement", which is a way of running the schools. "school boards" are a method of governance? Or a structure?
"this system of school governance" -> "this system" refers to the arrangement of having locally elected school boards. It's an institutional arrangement.
Is it Sense 4: "a complex of methods or rules governing behavior"?
Wait. The synonym for Sense 4 is "system of rules". Is "system of school governance" a system of rules? It's a system of governance, which implies rules and methods.
Let's search for similar contexts. "system of governance" or "system of school governance".
Is it Sense 4? In WordNet, "political system" is `system%1:14:00::`?
Wait, in WordNet, `political_system%1:14:00::` is a noun.group. "a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole" -> "social system" -> "political system" -> "form of government".
But wait! "form of government" is `form_of_government%1:14:00::`.
If "system of school governance" is a form of government for schools, it would be a hyponym of `system%1:14:00::`.
Wait, is "system of rules" (Sense 4) the right one? The definition is "a complex of methods or rules governing behavior". Does "school governance" govern behavior? It governs the school system.
Let's consider Sense 2. It is a general sense of "system" referring to a group of elements.
Could it be Sense 2?
Yes, "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going". This is a socioeconomic system. "system of school governance" is a sociopolitical system.
Let's consider Sense 4. "a complex of methods or rules governing behavior". "that language has a complex system for indicating gender". This is a linguistic system.
Which one is better for "system of school governance"?
Governance is literally "governing". So "a complex of methods or rules governing behavior" seems to explicitly use the word "governing".
Ah! "a complex of methods or rules governing behavior" -> "system of school governance" is a complex of methods or rules for governing schools. The word "governing" in the gloss matches "governance" in the text.
Let's check if "system of rules" is better.
Wait, in WordNet, the word "governance" is defined as "the act of governing; exercising authority".
Is "system of school governance" an organized structure (Sense 5)? "an organized structure for arranging or classifying".
No.
Let's check the definitions again.
1: artifact (stereo system)
2: group of elements (economy, ecosystem)
3: physical chemistry
4: methods or rules governing behavior (honor system, merit system, spoils system, accounting)
5: organized structure for arranging or classifying (filing system, taxonomy)
6: body organs
7: procedure for objective
8: living body
9: orderliness

"Locally elected school boards ... this system of school governance".
The system consists of school boards. These are interrelated elements comprising a unified whole. It is an institutional structure.
Is it Sense 2 or Sense 4?
Wait, if it were Sense 4, the synonym is "system of rules". The examples are "operate under a system", "complex system for indicating gender".
If it is Sense 2, it is a group of independent but interrelated elements. Examples: "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going".
Actually, "system of governance" might be a "system of rules" (Sense 4) because governance is about rules and methods. But "system of school governance" usually refers to the whole administrative structure, which is an interrelated group of elements (like Sense 2).
Wait, what about the text: "20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance". It refers to "Locally elected school boards". This is a social/political arrangement.
Political systems and social systems are Sense 2 (`system%1:14:00::`) in WordNet.
Let's check `political_system%1:14:00::` in WordNet: "the members of a social organization who are in power". Wait, no. `political_system%1:14:00::` is "a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole"? No, `political_system%1:14:00::` definition is "the members of a social organization who are in power". Wait, no. WordNet 3.0:
`political%1:03:00::` is an adjective.
`political_system%1:14:00::` noun.group: "the members of a social organization who are in power".
Wait, another one is `form_of_government%1:14:00::` noun.group: "the members of a social organization who are in power".
Ah, WordNet has `political_system%1:14:00::` as "the members of a social organization who are in power"?
Let's check. Actually, WordNet has `political%1:03:00::` adjective.
Wait, `form_of_government%1:14:00::` definition is "the members of a social organization who are in power"? No, that's `leadership%1:14:00::` or something.
Actually, `form_of_government%1:14:00::` is "the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit".
Its hypernym is `organization%1:14:00::`.
Wait, `organization%1:14:00::` (noun.group) is "a group of people who work together".
Is `system%1:14:00::` the hypernym of `organization%1:14:00::`?
Yes, `organization%1:14:00::` is a hyponym of `system%1:14:00::`.
So, a "system of school governance" which is an organization/form of government, falls under Sense 2.
Wait, let's look at `system%1:14:00::`: "a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole". The example is "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going".
This perfectly aligns with the "system of school governance" being a system of school boards, administrative structures, etc.

Let's also consider Sense 4: `system%1:09:00::` "a complex of methods or rules governing behavior".
Does "governing behavior" mean governing people's behavior? School boards govern the schools, not just behavior. The system is the structure of boards.
Also, Sense 4 is a noun.cognition. Its hyponyms are "accounting", "honor system", "merit system", "point system", "spoils system". These are specific rules or methods for evaluating or allocating things. "system of school governance" is much broader. It's a sociopolitical system.
Therefore, Sense 2 is much more appropriate for a "system of governance" that encompasses locally elected school boards as a unified whole.

Let's review Sense 2's example: "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going". This is an abstract system composed of interacting parts. "Locally elected school boards" form an abstract system of governance, interacting and comprising a unified whole.
Sense 4 is "a complex of methods or rules governing behavior". "that language has a complex system for indicating gender". This is a set of rules. "they have to operate under a system they oppose". The school governance system is not just a set of rules, it's a structure or organization of governance. So Sense 2 is the best fit.

Let's confirm Sense 2 vs Sense 4.
Text: "Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious... New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance"
"system" here refers to the school boards and their governance structure. It is an organizational structure, an institution.
Sense 2: "a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole". This fits a political/administrative system.

Let's check if there's any argument for Sense 4. "a complex of methods or rules governing behavior". "governance" is the key word. Does governance mean governing behavior? Yes, but the "system of school governance" is an institution, not just a complex of methods. It is an organized structure.
Wait, Sense 5 is "an organized structure for arranging or classifying" (noun.cognition). Its examples are "arrangement of the topics", "organization of them". That's about classifying or arranging ideas/information. Not applicable here.
Sense 9 is "an ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being methodical". Not applicable.

Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit. It encompasses social, political, and economic systems.
The "system of school governance" is an administrative/political system, which aligns with Sense 2.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: school
Context:
They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of <t>school</t> governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "school" in the context: "New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance..."

Here, "school governance" refers to the governance of the educational institution, the system of running schools. Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish

In the context, "school governance" refers to the governance of the educational institution. The word "school" here refers to the institution itself - the organization/entity that provides education. The passage discusses "locally elected school boards," "switching to another" school, "expenditures on education" - all pointing to the institutional sense.

Sense 1 (an educational institution) fits best because "school governance" refers to the governance of the educational institution as an entity/organization.

Let me also check the broader context: "If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another." This clearly refers to the institution. And "this system of school governance" refers to how these institutions are governed.

Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: governance
Target surface form: governance
Context:
They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school <t>governance</t>, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=governance%1:14:00:: | definition=the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something | synonyms=administration, governing body, establishment, brass, organization, organisation | examples=he claims that the present administration is corrupt; the governance of an association is responsible to its members
2. sense_key=governance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of governing; exercising authority | synonyms=government, governing, government activity, administration | examples=regulations for the governing of state prisons; he had considerable experience of government

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "governance".
Context: "...this system of school governance..."
The context talks about "locally elected school boards", "commitment to this system of school governance".
It seems to refer to the structure or system of governing, but more precisely, the act of governing or the system of administration.
Wait, "system of school governance". Is it the act of governing (sense 2) or the body of persons who make up a body for the purpose of administering something (sense 1)?
In "this system of school governance", governance refers to the act or process of governing (exercising authority). The boards are the administration (sense 1), but "governance" here refers to the system of governance (the act of governing).
Let's look at sense 1: "the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something".
Sense 2: "the act of governing; exercising authority".
"this system of school governance" -> the act or method of governing schools.
Wait, does governance mean the act of governing here? Yes.
Let's look at the synonyms. For sense 2: government, governing, government activity, administration.
For sense 1: administration, governing body, establishment, brass, organization, organisation.
In the sentence: "commitment to this system of school governance", "governance" is an abstract noun referring to the act or process of governing, rather than the group of people. "system of governance" implies the mechanism or act of governing.
Let's confirm if "governance" in "school governance" is sense 1 or 2. Usually, "school governance" refers to the way schools are governed (the act/process/system).
So sense 2.

Let's double check. Sense 1 example: "the governance of an association is responsible to its members". In this example, governance refers to the governing body.
Sense 2 example: "regulations for the governing of state prisons"
In our context, "system of school governance". "Governance" here is the process of governing. Therefore sense 2 is appropriate.

Sense 1 is "the persons (or committees...)". Here, the persons are the "locally elected school boards". The text says "Locally elected school boards... New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance". It refers to the system, meaning the process or act of governing.
I'll bet on sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and <t>other</t> cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "other" in the context: "even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it."

Here, "other" means "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" - Chicago is one city, and "other cities" refers to cities besides Chicago (and New York). This is sense 1.

The context clearly shows "other" being used to refer to additional cities beyond the ones already mentioned (Chicago, New York). This matches sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied."

Sense 2 is about "recently past" (like "the other evening") - not applicable.
Sense 3 is about "belonging to the distant past" - not applicable.
Sense 4 is about "very unusual" - not applicable.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: city
Target surface form: cities
Context:
They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other <t>cities</t> are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=city%1:15:00:: | definition=a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts | synonyms=metropolis, urban center | examples=Ancient Troy was a great city
2. sense_key=city%1:15:01:: | definition=an incorporated administrative district established by state charter | examples=the city raised the tax rate
3. sense_key=city%1:14:00:: | definition=people living in a large densely populated municipality | synonyms=metropolis | examples=the city voted for Republicans in 1994

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "city", surface form "cities".
Context: "...even as Chicago and other <t>cities</t> are moving to institute it."
Here, "cities" refers to large urban areas (like Chicago) that have administrative districts and are attempting to institute a system of school governance.
Sense 1: a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts (synonyms: metropolis, urban center). Example: Ancient Troy was a great city.
Sense 2: an incorporated administrative district established by state charter. Example: the city raised the tax rate.
Sense 3: people living in a large densely populated municipality (synonyms: metropolis). Example: the city voted for Republicans in 1994.

"Chicago and other cities" - Chicago is a large urban area. The context is about the city as an entity making a decision ("moving to institute it"), which might suggest Sense 2 (administrative district) or Sense 3 (the people voting). But Sense 1 fits "Chicago and other cities" as urban centers. Wait, "cities" here refers to the municipalities themselves, Chicago and others, as large urban areas. Sense 1 is the most general sense for a large urban area. Sense 2 is "an incorporated administrative district". Sense 3 is the people living in the municipality.

Let's look closely at "Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it". This is an action taken by the city as an administrative entity/government. However, "cities" as a geographical/urban entity (Sense 1) is often used to refer to the city government as well. Wait, WordNet sense 1: "a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts". Sense 2: "an incorporated administrative district established by state charter".
In "Chicago and other cities", Chicago is a city. Which sense is best?
Sense 1 fits "Chicago" perfectly as a large urban area.
Wait, sense 3 is "people living in a large densely populated municipality", as in "the city votes tomorrow". "Cities are moving to institute it" implies the city government is taking action. Sense 2 is "an incorporated administrative district established by state charter". Sense 2's example: "the city raised the tax rate". This matches the city taking an administrative action. "Cities are moving to institute it" - cities as administrative districts.

Let's check Sense 1 again: "a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts". Chicago is a large and densely populated urban area. The text contrasts "larger cities" with "New York City" in the context of locally elected school boards and school governance. "New York City is decisive... in our larger cities... Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it." This clearly refers to the urban areas/municipalities. Sense 1 represents the physical/urban entity. Sense 2 represents the legal/administrative entity. Sense 3 represents the populace. "Chicago and other cities" likely refers to Sense 1, as it's grouped with New York as a location.
Actually, "Chicago and other cities" often just refers to the cities themselves as geographic/urban entities (Sense 1). Let's see if Sense 2 is better. "An incorporated administrative district established by state charter" - this is the city as a governmental entity. "Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it" refers to the government of those cities making a change. But is this Sense 2 or Sense 1? In WordNet, Sense 1 is the primary sense (city%1:15:00::), encompassing the general concept of a large urban area. "Ancient Troy was a great city." "New York is a great city."
Let's look at the hypernyms. Sense 1 is a location/area. Sense 2 is a district. Sense 3 is a group of people.
Usually, when a text says "Chicago and other cities", it means the places themselves. I will go with Sense 1.

Wait, let me think if "cities" as the entity that institutes a system is a metonymy for the government. If so, Sense 2 might be intended. But "Chicago and other cities" can also just refer to the places. Sense 1 is the default for cities like Chicago and New York. Let's choose 1.
Wait, the context says "Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey...". Then "New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself... even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it." The cities are doing an action (moving to institute it), which is typically done by the city government. But often, dictionaries put the city as a place (Sense 1) doing things like "the city is expanding". Let's stick with Sense 1 as it's the most common sense and fits "larger cities", "Chicago and other cities".
I'll output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: institute
Target surface form: institute
Context:
They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to <t>institute</t> it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=institute%2:36:01:: | definition=set up or lay the groundwork for | synonyms=establish, found, plant, constitute | examples=establish a new department
2. sense_key=institute%2:36:00:: | definition=advance or set forth in court; , | synonyms=bring | examples=bring charges; institute proceedings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "institute" used in the context: "...even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it." Here "it" refers to "this system of school governance" (locally elected school boards / community involvement). So the cities are moving to set up or establish this system.
Sense 1: set up or lay the groundwork for (establish, found, plant, constitute). Examples: establish a new department.
Sense 2: advance or set forth in court (bring). Examples: bring charges; institute proceedings.

The context clearly refers to setting up a system of school governance, so sense 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: most
Target surface form: most
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In <t>most</t> states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%3:00:02:: | definition=(superlative of `many' used with count nouns and often preceded by `the') quantifier meaning the greatest in number | examples=who has the most apples?; most people like eggs
2. sense_key=most%3:00:01:: | definition=the superlative of `much' that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by `the'; a quantifier meaning the greatest in amount or extent or degree | examples=made the most money he could; what attracts the most attention?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "most" in the context: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education..."

"most states" - "states" is a count noun. We're talking about the greatest number of states.

Sense 1: "(superlative of `many' used with count nouns and often preceded by `the') quantifier meaning the greatest in number" - examples: "who has the most apples?; most people like eggs"

Sense 2: "the superlative of `much' that can be used with mass nouns..." - examples: "made the most money he could; what attracts the most attention?"

"States" is a count noun. "Most states" means the greatest number of states. This matches Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expenditure
Target surface form: expenditures
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing <t>expenditures</t> on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expenditure%1:21:00:: | definition=money paid out; an amount spent | synonyms=outgo, spending, outlay
2. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spending money for goods or services | synonyms=expending
3. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of consuming something | synonyms=consumption, using up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about "increasing expenditures on education." This refers to money spent on education, i.e., the amount of money paid out. The sentence discusses spending money on education and the influence of money. Sense 1 is "money paid out; an amount spent" with synonyms outgo, spending, outlay. Sense 2 is "the act of spending money for goods or services." Sense 3 is "the act of consuming something."

The context talks about "increasing expenditures on education" - this is about the amount of money spent, not the act of spending. The focus is on the money being spent (amount), and the discussion is about whether more money makes things better or worse. So sense 1 fits best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on <t>education</t>, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "education" in the context: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."

We are talking about "increasing expenditures on education". This refers to the system or process of education, the activities, institutions, etc. But let's look closely at the senses.

Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" (instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity). Example: "he received no formal education".
Sense 3: "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge". Example: "education is a preparation for life".

The context: "increasing expenditures on education". Expenditures on education typically means spending money on the system of education, schools, teachers, etc. This could map to the profession or the activities, or the system.

Wait, sense 4: "the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)".

Let's consider "increasing expenditures on education". This is a common phrase. It refers to the enterprise of education, the activities, the institutions. Which WordNet sense best fits?

Sense 1 is the activities of educating or instructing. "Expenditures on education" = spending on the activities/process of educating. Also "Education takes place in the classroom" - this is the activity/process.

Sense 3 is the gradual process of acquiring knowledge. "Education takes place in the classroom" - acquiring knowledge. But "expenditures on education" usually refers to the system/activities, not the abstract process of acquiring knowledge by an individual.

In WordNet, "expenditures on education" is a common phrase. The sense is often the same as "the system of education" or "the activities". WordNet 3.0 has senses:
1. education: the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill
2. education: knowledge acquired by learning and instruction
3. education: the gradual process of acquiring knowledge
4. education: the profession of teaching
5. education: the result of good upbringing
6. education: the United States federal department

Is there a sense for "the system of education"? Not exactly. So we have to choose among these.

"increasing expenditures on education" - we spend money on the activities, the profession, the system. The phrase "Education takes place in the classroom" suggests the activity or process.

If we think of "education" as a mass noun referring to the enterprise, the activities of educating. That is sense 1. For example, "expenditures on education" aligns with "activities of educating or instructing" (spending money on teachers, schools, etc. which are the infrastructure for these activities). Also, "Education takes place in the classroom" - the activity of educating.

Let's check if there is a better fit. Sense 4 is the profession of teaching. Expenditures on the profession of teaching? That could be salaries. But the text says "Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal." This is about the activity/process of education, not the profession.

Sense 3 is "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge". Expenditures on the process of acquiring knowledge? That's a bit odd. Usually we say "spending on education" referring to the system/activities.

I think sense 1 is the best fit. Let's verify with the context: "increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal." The second sentence uses "Education" to refer to the activity that takes place in the classroom. The first sentence uses "education" as the object of expenditures. It's the same sense. So it's the activities of educating/instructing.

Wait, could it be sense 4? The profession of teaching. "Expenditures on the profession of teaching" is less idiomatic than "expenditures on education" as a whole system. Also, "Education takes place in the classroom" - the profession takes place? Not quite. It's the activity.

Let's look at the example for sense 1: "he received no formal education". That's about the activity/instruction. Another example: "our instruction was carefully programmed". That's about teaching.

What about "expenditures on education"? In many WSD datasets, "education" in such contexts is tagged as the first sense (activities). For instance, in SemCor, "education" as a system/activities is sense 1.

Let's be careful. The lemma is "education". The context is about school governance, expenditures, etc. "increasing expenditures on education" means increasing spending on the education system. In WordNet, the closest is sense 1 (activities) or sense 4 (profession). But there isn't a "system" sense. However, the phrase "Education takes place in the classroom" strongly supports sense 1 (the activity of educating). Also, "the influence of money is minimal" on the activity.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best.

Let's double-check sense 3: "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge". Example: "education is a preparation for life". The text "Education takes place in the classroom" could fit this too. But "expenditures on education" doesn't fit "process of acquiring knowledge" well. You don't spend money on the process of acquiring knowledge; you spend money on schooling. So sense 1.

Another angle: The text is by someone arguing about school reform. "increasing expenditures on education" is a policy phrase. It refers to the public school system. In WordNet, sense 1 covers "educational activity". This is the broadest sense for the enterprise. So I choose 1.

Wait, but sense 4 is "the profession of teaching". Is "expenditures on education" expenditures on the profession? That would be mainly teacher salaries. But the text argues that money has minimal influence because education takes place in the classroom. This suggests the author sees education as the teaching/learning activity. Sense 1 is "activities of educating or instructing". That fits "Education takes place in the classroom".

Thus, answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: circumstance
Target surface form: circumstances
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current <t>circumstances</t>, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=circumstance%1:26:01:: | definition=a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity
2. sense_key=circumstance%1:26:02:: | definition=the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event | synonyms=context, setting | examples=the historical context
3. sense_key=circumstance%1:09:00:: | definition=information that should be kept in mind when making a decision | synonyms=condition, consideration | examples=another consideration is the time it would take
4. sense_key=circumstance%1:11:00:: | definition=formal ceremony about important occasions | examples=pomp and circumstance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "circumstances" in the phrase "in our current circumstances".
The sentence: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better."
"in our current circumstances" means "given the current conditions/situation".
Sense 1: a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity.
Sense 2: the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event | synonyms=context, setting
Sense 3: information that should be kept in mind when making a decision | synonyms=condition, consideration

Wait, "in our current circumstances" usually means the current state of affairs, conditions.
Let's look at Sense 1 vs Sense 3. Sense 3 is "information that should be kept in mind when making a decision", with synonyms "condition, consideration", example "another consideration is the time it would take". "circumstances" here functions as "conditions" that accompany the decision to increase expenditures.
"in our current circumstances" -> "under the current conditions".

Sense 1: "a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity". Here, the event or activity is "increasing expenditures on education". The conditions (circumstances) influence this event/activity.
Sense 3: "information that should be kept in mind when making a decision". The sentence is about making a decision (increasing expenditures). So circumstances = consideration = things to keep in mind.
Wait, "in our current circumstances" is usually Sense 1. "circumstances" (plural) often refers to the conditions. "in reduced circumstances" -> financial conditions.

Let's check WordNet 3.1:
Noun
* S: (n) circumstance (a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity)
* S: (n) context, circumstance (the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event) "the historical context"
* S: (n) circumstance, condition, consideration (information that should be kept in mind when making a decision) "another consideration is the time it would take"
* S: (n) circumstance (formal ceremony about important occasions) "pomp and circumstance"

"In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better."
"In our current circumstances" basically means "given the current situation/conditions". It's often synonymous with "under the current conditions".
Wait, is "circumstance" in "in our current circumstances" sense 1 or sense 3?
"in our current circumstances" = "given the current conditions" (information to keep in mind when making a decision, or a condition that influences an event).
Actually, "circumstances" plural meaning "state of affairs" is often sense 1. "a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity". The plural "circumstances" refers to the conditions.
Let's see: "in our current circumstances" means "in the current conditions" (Sense 1).
Wait, is it sense 1? Sense 1: "a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity". Increasing expenditures is the event/activity. The circumstances influence it.
Sense 3: "information that should be kept in mind when making a decision". The context talks about whether increasing expenditures will make things worse. So it's about making a decision.
But "in our current circumstances" is an idiomatic expression meaning "in the current situation". "Circumstances" = conditions.
Often, "circumstances" = "condition, consideration" when it's like "due to extenuating circumstances" or "circumstances of the case".
Let's look at the wording: "in our current circumstances". It refers to the condition.
I will bet on Sense 1. "a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity". It's the most general one.
Wait, let's look at the synonyms for Sense 3: condition, consideration. The example: "another consideration is the time it would take".
If I say "in our current circumstances", I mean "given our current condition/situation".
Let's search for "in our current circumstances" WordNet. It fits "a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity".
Let's check Sense 1 again. It's often the case for "circumstances" meaning "situation" or "conditions". Sense 1 is the most general sense.

Wait, another translation:
1: circumstance%1:26:01:: (a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity)
2: circumstance%1:26:02:: (the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event; context)
3: circumstance%1:09:00:: (information that should be kept in mind when making a decision; condition, consideration)
4: circumstance%1:11:00:: (formal ceremony about important occasions; pomp and circumstance)

"in our current circumstances" = "in our current situation". "Situation" is often synonymous with "circumstances".
Sense 2 is "context, setting".
Sense 1 is "a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity".
I'll go with Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: probably
Target surface form: probably
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will <t>probably</t> make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=probably%4:02:00:: | definition=with considerable certainty; without much doubt | synonyms=likely, in all likelihood, in all probability, belike | examples=He is probably out of the country; in all likelihood we are headed for war
2. sense_key=probably%4:02:01:: | definition=easy to believe on the basis of available evidence | synonyms=credibly, believably, plausibly | examples=he talked plausibly before the committee; he will probably win the election

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context says "will probably make things worse, not better." This is about a prediction with considerable certainty, not about believability or plausibility. Sense 1 fits: "with considerable certainty; without much doubt."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: make
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably <t>make</t> things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better."

This means "make" here means to cause something to become a certain way (worse).
"make things worse, not better"

Let's look at the senses:
1. engage in
2. give certain properties to something
3. make or cause to be or to become
4. cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner
5. give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally
6. create or manufacture a man-made product
7. make, formulate, or derive in the mind
8. compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way
9. create by artistic means
...

"make things worse" -> to cause things to become worse.
"give certain properties to something" (syn: get) examples: get someone mad; She made us look silly
"make or cause to be or to become" (syn: create) examples: make a mess in one's office; create a furor

Let's distinguish between 2, 3, and 5.
Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" -> "make a mess", "create a furor"
Sense 2: "give certain properties to something" -> "get someone mad", "She made us look silly"
Sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally" -> "cause a commotion", "make a stir"

Wait, "make things worse" means to cause things to be worse (to become worse).
"make things worse" has "make" + noun phrase + adjective.
Sense 2 definition: "give certain properties to something". Example: "get someone mad". This matches the syntax "make [object] [adjective]".
Sense 3 definition: "make or cause to be or to become". Example: "make a mess in one's office". This is "make [noun phrase]".
Let's look closely at "make things worse".
Wait, "make things worse" is comparable to "make my day" (sense 45? "cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable") or "make us look silly" (sense 2).
Sense 2 definition: "give certain properties to something". "Worse" is a property given to "things". This strongly aligns with "give certain properties to something".

Let's check the other senses:
Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" -> synonyms: create
Sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur" -> synonyms: cause, do
In "make things worse", "things" is the object and "worse" is the object complement. This maps to "give certain properties to something" (Sense 2).

Let's review Sense 2:
"definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly"
This perfectly matches "make things worse" (make [object] [adjective/complement]).

Let's check if there is any other matching sense.
Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" -> "make a mess" (make + direct object).
So Sense 2 is the best fit.

Let's double check Sense 2 index: 2.

Let's double check if there's a more fitting one.
Sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally" -> "cause a commotion". Here, make + direct object.
Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" -> "make a mess" (make + direct object).
Sense 2: "give certain properties to something" -> "get someone mad" (make + object + complement). "make things worse" is "make" + "things" (object) + "worse" (complement). This perfectly aligns with Sense 2.

Therefore, the best index is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: thing
Target surface form: things
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make <t>things</t> worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=thing%1:26:00:: | definition=a special situation | examples=this thing has got to end; it is a remarkable thing
2. sense_key=thing%1:04:00:: | definition=an action | examples=how could you do such a thing?
3. sense_key=thing%1:09:00:: | definition=a special abstraction | examples=a thing of the spirit; things of the heart
4. sense_key=thing%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact | examples=how does this thing work?
5. sense_key=thing%1:11:00:: | definition=an event | examples=a funny thing happened on the way to the...
6. sense_key=thing%1:09:02:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=matter, affair | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
7. sense_key=thing%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement regarded as an object | examples=to say the same thing in other terms; how can you say such a thing?
8. sense_key=thing%1:06:01:: | definition=an entity that is not named specifically | examples=I couldn't tell what the thing was
9. sense_key=thing%1:07:00:: | definition=any attribute or quality considered as having its own existence | examples=the thing I like about her is ...
10. sense_key=thing%1:09:01:: | definition=a special objective | examples=the thing is to stay in bounds
11. sense_key=thing%1:12:00:: | definition=a persistent illogical feeling of desire or aversion | examples=he has a thing about seafood; she has a thing about him
12. sense_key=thing%1:03:00:: | definition=a separate and self-contained entity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
Looking at the context: "will probably make things worse, not better" — here "things" refers to the general situation or state of affairs in education. The phrase "make things worse" is equivalent to "make the situation worse." The examples for sense 1 ("this thing has got to end; it is a remarkable thing") show "thing" used to refer to a situation, which aligns with how "things" functions here — referring to the overall state of education circumstances.

{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
The target word is "things" in the context: "will probably make things worse, not better."

Here, "things" refers to the general situation or state of affairs regarding education. "Make things worse" means to worsen the situation or state of affairs.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. thing%1:26:00:: - a special situation - examples: "this thing has got to end; it is a remarkable thing"
2. thing%1:04:00:: - an action
3. thing%1:09:00:: - a special abstraction
4. thing%1:06:00:: - an artifact
5. sense_key=thing%1:11:00:: - an event
6. thing%1:09:02:: - a vaguely specified concern - synonyms: matter, affair - examples: "several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair"
7. thing%1:10:00:: - a statement regarded as an object
8. thing%1:06:01:: - an entity that is not named specifically
9. thing%1:07:00:: - any attribute or quality considered as having its own existence
10. thing%1:09:01:: - a special objective
11. thing%1:12:00:: - a persistent illogical feeling of desire or aversion
12. thing%1:03:00:: - a separate and self-contained entity

"Make things worse" - here "things" refers to the situation, state of affairs. This is closest to sense 1 "a special situation" or sense 6 "a vaguely specified concern" (matter, affair).

"Make things worse" is a common expression where "things" refers to the general situation or state of affairs. This seems to align with sense 1 "a special situation" - the examples "this thing has got to end" and "it is a remarkable thing" both refer to situations.

But sense 6 "a vaguely specified concern" with synonyms "matter, affair" could also work - "make matters worse" is a similar expression.

Let me think more carefully. "Make things worse" - here "things" is quite vague, referring to the overall state of education or the situation. Sense 6's definition "a vaguely specified concern" with synonyms "matter, affair" fits well because "make matters worse" is essentially the same expression.

However, sense 1 "a special situation" also fits because "things" here refers to the situation in education.

The examples for sense 1 are "this thing has got to end" (referring to a situation) and "it is a remarkable thing" (referring to a situation/feat). These are about specific situations.

The examples for sense 6 are "several matters to attend to" and "it is none of your affair" - these are about concerns, matters to deal with.

"Make things worse" is more about the general situation/state of affairs. I think sense 1 "a special situation" fits best here, as "things" refers to the situation in education and how it would be affected.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Make things worse" is a very common idiom where "things" = "matters" = "the situation." Both sense 1 and sense 6 could apply.

Sense 6 has the synonyms "matter, affair" and "make matters worse" is a direct parallel to "make things worse." The definition "a vaguely specified concern" also fits because the concern here (education outcomes) is vaguely specified.

But sense 1 "a special situation" also fits well. The examples for sense 1 - "this thing has got to end" - also uses "thing" to refer to a situation.

I think sense 1 is the best fit because "things" here broadly refers to the situation or state of affairs in education, and "make things worse" means "make the situation worse." The definition "a special situation" captures this well.

Wait, but "things" is plural here. Let me reconsider all options.

Actually, looking more carefully, I think sense 6 might be better. "A vaguely specified concern" with synonyms "matter, affair" - "make things worse" is essentially "make matters worse," and the concern (education) is indeed vaguely specified in this expression. The plural "things" would then refer to multiple vaguely specified concerns or aspects of the situation.

Hmm, but "make things worse" doesn't really refer to "concerns" in the sense of "matters to attend to." It refers to the general state of affairs or situation.

I'll go with sense 1 "a special situation" as the best fit. "Things" here refers to the situation or state of affairs in education, and "make things worse" means to worsen the situation.

Actually, I need to be more careful. Let me re-read the context:

"In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better."

"Make things worse" = make the situation worse. "Things" here = the situation, state of affairs.

Sense 1: "a special situation" - examples: "this thing has got to end; it is a remarkable thing"

These examples show "thing" referring to a situation. "Make things worse" = make the situation worse. This fits.

Sense 6: "a vaguely specified concern" - synonyms: matter, affair - examples: "several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair"

"Make matters worse" is indeed a parallel expression to "make things worse." The concern (education situation) is vaguely specified.

I think the key distinction is:
- Sense 1 is about a "special situation" - a particular state of affairs
- Sense 6 is about a "vaguely specified concern" - with the connotation of a matter to be dealt with

"Make things worse" is about the situation/state of affairs becoming worse, not about a concern to be attended to. So sense 1 seems more appropriate.

But actually, in common usage, "things" in "make things worse" is quite vague and general. It could be interpreted as "the state of affairs" (sense 1) or "matters/concerns" (sense 6).

Let me look at the examples more carefully:

Sense 1: "this thing has got to end" - here "thing" = a situation that needs to stop
Sense 6: "several matters to attend to" - here "things" = matters/concerns to deal with

In "make things worse," the "things" refers to the overall situation, not to specific matters to attend to. So sense 1 seems like the better fit.

I'll go with sense 1.

Wait, actually I want to reconsider one more time. The phrase "make things worse" is very generic and common. "Things" here could be interpreted as:

1. The situation (sense 1 - "a special situation")
2. Matters/affairs (sense 6 - "a vaguely specified concern")

The word "things" in this context is plural and quite vague. It doesn't refer to a single "special situation" but rather to the general state of affairs.

Sense 6's definition "a vaguely specified concern" with synonyms "matter, affair" seems to capture the vagueness and the plural nature better. "Make matters worse" = "make things worse" is a very direct parallel.

But the examples for sense 6 are "several matters to attend to" and "it is none of your affair" - these are about specific concerns that need attention or are someone's business. "Make things worse" is more about the general situation becoming worse.

I think I'm overthinking this. Let me just go with sense 1 "a special situation" because "make things worse" = "make the situation worse" and the definition fits well.

Actually, one more consideration. Looking at WordNet more carefully:

Sense 1 (thing%1:26:00::) is under the noun "situation" hypernym hierarchy. The examples are about specific situations.

Sense 6 (thing%1:09:02::) is under the noun "abstraction" → "matter" hierarchy. The synonyms are "matter, affair."

"Make things worse" = "make the situation worse" or "make matters worse." Both interpretations work.

But I think sense 6 is actually the better fit because:
1. The synonyms "matter, affair" directly parallel the common expression "make matters worse"
2. The definition "a vaguely specified concern" captures the vagueness of "things" in this context
3. "Things" here is plural, suggesting multiple concerns/aspects rather than a single situation

Hmm, but the examples for sense 6 don't quite match. "Several matters to attend to" is about tasks/concerns, while "make things worse" is about the state of affairs.

I'll make a final decision: sense 1 "a special situation" because "make things worse" most directly means "make the situation worse" and the definition "a special situation" fits this usage.

Actually, I just realized I should consider this more carefully. The phrase "make things worse" is an idiomatic expression where "things" = "matters" = "the general state of affairs."

Looking at the senses again:
- Sense 1: "a special situation" - this is about a particular situation
- Sense 6: "a vaguely specified concern" with synonyms "matter, affair" - this is about matters/concerns

"Things" in "make things worse" is vague and refers to the general state of affairs. The closest synonym would be "matters" (as in "make matters worse"). This points to sense 6.

But "a special situation" (sense 1) could also work because "things" refers to the situation.

I think the key question is: does "things" in "make things worse" refer to:
(a) A special situation → sense 1
(b) Vaguely specified concerns/matters → sense 6

In common English, "things" in "make things worse" is most naturally glossed as "the situation" or "matters." Both senses could apply, but I think sense 1 "a special situation" is the more natural fit because:
- "Make things worse" = "make the situation worse"
- The examples for sense 1 ("this thing has got to end") show "thing" referring to a situation
- The context is about the state of education, which is a situation

Final answer: sense 1.

Hmm, but actually let me reconsider one more time. I keep going back and forth.

"Make things worse, not better" - here "things" is very generic. It's not referring to a specific situation but to the general state of affairs.

Sense 6: "a vaguely specified concern" - the key word is "vaguely specified." "Things" in "make things worse" is indeed vaguely specified. And the synonyms "matter, affair" align with the expression "make matters worse."

I think I need to just commit to one answer.

The context is about education policy and whether increasing expenditures will help or hurt. "Make things worse" means to worsen the situation. "Things" here = the situation in education.

Sense 1 "a special situation" - fits because "things" = the situation
Sense 6 "a vaguely specified concern" - fits because "things" = matters/concerns (vaguely specified)

I'll go with sense 1 because the primary meaning of "things" here is "the situation" and "make things worse" = "make the situation worse."

Wait, one more thought. The fact that "things" is plural and very generic might favor sense 6. "A special situation" (sense 1) seems more specific. But "things" in "make things worse" is very generic.

OK, I think I need to consider the actual WordNet hierarchy more carefully:

Sense 1 (thing%1:26:00::): under "state, situation" - refers to a general state of affairs
Sense 6 (thing%1:09:02::): under "abstraction" → "psychological feature" → ... → "matter" - refers to a concern/affair

"Make things worse" is about the state of affairs becoming worse. This is more about the "situation" than about a "concern."

Final answer: sense 1.

Actually, I just want to look at this from one more angle. In WordNet, the sense numbering often reflects frequency of usage. Sense 1 being listed first might indicate it's the most common sense.

But that's not always reliable for fine-grained WSD.

Let me look at the examples one more time:
- Sense 1: "this thing has got to end" (thing = situation), "it is a remarkable thing" (thing = feat/situation)
- Sense 6: "several matters to attend to" (things = matters/tasks), "it is none of your affair" (thing = concern/business)

"Make things worse" - the "things" is about the state of affairs, not about tasks or business. This favors sense 1.

OK, final answer: sense 1.