[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unambiguous
Target surface form: unambiguous
Context:
They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an <t>unambiguous</t> accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unambiguous%3:00:00:: | definition=having or exhibiting a single clearly defined meaning; - Mario Vargas Llosa | examples=As a horror, apartheid...is absolutely unambiguous
2. sense_key=unambiguous%3:00:04:: | definition=admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to only one conclusion | synonyms=unequivocal, univocal | examples=unequivocal evidence; took an unequivocal position

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "unambiguous" in the phrase "an unambiguous accountability."

The context discusses schools having principals with authority, and with that authority goes "an unambiguous accountability." This means the accountability is clear, admits of no doubt or misunderstanding - there's a single, clear line of responsibility.

Sense 1: "having or exhibiting a single clearly defined meaning" - this is more about meaning/semantics being clear.
Sense 2: "admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to only one conclusion" with synonyms like "unequivocal, univocal" - this fits better with accountability being clear and unmistakable, with no ambiguity about who is responsible.

The phrase "unambiguous accountability" suggests that accountability is clear and unquestionable - there's no doubt about who is responsible. This aligns with sense 2, which emphasizes "admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding" and has the synonym "unequivocal."

Sense 2 seems more appropriate here because it's about something being clear and not admitting doubt, rather than about having a single defined meaning (which is more linguistic/semantic).


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: Schools
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. <t>Schools</t> that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "Schools" in terms of having principals, authority over faculty and curriculum, student discipline, being governed by a powerful head, producing students with higher morale and academic performance. This refers to educational institutions as organizations/entities.

Sense 1: "an educational institution" - fits well, as schools here are institutions with principals, faculty, curriculum, etc.
Sense 2: "a building where young people receive education" - this is about the physical building
Sense 6: "an educational institution's faculty and students" - this is about the people within the institution

The context talks about schools having principals with authority, being free of outside interference, being governed by a powerful head, being structured in a certain way, and producing students. This is about the institution as an organizational entity, not just the building or the people.

Sense 1 seems most appropriate.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: BaseTen

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this <t>way</t> produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "way" in the sentence: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

Here, "in this way" means "in this manner" or "in this fashion/style". It refers to how the schools are structured.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

The phrase "structured in this way" means "structured in this manner/fashion". This aligns best with sense 1: "how something is done or how it happens" with synonyms like manner, mode, style, fashion.

Sense 4 could also be considered: "the condition of things generally" with examples "that's the way it is". But "structured in this way" is more about the manner/method of structuring, not the general condition.

So the best sense is 1.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: produce
Target surface form: produce
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way <t>produce</t> students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=produce%2:36:02:: | definition=bring forth or yield | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The tree would not produce fruit
2. sense_key=produce%2:36:00:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=make, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
3. sense_key=produce%2:36:03:: | definition=cause to happen, occur or exist | synonyms=bring about, give rise | examples=This procedure produces a curious effect; The new law gave rise to many complaints
4. sense_key=produce%2:39:01:: | definition=bring out for display | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The proud father produced many pictures of his baby; The accused brought forth a letter in court that he claims exonerates him
5. sense_key=produce%2:36:05:: | definition=cultivate by growing, often involving improvements by means of agricultural techniques | synonyms=grow, raise, farm | examples=The Bordeaux region produces great red wines; They produce good ham in Parma
6. sense_key=produce%2:39:00:: | definition=bring onto the market or release | synonyms=bring on, bring out | examples=produce a movie; bring out a book
7. sense_key=produce%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, develop, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

The word "produce" here means to bring forth or yield students with certain qualities. It's about schools generating/yielding students who have higher morale and superior academic performance.

Let me look at the candidates:

1. bring forth or yield - "The tree would not produce fruit"
2. create or manufacture a man-made product - "We produce more cars than we can sell"
3. cause to happen, occur or exist - "This procedure produces a curious effect"
4. bring out for display - "The proud father produced many pictures of his baby"
5. cultivate by growing - "The Bordeaux region produces great red wines"
6. bring onto the market or release - "produce a movie"
7. come to have or undergo a change of - "He grew a beard"

The sentence says schools "produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance." This is about schools yielding/bringing forth students who have certain qualities.

Sense 1 (bring forth or yield) seems closest - schools yield/bring forth students with certain characteristics.
Sense 3 (cause to happen, occur or exist) could also work - the school structure causes students to have higher morale.
Sense 5 (cultivate by growing) could metaphorically apply since schools cultivate students.

Looking more carefully: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale..." This is about schools bringing forth/yielding students. The students are the "product" of the schools. This aligns well with sense 1 (bring forth or yield) - "The tree would not produce fruit" - the tree yields fruit, the school yields students.

Sense 5 is about agricultural cultivation, which is more literal. Though metaphorically schools "grow" students, the primary meaning here is bringing forth/yielding.

Sense 3 is about causing something to happen - "This procedure produces a curious effect." Here the effect is the result. But "produce students" is more about yielding the students themselves as products, not causing the students to exist.

I think sense 1 is the best fit. Schools bring forth or yield students with certain qualities, similar to how a tree produces fruit.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: students
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce <t>students</t> with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "students" in the context: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

Sense 1: a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution (pupil, educatee)
Sense 2: a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines (scholar, scholarly person, bookman)

The context discusses American students doing poorly in math tests, schools, principals, curriculum, student discipline, and academic performance. These are clearly students enrolled in educational institutions - learners/pupils.

Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: high
Target surface form: higher
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with <t>higher</t> morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=high%3:00:02:: | definition=greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount | examples=a high temperature; a high price
2. sense_key=high%3:00:01:: | definition=(literal meaning) being at or having a relatively great or specific elevation or upward extension (sometimes used in combinations like `knee-high') | examples=a high mountain; high ceilings
3. sense_key=high%5:00:00:superior:01 | definition=standing above others in quality or position | synonyms=eminent | examples=people in high places; the high priest
4. sense_key=high%3:00:03:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency | synonyms=high-pitched
5. sense_key=high%5:00:00:elated:00 | definition=happy and excited and energetic | synonyms=in high spirits
6. sense_key=high%5:00:00:malodorous:00 | definition=(used of the smell of meat) smelling spoiled or tainted | synonyms=gamey, gamy
7. sense_key=high%5:00:00:intoxicated:00 | definition=slightly and pleasantly intoxicated from alcohol or a drug (especially marijuana) | synonyms=mellow

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "higher" in the context: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with <t>higher</t> morale and superior academic performance."

Here, "higher morale" means morale that is greater than normal in degree or intensity. Morale is being compared - students have more/better morale compared to other students.

Let me look at the senses:

1. high%3:00:02:: - greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount - "a high temperature; a high price"
2. high%3:00:01:: - literal elevation - "a high mountain; high ceilings"
3. high%5:00:00:superior:01 - standing above others in quality or position - "people in high places; the high priest"

"Higher morale" refers to a greater degree of morale. Morale is not a physical elevation (sense 2), not about quality/position in a hierarchical sense (sense 3, though this is close), not about pitch (sense 4), not about being happy/excited (sense 5), not about smell (sense 6), or intoxication (sense 7).

The comparison is "higher morale and superior academic performance" - higher morale means a greater amount or degree of morale. This fits best with sense 1: "greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount."

Though sense 3 (superior) is also possible since "higher" is paired with "superior," the word "morale" is typically described in terms of degree (high morale = good morale, low morale = bad morale). So "higher morale" = greater degree of morale. This fits sense 1.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: morale
Target surface form: morale
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher <t>morale</t> and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=morale%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of individual psychological well-being based upon a sense of confidence and usefulness and purpose
2. sense_key=morale%1:07:00:: | definition=the spirit of a group that makes the members want the group to succeed | synonyms=esprit de corps, team spirit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "morale" in the context: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

The context discusses schools, students, and how the structure of the school affects them.
- Sense 1: "a state of individual psychological well-being based upon a sense of confidence and usefulness and purpose"
- Sense 2: "the spirit of a group that makes the members want the group to succeed | synonyms=esprit de corps, team spirit"

The text says "produce students with higher morale". "Students" is a group. Is it individual well-being or group spirit?
"Students with higher morale" implies the students as a collective group within the school, which aligns well with "the spirit of a group that makes the members want the group to succeed" (sense 2), but it could also be individual psychological well-being of the students.
Wait, if students have "morale", usually it refers to their collective or individual state of well-being and confidence. "Morale" in schools often refers to esprit de corps or team spirit. Let's see if sense 1 fits better. "Individual psychological well-being". The text says "students with higher morale", referring to the student body's morale.
However, "morale" commonly means esprit de corps when attached to a group. "Students" is a group.
Wait, the prompt says "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale". This means the individual students' well-being or the group's spirit? Often, "student morale" is a collective noun.
Let's check the synsets. WordNet 3.0:
morale%1:26:00:: = a state of individual psychological well-being based upon a sense of confidence and usefulness and purpose
morale%1:07:00:: = the spirit of a group that makes the members want the group to succeed

Does "students with higher morale" refer to individual psychological well-being or the spirit of a group? "students with higher morale" means the students (as a group or as individuals) have higher morale. But sense 1 specifies *individual* psychological well-being. The text says "students with higher morale", which could be interpreted as the group of students having higher team spirit. Or the students individually having higher well-being.
Actually, "morale" of students in a school usually implies the general level of confidence, enthusiasm, and discipline among the student body. It leans towards sense 2 (esprit de corps) because "morale" of a student body is a group characteristic. But sense 1 says "individual psychological well-being". If it's "students with higher morale", it means each student has higher morale, which fits sense 1. But wait, sense 2 says "the spirit of a group". Is "students" a group here? "Schools ... produce students with higher morale".
Let's think about typical WordNet WSD datasets (like SemCor).
In SemCor, "morale" is mostly tagged as the group spirit (1:07:00) if it applies to a group (like army morale, team morale), or 1:26:00 if it's individual.
"Students with higher morale" -> Students are a group. "Student morale" is a collective concept. Wait, "students with higher morale" means the group of students at those schools.
Let's consider sense 2: "the spirit of a group that makes the members want the group to succeed". Does this apply to students? Students don't necessarily want the "group" (of students) to succeed, they want to learn.
Sense 1: "a state of individual psychological well-being based upon a sense of confidence and usefulness and purpose". This fits students having confidence and purpose in their studies.
Wait, I will guess sense 2 because it involves a group, and "students" is used in the plural, referring to the student body as a collective. But "students with higher morale" could mean each student's individual psychological well-being.
Let's re-read sense 1: "a state of individual psychological well-being..."
Sense 2: "the spirit of a group..."
Is "morale" here referring to the individual students' well-being or the group's spirit? "produce students with higher morale" implies the individuals produced have high morale, or the student body has high morale.
If we look at another example: "the morale of the troops". It's sense 2.
What about "employee morale"? Sense 2.
"Student morale"? Sense 2.
I will choose sense 2.
Wait, sense 1 is "individual psychological well-being". If the text meant individual well-being, it would be sense 1. But "students" is a group.
Actually, let's look at the exact wording: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale"
If it were sense 2, it would be "produce a student body with higher morale". By saying "students with higher morale", it might be referring to the individual students. But wait, "morale" is almost always used with groups (troops, employees, students, teams). Even if it's "students", they are a group.
Let's choose 2. "the spirit of a group".
Let me reconsider sense 1. Does "morale" mean individual well-being? Yes, WordNet has this sense. When does it apply? "The dreary, endless routine revived my flagging morale" -> individual.
Here, the schools produce students with higher morale. The students are a group.
I'll go with 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: superior
Target surface form: superior
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and <t>superior</t> academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=superior%3:00:02:: | definition=of high or superior quality or performance | examples=superior wisdom derived from experience; superior math students
2. sense_key=superior%3:00:01:: | definition=of or characteristic of high rank or importance | examples=a superior ruler
3. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:dominant:01 | definition=(sometimes followed by `to') not subject to or influenced by | examples=overcome by a superior opponent; trust magnates who felt themselves superior to law
4. sense_key=superior%3:00:00:: | definition=written or printed above and to one side of another character | synonyms=superscript
5. sense_key=superior%3:00:03:: | definition=having an orbit farther from the sun than the Earth's orbit | examples=Mars and Jupiter are the closest in of the superior planets
6. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:senior:00 | definition=having a higher rank | synonyms=ranking, higher-ranking | examples=superior officer
7. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:unaffected:00 | definition=(often followed by `to') above being affected or influenced by | examples=he is superior to fear; an ignited firework proceeds superior to circumstances until its blazing vitality fades

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "superior" in the context: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

Here, "superior" modifies "academic performance." It means of higher or better quality.

Sense 1: "of high or superior quality or performance" with examples like "superior wisdom derived from experience; superior math students." This fits perfectly with "superior academic performance."

Sense 2 is about high rank or importance, which doesn't fit academic performance.
Sense 3 is about not subject to influence, which doesn't fit.
Sense 4 is about superscript, no.
Sense 5 is about orbits, no.
Sense 6 is about higher rank, no.
Sense 7 is about being above being affected, no.

So sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior <t>academic</t> performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "academic" in the phrase "superior academic performance".

The context talks about students, schools, curriculum, and performance. "Academic performance" refers to performance in school/educational settings.

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. associated with academia or an academy (examples: academic curriculum; academic gowns)
2. hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result (examples: an academic discussion; an academic question)
3. marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects (synonyms: donnish, pedantic)

"Academic performance" clearly relates to performance in an academic/school setting. Sense 1 is "associated with academia or an academy". This fits "academic performance" perfectly.

Let's double check.
"superior academic performance" -> performance related to academia/school.
Sense 1 fits best.

Sense 2 implies theoretical/not practical. That doesn't fit "performance".
Sense 3 implies pedantic. That doesn't fit "performance".

So sense 1 is the right one.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: performance
Target surface form: performance
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic <t>performance</t>. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=performance%1:10:00:: | definition=a dramatic or musical entertainment | synonyms=public presentation | examples=they listened to ten different performances; the play ran for 100 performances
2. sense_key=performance%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment | examples=we congratulated him on his performance at the rehearsal; an inspired performance of Mozart's C minor concerto
3. sense_key=performance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it | synonyms=execution, carrying out, carrying into action | examples=they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance
4. sense_key=performance%1:04:03:: | definition=any recognized accomplishment | examples=they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe
5. sense_key=performance%1:22:00:: | definition=process or manner of functioning or operating | synonyms=operation, functioning | examples=the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "superior academic performance" of students in schools. This refers to how well students perform academically - their accomplishment or achievement in academics.

Let me look at the senses:

1. Dramatic/musical entertainment - no
2. Act of presenting a play or music - no
3. The act of performing; doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it - this could fit, as academic performance involves using knowledge
4. Any recognized accomplishment - "they admired his performance under stress" - this could also fit as academic performance is an accomplishment
5. Process or manner of functioning or operating - no

Between 3 and 4: Sense 3 talks about "doing something successfully" and "using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it" - this fits academic performance well, as it's about students actually demonstrating/using their knowledge. The example "experience generally improves performance" also relates to general performance metrics.

Sense 4 is about "any recognized accomplishment" with examples like athletic performance.

"Academic performance" is a common collocation referring to how well students do in their studies - their achievement, grades, test scores, etc. This seems to align more with sense 4 (recognized accomplishment) or sense 3 (doing something successfully using knowledge).

Actually, sense 3's definition "doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it" seems quite apt for academic performance - students demonstrating they can use knowledge, not just possess it. And "experience generally improves performance" is analogous to how schooling improves academic performance.

But sense 4 "any recognized accomplishment" with the example "his performance under stress" also fits - academic performance is a recognized accomplishment.

I think sense 4 is the best fit here. "Superior academic performance" = superior academic accomplishment/achievement. The examples for sense 4 (performance under stress, home run performance) are about accomplishments, and academic performance is about students' accomplishments in their studies.

Actually, let me reconsider. Sense 3's definition emphasizes "doing something successfully" and "using knowledge" - academic performance is literally about using knowledge (math, etc.) successfully. The example "experience generally improves performance" is very general and could apply to academic performance.

Sense 4 is "any recognized accomplishment" - academic performance could be seen as an accomplishment, but "performance" in "academic performance" is more about ongoing execution/achievement rather than a single accomplishment.

I'll go with sense 4, as "academic performance" refers to students' accomplishments/achievements in academics. The phrase "superior academic performance" means superior academic accomplishments.

Hmm, but actually sense 3 might be better. "Academic performance" is a standard phrase referring to how well a student executes their academic duties - doing schoolwork successfully. Sense 3's definition "the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it" fits perfectly because:
- Students are doing academic work successfully
- They are using knowledge (math, etc.) rather than merely possessing it
- The example "experience generally improves performance" is analogous

Let me think again about sense 4: "any recognized accomplishment" with examples "they admired his performance under stress" and "when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe." These are about specific accomplishments that are recognized/admired. "Academic performance" is more of a general measure of how well someone does academically, which is closer to sense 3's "doing something successfully" and the general example "experience generally improves performance."

I'll go with sense 3.

Wait, but "academic performance" typically refers to grades, test scores, achievement - which are accomplishments. Sense 4 says "any recognized accomplishment." But the examples are very specific accomplishments (performance under stress, hitting 4 home runs).

Sense 3's "experience generally improves performance" is a more general statement about performance as an ongoing measure, which aligns better with "academic performance" as a general measure of student achievement.

Final answer: sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a <t>fact</t> -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it. Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and publishes The National Interest.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about schools that are structured in a certain way producing students with higher morale and superior academic performance. The author says "This is a fact" and then mentions that "feathers that are ruffled by this fact".

This "fact" is a statement/assertion about something that is the case (that schools structured this way produce better outcomes). It's a verified piece of information supported by "study after study".

Let me look at the senses:
1. fact%1:09:01:: - a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred
2. fact%1:10:01:: - a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. fact%1:26:01:: - an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. fact%1:09:02:: - a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

The context is about a claim/statement that is supported by studies. "This is a fact" refers to the assertion that schools structured this way produce better students. This seems to be a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case.

Sense 2 fits well: "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened" with example "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts". The context mentions "study after study" supporting this fact, which aligns with verified information supporting an argument.

Sense 4 is "a concept whose truth can be proved" - this is more abstract, like a scientific fact.

I think sense 2 is the best fit because:
- The "fact" here is a statement/assertion (that structured schools produce better students)
- It is verified information (supported by studies)
- It is about something that is the case (the relationship between school structure and performance)

Let me reconsider sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred". This is more about information regarding existing circumstances.

The context: "This is a fact" - referring to the whole assertion/statement that schools structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a statement of verified information (from studies) about something that is the case.

I'll go with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ruffle
Target surface form: ruffled
Context:
Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are <t>ruffled</t> by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it. Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and publishes The National Interest.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ruffle%2:38:00:: | definition=stir up (water) so as to form ripples | synonyms=ripple, riffle, cockle, undulate
2. sense_key=ruffle%2:37:00:: | definition=trouble or vex | examples=ruffle somebody's composure
3. sense_key=ruffle%2:38:01:: | definition=to walk with a lofty proud gait, often in an attempt to impress others | synonyms=tittup, swagger, prance, strut, sashay, cock | examples=He struts around like a rooster in a hen house
4. sense_key=ruffle%2:37:01:: | definition=discompose | examples=This play is going to ruffle some people; She has a way of ruffling feathers among her colleagues
5. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:03:: | definition=twitch or flutter | synonyms=flick, riffle | examples=the paper flicked
6. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:04:: | definition=mix so as to make a random order or arrangement | synonyms=shuffle, mix | examples=shuffle the cards
7. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:01:: | definition=erect or fluff up | synonyms=fluff | examples=the bird ruffled its feathers
8. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:02:: | definition=disturb the smoothness of | synonyms=ruffle up, rumple, mess up | examples=ruffle the surface of the water
9. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:00:: | definition=pleat or gather into a ruffle | synonyms=pleat | examples=ruffle the curtain fabric

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context says "in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact" - this is clearly about ruffling feathers, which means to upset or annoy people. The phrase "ruffle feathers" is an idiom meaning to cause annoyance or upset.

Looking at the candidate senses:
- Sense 4: "discompose" with example "She has a way of ruffling feathers among her colleagues" - this directly matches the idiom "ruffle feathers."
- Sense 2: "trouble or vex" with example "ruffle somebody's composure" - also close but the example for sense 4 directly mentions ruffling feathers.

The idiom "ruffle feathers" means to annoy or upset people, and sense 4 has the example "She has a way of ruffling feathers among her colleagues" which directly matches the usage in context.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this <t>fact</t>, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it. Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and publishes The National Interest.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "fact" in the context: "This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it."

The "fact" refers to the preceding statements: "schools should have principals with a large measure of authority... the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head... Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

So the "fact" here is a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case. It's a claim supported by studies ("Study after study... tells us"). The author states "This is a fact" and then refers to "this fact" again.

Let me look at the senses:
1. a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred
2. a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened
3. an event known to have happened or something known to have existed
4. a concept whose truth can be proved

The context involves an assertion supported by studies. The author is making a claim that something is true, backed by research. Sense 2 seems most appropriate: "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened" - the example "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts" fits well because the author supports the argument with studies.

But let me reconsider. Sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred" - this could also fit, as the information about how schools perform under certain governance structures.

The "fact" here is essentially a verified claim about educational outcomes. The author says "This is a fact" referring to the assertion that schools structured this way produce better outcomes. This is "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case."

Sense 2 seems like the best fit because it emphasizes that it's a verified statement/assertion, which aligns with the author supporting it with studies and stating emphatically "This is a fact."

Actually, let me reconsider sense 1 vs sense 2. Sense 1 is about "circumstances that exist or events that have occurred" - the information about school performance is about circumstances that exist. Sense 2 is "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened" - this is more about the statement itself being the fact.

In the context, "This is a fact" and "this fact" - the "fact" is the assertion/statement that schools structured in this way produce better outcomes. The author is emphasizing that this statement is true/verified (supported by studies). Sense 2 fits well because it's about a statement or assertion of verified information.

I'll go with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: one
Context:
Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that <t>one</t> hears so little about it. Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and publishes The National Interest.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "one" appears in the phrase "it is not surprising that one hears so little about it."

Here, "one" is used as an indefinite pronoun meaning "a person" or "people in general" - as in "one hears" meaning "people hear" or "you hear."

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: - the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number (the number 1)
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: - a single person or thing (examples: "he is the best one; this is the one I ordered")

Sense 2 is "a single person or thing." In the context "one hears so little about it," "one" refers to a person (an unspecified person/people in general). This is closer to sense 2 - "a single person or thing" - though the usage is slightly different from the examples given.

Actually, let me reconsider. The usage "one hears" is an impersonal pronoun usage, meaning "people in general" or "a person." Sense 2 is defined as "a single person or thing" with examples like "he is the best one" and "this is the one I ordered" - these are more about identifying a specific item among others.

But between the two choices, sense 2 is clearly more appropriate than sense 1 (which is about the number 1). The word "one" here refers to a person, not the number.

So the answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: so
Target surface form: so
Context:
Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears <t>so</t> little about it. Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and publishes The National Interest.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=so%4:02:02:: | definition=to a very great extent or degree | examples=the idea is so obvious; never been so happy
2. sense_key=so%4:02:06:: | definition=in a manner that facilitates | examples=he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior; he stooped down so he could pick up his hat
3. sense_key=so%4:02:05:: | definition=in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied | examples=They're happy and I hope they will remain so; so live your life that old age will bring no regrets
4. sense_key=so%4:02:07:: | definition=to a certain unspecified extent or degree | examples=I can only go so far with this student; can do only so much in a day
5. sense_key=so%4:02:08:: | definition=in the same way; also | examples=I was offended and so was he; worked hard and so did she
6. sense_key=so%4:02:04:: | definition=in the way indicated; ; ; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant) | synonyms=thus, thusly | examples=hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus
7. sense_key=so%4:02:03:: | definition=(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed | examples=he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells
8. sense_key=so%4:02:09:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=then, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
9. sense_key=so%4:02:10:: | definition=(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result | synonyms=therefore, hence, thence, thus | examples=therefore X must be true; the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory
10. sense_key=so%4:02:00:: | definition=in truth (often tends to intensify) | synonyms=indeed | examples=they said the car would break down and indeed it did; it is very cold indeed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "so" appears in the phrase "one hears so little about it."
Here, "so" modifies "little" (an adverbial/quantifier use), meaning "to a very great extent or degree" — "so little" = "very little."

Sense 1: "to a very great extent or degree" — examples: "the idea is so obvious; never been so happy"
This matches: "hears so little about it" = hears very little about it.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: publish
Target surface form: publishes
Context:
-- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it. Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and <t>publishes</t> The National Interest.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=publish%2:36:01:: | definition=put into print | synonyms=print | examples=The newspaper published the news of the royal couple's divorce; These news should not be printed
2. sense_key=publish%2:32:00:: | definition=prepare and issue for public distribution or sale | synonyms=bring out, put out, issue, release | examples=publish a magazine or newspaper
3. sense_key=publish%2:36:00:: | definition=have (one's written work) issued for publication | synonyms=write | examples=How many books did Georges Simenon write?; She published 25 books during her long career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "publishes" in the context: "Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and publishes The National Interest."

The context is about Mr. Kristol who co-edits one magazine and publishes another. Here, "publishes" means he is the publisher of "The National Interest" magazine - he prepares and issues it for public distribution or sale.

Let me look at the senses:

1. publish%2:36:01:: - put into print (synonyms: print) - examples about newspapers publishing news
2. publish%2:32:00:: - prepare and issue for public distribution or sale (synonyms: bring out, put out, issue, release) - examples: publish a magazine or newspaper
3. publish%2:36:00:: - have (one's written work) issued for publication (synonyms: write) - examples about authors publishing books

Sense 2 fits best because:
- The example "publish a magazine or newspaper" matches the context of publishing "The National Interest" (a magazine)
- Mr. Kristol is the publisher who prepares and issues the magazine for distribution
- The synonyms "bring out, put out, issue, release" fit the context of being the publisher of a magazine

Sense 1 is more about putting specific content into print (like news).
Sense 3 is about having one's own written work published (like an author).

The answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: man
Target surface form: man
Context:
That's what the <t>man</t> had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled eyes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=man%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman) | synonyms=adult male | examples=there were two women and six men on the bus
2. sense_key=man%1:18:03:: | definition=someone who serves in the armed forces; a member of a military force | synonyms=serviceman, military man, military personnel | examples=two men stood sentry duty
3. sense_key=man%1:18:04:: | definition=the generic use of the word to refer to any human being | examples=it was every man for himself
4. sense_key=man%1:05:01:: | definition=any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriage | synonyms=homo, human being, human
5. sense_key=man%1:18:08:: | definition=a male subordinate | examples=the chief stationed two men outside the building; he awaited word from his man in Havana
6. sense_key=man%1:18:06:: | definition=an adult male person who has a manly character (virile and courageous competent) | examples=the army will make a man of you
7. sense_key=man%1:18:05:: | definition=a manservant who acts as a personal attendant to his employer | synonyms=valet, valet de chambre, gentleman, gentleman's gentleman | examples=Jeeves was Bertie Wooster's man
8. sense_key=man%1:18:07:: | definition=a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman | examples=she takes good care of her man
9. sense_key=man%1:15:00:: | definition=one of the British Isles in the Irish Sea | synonyms=Isle of Man
10. sense_key=man%1:06:00:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=piece | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage
11. sense_key=man%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=world, human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "That's what the man had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled eyes."

The word "man" here refers to an adult male person - Haney's drinking companion. This is the most basic sense of "man" as an adult male person.

Sense 1: "an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)" - This fits. The man is a male person, Haney's drinking companion.

Sense 5: "a male subordinate" - There's no indication of a subordinate relationship.

Sense 8: "a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman" - Not applicable.

The best sense is sense 1 - an adult person who is male.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: eye
Target surface form: eyes
Context:
That's what the man had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled <t>eyes</t>. He had no ready answer, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=eye%1:08:00:: | definition=the organ of sight | synonyms=oculus, optic
2. sense_key=eye%1:09:00:: | definition=good discernment (either visually or as if visually) | examples=she has an eye for fresh talent; he has an artist's eye
3. sense_key=eye%1:09:01:: | definition=attention to what is seen | examples=he tried to catch her eye
4. sense_key=eye%1:15:00:: | definition=an area that is approximately central within some larger region | synonyms=center, centre, middle, heart | examples=it is in the center of town; they ran forward into the heart of the struggle
5. sense_key=eye%1:06:00:: | definition=a small hole or loop (as in a needle) | examples=the thread wouldn't go through the eye

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "eyes" in the context: "Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled eyes."

The context clearly refers to the physical organs of sight. Haney is peering through his eyes, which are described as "bleary" and "tear-filled."

Sense 1: the organ of sight - this fits perfectly.

provider: Alibaba


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: have
Target surface form: had
Context:
That's what the man had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled eyes. He <t>had</t> no ready answer, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing. Was the man drunk or crazy or both?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=have%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have got, hold | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
2. sense_key=have%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a feature | synonyms=feature | examples=This restaurant features the most famous chefs in France
3. sense_key=have%2:39:06:: | definition=go through (mental or physical states or experiences) | synonyms=experience, receive, get | examples=get an idea; experience vertigo
4. sense_key=have%2:40:04:: | definition=have ownership or possession of | synonyms=own, possess | examples=He owns three houses in Florida; How many cars does she have?
5. sense_key=have%2:30:00:: | definition=cause to move; cause to be in a certain position or condition | synonyms=get, let | examples=He got his squad on the ball; This let me in for a big surprise
6. sense_key=have%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, take | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
7. sense_key=have%2:41:00:: | definition=have a personal or business relationship with someone | examples=have a postdoc; have an assistant
8. sense_key=have%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
9. sense_key=have%2:40:01:: | definition=have left | examples=I have two years left; I don't have any money left
10. sense_key=have%2:42:12:: | definition=be confronted with | examples=What do we have here?; Now we have a fine mess
11. sense_key=have%2:30:01:: | definition=undergo | synonyms=experience | examples=The stocks had a fast run-up
12. sense_key=have%2:29:02:: | definition=suffer from; be ill with | examples=She has arthritis
13. sense_key=have%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
14. sense_key=have%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, take | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
15. sense_key=have%2:40:03:: | definition=get something; come into possession of | synonyms=receive | examples=receive payment; receive a gift
16. sense_key=have%2:29:05:: | definition=undergo (as of injuries and illnesses) | synonyms=suffer, sustain, get | examples=She suffered a fracture in the accident; He had an insulin shock after eating three candy bars
17. sense_key=have%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=get, make | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
18. sense_key=have%2:29:00:: | definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, bear, birth | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!
19. sense_key=have%2:35:00:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=take | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target is "had" in the context: "He had no ready answer, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing."

Let's analyze the meaning here. "He had no ready answer". This means "he possessed no ready answer" or "he did not possess a ready answer". It's an abstract possession.

Let's look at the senses.
1. have%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have got, hold | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
4. have%2:40:04:: | definition=have ownership or possession of | synonyms=own, possess | examples=He owns three houses in Florida; How many cars does she have?

"He had no ready answer" -> "he possessed no ready answer". This fits perfectly with sense 1: "have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense". An "answer" is abstract.

Let's check sense 1: "have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense". Yes, "answer" is abstract.

Sense 4 is "have ownership or possession of", typically for property.

Sense 10: "be confronted with" - "What do we have here?"

So sense 1 seems to be the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: answer
Target surface form: answer
Context:
That's what the man had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled eyes. He had no ready <t>answer</t>, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing. Was the man drunk or crazy or both?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=answer%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation | synonyms=reply, response | examples=I waited several days for his answer; he wrote replies to several of his critics
2. sense_key=answer%1:10:02:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, result, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=answer%1:10:00:: | definition=the speech act of replying to a question
4. sense_key=answer%1:10:03:: | definition=the principal pleading by the defendant in response to plaintiff's complaint; in criminal law it consists of the defendant's plea of `guilty' or `not guilty' (or nolo contendere); in civil law it must contain denials of all allegations in the plaintiff's complaint that the defendant hopes to controvert and it can contain affirmative defenses or counterclaims
5. sense_key=answer%1:04:00:: | definition=a nonverbal reaction | examples=his answer to any problem was to get drunk; their answer was to sue me

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "answer" in the context: "He had no ready <t>answer</t>, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing."

Let me analyze the context:
- Haney is being asked something by his drinking companion.
- He has "no ready answer" - meaning he doesn't have a reply prepared.
- The context mentions "Was the man drunk or crazy or both?" which seems to be the question Haney might be pondering, or the companion asked something surprising.

Looking at the senses:

1. answer%1:10:01:: - a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation | synonyms=reply, response | examples="I waited several days for his answer; he wrote replies to several of his critics"

2. answer%1:10:02:: - a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, result, resolution, solvent | examples="they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book"

3. answer%1:10:00:: - the speech act of replying to a question

4. answer%1:10:03:: - legal pleading (clearly not this)

5. answer%1:04:00:: - a nonverbal reaction | examples="his answer to any problem was to get drunk; their answer was to sue me"

In this context, Haney has "no ready answer" - he doesn't have a reply to what the man said. This seems to be about a statement made to reply to a question or request.

Sense 1 (reply/response) seems most appropriate - "a statement that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation." Haney doesn't have a ready reply/response to what the man said.

Sense 3 is "the speech act of replying to a question" - this is more about the act itself rather than the content. But having "no ready answer" refers to not having a statement/reply ready, which aligns better with sense 1.

The context says "He had no ready answer" - this means he didn't have a reply prepared. Sense 1 with synonyms "reply, response" fits best here.

Sense 5 is about nonverbal reactions, which doesn't fit because the context suggests a verbal reply is expected.

So the best sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: surprise
Target surface form: surprise
Context:
That's what the man had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled eyes. He had no ready answer, as much from <t>surprise</t> as from the fit of coughing. Was the man drunk or crazy or both?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=surprise%1:12:00:: | definition=the astonishment you feel when something totally unexpected happens to you
2. sense_key=surprise%1:11:00:: | definition=a sudden unexpected event
3. sense_key=surprise%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of surprising someone | synonyms=surprisal

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context: "He had no ready answer, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing."

Here "surprise" refers to the feeling of astonishment - the state of being surprised. It's an emotional state. "He had no ready answer, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing" - the surprise is the feeling that prevented him from having a ready answer.

Sense 1: the astonishment you feel when something totally unexpected happens to you - this is the feeling/emotion.
Sense 2: a sudden unexpected event - this is an event.
Sense 3: the act of surprising someone - this is an action.

The context describes the state Haney was in - the feeling of surprise that left him without a ready answer. This is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fit
Target surface form: fit
Context:
That's what the man had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled eyes. He had no ready answer, as much from surprise as from the <t>fit</t> of coughing. Was the man drunk or crazy or both?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fit%1:26:01:: | definition=a display of bad temper | synonyms=tantrum, scene, conniption | examples=he had a fit; she threw a tantrum
2. sense_key=fit%1:26:00:: | definition=a sudden uncontrollable attack | synonyms=paroxysm, convulsion | examples=a paroxysm of giggling; a fit of coughing
3. sense_key=fit%1:07:00:: | definition=the manner in which something fits | examples=I admired the fit of her coat
4. sense_key=fit%1:04:00:: | definition=a sudden flurry of activity (often for no obvious reason) | synonyms=burst | examples=a burst of applause; a fit of housecleaning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context mentions "the fit of coughing" and the WordNet example for sense 2 is literally "a fit of coughing". This is clearly sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: man
Target surface form: man
Context:
That's what the man had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled eyes. He had no ready answer, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing. Was the <t>man</t> drunk or crazy or both? But his new-found buddy had matched him drink for drink until he lost count, and the man's eyes were still clear.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=man%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman) | synonyms=adult male | examples=there were two women and six men on the bus
2. sense_key=man%1:18:03:: | definition=someone who serves in the armed forces; a member of a military force | synonyms=serviceman, military man, military personnel | examples=two men stood sentry duty
3. sense_key=man%1:18:04:: | definition=the generic use of the word to refer to any human being | examples=it was every man for himself
4. sense_key=man%1:05:01:: | definition=any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriage | synonyms=homo, human being, human
5. sense_key=man%1:18:08:: | definition=a male subordinate | examples=the chief stationed two men outside the building; he awaited word from his man in Havana
6. sense_key=man%1:18:06:: | definition=an adult male person who has a manly character (virile and courageous competent) | examples=the army will make a man of you
7. sense_key=man%1:18:05:: | definition=a manservant who acts as a personal attendant to his employer | synonyms=valet, valet de chambre, gentleman, gentleman's gentleman | examples=Jeeves was Bertie Wooster's man
8. sense_key=man%1:18:07:: | definition=a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman | examples=she takes good care of her man
9. sense_key=man%1:15:00:: | definition=one of the British Isles in the Irish Sea | synonyms=Isle of Man
10. sense_key=man%1:06:00:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=piece | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage
11. sense_key=man%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=world, human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about Haney's drinking companion. The man is someone Haney is drinking with. He's referred to as "his drinking companion" and "his new-found buddy". The question asks if the man is drunk or crazy. It's about an adult male person.

Sense 1: adult person who is male. This fits well - it's just referring to the adult male drinking companion.

Sense 6: adult male person who has manly character - not really fitting here, as they're questioning if he's drunk or crazy.

The best sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: drunk
Target surface form: drunk
Context:
That's what the man had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled eyes. He had no ready answer, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing. Was the man <t>drunk</t> or crazy or both? But his new-found buddy had matched him drink for drink until he lost count, and the man's eyes were still clear.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=drunk%3:00:00:: | definition=stupefied or excited by a chemical substance (especially alcohol) | synonyms=intoxicated, inebriated | examples=a noisy crowd of intoxicated sailors; helplessly inebriated
2. sense_key=drunk%5:00:00:excited:00 | definition=as if under the influence of alcohol | synonyms=intoxicated | examples=felt intoxicated by her success; drunk with excitement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context describes a man who has been drinking heavily ("matched him drink for drink until he lost count"), and the narrator wonders if the man is "drunk or crazy or both." The physical signs mentioned are bleary, tear-filled eyes (for Haney), but notably "the man's eyes were still clear" despite drinking a lot.

Sense 1: "stupefied or excited by a chemical substance (especially alcohol)" - this is the literal sense of being intoxicated by alcohol.
Sense 2: "as if under the influence of alcohol" - this is the metaphorical sense, like being "drunk with excitement" or "intoxicated by success."

The context is about actual drinking of alcohol, so the best sense is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: crazy
Target surface form: crazy
Context:
That's what the man had said. Haney peered doubtfully at his drinking companion through bleary, tear-filled eyes. He had no ready answer, as much from surprise as from the fit of coughing. Was the man drunk or <t>crazy</t> or both? But his new-found buddy had matched him drink for drink until he lost count, and the man's eyes were still clear.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=crazy%5:00:00:insane:00 | definition=affected with madness or insanity | synonyms=brainsick, demented, disturbed, mad, sick, unbalanced | examples=a man who had gone mad
2. sense_key=crazy%5:00:00:impractical:00 | definition=foolish; totally unsound | synonyms=half-baked, screwball, softheaded | examples=a crazy scheme; half-baked ideas
3. sense_key=crazy%5:00:00:excited:00 | definition=possessed by inordinate excitement | examples=the crowd went crazy; was crazy to try his new bicycle
4. sense_key=crazy%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=bizarre or fantastic | examples=had a crazy dream; wore a crazy hat
5. sense_key=crazy%5:00:00:enthusiastic:00 | definition=intensely enthusiastic about or preoccupied with | synonyms=wild, dotty, gaga | examples=crazy about cars and racing; he is potty about her

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is: "Was the man drunk or crazy or both?" Here, "crazy" is used alongside "drunk" to describe a state of mental impairment or insanity. The man is acting strangely, and the narrator wonders if he is mentally unwell (insane) or just intoxicated. This aligns best with sense 1: "affected with madness or insanity."

provider: Inceptron