[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cause
Target surface form: causes
Context:
A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog. Also, the treatment of vomiting should only be together with other supportive measure or other veterinary therapy while addressing the underlying <t>causes</t> of the vomiting. What is the risk associated with Cerenia?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cause%1:11:00:: | definition=events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something | examples=they are trying to determine the cause of the crash
2. sense_key=cause%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=reason, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
3. sense_key=cause%1:04:01:: | definition=a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end | synonyms=campaign, crusade, drive, movement, effort | examples=he supported populist campaigns; they worked in the cause of world peace
4. sense_key=cause%1:03:00:: | definition=any entity that produces an effect or is responsible for events or results | synonyms=causal agent, causal agency
5. sense_key=cause%1:04:00:: | definition=a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy | synonyms=lawsuit, suit, case, causa | examples=the family brought suit against the landlord

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
Looking at the context, "addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting" refers to identifying and treating the origin or source of the vomiting. This usage closely matches the pattern in sense 1's example ("they are trying to determine the cause of the crash"), where "cause" refers to the generative force or origin of something. The other senses (justification/reason, campaign, legal proceeding) do not fit this medical context.

{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
The context is about veterinary treatment for vomiting in dogs. The sentence says "addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting." Here, "causes" refers to the underlying reasons or factors that are producing the vomiting - i.e., the medical conditions or factors responsible for the vomiting.

Looking at the senses:
1. cause%1:11:00:: - events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something (example: cause of the crash)
2. cause%1:10:00:: - a justification for something existing or happening (synonyms: reason, grounds)
3. cause%1:04:01:: - a series of actions advancing a principle (campaign, crusade)
4. cause%1:03:00:: - any entity that produces an effect or is responsible for events or results (causal agent, causal agency)
5. cause%1:04:00:: - a court proceeding (lawsuit, suit)

The "underlying causes of the vomiting" refers to the medical conditions or factors that produce the vomiting. This is about identifying what is responsible for producing the effect (vomiting).

Sense 1 talks about "events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something" - this is about events being the cause.
Sense 4 talks about "any entity that produces an effect or is responsible for events or results" - this is about entities being the cause.

In medical context, "underlying causes" typically refers to the conditions, diseases, or factors (entities) that produce the symptom (vomiting).

Sense 1 seems to focus on events as causes, while sense 4 focuses on entities as causes. In medical terminology, "underlying causes" of a symptom like vomiting would be the medical conditions (entities) responsible for producing the vomiting.

However, sense 1's example "they are trying to determine the cause of the crash" is very similar in structure to "addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting." Both involve determining/addressing the cause of something.

Sense 4 has no examples but has synonyms "causal agent, causal agency" which suggests it's about an agent or entity that causes something.

In the medical context, "causes" of vomiting could be diseases, conditions, toxins, etc. - these are entities (sense 4) rather than events (sense 1). But one could argue that the "cause" of vomiting could also be an event (like eating something spoiled).

Actually, looking more carefully:
- Sense 1 (cause%1:11:00::) is in the noun.act or noun.event area (1:11 suggests noun.cognition or noun.event... let me think about WordNet numbering)
- Sense 4 (cause%1:03:00::) is in the noun.entity area (1:03 suggests noun.object or noun.entity)

Wait, WordNet sense keys: the format is lemma%part_of_speech:synset_type:sense_number:tag_count

The synset type numbers:
1 = noun.Tops (unique beginners)
2 = noun.act
3 = noun.animal
4 = noun.artifact
5 = noun.attribute
6 = noun.body
7 = noun.cognition
8 = noun.communication
9 = noun.event
10 = noun.feeling
11 = noun.food
12 = noun.group
13 = noun.location
14 = noun.motive
15 = noun.object
16 = noun.person
17 = noun.phenomenon
18 = noun.plant
19 = noun.possession
20 = noun.process
21 = noun.quantity
22 = noun.relation
23 = noun.shape
24 = noun.state
25 = noun.substance
26 = noun.time

Hmm, wait. Let me reconsider. The sense key format is: lemma%pos:synset_offset:sense_number:tag_count

Actually, the number after the colon is the synset type:
1:11 - this could mean noun (1) and synset type 11
1:10 - noun, type 10
1:04 - noun, type 4
1:03 - noun, type 3

Wait, I think the format might be different. Let me think again.

The WordNet sense key format is: lemma%lex_sense
where lex_sense = ss_type:lex_filenum:lex_id:head_word:head_id

ss_type: 1 = noun
lex_filenum: the lexicographer file number

Lexicographer file numbers:
00 - adj.all
01 - adj.pert
02 - adv.all
03 - noun.Tops
04 - noun.act
05 - noun.animal
06 - noun.artifact
07 - noun.attribute
08 - noun.body
09 - noun.cognition
10 - noun.communication
11 - noun.event
12 - noun.feeling
13 - noun.food
14 - noun.group
15 - noun.location
16 - noun.motive
17 - noun.object
18 - noun.person
19 - noun.phenomenon
20 - noun.plant
21 - noun.possession
22 - noun.process
23 - noun.quantity
24 - noun.relation
25 - noun.shape
26 - noun.state
27 - noun.substance
28 - noun.time
29 - verb.body
30 - verb.change
31 - verb.cognition
32 - verb.communication
33 - verb.competition
34 - verb.consumption
35 - verb.contact
36 - verb.creation
37 - verb.emotion
38 - verb.motion
39 - verb.perception
40 - verb.possession
41 - verb.social
42 - verb.stative
43 - verb.weather
44 - adj.ppl

So:
1. cause%1:11:00:: - noun, file 11 (noun.event) - "events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something"
2. cause%1:10:00:: - noun, file 10 (noun.communication) - wait, that doesn't match "a justification for something existing or happening"

Hmm, let me reconsider. Maybe I'm wrong about the file numbers.

Actually, looking at it again:
- cause%1:11:00:: with definition "events that provide the generative force" - file 11 = noun.event ✓
- cause%1:10:00:: with definition "a justification" - this doesn't seem to match noun.communication

Wait, maybe I have the wrong mapping. Let me reconsider.

Actually, in some versions of WordNet:
- 03 = noun.Tops
- 04 = noun.act
- 09 = noun.cognition
- 10 = noun.communication
- 11 = noun.event

Hmm, but "a justification for something existing or happening" with synonyms "reason, grounds" doesn't fit noun.communication well.

Actually, I may be overthinking the file numbers. Let me just focus on the definitions and examples:

1. "events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something" - example: "cause of the crash"
2. "a justification for something existing or happening" - synonyms: reason, grounds - example: "he had no cause to complain"
3. "a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end" - synonyms: campaign, crusade
4. "any entity that produces an effect or is responsible for events or results" - synonyms: causal agent, causal agency
5. "a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law" - synonyms: lawsuit, suit, case

The context: "addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting"

"Underlying causes" in medical context refers to the root reasons or factors that produce the symptom. This is about what is responsible for producing the vomiting.

Sense 1: events that provide the generative force - this is about events causing something
Sense 4: any entity that produces an effect or is responsible for events or results - this is about entities causing something

In medical terminology, the "cause" of a symptom could be a disease, condition, or factor - which are entities. The phrase "underlying causes" typically refers to the medical conditions (entities) responsible for the symptoms.

But sense 1's example is very similar: "they are trying to determine the cause of the crash" - finding the cause of an event/phenomenon.

Sense 4's synonyms "causal agent, causal agency" suggest it's about an agent or force that causes something.

Actually, I think the distinction is:
- Sense 1 is about the cause as an event (e.g., the crash was caused by a specific event)
- Sense 4 is about the cause as an entity/agent (e.g., a virus causing illness)

In the medical context of "underlying causes of vomiting," the causes could be diseases, conditions, or agents. The word "causes" here is plural and refers to various factors/conditions that produce vomiting.

I think sense 1 is the better fit because:
1. The example "they are trying to determine the cause of the crash" is structurally very similar to "addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting"
2. In everyday medical language, "cause" often refers to the reason or source event/condition
3. The definition mentions "generative force that is the origin of something" which fits the medical context of finding the origin of symptoms

However, sense 4 could also fit because "causal agent" is very medical-sounding.

Let me think about this more carefully. The key distinction:
- Sense 1: "events that provide the generative force" - the cause IS an event
- Sense 4: "any entity that produces an effect" - the cause is an ENTITY/AGENT

In the sentence "addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting," the causes are the medical conditions or factors. Are these "events" or "entities"?

Medical conditions like gastritis, pancreatitis, etc. could be considered states or conditions rather than events. But the things that cause vomiting could also be events (eating something bad, etc.).

Actually, I think "underlying causes" in this context is closer to sense 1, which is the most common sense of "cause" meaning "the reason or source of something." The example "cause of the crash" is very similar to "causes of the vomiting."

But wait - sense 1 says "events that provide the generative force." The underlying causes of vomiting are not necessarily events - they could be conditions, diseases, etc.

Sense 4 says "any entity that produces an effect or is responsible for events or results." This is broader and could include diseases, conditions, etc.

Hmm, but in common usage and in the WordNet hierarchy, sense 1 is the primary sense of "cause" in the meaning of "the cause of something." The example structure "cause of the crash" vs "causes of the vomiting" is very similar.

I think I'll go with sense 1, as it's the most natural fit for the common usage of "cause" meaning "the source or origin of something," and the example is structurally very similar to the context sentence.

Wait, but let me reconsider. Sense 4 has synonyms "causal agent, causal agency" which are very relevant to medical contexts. In medicine, you often talk about the "causal agent" of a disease. But the definition says "any entity that produces an effect or is responsible for events or results" - this is very general.

Actually, in medical contexts, "underlying causes" typically means the root conditions or diseases that are producing the symptoms. These are more like entities/agents (sense 4) than events (sense 1).

But in everyday language, "cause" is most commonly used in the sense of "the cause of X" meaning the reason X happened, which is sense 1.

Let me look at the definitions more carefully:
- Sense 1: "events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something" - cause as an EVENT
- Sense 4: "any entity that produces an effect or is responsible for events or results" - cause as an ENTITY

In the phrase "underlying causes of the vomiting," the causes are the reasons why the vomiting is happening. These could be diseases, conditions, etc. - which are entities rather than events.

But actually, "cause" in this context is being used more abstractly - "the cause of the vomiting" is "the reason for the vomiting" or "the source of the vomiting." This is closer to sense 1's meaning.

I'm going to go with sense 1 because:
1. The example structure matches: "cause of the crash" ≈ "causes of the vomiting"
2. It's the most common usage of "cause" in the sense of "the reason for or origin of something"
3. The definition mentions "the origin of something" which fits "underlying causes" as the origin/source of the vomiting

Actually, I want to reconsider one more time. Let me think about what "causes" means here specifically.

"addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting" - this means treating the root conditions that are causing the vomiting. The "causes" here are the medical conditions, diseases, or factors that produce vomiting.

Sense 1: "events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something"
- If the causes are events (like the dog ate something bad), this fits
- The example "cause of the crash" is about an event

Sense 4: "any entity that produces an effect or is responsible for events or results"
- If the causes are entities (like a disease, a parasite, etc.), this fits
- No examples given, but synonyms are "causal agent, causal agency"

In veterinary medicine, the "underlying causes" of vomiting could be various diseases, conditions, or pathological states. These are more like entities than events.

But in general language, when we say "the cause of X," we usually mean sense 1 - the reason or source.

I think I need to make a decision. Looking at the context again:

"the treatment of vomiting should only be together with other supportive measure or other veterinary therapy while addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting"

Here, "causes" refers to the medical conditions or reasons for the vomiting. The word "underlying" suggests root causes - the fundamental reasons why the vomiting is occurring.

I believe sense 1 is the best fit. The example "they are trying to determine the cause of the crash" is very similar in structure to "addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting." Both involve identifying the source/origin of a phenomenon.

Final answer: sense 1

Hmm, but let me reconsider once more. Sense 4's definition "any entity that produces an effect or is responsible for events or results" is very general and could include medical conditions. The synonyms "causal agent, causal agency" are commonly used in medical contexts.

Also, thinking about it more carefully, "events" in sense 1 is quite specific. The underlying causes of vomiting are typically diseases, conditions, or pathological states - not events. An event would be something like "the dog ate spoiled food" - but the cause (in medical terms) would be "food poisoning" or "gastroenteritis" which is a condition, not an event.

On the other hand, the WordNet sense 1 example "they are trying to determine the cause of the crash" shows that "cause" is used to mean "the reason for something happening," which is exactly how it's used in "causes of the vomiting."

I think the key question is: does "cause" here mean "the event that originated something" (sense 1) or "the entity that produces an effect" (sense 4)?

In the medical context, "causes of vomiting" refers to the conditions or factors that produce vomiting. These could be seen as entities (diseases, conditions) or as the reason/origin (more abstract).

I'm going to go with sense 1 because the usage pattern matches the example very closely, and "cause" in "the cause of X" most commonly refers to the origin or source of X, which is sense 1.

Wait, I should also consider that in this context, "causes" is plural. "The underlying causes of the vomiting" - this suggests multiple factors or conditions. This is consistent with both sense 1 and sense 4.

OK, I'll go with sense 1 as my final answer.

Actually, let me reconsider one more time. I keep going back and forth.

Sense 1: noun.event - "events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something"
Sense 4: noun.Tops - "any entity that produces an effect or is responsible for events or results"

The fact that sense 4 is in noun.Tops (the top-level, most general category) and has synonyms like "causal agent, causal agency" suggests it's the most general sense of "cause" - the thing that produces an effect.

Sense 1 is specifically in noun.event, meaning the cause is conceptualized as an event.

In the medical context, when we say "underlying causes of vomiting," we're talking about what produces/causes the vomiting. The causes could be diseases, conditions, etc. - these are entities (sense 4) rather than events (sense 1).

But wait, the example for sense 1 is "they are trying to determine the cause of the crash" - here, "cause" doesn't necessarily refer to an event. The "cause of the crash" could be a mechanical failure, pilot error, weather conditions, etc. - some of which are events and some of which are conditions/states.

Hmm, I think WordNet's categorization might not perfectly capture the nuances. The example for sense 1 is very similar to the context sentence, so I'll stick with sense 1.

Actually, you know what, let me think about this differently. The question asks me to choose the best sense based on the context, examples, and synonyms.

The context: "addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting"
- This is about finding and treating the root reasons for vomiting

Sense 1:
- Definition: "events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something"
- Example: "they are trying to determine the cause of the crash"
- This matches the pattern "the cause(s) of [something]"

Sense 4:
- Definition: "any entity that produces an effect or is responsible for events or results"
- Synonyms: "causal agent, causal agency"
- No examples given
- This is more about the agent/producer of an effect

The context sentence uses "causes" in the pattern "causes of the vomiting," which is very similar to the sense 1 example "cause of the crash." Both are about identifying the source/origin of a phenomenon.

I'll go with sense 1 as my final answer.

Hmm, but actually I realize I should think about this more carefully. Let me consider the nuances:

"Underlying causes of the vomiting" - in medicine, this refers to the diseases or conditions that are producing the symptom (vomiting). For example, the underlying cause might be pancreatitis, kidney disease, intestinal obstruction, etc.

These are entities/conditions that PRODUCE the vomiting. This aligns with sense 4: "any entity that produces an effect."

Sense 1 talks about "events that provide the generative force" - but the underlying causes of vomiting are typically conditions (ongoing states), not events (single occurrences).

However, in common language, "cause" is often used in the pattern "the cause of X" to mean "the reason for X," and this is captured by sense 1's example.

I think the distinction is:
- Sense 1: cause as the originating event/reason
- Sense 4: cause as the producing entity/agent

In medical contexts, "underlying causes" often refers to the conditions (entities) that produce symptoms. This would be sense 4.

But in general language, "the cause of X" is often sense 1.

Given that this is a medical/veterinary context, I think sense 4 might be more appropriate. The "causes" here are the medical conditions (entities) that produce vomiting.

But then again, the example for sense 1 is "they are trying to determine the cause of the crash" - this is about determining the reason for something, which is exactly what "addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting" is about.

I think I need to just make a decision and go with it.

Let me consider: in the phrase "underlying causes of the vomiting," what does "causes" refer to? It refers to the medical conditions, diseases, or factors that result in vomiting. These are the things that "produce an effect" (vomiting) - which is sense 4's definition.

Sense 1's definition specifically says "events" - but the causes of vomiting are typically conditions (e.g., gastritis, pancreatitis) rather than events.

I'll go with sense 4.

Wait, but sense 4 has no examples. And sense 1's example is so similar to the context...

OK, let me think about this from a different angle. What would a human annotator choose?

The sentence: "addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting"

A human would likely think of "causes" here as "the reasons for" or "the sources of" the vomiting. This is the most common sense of "cause" - the thing that makes something happen.

Sense 1's definition: "events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something"
Sense 4's definition: "any entity that produces an effect or is responsible for events or results"

Both could work, but sense 1 is more commonly associated with the pattern "the cause of X" (as shown by its example).

I think a human annotator would most likely choose sense 1, because:
1. The example matches the usage pattern
2. It's the first/most common sense
3. "Cause of X" is typically associated with sense 1

Final answer: sense 1

Actually, I just realized something. Let me re-read the definitions:

Sense 1: "events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something"
- This is about events being the cause
- Example: "cause of the crash" - the crash is an event, and its cause is also an event

Sense 4: "any entity that produces an effect or is responsible for events or results"
- This is about entities being the cause
- Synonyms: causal agent, causal agency

In the context, "the underlying causes of the vomiting" - vomiting is an event/symptom, and its causes are the medical conditions that produce it.

Are medical conditions "events" or "entities"? A condition like gastritis is a state, not an event. But it could be considered an entity in the broad sense.

I think the question is whether "cause" here is used in the sense of "the event that originated something" (sense 1) or "the entity that produces an effect" (sense 4).

In medical terminology, "cause" often refers to the disease or condition (entity) that produces symptoms. But in everyday language, "cause" is used more loosely to mean "the reason for."

Given that this text is from a medical document (EMA or FDA veterinary medicine documentation), the medical usage might be more appropriate, which would favor sense 4.

But the text is written for a general audience (pet owners), not for medical professionals. The question "What is the risk associated with Cerenia?" suggests this is a Q&A format for the general public. So the everyday usage of "cause" (sense 1) might be more appropriate.

OK, I really need to make a final decision. I'll go with sense 1 because:
1. The example pattern matches: "cause of the crash" ≈ "causes of the vomiting"
2. The text is for a general audience
3. "Cause" in the pattern "the cause of X" is most commonly sense 1
4. "Underlying causes" in general language means "the root reasons" which aligns with sense 1's "origin of something"

Final answer: sense 1 (index 1)

Hmm wait, actually I want to reconsider one more time. Let me look at this from the WordNet hierarchy perspective.

Sense 1 (cause%1:11:00::) is in noun.event - this is specifically about events causing things
Sense 4 (cause%1:03:00::) is in noun.Tops - this is the most general sense, about any entity producing an effect

The "causes" of vomiting in a medical context are typically:
- Diseases (e.g., pancreatitis, gastroenteritis)
- Conditions (e.g., intestinal obstruction)
- Toxins or irritants
- Physiological states

These are not events - they are entities, conditions, or states. So sense 4 might be more appropriate.

But in everyday language, when we say "the cause of the crash" (sense 1's example), the "cause" could also be a condition (e.g., mechanical failure) rather than a specific event. So the distinction between "event" and "entity" might not be as clear-cut as it seems.

I think the safest choice is sense 1, given the strong example match. But I can see arguments for sense 4 as well.

Let me go with sense 1 as my final answer.

OK actually, I've been going back and forth too much. Let me settle this.

The key factors:
1. Example match: Sense 1's example "cause of the crash" is very similar to "causes of the vomiting" ✓
2. Definition match: Sense 1 says "events" which is a bit narrow; Sense 4 says "any entity" which is broader
3. Synonyms: Sense 4 has "causal agent, causal agency" which is medical-sounding
4. Common usage: "The cause of X" is typically sense 1

I think the example match is the strongest factor. Sense 1's example "they are trying to determine the cause of the crash" is structurally and semantically very similar to "addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting." Both are about identifying the source/origin of a phenomenon.

Final answer: sense 1 (index 1)


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: risk
Target surface form: risk
Context:
What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog. Also, the treatment of vomiting should only be together with other supportive measure or other veterinary therapy while addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting. What is the <t>risk</t> associated with Cerenia? Cerenia was generally well tolerated when administered daily at dosages up to 5 times the recommended doses for an extended period of time (up to 3 times the recommended maximum duration of treatment).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=risk%1:26:00:: | definition=a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune | synonyms=hazard, jeopardy, peril, endangerment | examples=drinking alcohol is a health hazard
2. sense_key=risk%1:04:00:: | definition=a venture undertaken without regard to possible loss or injury | synonyms=peril, danger | examples=he saw the rewards but not the risks of crime; there was a danger he would do the wrong thing
3. sense_key=risk%1:07:02:: | definition=the probability of becoming infected given that exposure to an infectious agent has occurred | synonyms=risk of infection
4. sense_key=risk%1:07:01:: | definition=the probability of being exposed to an infectious agent | synonyms=risk of exposure

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "risk" in the context of a veterinary medicine document about Cerenia.
The question asks: "What is the risk associated with Cerenia?"
The answer discusses how well Cerenia was tolerated (side effects, adverse events, safety profile).
In this context, "risk" means a source of danger or possibility of incurring loss or misfortune (i.e., side effects or adverse health consequences).
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. risk%1:26:00:: | definition=a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune | synonyms=hazard, jeopardy, peril, endangerment | examples=drinking alcohol is a health hazard
2. risk%1:04:00:: | definition=a venture undertaken without regard to possible loss or injury | synonyms=peril, danger | examples=he saw the rewards but not the risks of crime
3. risk%1:07:02:: | definition=the probability of becoming infected given that exposure to an infectious agent has occurred
4. risk%1:07:01:: | definition=the probability of being exposed to an infectious agent

The context refers to the potential danger or adverse effects of the medicine, which fits sense 1 ("a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune" or generally health hazard).
Sense 2 refers to a risky venture or undertaking, which doesn't fit the medical context of side effects.
Sense 3 and 4 are specifically about infectious agents, which is not the case here.

So, sense 1 is the best fit.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: generally
Target surface form: generally
Context:
The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog. Also, the treatment of vomiting should only be together with other supportive measure or other veterinary therapy while addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting. What is the risk associated with Cerenia? Cerenia was <t>generally</t> well tolerated when administered daily at dosages up to 5 times the recommended doses for an extended period of time (up to 3 times the recommended maximum duration of treatment). What are the precautions for the person who gives the medicine or comes into contact with the animal?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=generally%4:02:02:: | definition=usually; as a rule | synonyms=by and large, more often than not, mostly | examples=by and large it doesn't rain much here
2. sense_key=generally%4:02:01:: | definition=without distinction of one from others | synonyms=in general, in the main | examples=he is interested in snakes in general
3. sense_key=generally%4:02:00:: | definition=without regard to specific details or exceptions | synonyms=broadly, loosely, broadly speaking | examples=he interprets the law broadly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "generally" in the context: "Cerenia was generally well tolerated when administered daily at dosages up to 5 times the recommended doses for an extended period of time".

Sense 1: usually; as a rule (by and large, more often than not, mostly). Example: "by and large it doesn't rain much here"
Sense 2: without distinction of one from others (in general, in the main). Example: "he is interested in snakes in general"
Sense 3: without regard to specific details or exceptions (broadly, loosely, broadly speaking). Example: "he interprets the law broadly"

The context says "Cerenia was generally well tolerated". This means in general, overall, broadly speaking, it was well tolerated. This seems to fit Sense 3 or Sense 1.

"Generally well tolerated" in medical context means "on the whole" or "in general", without specific exceptions. Let's think about the nuances.

Sense 1: "usually; as a rule" - This implies frequency. "Cerenia was usually well tolerated" means most of the time it was well tolerated.
Sense 3: "without regard to specific details or exceptions" - "Cerenia was broadly well tolerated" means overall, without getting into specific details/exceptions, it was well tolerated.

"Generally well tolerated" is a standard medical phrasing. It means overall/broadly speaking, it was well tolerated. It doesn't necessarily mean "usually" (in terms of frequency across patients), though that could be an interpretation. It often means "in general" or "broadly".

Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 3.
Sense 1 synonyms: by and large, more often than not, mostly
Sense 3 synonyms: broadly, loosely, broadly speaking

"Cerenia was generally well tolerated" = "Cerenia was broadly well tolerated" (Sense 3) or "Cerenia was mostly well tolerated" (Sense 1).
In pharmacovigilance, "generally well tolerated" implies that there might be minor exceptions or specific details where it wasn't, but overall it was. This aligns well with Sense 3's "without regard to specific details or exceptions".
However, it could also be interpreted as "usually well tolerated" (most of the time/ in most cases).

Let's look at the examples.
Sense 1: "by and large it doesn't rain much here" -> indicates usual state.
Sense 3: "he interprets the law broadly" -> indicates lack of specific details.

Actually, "generally well tolerated" often means "mostly" or "usually". But let's think about "without regard to specific details or exceptions". When a drug is "generally well tolerated", it means overall, ignoring specific exceptions (some patients might have side effects), it is well tolerated.
Wait, another common synonym is "overall".

If I say "Cerenia was usually well tolerated", it sounds a bit like sometimes it was and sometimes it wasn't.
"Cerenia was generally well tolerated" implies an overall assessment, "broadly speaking".

Let's check WordNet senses for "generally".
Sense 1: usually; as a rule
Sense 2: without distinction of one from others
Sense 3: without regard to specific details or exceptions

"Generally well tolerated" -> Does it mean "usually" or "broadly"?
In medical writing, "generally well tolerated" is almost a set phrase. It means "overall" or "in general".
Let's consider Sense 1: "by and large, more often than not, mostly". "Mostly well tolerated" makes sense.
Sense 3: "broadly, loosely, broadly speaking". "Broadly well tolerated" sounds a bit odd. "Broadly speaking, Cerenia was well tolerated" is a bit different from "Cerenia was broadly well tolerated".

Actually, the phrase "generally well tolerated" translates well to "usually well tolerated" or "mostly well tolerated". E.g., "The drug was generally well tolerated" -> "The drug was mostly well tolerated".
Let's search my internal knowledge for how "generally well tolerated" is used. It implies that in the majority of cases, the drug is tolerated. "Mostly" or "usually".
But "without regard to specific details or exceptions" is also very fitting: "He interprets the law broadly" -> "The drug was well tolerated, broadly speaking".
Wait, "broadly speaking" vs "broadly well tolerated".
Usually, in the context of "The drug was generally well tolerated", "generally" means "in most cases" or "mostly". This corresponds to Sense 1.
Let's re-evaluate Sense 3. "without regard to specific details or exceptions". "Generally" in "generally well tolerated" could mean that overall, without focusing on specific side effects or exceptions, it was well tolerated.

Let's check similar WSD tasks.
"Generally" -> 1: usually; as a rule. 3: without regard to specific details or exceptions.
"Cerenia was generally well tolerated" -> this means "mostly" or "usually" well tolerated. The emphasis is on frequency/proportion of patients or instances. So Sense 1 seems stronger.
Consider: "The drug is generally well tolerated." -> "The drug is usually well tolerated."
"by and large it doesn't rain much here" -> "by and large the drug is well tolerated."

Wait! "without regard to specific details or exceptions" could also mean "in general". For example, "Cerenia was well tolerated, generally speaking." But here it's an adverb modifying "tolerated".

Let's lean towards Sense 1. "usually; as a rule". It fits "generally well tolerated" = "mostly well tolerated" perfectly.
Wait, is there a chance it's Sense 3? "broadly, loosely, broadly speaking". "The law is broadly interpreted". "Cerenia was broadly tolerated" - no, we don't say that. We say "Cerenia was generally well tolerated" meaning "in general, Cerenia was well tolerated" which is Sense 3? No, "in general" is Sense 2! "he is interested in snakes in general".
Wait. Sense 2 synonyms: in general, in the main. Definition: without distinction of one from others. "He is interested in snakes in general."
Sense 3 synonyms: broadly, loosely, broadly speaking. Definition: without regard to specific details or exceptions.
Sense 1 synonyms: by and large, more often than not, mostly. Definition: usually; as a rule.

If "generally" means "mostly", then it's Sense 1.
In the context of "generally well tolerated", it means the drug is mostly well tolerated. So Sense 1.

Let's double check.
"Cerenia was generally well tolerated when administered daily at dosages up to 5 times the recommended doses..."
It means in the study, it was mostly well tolerated. It means "usually" or "in most cases". Sense 1 is "usually; as a rule".

I will choose Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: well
Target surface form: well
Context:
The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog. Also, the treatment of vomiting should only be together with other supportive measure or other veterinary therapy while addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting. What is the risk associated with Cerenia? Cerenia was generally <t>well</t> tolerated when administered daily at dosages up to 5 times the recommended doses for an extended period of time (up to 3 times the recommended maximum duration of treatment). What are the precautions for the person who gives the medicine or comes into contact with the animal?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=well%4:02:00:: | definition=(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (`good' is a nonstandard dialectal variant for `well') | synonyms=good | examples=the children behaved well; a task well done
2. sense_key=well%4:02:05:: | definition=thoroughly or completely; fully; often used as a combining form; ; ; ; ; , | examples=The problem is well understood; she was well informed
3. sense_key=well%4:02:03:: | definition=indicating high probability; in all likelihood | synonyms=easily | examples=I might well do it; a mistake that could easily have ended in disaster
4. sense_key=well%4:02:15:: | definition=(used for emphasis or as an intensifier) entirely or fully | examples=a book well worth reading; was well aware of the difficulties ahead
5. sense_key=well%4:02:08:: | definition=to a suitable or appropriate extent or degree | examples=the project was well underway; the fetus has well developed organs
6. sense_key=well%4:02:07:: | definition=favorably; with approval | examples=their neighbors spoke well of them; he thought well of the book
7. sense_key=well%4:02:11:: | definition=to a great extent or degree | synonyms=considerably, substantially | examples=I'm afraid the film was well over budget; painting the room white made it seem considerably (or substantially) larger
8. sense_key=well%4:02:14:: | definition=with great or especially intimate knowledge | synonyms=intimately | examples=we knew them well
9. sense_key=well%4:02:13:: | definition=with prudence or propriety | examples=You would do well to say nothing more; could not well refuse
10. sense_key=well%4:02:12:: | definition=with skill or in a pleasing manner | examples=she dances well; he writes well
11. sense_key=well%4:02:10:: | definition=in a manner affording benefit or advantage | synonyms=advantageously | examples=she married well; The children were settled advantageously in Seattle
12. sense_key=well%4:02:09:: | definition=in financial comfort | synonyms=comfortably | examples=They live well; she has been able to live comfortably since her husband died
13. sense_key=well%4:02:01:: | definition=without unusual distress or resentment; with good humor | examples=took the joke well; took the tragic news well

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "well" in the context "Cerenia was generally well tolerated".
"well tolerated" means it was tolerated in a good or satisfactory manner, with few adverse effects.
Candidate senses:
1. well%4:02:00:: | definition=(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (`good' is a nonstandard dialectal variant for `well') | synonyms=good | examples=the children behaved well; a task well done

This fits perfectly. "well tolerated" = tolerated in a satisfactory manner.
Let's double check.
"well tolerated" = tolerated satisfactorily.
Sense 1 is exactly "in a good or proper or satisfactory manner".
Sense 4 is "entirely or fully" (used for emphasis).
Sense 5 is "to a suitable or appropriate extent".
Sense 1 seems the most standard translation of "well tolerated".

Let's choose 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tolerate
Target surface form: tolerated
Context:
The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog. Also, the treatment of vomiting should only be together with other supportive measure or other veterinary therapy while addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting. What is the risk associated with Cerenia? Cerenia was generally well <t>tolerated</t> when administered daily at dosages up to 5 times the recommended doses for an extended period of time (up to 3 times the recommended maximum duration of treatment). What are the precautions for the person who gives the medicine or comes into contact with the animal?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tolerate%2:31:00:: | definition=put up with something or somebody unpleasant | synonyms=digest, endure, stick out, stomach, bear, stand | examples=I cannot bear his constant criticism; The new secretary had to endure a lot of unprofessional remarks
2. sense_key=tolerate%2:41:01:: | definition=recognize and respect (rights and beliefs of others) | examples=We must tolerate the religions of others
3. sense_key=tolerate%2:39:00:: | definition=have a tolerance for a poison or strong drug or pathogen or environmental condition | examples=The patient does not tolerate the anti-inflammatory drugs we gave him
4. sense_key=tolerate%2:32:01:: | definition=allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting | synonyms=allow, permit | examples=We don't allow dogs here; Children are not permitted beyond this point

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about a veterinary medicine (Cerenia) being "well tolerated" when administered at high dosages. This refers to the body's ability to handle the drug without adverse effects.

Sense 3: "have a tolerance for a poison or strong drug or pathogen or environmental condition" with example "The patient does not tolerate the anti-inflammatory drugs we gave him" fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: administer
Target surface form: administered
Context:
The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog. Also, the treatment of vomiting should only be together with other supportive measure or other veterinary therapy while addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting. What is the risk associated with Cerenia? Cerenia was generally well tolerated when <t>administered</t> daily at dosages up to 5 times the recommended doses for an extended period of time (up to 3 times the recommended maximum duration of treatment). What are the precautions for the person who gives the medicine or comes into contact with the animal?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=administer%2:41:00:: | definition=work in an administrative capacity; supervise or be in charge of | synonyms=administrate | examples=administer a program; she administers the funds
2. sense_key=administer%2:40:01:: | definition=perform (a church sacrament) ritually | examples=administer the last unction
3. sense_key=administer%2:40:00:: | definition=administer or bestow, as in small portions | synonyms=distribute, mete out, deal, parcel out, lot, dispense | examples=administer critical remarks to everyone present; dole out some money
4. sense_key=administer%2:29:00:: | definition=give or apply (medications) | synonyms=dispense
5. sense_key=administer%2:41:01:: | definition=direct the taking of | examples=administer an exam; administer an oath

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about giving medication (Cerenia) to dogs. The sentence says "Cerenia was generally well tolerated when administered daily at dosages up to 5 times the recommended doses".

Sense 4: give or apply (medications) | synonyms=dispense. This fits perfectly.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: daily
Target surface form: daily
Context:
The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog. Also, the treatment of vomiting should only be together with other supportive measure or other veterinary therapy while addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting. What is the risk associated with Cerenia? Cerenia was generally well tolerated when administered <t>daily</t> at dosages up to 5 times the recommended doses for an extended period of time (up to 3 times the recommended maximum duration of treatment). What are the precautions for the person who gives the medicine or comes into contact with the animal?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=daily%4:02:00:: | definition=every day; without missing a day | examples=he stops by daily
2. sense_key=daily%4:02:01:: | definition=gradually and progressively | synonyms=day by day | examples=his health weakened day by day

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "daily" in the context "Cerenia was generally well tolerated when administered daily at dosages up to 5 times the recommended doses for an extended period of time".
Sense 1: every day; without missing a day. Example: "he stops by daily"
Sense 2: gradually and progressively. Synonyms: day by day. Example: "his health weakened day by day"

The context "administered daily at dosages up to 5 times" clearly refers to giving the medicine every day, not gradually and progressively.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dosage
Target surface form: dosages
Context:
The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog. Also, the treatment of vomiting should only be together with other supportive measure or other veterinary therapy while addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting. What is the risk associated with Cerenia? Cerenia was generally well tolerated when administered daily at <t>dosages</t> up to 5 times the recommended doses for an extended period of time (up to 3 times the recommended maximum duration of treatment). What are the precautions for the person who gives the medicine or comes into contact with the animal?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dosage%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity of an active agent (substance or radiation) taken in or absorbed at any one time | synonyms=dose
2. sense_key=dosage%1:06:00:: | definition=a measured portion of medicine taken at any one time | synonyms=dose

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "dosages" in the context: "Cerenia was generally well tolerated when administered daily at dosages up to 5 times the recommended doses for an extended period of time".

Sense 1: "the quantity of an active agent (substance or radiation) taken in or absorbed at any one time" - synonyms=dose. This is from the noun.cognition domain (1:23), suggesting a more general/scientific term.

Sense 2: "a measured portion of medicine taken at any one time" - synonyms=dose. This is from the noun.artifact domain (1:06), suggesting it refers specifically to medicine.

In the context, Cerenia is a medicine (veterinary medicine for dogs). The word "dosages" refers to the amount of medicine given.

Sense 2 seems more appropriate because it specifically refers to medicine, which matches the context of administering Cerenia (a medicine)to dogs.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dose
Target surface form: doses
Context:
The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog. Also, the treatment of vomiting should only be together with other supportive measure or other veterinary therapy while addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting. What is the risk associated with Cerenia? Cerenia was generally well tolerated when administered daily at dosages up to 5 times the recommended <t>doses</t> for an extended period of time (up to 3 times the recommended maximum duration of treatment). What are the precautions for the person who gives the medicine or comes into contact with the animal?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dose%1:06:00:: | definition=a measured portion of medicine taken at any one time | synonyms=dosage
2. sense_key=dose%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity of an active agent (substance or radiation) taken in or absorbed at any one time | synonyms=dosage
3. sense_key=dose%1:26:00:: | definition=a communicable infection transmitted by sexual intercourse or genital contact | synonyms=venereal disease, VD, venereal infection, social disease, Cupid's itch, Cupid's disease
4. sense_key=dose%1:06:01:: | definition=street name for lysergic acid diethylamide | synonyms=acid, back breaker, battery-acid, dot, Elvis, loony toons

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "doses" in the context: "Cerenia was generally well tolerated when administered daily at dosages up to 5 times the recommended doses for an extended period of time".
The context discusses medicine, veterinary treatment, and administration of tablets/injections.
Candidate senses:
1. dose%1:06:00:: - a measured portion of medicine taken at any one time | synonyms=dosage
2. dose%1:23:00:: - the quantity of an active agent (substance or radiation) taken in or absorbed at any one time | synonyms=dosage
3. dose%1:26:00:: - a communicable infection...
4. dose%1:06:01:: - street name for LSD...

Sense 1 and 2 are both relevant. Sense 1 focuses on "a measured portion of medicine", while Sense 2 focuses on "the quantity of an active agent (substance or radiation) taken in or absorbed". Cerenia is a medicine given to dogs. "Recommended doses" refers to the amount of medicine to be administered. Sense 1 seems to fit perfectly for medicine, but Sense 2 also fits for a pharmaceutical active agent. Let's look closely at the definitions.
"a measured portion of medicine taken at any one time"
"the quantity of an active agent (substance or radiation) taken in or absorbed at any one time"
In medical or veterinary contexts, a dose is often the amount of medicine administered. Sense 1 specifically mentions "medicine". I'll choose Sense 1.
Wait, is "dose%1:23:00::" usually used for radiation or chemical agents, and "dose%1:06:00::" for medicine? Yes, 1:06 is the noun.act or noun.artifact? Wait, 1:06 is the noun.artifact? No, WN 1:06 is noun.food? Actually, 1:06 is noun.artifact? No, in WordNet 1:06 is noun.substance? Wait, the lexical file numbers: 06 is noun.substance. Wait, 1:23 is noun.act.
Wait, no, 1:06 is noun.substance? No, let me recall. 1:13 is noun.food? Wait, no. 1:06 is noun.artifact? No, 1:06 is noun.animal? Wait:
1:02 is noun.plant
1:03 is noun.animal
1:04 is noun.body
1:05 is noun.food? No, 1:13 is noun.food. 1:06 is noun.substance. Wait, 1:23 is noun.act.
Sense 1: dose%1:06:00:: | definition=a measured portion of medicine taken at any one time
Sense 2: dose%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity of an active agent (substance or radiation) taken in or absorbed at any one time
Wait, medicine is a substance, and Cerenia is a medicine. The dosage is the measured portion of medicine. I will go with Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: extended
Target surface form: extended
Context:
The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog. Also, the treatment of vomiting should only be together with other supportive measure or other veterinary therapy while addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting. What is the risk associated with Cerenia? Cerenia was generally well tolerated when administered daily at dosages up to 5 times the recommended doses for an <t>extended</t> period of time (up to 3 times the recommended maximum duration of treatment). What are the precautions for the person who gives the medicine or comes into contact with the animal?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=extended%5:00:00:long:02 | definition=relatively long in duration; tediously protracted | synonyms=drawn-out, lengthy, prolonged, protracted | examples=a drawn-out argument; an extended discussion
2. sense_key=extended%3:00:00:: | definition=fully extended or stretched forth | examples=an extended telescope; his extended legs reached almost across the small room
3. sense_key=extended%5:00:00:long:01 | definition=drawn out or made longer spatially | synonyms=elongated, lengthened, prolonged | examples=Picasso's elongated Don Quixote; lengthened skirts are fashionable this year
4. sense_key=extended%5:00:00:figurative:00 | definition=beyond the literal or primary sense | examples=`hot off the press' shows an extended sense of `hot'
5. sense_key=extended%5:00:00:large:00 | definition=large in spatial extent or range or scope or quantity | synonyms=extensive | examples=an extensive Roman settlement in northwest England; extended farm lands

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is "for an extended period of time (up to 3 times the recommended maximum duration of treatment)."

The phrase "extended period of time" clearly refers to duration, not spatial extent.
Sense 1: "relatively long in duration; tediously protracted" - examples: "a drawn-out argument; an extended discussion"
Sense 3: "drawn out or made longer spatially" - spatial
Sense 5: "large in spatial extent or range or scope or quantity" - spatial/scope

Sense 1 is the best fit because it relates to duration of time.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: duration
Target surface form: duration
Context:
The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog. Also, the treatment of vomiting should only be together with other supportive measure or other veterinary therapy while addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting. What is the risk associated with Cerenia? Cerenia was generally well tolerated when administered daily at dosages up to 5 times the recommended doses for an extended period of time (up to 3 times the recommended maximum <t>duration</t> of treatment). What are the precautions for the person who gives the medicine or comes into contact with the animal?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=duration%1:28:02:: | definition=the period of time during which something continues | synonyms=continuance
2. sense_key=duration%1:28:00:: | definition=the property of enduring or continuing in time | synonyms=continuance
3. sense_key=duration%1:07:00:: | definition=continuance in time | synonyms=length | examples=the ceremony was of short duration; he complained about the length of time required

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "duration" in the context: "up to 3 times the recommended maximum duration of treatment".

Context analysis:
- "recommended maximum duration of treatment"
- "for an extended period of time"
- Refers to how long the treatment lasts.

Candidate senses:
1. duration%1:28:02:: | definition=the period of time during which something continues | synonyms=continuance
2. duration%1:28:00:: | definition=the property of enduring or continuing in time | synonyms=continuance
3. duration%1:07:00:: | definition=continuance in time | synonyms=length | examples=the ceremony was of short duration; he complained about the length of time required

Sense 1 is a noun in the noun.cognition or noun.time? Let's check: 1:28 is noun.time? Actually WordNet offsets: 1:28 might be noun.time or noun.cognition. Wait, 1:28:02:: the "1" refers to part of speech (noun), "28" refers to lexname (file number). File 28 is noun.time? Actually let me recall: noun.time is 28? Let me think. WordNet lexnames: 00=Africa, 01=animal, 02=art, 03=astronomy, 04=attribute, 05=body, 06=building, 07=cognition, 08=communication, 09=event, 10=feeling, 11=food, 12=group, 13=location, 14=motive, 15=object, 16=person, 17=phenomenon, 18=plant, 19=possession, 20=process, 21=quantity, 22=relation, 23=shape, 24=state, 25=substance, 26=time, 27=motive... wait.

Actually the standard WordNet lexname numbers: 00=adj.all, 01=adj.pert, 02=adv.all, 03=adj.ppl, 04=noun.Tops, 05=noun.act, 06=noun.animal, 07=noun.artifact, 08=noun.attribute, 09=noun.body, 10=noun.cognition, 11=noun.communication, 12=noun.event, 13=noun.feeling, 14=noun.food, 15=noun.group, 16=noun.location, 17=noun.motive, 18=noun.object, 19=noun.person, 20=noun.phenomenon, 21=noun.plant, 22=noun.possession, 23=noun.process, 24=noun.quantity, 25=noun.relation, 26=noun.shape, 27=noun.state, 28=noun.substance, 29=noun.time, 30=verb.body, 31=verb.change, 32=verb.cognition, 33=verb.communication, 34=verb.competition, 35=verb.consumption, 36=verb.contact, 37=verb.creation, 38=verb.emotion, 39=verb.body, 40=verb.motion, 41=verb.perception, 42=verb.possession, 43=verb.social, 44=verb.stative, 45=verb.weather, 46=adj.ppl.

Hmm, so 1:28:02:: means part of speech 1 (noun), lexname 28 (noun.substance)? That seems odd for "duration". Wait, actually I think the sense_key format is lemma%lex_sense, and lex_sense is lex_filenum:lex_id:head_word. The lex_filenum refers to the file number. So 1:28 means file 28. Let me reconsider.

Actually, file numbers in WordNet: 00=adj.all, 01=adj.pert, 02=adv.all, 03=noun.Tops, 04=noun.act, 05=noun.animal, 06=noun.artifact, 07=noun.attribute, 08=noun.body, 09=noun.cognition, 10=noun.communication, 11=noun.event, 12=noun.feeling, 13=noun.food, 14=noun.group, 15=noun.location, 16=noun.motive, 17=noun.object, 18=noun.person, 19=noun.phenomenon, 20=noun.plant, 21=noun.possession, 22=noun.process, 23=noun.quantity, 24=noun.relation, 25=noun.shape, 26=noun.state, 27=noun.substance, 28=noun.time, 29=verb.body, 30=verb.change, ...

Wait, so 28=noun.time. That makes more sense! So senses 1 and 2 are in noun.time (file 28). Sense 3 is 1:07:00 which is noun.cognition? No wait, 07 would be noun.attribute.

Hmm, let me recheck. Actually the lexname numbers:
0: adj.all
1: adj.pert
2: adv.all
3: noun.Tops
4: noun.act
5: noun.animal
6: noun.artifact
7: noun.attribute
8: noun.body
9: noun.cognition
10: noun.communication
11: noun.event
12: noun.feeling
13: noun.food
14: noun.group
15: noun.location
16: noun.motive
17: noun.object
18: noun.person
19: noun.phenomenon
20: noun.plant
21: noun.possession
22: noun.process
23: noun.quantity
24: noun.relation
25: noun.shape
26: noun.state
27: noun.substance
28: noun.time
29: verb.body
...

Hmm, but the sense_key uses a different numbering? Let me look at the actual format. The WordNet sense key format is: lemma%lex_sense where lex_sense = lex_filenum:lex_id:head_word. The lex_filenum is the file number of the data file (e.g., "noun.Time" is 28). Wait, I need to verify.

Actually, the lex_filenum in sense keys corresponds to the WordNet lexicographer file name. The mapping is:
1: adj.all
2: adj.pert
3: adv.all
4: noun.Tops
5: noun.act
6: noun.animal
7: noun.artifact
8: noun.attribute
9: noun.body
10: noun.cognition
11: noun.communication
12: noun.event
13: noun.feeling
14: noun.food
15: noun.group
16: noun.location
17: noun.motive
18: noun.object
19: noun.person
20: noun.phenomenon
21: noun.plant
22: noun.possession
23: noun.process
24: noun.quantity
25: noun.relation
26: noun.shape
27: noun.state
28: noun.substance
29: noun.time
30: verb.body
...

Hmm, I'm not 100% sure. Let me think about this differently.

Actually, in the WordNet database, the lexicographer file numbers are:
00 = adj.all
01 = adj.pert
02 = adv.all
03 = adj.ppl (in some versions)
04 = noun.Tops
05 = noun.act
...

But in sense keys, the "lex_filenum" is the file number. Let me check known examples.

"duration%1:28:02::" - if duration is in noun.time, then the file number should correspond to noun.time.

Looking at the sense keys given:
1. duration%1:28:02:: - noun.time (if 28 = noun.time)
2. duration%1:28:00:: - same file
3. duration%1:07:00:: - noun.cognition? or noun.attribute?

Actually, the WordNet 3.0 lexicographer file numbers used in sense keys:
1 - adj.all
2 - adj.pert
3 - adv.all
4 - noun.Tops
5 - noun.act
6 - noun.animal
7 - noun.artifact
8 - noun.attribute
9 - noun.body
10 - noun.cognition
11 - noun.communication
12 - noun.event
13 - noun.feeling
14 - noun.food
15 - noun.group
16 - noun.location
17 - noun.motive
18 - noun.object
19 - noun.person
20 - noun.phenomenon
21 - noun.plant
22 - noun.possession
23 - noun.process
24 - noun.quantity
25 - noun.relation
26 - noun.shape
27 - noun.state
28 - noun.substance
29 - noun.time
30 - verb.body
...

Wait, that would make 28 = noun.substance, not noun.time. Let me reconsider.

Actually, I recall that the file numbers in sense keys are:
1=adj.all, 2=adj.pert, 3=adv.all, 4=noun.Tops, 5=noun.act, 6=noun.animal, 7=noun.artifact, 8=noun.attribute, 9=noun.body, 10=noun.cognition, 11=noun.communication, 12=noun.event, 13=noun.feeling, 14=noun.food, 15=noun.group, 16=noun.location, 17=noun.motive, 18=noun.object, 19=noun.person, 20=noun.phenomenon, 21=noun.plant, 22=noun.possession, 23=noun.process, 24=noun.quantity, 25=noun.relation, 26=noun.shape, 27=noun.state, 28=noun.substance, 29=noun.time, 30=verb.body...

Hmm wait, but then "duration" in noun.time would be 29, not 28. Let me check the actual WordNet data.

Let me check the actual WordNet 3.0 sense keys for "duration":

In WordNet 3.0:
- duration%1:28:01:: - "the property of enduring or continuing in time" (noun.time? or noun.substance?)
- duration%1:28:02:: - "the period of time during which something continues" (noun.time)
- duration%1:07:00:: - "continuance in time" (noun.attribute?)

Hmm, I think the lex_filenum in the sense key actually uses a different mapping. Let me think about the actual WordNet documentation.

From the WordNet 3.0 documentation, the lexicographer file names and numbers are:
00 - adj.all
01 - adj.pert
02 - adv.all
03 - adj.ppl
04 - noun.Tops
05 - noun.act
06 - noun.animal
07 - noun.artifact
08 - noun.attribute
09 - noun.body
10 - noun.cognition
11 - noun.communication
12 - noun.event
13 - noun.feeling
14 - noun.food
15 - noun.group
16 - noun.location
17 - noun.motive
18 - noun.object
19 - noun.person
20 - noun.phenomenon
21 - noun.plant
22 - noun.possession
23 - noun.process
24 - noun.quantity
25 - noun.relation
26 - noun.shape
27 - noun.state
28 - noun.substance
29 - noun.time
30 - verb.body
31 - verb.change
32 - verb.cognition
33 - verb.communication
34 - verb.competition
35 - verb.consumption
36 - verb.contact
37 - verb.creation
38 - verb.emotion
39 - verb.motion
40 - verb.perception
41 - verb.possession
42 - verb.social
43 - verb.stative
44 - verb.weather
45 - adj.ppl

But in the sense key format, the lex_filenum is the number of the file. Looking at the actual WordNet 3.0 data file "index.sense":

The sense key for "duration" in WordNet 3.0:
- duration%1:28:02:: - this should map to noun.time.

Wait, but according to the mapping above, 28 = noun.substance. That doesn't seem right for "duration".

Hmm, let me reconsider. Maybe the numbering is different in the sense keys. Actually, I think the sense key lex_filenum uses the same numbering as the data files. Let me look at another example.

"dog%1:05:00::" would be the domestic dog sense. noun.animal = 06 in the list above? Or 05?

Actually, I think I'm off by one. Let me look at this more carefully.

From the WordNet 3.0 source code (lexnames in the sense keys):

Looking at the WordNet 3.0 lexnames list:
1: adj.all
2: adj.pert
3: adv.all
4: noun.Tops
5: noun.act
6: noun.animal
7: noun.artifact
8: noun.attribute
9: noun.body
10: noun.cognition
11: noun.communication
12: noun.event
13: noun.feeling
14: noun.food
15: noun.group
16: noun.location
17: noun.motive
18: noun.object
19: noun.person
20: noun.phenomenon
21: noun.plant
22: noun.possession
23: noun.process
24: noun.quantity
25: noun.relation
26: noun.shape
27: noun.state
28: noun.substance
29: noun.time
30: verb.body
...

So noun.time = 29, not 28. Then "duration%1:28:02::" would be in noun.substance (28)? That doesn't make sense.

Hmm, wait. Let me reconsider. Maybe I'm wrong about the mapping. Let me look at the actual WordNet 3.0 data.

Actually, I think there might be a different numbering. Let me check the wnlexicon or similar.

Actually, I recall now. The WordNet 3.0 lexicographer file numbers as used in sense keys are:
1 = adj.all
2 = adj.pert
3 = adv.all
4 = noun.Tops
5 = noun.act
6 = noun.animal
7 = noun.artifact
8 = noun.attribute
9 = noun.body
10 = noun.cognition
11 = noun.communication
12 = noun.event
13 = noun.feeling
14 = noun.food
15 = noun.group
16 = noun.location
17 = noun.motive
18 = noun.object
19 = noun.person
20 = noun.phenomenon
21 = noun.plant
22 = noun.possession
23 = noun.process
24 = noun.quantity
25 = noun.relation
26 = noun.shape
27 = noun.state
28 = noun.substance
29 = noun.time
30 = verb.body
31 = verb.change
32 = verb.cognition
33 = verb.communication
34 = verb.competition
35 = verb.consumption
36 = verb.contact
37 = verb.creation
38 = verb.emotion
39 = verb.motion
40 = verb.perception
41 = verb.possession
42 = verb.social
43 = verb.stative
44 = verb.weather
45 = adj.ppl

Wait, this can't be right because "duration" should be in noun.time (29) based on its meaning. But the sense keys show 1:28. Unless noun.time is actually file 28.

Let me try a different approach. Let me look at the actual WordNet 3.0 data files. In WordNet 3.0:

data.noun has entries with the lexicographer file ID. Looking at the noun.time file:

From WordNet 3.0, the noun.Time lexicographer file contains words related to time, including "duration". The file number for noun.time...

Actually, I just recalled: in some versions of WordNet, the numbering starts differently. Let me check the specific WordNet 3.0 sense keys.

I know that in WordNet 3.0:
- "time%1:28:00::" is a sense of "time" (noun.time)
- If "time" is in file 28, then 28 = noun.time, not noun.substance.

So maybe the numbering is:
1 = adj.all
2 = adj.pert
3 = adv.all
4 = noun.Tops
5 = noun.act
6 = noun.animal
7 = noun.artifact
8 = noun.attribute
9 = noun.body
10 = noun.cognition
11 = noun.communication
12 = noun.event
13 = noun.feeling
14 = noun.food
15 = noun.group
16 = noun.location
17 = noun.motive
18 = noun.object
19 = noun.person
20 = noun.phenomenon
21 = noun.plant
22 = noun.possession
23 = noun.process
24 = noun.quantity
25 = noun.relation
26 = noun.shape
27 = noun.state
28 = noun.time  (not noun.substance!)
29 = noun.substance

Hmm, that would mean noun.substance and noun.time are swapped from what I thought. Let me verify.

Actually, I think the issue is that I had the order wrong. Let me check the WordNet 3.0 source code for the lexname list.

From the WordNet 3.0 wn.c or similar source:

The lexnames are listed in order, and the numbers are assigned sequentially. Let me look at the actual order:

According to the WordNet 3.0 documentation (the file "lexnames" in the WordNet distribution):
0 adj.all
1 adj.pert
2 adv.all
3 noun.Tops
4 noun.act
5 noun.animal
6 noun.artifact
7 noun.attribute
8 noun.body
9 noun.cognition
10 noun.communication
11 noun.event
12 noun.feeling
13 noun.food
14 noun.group
15 noun.location
16 noun.motive
17 noun.object
18 noun.person
19 noun.phenomenon
20 noun.plant
21 noun.possession
22 noun.process
23 noun.quantity
24 noun.relation
25 noun.shape
26 noun.state
27 noun.substance
28 noun.time
29 verb.body
30 verb.change
...

So it starts from 0! That means:
0 = adj.all
1 = adj.pert
2 = adv.all
3 = noun.Tops
4 = noun.act
5 = noun.animal
6 = noun.artifact
7 = noun.attribute
8 = noun.body
9 = noun.cognition
10 = noun.communication
11 = noun.event
12 = noun.feeling
13 = noun.food
14 = noun.group
15 = noun.location
16 = noun.motive
17 = noun.object
18 = noun.person
19 = noun.phenomenon
20 = noun.plant
21 = noun.possession
22 = noun.process
23 = noun.quantity
24 = noun.relation
25 = noun.shape
26 = noun.state
27 = noun.substance
28 = noun.time
29 = verb.body
...

Hmm, but the sense key format uses "1:28" where 1 is the syntactic category (1=noun, 2=verb, 3=adjective, 4=adverb) and 28 is the lex_filenum. But wait, if noun corresponds to 1 in the sense key, then the lex_filenum is separate. Let me re-examine the sense key format.

Actually, I just recalled: the sense key format is:
lemma%lex_filenum:lex_id:head_word

Where lex_filenum is the lexicographer file number (from 0 to 44), and the first number (before the colon after the lemma) is actually part of the lex_filenum!

Wait no. Let me look at the actual format more carefully.

The WordNet 3.0 sense key format is:
lemma%lex_sense

where lex_sense = lex_filenum:lex_id:head_word

and lex_filenum is a two-digit number identifying the lexicographer file.

But in "duration%1:28:02::", the "1" before the first colon is not the lex_filenum. Wait, let me look at the format again.

Actually, I think the format is:
lemma%speech_part:lex_filenum:lex_id:head_word

No, that's not right either. Let me look at the actual WordNet 3.0 documentation.

From the WordNet 3.0 documentation:
"A sense key is represented as:
lemma%lex_sense
where lex_sense is coded as:
lex_filenum:lex_id:head_word"

So "duration%1:28:02::" means:
- lemma = "duration"
- lex_sense = "1:28:02::"
- lex_filenum = 1
- lex_id = 28
- head_word = 02
- ???

Wait, that doesn't parse right either. Let me look at this more carefully.

Actually, I think the format might be:
lemma%ss_type:lex_filenum:lex_id:head_word

where ss_type is 1=noun, 2=verb, 3=adj, 4=adv.

So "duration%1:28:02::" means:
- lemma = "duration"
- ss_type = 1 (noun)
- lex_filenum = 28
- lex_id = 02
- head_word = (empty, indicated by ::)

That makes more sense! So:
- "duration%1:28:02::" = noun, lex_filenum 28, lex_id 02
- "duration%1:28:00::" = noun, lex_filenum 28, lex_id 00
- "duration%1:07:00::" = noun, lex_filenum 07, lex_id 00

Now, lex_filenum 28 = noun.time (from the 0-indexed list above).
lex_filenum 07 = noun.attribute

Wait, but I said 0-indexed. Let me recheck:
0 = adj.all
1 = adj.pert
2 = adv.all
3 = noun.Tops
4 = noun.act
5 = noun.animal
6 = noun.artifact
7 = noun.attribute
8 = noun.body
9 = noun.cognition
10 = noun.communication
11 = noun.event
12 = noun.feeling
13 = noun.food
14 = noun.group
15 = noun.location
16 = noun.motive
17 = noun.object
18 = noun.person
19 = noun.phenomenon
20 = noun.plant
21 = noun.possession
22 = noun.process
23 = noun.quantity
24 = noun.relation
25 = noun.shape
26 = noun.state
27 = noun.substance
28 = noun.time
29 = verb.body
30 = verb.change
...

Hmm wait, but that means verb files start at 29? That seems like a lot of noun files. Let me reconsider.

Actually, I think the numbering might be:
1 = adj.all
2 = adj.pert
3 = adv.all
4 = noun.Tops
5 = noun.act
6 = noun.animal
7 = noun.artifact
8 = noun.attribute
9 = noun.body
10 = noun.cognition
11 = noun.communication
12 = noun.event
13 = noun.feeling
14 = noun.food
15 = noun.group
16 = noun.location
17 = noun.motive
18 = noun.object
19 = noun.person
20 = noun.phenomenon
21 = noun.plant
22 = noun.possession
23 = noun.process
24 = noun.quantity
25 = noun.relation
26 = noun.shape
27 = noun.state
28 = noun.substance
29 = noun.time
30 = verb.body
...

Starting from 1, not 0. Then:
- lex_filenum 28 = noun.substance
- lex_filenum 07 = noun.artifact
- lex_filenum 29 = noun.time

But "duration" should be in noun.time, not noun.substance. So if the sense key has lex_filenum 28, then either 28 = noun.time (if 0-indexed) or 28 = noun.substance (if 1-indexed).

I'm going to go with the 0-indexed version since it makes more semantic sense for "duration" to be in noun.time.

Actually, wait. Let me just look at the actual WordNet 3.0 index.sense file entries for "duration". I recall that in WordNet 3.0:

duration%1:28:01:: is "the property of enduring or continuing in time" with synonyms including "continuance" and "duration"
duration%1:28:02:: is "the period of time during which something continues" with synonyms including "continuance" and "duration"
duration%1:07:00:: is "continuance in time" with synonyms including "length" and "duration"

Hmm, but sense 3 has example "the ceremony was of short duration" which is a very common usage. The example "he complained about the length of time required" also fits.

In the context "up to 3 times the recommended maximum duration of treatment", "duration" refers to the length of time of the treatment. This is similar to "the ceremony was of short duration" - it's about how long something lasts.

Let me compare:
- Sense 1 (1:28:02): "the period of time during which something continues" - this is a specific time period
- Sense 2 (1:28:00): "the property of enduring or continuing in time" - this is a property/attribute
- Sense 3 (1:07:00): "continuance in time" with synonym "length" and example "the ceremony was of short duration" - this is about the length of time

The context "recommended maximum duration of treatment" is talking about the length of time the treatment should last. This is about how long it continues, which is the "continuance in time" or "length" sense.

"duration of treatment" = how long the treatment lasts = the length of time of treatment

This matches sense 3 best, because:
1. The synonym "length" fits well (the length of treatment)
2. The example "the ceremony was of short duration" is structurally similar to "the duration of treatment"
3. "duration of treatment" refers to the length/extent of time, not a specific period

But wait, let me reconsider. Sense 1 says "the period of time during which something continues" - "duration of treatment" could be "the period of time during which treatment continues". That also fits.

The difference between senses 1 and 3:
- Sense 1 is in noun.time (file 28) - it's about a specific period of time
- Sense 3 is in noun.attribute (file 07) - it's about the attribute of how long something lasts, i.e., length

"Recommended maximum duration of treatment" - here "duration" is being used as an attribute of the treatment. It's the "length" of the treatment. Like saying "the maximum length of treatment" or "the maximum treatment length".

Actually, I think both senses 1 and 3 could work, but the question is which is the best fit.

Let me think about the difference more carefully:
- Sense 1: "the period of time during which something continues" - This refers to the actual time span, the interval. Like "the duration of the meeting was 2 hours."
- Sense 3: "continuance in time" (synonym: length) - This refers to the measure of how long something lasts. Like "the ceremony was of short duration" = "the ceremony was short in length."

"Recommended maximum duration of treatment" - This is talking about the recommended maximum length of the treatment. It's about the measure of time, not a specific time period. This is more like sense 3.

But actually, "the period of time during which something continues" (sense 1) also works: "the period of time during which the treatment continues (should not exceed the recommended maximum)."

Hmm, let me look at the examples more carefully:
- Sense 3 has examples: "the ceremony was of short duration" and "he complained about the length of time required"
- These examples show "duration" being used to describe how long something lasts (its length in time)

"duration of treatment" - how long the treatment lasts - this is the "length" sense, which is sense 3.

Actually, I want to reconsider. Let me think about what "recommended maximum duration of treatment" means. It means the recommended maximum length of time for the treatment. The "duration" here is an attribute of the treatment - it's the time length.

In sense 1, "the period of time during which something continues" - this is more about a specific time interval.
In sense 3, "continuance in time" (synonym: length) - this is about the attribute of continuing in time, i.e., how long it lasts.

"Maximum duration" = "maximum length" - this is clearly the length sense, which is sense 3.

Also, looking at the example "he complained about the length of time required" - this shows that "duration" can be paraphrased as "length of time", which is exactly what "duration of treatment" means.

I'm going to go with sense 3.

But wait, let me also consider sense 1 more carefully. "The period of time during which something continues" - "duration of treatment" = "the period of time during which treatment continues." This is also a valid interpretation. The "recommended maximum" modifies "duration" - it's the recommended maximum for the period of time during which treatment continues.

Hmm, but "duration" in "duration of treatment" is not referring to a specific period but rather the concept of how long it lasts. When we say "the duration of treatment was 5 days," we're talking about the specific period. But when we say "the recommended maximum duration of treatment," we're talking about the recommended maximum length.

I think the key distinction is:
- Sense 1 (noun.time): refers to a specific time period
- Sense 3 (noun.attribute): refers to the measure/length of time

"Recommended maximum duration of treatment" is about the measure of time (the length), not a specific period. So sense 3 fits better.

Also, the synonym "length" for sense 3 is very telling - "maximum duration of treatment" = "maximum length of treatment" - and "length" is a measure/attribute, not a specific time period.

I'll go with sense 3.

Wait, but I should also consider: is "duration" in "duration of treatment" referring to the property (sense 2) or the length (sense 3)?

Sense 2: "the property of enduring or continuing in time" - this is more abstract, about the property itself.
Sense 3: "continuance in time" with synonym "length" - this is about the measure of time.

"Maximum duration" implies a measurable quantity - you can have a maximum of something that's measurable. "The property of enduring" (sense 2) is not something you'd typically put a "maximum" on. But "continuance in time" / "length" (sense 3) is measurable, and you can have a "maximum length."

So sense 3 is the best fit.

Let me also verify by looking at the lexname:
- Sense 3 is in noun.attribute (file 07), which includes measurable attributes like length, weight, etc.
- "Duration" as "length of time" is an attribute, which fits noun.attribute.

I'm confident the answer is sense 3.

Actually, let me reconsider one more time. I want to make sure I'm not confusing things.

The context says: "Cerenia was generally well tolerated when administered daily at dosages up to 5 times the recommended doses for an extended period of time (up to 3 times the recommended maximum duration of treatment)."

Here, "duration of treatment" refers to how long the treatment lasts. "3 times the recommended maximum duration" means 3 times the recommended maximum length of treatment.

The phrase "an extended period of time" is also used, which is about a time period. But "duration" here is about the length/measure of the treatment time.

I believe sense 3 is correct: "continuance in time" with synonym "length" and example "the ceremony was of short duration."

Final answer: sense 3.

provider: CoreWeave


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: treatment
Target surface form: treatment
Context:
The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog. Also, the treatment of vomiting should only be together with other supportive measure or other veterinary therapy while addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting. What is the risk associated with Cerenia? Cerenia was generally well tolerated when administered daily at dosages up to 5 times the recommended doses for an extended period of time (up to 3 times the recommended maximum duration of <t>treatment</t>). What are the precautions for the person who gives the medicine or comes into contact with the animal?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "treatment" in the context: "the recommended maximum duration of treatment".
The context is about administering medicine (Cerenia) to dogs for vomiting.
"duration of treatment" refers to the period during which medical care (the medicine) is provided.
Sense 1: "care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury)" - synonym: intervention. This perfectly matches the medical context of treating a dog with Cerenia.
Sense 2: "the management of someone or something" - synonym: handling.
Sense 3: artistic treatment.
Sense 4: discussion.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: precaution
Target surface form: precautions
Context:
The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog. Also, the treatment of vomiting should only be together with other supportive measure or other veterinary therapy while addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting. What is the risk associated with Cerenia? Cerenia was generally well tolerated when administered daily at dosages up to 5 times the recommended doses for an extended period of time (up to 3 times the recommended maximum duration of treatment). What are the <t>precautions</t> for the person who gives the medicine or comes into contact with the animal? Cerenia does not represent a particular risk for people.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=precaution%1:04:00:: | definition=a precautionary measure warding off impending danger or damage or injury etc. | synonyms=safeguard, guard | examples=he put an ice pack on the injury as a precaution; an insurance policy is a good safeguard
2. sense_key=precaution%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of practicing caution in advance
3. sense_key=precaution%1:09:00:: | definition=judiciousness in avoiding harm or danger | synonyms=caution, care, forethought | examples=he exercised caution in opening the door; he handled the vase with care

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context asks "What are the precautions for the person who gives the medicine or comes into contact with the animal?" This refers to precautionary measures that should be taken to avoid harm or danger, like safeguards. The word is used as a noun referring to specific measures/actions to be taken (e.g., washing hands, wearing gloves), rather than a personality trait or general judiciousness.

Sense 1 fits: "a precautionary measure warding off impending danger or damage or injury etc." with synonyms like safeguard and guard.

Sense 3 is about the trait of being cautious, while sense 1 is about specific precautionary measures. The question "What are the precautions" asks for specific measures to take.

So sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: person
Target surface form: person
Context:
The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again). For follow-up treatment, the animal owner can administer the tablets to the dog. Also, the treatment of vomiting should only be together with other supportive measure or other veterinary therapy while addressing the underlying causes of the vomiting. What is the risk associated with Cerenia? Cerenia was generally well tolerated when administered daily at dosages up to 5 times the recommended doses for an extended period of time (up to 3 times the recommended maximum duration of treatment). What are the precautions for the <t>person</t> who gives the medicine or comes into contact with the animal? Cerenia does not represent a particular risk for people.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=person%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=individual, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=person%1:08:00:: | definition=a human body (usually including the clothing) | examples=a weapon was hidden on his person
3. sense_key=person%1:10:00:: | definition=a grammatical category used in the classification of pronouns, possessive determiners, and verb forms according to whether they indicate the speaker, the addressee, or a third party | examples=stop talking about yourself in the third person

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "person" in the context: "What are the precautions for the person who gives the medicine or comes into contact with the animal?"

Here, "person" refers to a human being who administers the medicine or comes into contact with the animal.

Sense 1: a human being - fits perfectly.
Sense 2: a human body (usually including the clothing) - doesn't fit.
Sense 3: a grammatical category - doesn't fit.

The best sense is 1.