[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: worse
Target surface form: worse
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things <t>worse</t>, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=worse%3:00:00:: | definition=(comparative of `bad') inferior to another in quality or condition or desirability | examples=this road is worse than the first one we took; the road is in worse shape than it was
2. sense_key=worse%3:00:02:: | definition=changed for the worse in health or fitness | synonyms=worsened | examples=I feel worse today; her cold is worse
3. sense_key=bad%3:00:00:: | definition=having undesirable or negative qualities | synonyms=bad | examples=a bad report card; his sloppy appearance made a bad impression
4. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=very intense | synonyms=bad, big | examples=a bad headache; in a big rage
5. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:uncomfortable:00 | definition=feeling physical discomfort or pain (`tough' is occasionally used colloquially for `bad') | synonyms=bad, tough | examples=my throat feels bad; she felt bad all over
6. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:stale:00 | definition=(of foodstuffs) not in an edible or usable condition | synonyms=bad, spoiled, spoilt | examples=bad meat; a refrigerator full of spoilt food
7. sense_key=regretful%3:00:00:: | definition=feeling or expressing regret or sorrow or a sense of loss over something done or undone | synonyms=regretful, sorry, bad | examples=felt regretful over his vanished youth; regretful over mistakes she had made
8. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:invalid:00 | definition=not capable of being collected | synonyms=bad, uncollectible | examples=a bad (or uncollectible) debt
9. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=below average in quality or performance | synonyms=bad | examples=a bad chess player; a bad recital
10. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:nonstandard:03 | definition=nonstandard | synonyms=bad | examples=so-called bad grammar
11. sense_key=bad%5:00:02:unsound:00 | definition=not financially safe or secure | synonyms=bad, risky, high-risk, speculative | examples=a bad investment; high risk investments
12. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:unhealthy:00 | definition=physically unsound or diseased | synonyms=bad, unfit, unsound | examples=has a bad back; a bad heart
13. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:harmful:00 | definition=capable of harming | synonyms=bad | examples=bad air; smoking is bad for you
14. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:evil:00 | definition=characterized by wickedness or immorality | synonyms=bad | examples=led a very bad life
15. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:counterfeit:00 | definition=reproduced fraudulently | synonyms=bad, forged | examples=like a bad penny...; a forged twenty dollar bill
16. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:malfunctioning:00 | definition=not working properly | synonyms=bad, defective | examples=a bad telephone connection; a defective appliance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things <t>worse</t>, not better."
Here, "worse" is used as the comparative of "bad".
The phrase "make things worse, not better" compares a state of affairs: increasing expenditures will make things inferior in condition compared to the current condition.
Let's look at sense 1: "worse%3:00:00:: | definition=(comparative of `bad') inferior to another in quality or condition or desirability | examples=this road is worse than the first one we took; the road is in worse shape than it was"
This perfectly matches "make things worse". It's comparing the condition or desirability of things.

Sense 2 is "changed for the worse in health or fitness" (e.g., I feel worse today).
Sense 3 is "having undesirable or negative qualities" (base form).
So sense 1 is the best match.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: better
Target surface form: better
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not <t>better</t>. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=better%3:00:00:: | definition=(comparative of `good') superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another | examples=You're a better man than I am, Gunga Din; a better coat
2. sense_key=better%3:00:02:: | definition=(comparative of `good') changed for the better in health or fitness | examples=her health is better now; I feel better
3. sense_key=better%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=best | examples=it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond
4. sense_key=better%5:00:00:major:01 | definition=more than half | examples=argued for the better part of an hour
5. sense_key=good%3:00:01:: | definition=having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified | synonyms=good | examples=good news from the hospital; a good report card
6. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=full, good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
7. sense_key=good%3:00:02:: | definition=morally admirable | synonyms=good
8. sense_key=estimable%5:00:00:reputable:00 | definition=deserving of esteem and respect | synonyms=estimable, good, honorable, respectable | examples=all respectable companies give guarantees; ruined the family's good name
9. sense_key=beneficial%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=promoting or enhancing well-being | synonyms=beneficial, good | examples=an arms limitation agreement beneficial to all countries; the beneficial effects of a temperate climate
10. sense_key=good%5:00:00:nice:00 | definition=agreeable or pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=we all had a good time; good manners
11. sense_key=good%5:00:00:righteous:00 | definition=of moral excellence | synonyms=good, just, upright | examples=a genuinely good person; a just cause
12. sense_key=adept%5:00:00:skilled:00 | definition=having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude | synonyms=adept, expert, good, practiced, proficient, skillful | examples=adept in handicrafts; an adept juggler
13. sense_key=good%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=thorough | synonyms=good | examples=had a good workout; gave the house a good cleaning
14. sense_key=dear%5:00:00:close:02 | definition=with or in a close or intimate relationship | synonyms=dear, good, near | examples=a good friend; my sisters and brothers are near and dear
15. sense_key=dependable%5:00:00:sound:00 | definition=financially sound | synonyms=dependable, good, safe, secure | examples=a good investment; a secure investment
16. sense_key=good%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=good, right, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
17. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=good, well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
18. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=effective, good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
19. sense_key=good%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=capable of pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=good looks
20. sense_key=good%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=good, serious | examples=good music; a serious book
21. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=in excellent physical condition | synonyms=good, sound | examples=good teeth; I still have one good leg
22. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthful:00 | definition=tending to promote physical well-being; beneficial to health | synonyms=good, salutary | examples=beneficial effects of a balanced diet; a good night's sleep
23. sense_key=good%5:00:00:genuine:00 | definition=not forged | synonyms=good, honest | examples=a good dollar bill
24. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=not left to spoil | synonyms=good, undecomposed, unspoiled, unspoilt | examples=the meat is still good
25. sense_key=good%5:00:00:discriminating:00 | definition=generally admired | synonyms=good | examples=good taste
26. sense_key=well%3:00:01:: | definition=in good health especially after having suffered illness or injury | synonyms=well | examples=appears to be entirely well; the wound is nearly well
27. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=good, well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
28. sense_key=well%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=wise or advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=well | examples=it would be well to start early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "better" in the sentence: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better."

Here, "worse" and "better" are used as comparatives of "good" and "bad".
"worse, not better" refers to the state of things becoming more desirable/positive or less desirable/positive.
Sense 1: "(comparative of `good') superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another | examples=You're a better man than I am, Gunga Din; a better coat"
This fits perfectly. "make things better" means make things superior in quality or desirability.

Let's check the options:
1. better%3:00:00:: - (comparative of `good') superior to another... in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability...
2. better%3:00:02:: - changed for the better in health or fitness
3. better%5:00:00:advisable:00 - wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable
4. better%5:00:00:major:01 - more than half

Sense 1 is clearly the correct sense for "worse, not better" referring to the general quality or state of things.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Parasail

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reason
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The <t>reason</t> is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."
Here, "reason" refers to the cause or justification for why increasing expenditures will make things worse.
It's explaining the cause of a phenomenon (why spending more makes things worse).
Sense 1: a rational motive for a belief or action - examples: "the reason that war was declared"
Sense 2: an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon - examples: "the reason a steady state was never reached was that..."
Sense 5: a justification for something existing or happening - examples: "they had good reason to rejoice"
Sense 6: a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion - examples: "there is reason to believe he is lying"

The text says "The reason is simple: [explanation]". This structure closely matches Sense 2: "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples: the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly"
Wait, Sense 1 and 5 are also plausible.
"The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom..."
Let's look at the examples.
Sense 2 example: "the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly" -> "The reason is simple: Education takes place..."
Sense 1 example: "the reason that war was declared"
Sense 5 example: "he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice"
Sense 2 specifically captures "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon", which fits "The reason is simple: [phenomenon explanation]". The reason is the explanation of why increasing expenditures makes things worse.
Sense 2 seems perfectly aligned.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simple
Target surface form: simple
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is <t>simple</t>: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "simple" in the context: "The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."

Let me analyze the context. The author is saying the reason why increasing expenditures on education will make things worse is "simple" - meaning it's easy to understand, not complicated, straightforward.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved" - examples: a simple problem; simple mechanisms
2. "easy and not involved or complicated" - synonyms: elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic - examples: an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
3. "apart from anything else; without additions or modifications" - synonyms: bare, mere
4. "exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity"
5. "lacking mental capacity and subtlety"
6. "(botany) of leaf shapes"
7. "unornamented"

The context is "The reason is simple:" - this means the reason is easy to understand, not complicated. This fits sense 2, which has synonyms like "elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic" and the example "elementary, my dear Watson" which is about something being easy to understand/grasp.

Sense 1 is about having few parts, not complex - this is more about physical or structural simplicity (like mechanisms). But "The reason is simple" is more about being easy to understand, which aligns better with sense 2.

Actually, let me reconsider. Sense 1 is "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved" with examples "a simple problem; simple mechanisms." A "simple problem" could be similar to "the reason is simple."

Sense 2 is "easy and not involved or complicated" with synonyms "elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic" and examples "an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson."

The phrase "The reason is simple" suggests the reason is easy to understand, straightforward, not complicated. Both senses 1 and 2 could work, but sense 2 with its synonyms "uncomplicated, unproblematic" and the example "elementary, my dear Watson" (which is about something being easy to figure out) seems to be the best fit.

The context is about explaining a reason - "The reason is simple:" - meaning it's easy to grasp, not complicated to understand. Sense 2 captures this "easy and not involved or complicated" aspect well.

I'll go with sense 2.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: Education
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: <t>Education</t> takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context says "Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal." This refers to the activities of educating or instructing, i.e., the process that happens in classrooms. Sense 1 seems best: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill."

Wait, sense 3 is "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge." The sentence "Education takes place in the classroom" suggests the activity/process of educating, not just knowledge acquisition. It's about the instructional activities that happen in classrooms. Sense 1 fits well.

But let me reconsider. The broader context is about "increasing expenditures on education" and "Education takes place in the classroom." This could refer to the activity of teaching/instructing. Sense 1 seems best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: influence
Target surface form: influence
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the <t>influence</t> of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=influence%1:07:00:: | definition=a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc | examples=used her parents' influence to get the job
2. sense_key=influence%1:04:00:: | definition=causing something without any direct or apparent effort
3. sense_key=influence%1:09:00:: | definition=a cognitive factor that tends to have an effect on what you do | examples=her wishes had a great influence on his thinking
4. sense_key=influence%1:19:00:: | definition=the effect of one thing (or person) on another | examples=the influence of mechanical action
5. sense_key=influence%1:18:00:: | definition=one having power to influence another | examples=she was the most important influence in my life; he was a bad influence on the children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "influence" in the context: "Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."

Let's analyze the context: "the influence of money is minimal"
This refers to the effect that money has on what happens in the classroom.

Candidate senses:
1. influence%1:07:00:: | a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc | examples=used her parents' influence to get the job
2. influence%1:04:00:: | causing something without any direct or apparent effort
3. influence%1:09:00:: | a cognitive factor that tends to have an effect on what you do | examples=her wishes had a great influence on his thinking
4. influence%1:19:00:: | the effect of one thing (or person) on another | examples=the influence of mechanical action
5. influence%1:18:00:: | one having power to influence another | examples=she was the most important influence in my life; he was a bad influence on the children

"the influence of money" - here, "money" is the thing exerting the effect, and the effect it has is "influence".
Sense 4: "the effect of one thing (or person) on another" - example: "the influence of mechanical action". This fits perfectly with "the influence of money".
Sense 1 refers to power based on prestige.
Sense 3 refers to a cognitive factor.
Sense 5 refers to a person who is an influence.

So Sense 4 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: money
Target surface form: money
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of <t>money</t> is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=money%1:21:00:: | definition=the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender | examples=we tried to collect the money he owed us
2. sense_key=money%1:21:02:: | definition=wealth reckoned in terms of money | examples=all his money is in real estate
3. sense_key=money%1:21:01:: | definition=the official currency issued by a government or national bank | examples=he changed his money into francs

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "money" in the context: "Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."

Let's analyze the context:
The text is discussing educational expenditures, spending on education, and how "money" influences what happens in the classroom.
"In most states, increasing expenditures on education... The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."

Sense 1: the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender (e.g., "we tried to collect the money he owed us")
Sense 2: wealth reckoned in terms of money (e.g., "all his money is in real estate")
Sense 3: the official currency issued by a government or national bank (e.g., "he changed his money into francs")

Here, "money" refers to the financial resources spent on education. "increasing expenditures on education" -> "influence of money".
Wait, does "money" here mean legal tender (Sense 1) or wealth (Sense 2)?
"money" as wealth reckoned in terms of money makes sense because "expenditures" refer to amounts of wealth.
But usually, "money" in "the influence of money" means wealth/funds/financial resources.
Wait, "the influence of money" -> money as a generic concept of funds/wealth.
Let's look closely at Sense 2: "wealth reckoned in terms of money". Example: "all his money is in real estate".
"the influence of money" -> the influence of wealth/funding.
Sense 1: the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender.
Let's see if WordNet 3.1 distinguishes.
Actually, "money" in "the influence of money" is often just the generic medium of exchange or wealth. But "expenditures" means spending money. When you spend money, you spend the medium of exchange.
However, "money" as wealth reckoned in terms of money fits "the influence of funding/wealth".
Wait, if "all his money is in real estate", it means his wealth is in real estate.
Here, "influence of money" could mean influence of financial resources/wealth.

Let's reconsider. Is "money" in "expenditures on education" referring to Sense 2? "money" = wealth reckoned in terms of money. Yes, because it's an amount of money spent, it's wealth.
But wait, is "money" generally referring to wealth (Sense 2)? Or currency (Sense 3)? Or medium of exchange (Sense 1)?
"influence of money" often aligns with wealth/funds.
Let's check the definitions again.
1. the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender
2. wealth reckoned in terms of money
3. the official currency issued by a government or national bank

"where the influence of money is minimal" -> the influence of wealth/funds.
In many WSD datasets (like SemCor), "money" referring to funding or wealth is Sense 2. For example, "spend money" might be Sense 1, but "amount of money" or "wealth" is Sense 2.
Actually, "the influence of money" refers to the wealth invested.
Let's check "influence of money". Money can buy things (medium of exchange), but the "influence of money" is the influence of wealth.
Wait, if I say "money has no influence", it means wealth has no influence.
Sense 2 is "wealth reckoned in terms of money".
I will guess Sense 2. Let me double check.
"influence of money" vs "expenditures". If the context says "increasing expenditures... the influence of money is minimal", it talks about the amount of wealth. So Sense 2.

Let's review if it could be Sense 1. "money" as medium of exchange. "collect the money he owed us".
But "influence of money" implies the power that wealth holds. It's more abstract than physical coins and bills. So Sense 2.

Let's think if "money" meaning wealth is Sense 2. Yes.
"influence of money" -> the influence of wealth. So Sense 2.
Let's choose 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: decade
Target surface form: Decades
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. <t>Decades</t> of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=decade%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of 10 years | synonyms=decennary, decennium
2. sense_key=decade%1:23:00:: | definition=the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system | synonyms=ten, 10, X, tenner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Decades" in the context: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally..."

Here, "Decades" refers to a period of time, specifically multiple periods of 10 years. It means "many years" or "several ten-year periods."

Sense 1: a period of 10 years (decennary, decennium)
Sense 2: the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system (ten, 10, X, tenner)

Sense 1 is clearly the correct choice. "Decades of educational research" means research spanning multiple ten-year periods.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of <t>educational</t> research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "educational" in the phrase "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally..."

Context: The passage discusses education, school governance, expenditures on education, and how education takes place in the classroom. "Educational research" here refers to research related to the process of education.

Sense 1: "relating to the process of education" - examples: educational psychology
Sense 2: "providing knowledge" - examples: an educational film

"Educational research" means research relating to the process of education, not research that provides knowledge (like an educational film would). So sense 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tell
Target surface form: tell
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research <t>tell</t> us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tell%2:32:04:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, say | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=tell%2:32:00:: | definition=let something be known | examples=Tell them that you will be late
3. sense_key=tell%2:32:01:: | definition=narrate or give a detailed account of | synonyms=narrate, recount, recite | examples=Tell what happened; The father told a story to his child
4. sense_key=tell%2:32:02:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, enjoin, say | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
5. sense_key=tell%2:31:00:: | definition=discern or comprehend | examples=He could tell that she was unhappy
6. sense_key=tell%2:32:08:: | definition=inform positively and with certainty and confidence | synonyms=assure | examples=I tell you that man is a crook!
7. sense_key=tell%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence | synonyms=evidence | examples=he was telling on all his former colleague
8. sense_key=tell%2:31:01:: | definition=mark as different | synonyms=distinguish, separate, differentiate, secern, secernate, severalize | examples=We distinguish several kinds of maple

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "tell" in the sentence: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils"

Here, "tell" means to inform or let something be known. The research "tells us" something - it communicates a finding.

Sense 1: "express in words" (state, say) - examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you"
Sense 2: "let something be known" - examples: "Tell them that you will be late"
Sense 6: "inform positively and with certainty and confidence" (assure) - examples: "I tell you that man is a crook!"

The context says "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that..." - this is about research communicating a finding to us. It's not a person speaking, but research conveying information.

Sense 2 "let something be known" seems to fit well - the research lets us know that smaller classes have zero effect.

Sense 6 "inform positively and with certainty and confidence" with the synonym "assure" - the word "unequivocally" in the context adds a sense of certainty, which might align with this sense.

Sense 1 "express in words" - this is more about stating something in words, which could also fit.

Let me think more carefully. The subject is "Decades of educational research" - an inanimate source of information. It "tells us" something. This is a common usage where information sources "tell" people things.

Sense 2 "let something be known" seems most appropriate. Research lets us know a finding.

But sense 6 with "assure" and "inform positively and with certainty and confidence" - the adverb "unequivocally" suggests certainty. However, the example "I tell you that man is a crook!" is more of a personal assurance.

I think sense 2 is the best fit. "Decades of educational research tell us" = decades of educational research let us know (something).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: even
Target surface form: even
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that <t>even</t> smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "even" in the context: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons."

Let's analyze the context.
"even smaller classes have zero effect..."
This means that despite the expectation that smaller classes would improve performance (which is a commonly held belief), they have zero effect. The word "even" here indicates something unexpected. Smaller classes are something people might expect to have a positive effect, but surprisingly, they don't.

Let's look at the senses:
1. used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

Wait, could it be sense 3? "even smaller classes" could mean classes that are smaller to a greater degree. But "even smaller classes have zero effect" usually means "even [the concept of] smaller classes have zero effect." Let's re-read: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect..." If it meant "even smaller", it would be an adjective modifying "classes" (as in, smaller than the small classes already mentioned). But there's no prior mention of small classes. It says "even smaller classes" meaning "surprisingly, smaller classes [which one would expect to help] have zero effect." The phrase "tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect" emphasizes the unexpectedness that something as seemingly beneficial as smaller classes has no effect. So sense 1 is highly likely.

Let's double check. If it were sense 2, it would usually be "even when classes are smaller" or "even with smaller classes". The phrasing "even smaller classes have zero effect" is equivalent to "even an idiot knows that" or "even smaller classes" -> "smaller classes" is the unexpected subject. Wait, does "even" modify "smaller"? No, it modifies the whole proposition "smaller classes have zero effect". It emphasizes that it's unexpected for smaller classes to have zero effect.

Is there any chance "even smaller" means "still smaller"? No, because there's no comparison to already small classes. The author is listing things that don't work, and says even smaller classes don't work.

Therefore, Sense 1 fits best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: class
Target surface form: classes
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller <t>classes</t> have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=class%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=category, family | examples=there are two classes of detergents
2. sense_key=class%1:14:03:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=form, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
3. sense_key=class%1:14:01:: | definition=people having the same social, economic, or educational status | synonyms=stratum, social class, socio-economic class | examples=the working class; an emerging professional class
4. sense_key=class%1:04:00:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course, course of study, course of instruction | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
5. sense_key=class%1:14:05:: | definition=a league ranked by quality | synonyms=division | examples=he played baseball in class D for two years; Princeton is in the NCAA Division 1-AA
6. sense_key=class%1:14:04:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=year | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High
7. sense_key=class%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders
8. sense_key=class%1:07:00:: | definition=elegance in dress or behavior | examples=she has a lot of class

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about education, specifically discussing "smaller classes" and their effect on academic performance of pupils. The text mentions "Education takes place in the classroom" and discusses "smaller classes" referring to groups of students taught together.

Sense 2: "a body of students who are taught together" with examples "early morning classes are always sleepy" - this fits well with "smaller classes" referring to class sizes in schools.

Sense 4: "education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings" with synonyms "course, course of study" - this refers more to a course of study.

The text talks about "smaller classes" having "zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils" - this is clearly about class size, meaning the number of students in a classroom/group. This matches sense 2: "a body of students who are taught together."

The answer is sense_index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero <t>effect</t> on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "effect" in the context: "even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils".

Here, "effect" means a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon. The smaller classes (cause) have zero effect (consequence/outcome/result) on academic performance.

This matches sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" with synonyms consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the <t>academic</t> performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "academic" in the phrase "academic performance of the pupils".
The context discusses education, classrooms, pupils, and educational research.
The phrase "academic performance" refers to the scholastic/educational performance of the pupils.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. associated with academia or an academy (examples: the academic curriculum; academic gowns)
2. hypothetical or theoretical (examples: an academic discussion; an academic question)
3. marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects (synonyms: donnish, pedantic)

"Academic performance" means performance in school or in academic subjects. Sense 1 is "associated with academia or an academy", which fits "academic curriculum" and "academic performance" better than the other two senses. Sense 2 is about being theoretical, and sense 3 is about being pedantic.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: performance
Target surface form: performance
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic <t>performance</t> of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=performance%1:10:00:: | definition=a dramatic or musical entertainment | synonyms=public presentation | examples=they listened to ten different performances; the play ran for 100 performances
2. sense_key=performance%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment | examples=we congratulated him on his performance at the rehearsal; an inspired performance of Mozart's C minor concerto
3. sense_key=performance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it | synonyms=execution, carrying out, carrying into action | examples=they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance
4. sense_key=performance%1:04:03:: | definition=any recognized accomplishment | examples=they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe
5. sense_key=performance%1:22:00:: | definition=process or manner of functioning or operating | synonyms=operation, functioning | examples=the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about "the academic performance of the pupils." Here, performance refers to how well students perform academically.

Sense 5: "process or manner of functioning or operating" - "the plane's operation in high winds"
Sense 3: "the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it" - "they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance"
Sense 4: "any recognized accomplishment" - "his performance under stress"

The phrase "academic performance of the pupils" refers to their academic achievement, i.e., how well they perform academically. Sense 3 mentions "using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it" and "experience generally improves performance" which aligns well with academic performance. Sense 4 is about accomplishments.

I think Sense 3 is the best fit because academic performance refers to the act of performing/doing well in academic settings, using knowledge.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pupil
Target surface form: pupils
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the <t>pupils</t> -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pupil%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=student, educatee
2. sense_key=pupil%1:08:00:: | definition=the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye; resembles a large black dot
3. sense_key=pupil%1:18:01:: | definition=a young person attending school (up through senior high school) | synonyms=schoolchild, school-age child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "pupils" in the context of education, schools, classes, academic performance, teachers. The context refers to "academic performance of the pupils" and "smaller classes".

Sense 1: a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution (student, educatee)
Sense 3: a young person attending school (up through senior high school) (schoolchild, school-age child)

The context mentions "smaller classes" and "academic performance" - this is clearly about school children/students.

Between sense 1 and sense 3: Sense 3 is more specific to young people attending school (up through senior high school), while sense 1 is more general (any learner enrolled in an educational institution, which could include college/university).

The context is about school governance, locally elected school boards, classrooms - this seems to be about K-12 education, so sense 3 might be more appropriate. However, "pupil" as a term is commonly used for school children, and the context of "classes" and "school boards" suggests K-12 education.

Actually, looking more carefully, sense 3 with synonyms "schoolchild, school-age child" seems to fit well because the context is about schools (K-12), classrooms, and the term "pupils" is typically used for younger students rather than university students.

I'll go with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: desirable
Target surface form: desirable
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be <t>desirable</t> for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=desirable%3:00:00:: | definition=worth having or seeking or achieving | examples=a desirable job; computer with many desirable features
2. sense_key=desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 | definition=worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse | synonyms=suitable, worthy | examples=the parents found the girl suitable for their son

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "desirable" in the context: "though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons."

Sense 1: "worth having or seeking or achieving" - examples: "a desirable job; computer with many desirable features"
Sense 2: "worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse" - synonyms: suitable, worthy - examples: "the parents found the girl suitable for their son"

In the context, "smaller classes" may be "desirable for other reasons" - meaning worth having or seeking (sense 1). It's about whether smaller classes are worth having, not about being chosen as a spouse.

Sense 1 is clearly the best fit here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for <t>other</t> reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "other" appears in the phrase "though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons." The context is about smaller classes having zero effect on academic performance, but they may be desirable for other reasons - meaning reasons not already mentioned or different from the academic performance reasons just discussed.

Sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" - this fits perfectly. The text discusses academic performance reasons, and "other reasons" means reasons different from those already mentioned.

Sense 2: "recently past" - doesn't fit
Sense 3: "belonging to the distant past" - doesn't fit
Sense 4: "very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected" - doesn't fit well here

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reasons
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other <t>reasons</t>. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "reasons" in the context: "though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons."

Let's analyze the context. The text discusses whether smaller classes have zero effect on academic performance, but they may be desirable for other reasons. Here, "reasons" means motives or justifications for believing smaller classes are desirable. It's about a rational motive for a belief or action.

Sense 1: a rational motive for a belief or action - synonyms: ground. Example: "the reason that war was declared"
Sense 2: an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon.
Sense 5: a justification for something existing or happening - synonyms: cause, grounds.
Sense 6: a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion.

The sentence says smaller classes "may sometimes be desirable for other reasons." This means there are other motives or justifications for wanting smaller classes (besides academic performance). This aligns well with Sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action." The "belief or action" here is the desirability of smaller classes.

Sense 5 is "a justification for something existing or happening" - this is more about cause/grounds for something happening. The example is "he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice."

Sense 1 is "a rational motive for a belief or action" - example: "the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration." The text talks about desirability (a belief that something is good), so "reasons" here are motives for that belief.

Actually, "desirable for other reasons" - the reasons justify the premise that smaller classes are desirable. This could be Sense 1 or Sense 6.

Sense 6: "a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion" - example: "there is reason to believe he is lying." This seems to be about evidence supporting a conclusion.

Sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action" - this seems most appropriate. The "reasons" are motives for the belief that smaller classes are desirable.

Between Sense 1 and Sense 5: Sense 1 is about a motive for a belief or action, while Sense 5 is about a justification for something existing or happening. Since the context is about why smaller classes are "desirable" (a belief/action), Sense 1 seems more appropriate.

I'll go with Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The <t>new</t> money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "new" in the phrase "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure..."

Let me analyze the context. The text discusses increasing expenditures on education. It mentions that "Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal" and that "as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply... educational performance has declined."

The phrase "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure" refers to the additional/recently allocated money from increased expenditures. This is money that has recently been acquired or allocated - "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered."

This fits sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered."

Let me check other senses:
- Sense 5: "other than the former one(s); different" - this could work if "new money" means additional money different from previous money, but the context is more about recently acquired/allocated money.
- Sense 1 seems best because the money is recently acquired/allocated through increased expenditures.

The sentence is contrasting where the recently allocated money goes (into administration) versus where education actually happens (in the classroom). The "new" here refers to the money that has recently been allocated - the increased expenditures.

Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: money
Target surface form: money
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new <t>money</t> flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=money%1:21:00:: | definition=the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender | examples=we tried to collect the money he owed us
2. sense_key=money%1:21:02:: | definition=wealth reckoned in terms of money | examples=all his money is in real estate
3. sense_key=money%1:21:01:: | definition=the official currency issued by a government or national bank | examples=he changed his money into francs

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "money" in the sentence: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure..."

Context: The passage discusses increasing expenditures on education. "The new money" refers to the new funds being spent on education. It's about wealth/funds being allocated.

Sense 1: "the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender" - example: "we tried to collect the money he owed us"
Sense 2: "wealth reckoned in terms of money" - example: "all his money is in real estate"
Sense 3: "the official currency issued by a government or national bank" - example: "he changed his money into francs"

In the context "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure," "money" refers to funds, wealth, or financial resources being allocated. It's not about physical currency (sense 3), and it's not specifically about a medium of exchange (sense 1). It's about wealth/funds reckoned in terms of money - sense 2.

Actually, let me reconsider. "The new money" could refer to funds/resources. Sense 2 is "wealth reckoned in terms of money" with the example "all his money is in real estate." This seems to be about a person's total wealth or assets.

Sense 1 is about money as a medium of exchange / legal tender. The example is "we tried to collect the money he owed us."

In the context of "the new money flows into the administrative structure," this is about funds/money being directed somewhere. This could be sense 1 - money as a medium of exchange that is being spent/allocated. The "new money" refers to the new funds (medium of exchange) that are being spent on education.

Actually, I think sense 2 fits better here. "The new money" refers to the new wealth/funds being allocated to education. It's about the financial resources, not the physical currency or medium of exchange per se. The passage talks about "expenditures on education" and "educational expenditures" - this is about wealth/funds being spent.

Hmm, but sense 2's example "all his money is in real estate" suggests it's about a person's total net worth or assets. That's a bit different from "the new money flows into..."

Let me reconsider. "The new money" here is referring to new funding/new financial resources. It's money being spent/allocated. This is closest to sense 1 - the medium of exchange that functions as legal tender. When we say "new money flows into," we're talking about money as a resource that can be spent.

Actually, I think sense 2 is the best fit. "The new money" refers to the new wealth/funds being directed into the administrative structure. It's about financial resources as wealth, not about the physical medium of exchange.

Let me think about this more carefully:
- Sense 1: money as a medium of exchange (physical or conceptual currency used for transactions)
- Sense 2: wealth reckoned in terms of money (funds, assets, financial resources)
- Sense 3: official currency (specific currency like dollars, francs, etc.)

"The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure" - this is about new funds/financial resources being allocated. This aligns with sense 2 - wealth reckoned in terms of money. The "new money" = new wealth/funds being directed into the system.

I'll go with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flow
Target surface form: flows
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money <t>flows</t> into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flow%2:38:01:: | definition=move or progress freely as if in a stream | synonyms=flux | examples=The crowd flowed out of the stadium
2. sense_key=flow%2:38:00:: | definition=move along, of liquids | synonyms=run, feed, course | examples=Water flowed into the cave; the Missouri feeds into the Mississippi
3. sense_key=flow%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to flow | examples=The artist flowed the washes on the paper
4. sense_key=flow%2:42:00:: | definition=be abundantly present | examples=The champagne flowed at the wedding
5. sense_key=flow%2:35:04:: | definition=fall or flow in a certain way | synonyms=hang, fall | examples=This dress hangs well; Her long black hair flowed down her back
6. sense_key=flow%2:30:00:: | definition=cover or swamp with water
7. sense_key=flow%2:29:00:: | definition=undergo menstruation | synonyms=menstruate | examples=She started menstruating at the age of 11

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "flows" in the context: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure..."

Let me analyze the senses:

1. flow%2:38:01:: - move or progress freely as if in a stream (synonyms: flux, examples: The crowd flowed out of the stadium)
2. flow%2:38:00:: - move along, of liquids (synonyms: run, feed, course, examples: Water flowed into the cave)
3. flow%2:38:02:: - cause to flow (examples: The artist flowed the washes on the paper)
4. flow%2:42:00:: - be abundantly present (examples: The champagne flowed at the wedding)
5. flow%2:35:04:: - fall or flow in a certain way (synonyms: hang, fall)
6. flow%2:30:00:: - cover or swamp with water
7. flow%2:29:00:: - undergo menstruation

The context is about money flowing into an administrative structure. This is a metaphorical use where money is moving or progressing freely as if in a stream.

Sense 1 seems most appropriate: "move or progress freely as if in a stream" - this is the figurative/metaphorical sense that applies to money moving into a structure, similar to how a crowd flows out of a stadium.

Sense 4 "be abundantly present" could also be considered, but the context emphasizes the directionality of the flow ("into the already top-heavy administrative structure"), which aligns better with sense 1's "move or progress freely as if in a stream."

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pile
Target surface form: piling
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself <t>piling</t> more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pile%2:35:00:: | definition=arrange in stacks | synonyms=stack, heap | examples=heap firewood around the fireplace; stack your books up on the shelves
2. sense_key=pile%2:38:00:: | definition=press tightly together or cram | synonyms=throng, mob, pack, jam | examples=The crowd packed the auditorium
3. sense_key=pile%2:35:03:: | definition=place or lay as if in a pile | examples=The teacher piled work on the students until the parents protested

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "piling" in the context: "which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers."

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=pile%2:35:00:: | definition=arrange in stacks | synonyms=stack, heap | examples=heap firewood around the fireplace; stack your books up on the shelves
2. sense_key=pile%2:38:00:: | definition=press tightly together or cram | synonyms=throng, mob, pack, jam | examples=The crowd packed the auditorium
3. sense_key=pile%2:35:03:: | definition=place or lay as if in a pile | examples=The teacher piled work on the students until the parents protested

The context is about piling paperwork on teachers. This is metaphorical - placing more and more paperwork on teachers, similar to the example in sense 3: "The teacher piled work on the students until the parents protested."

Sense 1 is about literally arranging things in stacks (like firewood, books on shelves).
Sense 2 is about crowding/cramming people.
Sense 3 is about placing or laying as if in a pile, with the example being very close to the context - "piled work on the students" vs "piling paperwork on the teachers."

Sense 3 is clearly the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling <t>more</t> and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%3:00:01:: | definition=(comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree | synonyms=more than | examples=more land; more support
2. sense_key=more%3:00:02:: | definition=(comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number | examples=a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "more".
The context sentence is: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling <t>more</t> and more paper work on the teachers."

"paper work" is a mass noun (or "paperwork" as a mass noun).
Therefore, "more" here is the comparative of "much" used with mass nouns.
Sense 1 definition: "(comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree"
Sense 2 definition: "(comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number"

"paper work" is not countable in this context ("more paper work" instead of "more paper works").
So sense 1 is the correct one.
Sense index for sense 1 is 1.
{"sense_index": 1}