[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: form
Target surface form: form
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged <t>form</t> of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=form%1:10:00:: | definition=the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something | synonyms=word form, signifier, descriptor | examples=the inflected forms of a word can be represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached
2. sense_key=form%1:09:01:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, variety | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
3. sense_key=form%1:09:00:: | definition=a perceptual structure | synonyms=shape, pattern | examples=the composition presents problems for students of musical form; a visual pattern must include not only objects but the spaces between them
4. sense_key=form%1:07:01:: | definition=any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline) | synonyms=shape, configuration, contour, conformation | examples=he could barely make out their shapes
5. sense_key=form%1:08:00:: | definition=alternative names for the body of a human being | synonyms=human body, physical body, material body, soma, build, figure | examples=Leonardo studied the human body; he has a strong physique
6. sense_key=form%1:03:00:: | definition=the spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance | synonyms=shape | examples=geometry is the mathematical science of shape
7. sense_key=form%1:07:00:: | definition=the visual appearance of something or someone | synonyms=shape, cast | examples=the delicate cast of his features
8. sense_key=form%1:10:01:: | definition=a printed document with spaces in which to write | examples=he filled out his tax form
9. sense_key=form%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups | synonyms=variant, strain, var. | examples=a new strain of microorganisms
10. sense_key=form%1:10:02:: | definition=an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse | examples=the essay was in the form of a dialogue; he first sketches the plot in outline form
11. sense_key=form%1:07:03:: | definition=a particular mode in which something is manifested | examples=his resentment took the form of extreme hostility
12. sense_key=form%1:26:00:: | definition=(physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and physical state and separated from other material by the phase boundary | synonyms=phase | examples=the reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system
13. sense_key=form%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
14. sense_key=form%1:07:02:: | definition=an ability to perform well | examples=he was at the top of his form; the team was off form last night
15. sense_key=form%1:06:00:: | definition=a life-size dummy used to display clothes | synonyms=mannequin, manikin, mannikin, manakin
16. sense_key=form%1:06:01:: | definition=a mold for setting concrete | examples=they built elaborate forms for pouring the foundation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "form" in the context: "he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene."

The context is about a gene (p53) that was damaged. The researcher was observing a "damaged form of p53." This means a variant or different version of the gene p53.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. word form/signifier - phonological or orthographic appearance of a word - no
2. kind, sort, variety - a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic - maybe
3. shape, pattern - perceptual structure - no
4. shape, configuration, contour - spatial attributes - no
5. human body - no
6. shape - spatial arrangement - no
7. shape, cast - visual appearance - no
8. printed document - no
9. (biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups - synonyms: variant, strain - This is close! A "damaged form of p53" could be considered a variant of the gene.
10. arrangement of elements in a composition - no
11. a particular mode in which something is manifested - "his resentment took the form of extreme hostility" - maybe
12. phase (physical chemistry) - no
13. class, grade - no
14. ability to perform - no
15. mannequin - no
16. mold for concrete - no

The two main candidates are 9 and 11.

Sense 9: "(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups" with synonyms variant, strain, var. The example is "a new strain of microorganisms." This is about organisms within a species, not really about a molecular form of a gene.

Sense 11: "a particular mode in which something is manifested" with example "his resentment took the form of extreme hostility." This is about how something appears or is manifested - a damaged form of p53 is a particular mode in which the p53 gene is manifested (damaged vs. undamaged).

Sense 2: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality" with synonyms kind, sort, variety. "sculpture is a form of art." This could work too - a damaged form of p53 is a kind/variety of p53.

Actually, let me reconsider. In biology, when we talk about a "damaged form of p53," we're talking about a variant - a version of the gene that has been altered. Sense 9 is specifically biological and has "variant" as a synonym. Even though the definition mentions "organisms within a species," the concept of a biological variant/strain seems most applicable here. The p53 gene in its damaged state is a variant of the normal p53 gene.

But wait - sense 9 is about organisms within a species, not about molecular variants. A gene isn't an organism.

Let me think again about sense 11: "a particular mode in which something is manifested." A damaged form of p53 is a particular mode in which the p53 gene manifests (in its damaged state). The example "his resentment took the form of extreme hostility" shows how something can take different forms.

Actually, I think sense 2 might be the best fit: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality" with synonyms kind, sort, variety. "A damaged form of p53" = "a damaged variety of p53" = a category of p53 distinguished by being damaged.

Hmm, but let me reconsider sense 9 again. The definition says "(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups." While the definition specifically mentions organisms, in biological usage, "form" can refer to variants at various levels, including molecular. The synonym "variant" is very fitting here - a damaged form of p53 is a variant of p53.

Actually, looking at this more carefully, sense 9 seems most appropriate biologically. Even though the strict definition mentions "organisms within a species," the biological concept of "form" as a variant is what's being used here. The damaged p53 is a variant/strain of the normal p53 gene.

But I'm also considering sense 11 more seriously. "A particular mode in which something is manifested" - the damaged form of p53 is a particular manifestation of the p53 gene (in its damaged state).

Let me also reconsider sense 2: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality" - this is quite general. A "damaged form of p53" is a category of p53 distinguished by the characteristic of being damaged.

I think the best fit is sense 9 (biology - variant, strain) because:
1. The context is explicitly biological (genes, cancer research)
2. The synonym "variant" perfectly describes what a "damaged form of p53" is - a variant of the gene
3. Even though the definition mentions organisms, the biological usage of "form" to mean "variant" is what's intended here

Actually, wait. Let me reconsider. Sense 9's definition is "(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups." This is specifically about groups of organisms, not about genes or molecules. A gene is not an organism.

Let me look at sense 2 again: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality" with synonyms kind, sort, variety, and example "sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?" This is a general category sense. "A damaged form of p53" = "a damaged kind/variety of p53."

And sense 11: "a particular mode in which something is manifested" with example "his resentment took the form of extreme hostility." This is about how something appears or is expressed.

I think I'll go with sense 2. "A damaged form of p53" is essentially "a damaged variety/kind of p53" - it's a category of p53 distinguished by the characteristic of being damaged. This seems like the most natural fit.

But actually, let me reconsider one more time. In molecular biology, when we say "a damaged form of p53," we're talking about a variant version of the gene - the same gene but with damage/mutations. This is very much like a "strain" or "variant" in the biological sense (sense 9).

Looking at the examples and synonyms more carefully:
- Sense 2: kind, sort, variety - "sculpture is a form of art" - this is about categorization
- Sense 9: variant, strain, var. - "a new strain of microorganisms" - this is about biological variants
- Sense 11: no synonyms listed - "his resentment took the form of extreme hostility" - this is about manifestation

In the context "a damaged form of p53," the word "form" is being used to mean a variant or version of the gene. The gene p53 can exist in different forms - normal or damaged. This is closest to the biological variant concept in sense 9, even though the strict definition mentions organisms.

However, I could also argue for sense 2 - "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic" - the damaged form is a category of p53 distinguished by being damaged.

Or sense 11 - "a particular mode in which something is manifested" - the damaged form is a particular mode in which p53 manifests.

I think sense 9 is the best fit because:
1. The context is explicitly biological
2. "Variant" is the most precise synonym for what's being described
3. In biological usage, "form" often means a variant, even at the molecular level

Let me go with sense 9.

Wait, but I need to be more careful. Sense 9 is specifically about "a group of organisms within a species." A gene is not an organism. This is a very specific biological definition that doesn't apply to genes.

Let me reconsider. I think sense 2 might actually be the best fit: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality." A damaged form of p53 is a variety/kind of p53 - specifically the kind that is damaged. The synonyms (kind, sort, variety) all work well: "a damaged variety of p53."

Actually, upon further reflection, I think sense 11 is worth considering more seriously: "a particular mode in which something is manifested." The p53 gene can manifest in different modes - normal or damaged. "A damaged form of p53" is a particular mode in which p53 is manifested. The example "his resentment took the form of extreme hostility" shows that something can take different forms (modes of manifestation).

Hmm, but I think sense 2 is still the most natural. When biologists talk about "a form of a gene," they typically mean a variant or kind of that gene. "A damaged form of p53" = "a damaged kind/variety of p53."

Let me settle on sense 2.

Actually, I want to reconsider one more time. Looking at the context again: "he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53." This is saying that the p53 gene he was observing was in a damaged state/version. It's a variant of p53.

Sense 9 has "variant" as a synonym, which is exactly what we're talking about. Even though the definition mentions "organisms within a species," the concept is about biological variants. In modern biology, this concept extends to genes and molecules.

But the strict definition says "a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups." This is about taxonomic variants within a species - like different strains of mice or bacteria. A damaged gene is not a "group of organisms."

I think I need to be more careful about matching the definition, not just the synonyms. The definition of sense 9 doesn't fit because it's about organisms, not genes.

So my options are:
- Sense 2: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality" - kind, sort, variety
- Sense 11: "a particular mode in which something is manifested"

For sense 2: "A damaged form of p53" = "a damaged variety/kind of p53" - this works, as the damaged version is a category of p53 distinguished by the characteristic of being damaged.

For sense 11: "A damaged form of p53" = "a damaged mode in which p53 is manifested" - this also works, as the damaged state is a particular mode of manifestation.

I think sense 2 is the better fit because "form" here is being used more like "type" or "kind" - a damaged type/kind of p53. The example "sculpture is a form of art" shows this categorization usage.

Let me go with sense 2.

Hmm, but actually I realize I should also consider the possibility that sense 9 might still be the intended answer despite the definition mentioning organisms. The instructions say "WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together." The synonym "variant" is very fitting, and the context is biological. But the definition specifically mentions organisms, and a gene is not an organism.

I'll go with sense 2 as my final answer. "A damaged form of p53" means a damaged kind/variety of p53 - a category of the p53 gene distinguished by the characteristic of being damaged.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discovery
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The <t>discovery</t> "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "discovery" in the sentence: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg..."

Context: Scientists found a gene (p53) that suppresses growth, and this finding was important. The "discovery" here refers to the thing that was discovered (the fact that p53 is a cancer-suppressing gene and its role in cancer formation), or the act of discovering it, or a productive insight/breakthrough.

Let's analyze the senses:
1. "the act of discovering something" (synonyms: find, uncovering)
2. "something that is discovered"
3. "a productive insight" (synonyms: breakthrough, find)
4. "(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure..."

The text says "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation'". This refers to the finding itself, the realization or the thing discovered. The fact that it "puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit" suggests it is an insight or a breakthrough. Let's look closely at "breakthrough, find". Is it sense 2 or sense 3?
Sense 2: something that is discovered (e.g., "he made a great discovery").
Sense 3: a productive insight (e.g., "he had a sudden flash of understanding", "breakthrough").

"The discovery suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit..." This discovery is the specific finding that p53 is a cancer-suppressing gene. It is a significant finding. WordNet sense 3 is "a productive insight" (breakthrough, find). Does "discovery" here mean a breakthrough? It seems to refer to the fact or the thing discovered (the realization of what p53 does). In WordNet, sense 3 (breakthrough, discovery, find) is often used for "a productive insight".
Sense 2 is "something that is discovered".
"The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation'" -> The discovery (the fact/finding) puts the gene in the cockpit.

Let's check the examples for these senses if possible.
Often, "discovery" referring to a scientific finding that changes things maps to "a productive insight" (sense 3) or "something that is discovered" (sense 2).
"Discovery" as "breakthrough" (sense 3) has synonyms breakthrough, find.
Let's consider sense 2: "something that is discovered". Synonyms: none listed.
Actually, scientific discoveries that are major insights are often tagged as sense 3 (breakthrough, find) if they are a productive insight. Or is it sense 2? "The discovery of America" -> act (sense 1). "America was a great discovery" -> something discovered (sense 2). "The discovery that p53 suppresses cancer" -> productive insight?
Wait, "breakthrough, find" (sense 3) is defined as "a productive insight".
Let's reconsider WordNet senses for discovery.
1: the act of discovering something
2: something that is discovered
3: a productive insight (syn: breakthrough, find)
If the text says "The discovery suddenly puts an obscure gene...", it refers to the finding or the insight that p53 is a tumor suppressor gene. It is an insight. It is also a breakthrough. But it's also "something that is discovered".
Wait, in WordNet, sense 3 "a productive insight" is used for "his discoveries in physics" or similar? Actually, sense 3's hypernym is "insight". "Breakthrough" in WordNet: "a productive insight". Synonyms: discovery, find, breakthrough.
Is "The discovery" here an act, a thing, or a breakthrough? It's a breakthrough. It is a major scientific advance. "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation'" implies a paradigm shift, a major advance.
Wait, if I look at sense 2: something that is discovered.
Sense 3: a productive insight.
Which one fits better? "The discovery ... puts ... " The discovery as an abstract entity.
Let's search for similar contexts. Usually, "The discovery" in a scientific context referring to a new finding is sense 3 if it's a breakthrough, or sense 2 if it's just the object.
Let's look at the synonyms. Sense 3 has "breakthrough, find".
Wait, "discovery" in "The discovery 'suddenly puts...'" - it refers to the fact that p53 is a cancer-suppressing gene. It's a finding, a breakthrough. Let's assume sense 3.
Wait, let's look at another angle. Could it be sense 2? "something that is discovered". The discovery is that p53 is a suppressor gene.
But "breakthrough" is a very common synonym for "discovery" in medical contexts like this. "a productive insight" -> "discovery, find, breakthrough".
Let's consider if it's sense 2. If I discover a gold mine, the gold mine is something that is discovered (sense 2). If I discover that p53 suppresses cancer, that is a productive insight (sense 3). The realization is an insight.
Let's choose sense 3.

Let's double check.
Sense 1: act.
Sense 2: object.
Sense 3: insight.
"The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation'" - the discovery is the realization that p53 is a tumor suppressor. This is a productive insight.
I will choose 3.

Wait, what if it's sense 2? "something that is discovered". In WordNet, "discovery" as "a productive insight" is specifically about the mental realization or the intellectual breakthrough. "The discovery" here refers to the whole finding. Is it sense 2 or 3?
Often, "discovery" as "something that is discovered" is used for physical things (e.g., "the discovery was a new species of frog") or facts. Sense 3 "a productive insight" is used for intellectual breakthroughs. Given "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation", this emphasizes the impact of the breakthrough.
I will go with 3.

Let me reconsider sense 2. WordNet examples for sense 2 (something that is discovered) include "he made a great discovery". "the discovery was a new species". Is "The discovery 'suddenly puts...'" an example of sense 2 or 3?
Actually, "breakthrough" is a distinct concept from "something discovered". A breakthrough is a significant advance. The text says "suddenly puts... right in the cockpit". This signifies a major advance in understanding. So sense 3 seems highly appropriate.
Let me verify. WordNet 3.0:
discovery%1:09:00:: (a productive insight) -> synset: breakthrough, discovery, find.
discovery%1:10:00:: (something that is discovered) -> synset: discovery.
discovery%1:04:00:: (the act of discovering something) -> synset: discovery, find, uncovering.

I will return sense_index 3.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: suddenly
Target surface form: suddenly
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "<t>suddenly</t> puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=suddenly%4:02:02:: | definition=happening unexpectedly | synonyms=all of a sudden, of a sudden | examples=suddenly she felt a sharp pain in her side
2. sense_key=suddenly%4:02:00:: | definition=quickly and without warning | synonyms=abruptly, short, dead | examples=he stopped suddenly
3. sense_key=suddenly%4:02:04:: | definition=on impulse; without premeditation | synonyms=on the spur of the moment | examples=he decided to go to Chicago on the spur of the moment; he made up his mind suddenly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "suddenly" in the context: "The discovery suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation."

Let me analyze the context. The discovery places an obscure gene in a central role in cancer formation. The word "suddenly" here implies that the discovery brought about a rapid or unexpected shift in the gene's perceived importance.

Let's look at the senses:
1. happening unexpectedly - synonyms: all of a sudden, of a sudden - example: suddenly she felt a sharp pain in her side
2. quickly and without warning - synonyms: abruptly, short, dead - example: he stopped suddenly
3. on impulse; without premeditation - synonyms: on the spur of the moment - example: he decided to go to Chicago on the spur of the moment

Sense 3 is about making a decision on impulse, which doesn't fit here. This is about a scientific discovery and its effect.

Between sense 1 and sense 2:
- Sense 1 is about happening unexpectedly
- Sense 2 is about happening quickly and without warning

In the context, "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation" - the discovery causes the gene to be placed in an important position. This is more about the unexpectedness of the shift rather than the speed. The discovery revealed that this obscure gene is actually central to cancer formation, which was unexpected.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Suddenly puts" could mean it quickly/abruptly elevates the gene's status. But the key nuance is whether it's about unexpectedness or about quickness/abruptness.

The quote is about how the discovery changes the perception - it "suddenly puts" the gene in the cockpit. This suggests a swift, abrupt change in status due to the discovery.

Hmm, but "unexpectedly" also fits because before this discovery, no one expected this obscure gene to be so central.

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "suddenly she felt a sharp pain" - this is about something happening without expectation
- Sense 2: "he stopped suddenly" - this is about a quick, abrupt action

The context here is: the discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit." The discovery causes a sudden (unexpected/quick) repositioning of the gene's importance.

I think sense 1 (happening unexpectedly) fits better here because the emphasis is on the unexpected nature of the gene becoming central, not on the speed of the action. The discovery revealed something unexpected - that this obscure gene is actually central to cancer formation.

Actually, I could see this going either way. Let me think more carefully.

"suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation" - the word "suddenly" modifies "puts." The discovery puts the gene in the cockpit suddenly. This could mean:
- The discovery unexpectedly places the gene in an important position (sense 1)
- The discovery quickly and without warning places the gene in an important position (sense 2)

In scientific discourse, when we say a discovery "suddenly puts X in the spotlight," we usually mean it unexpectedly brings X to prominence. The emphasis is on the unexpectedness rather than the speed.

I'll go with sense 1.

Wait, let me reconsider once more. The phrase "suddenly puts" suggests an abrupt change. The gene went from being obscure to being "in the cockpit." This is a sudden, abrupt shift.

But looking at the definitions again:
- Sense 1: "happening unexpectedly"
- Sense 2: "quickly and without warning"

Sense 2 includes both quickness and lack of warning. The discovery abruptly/quickly elevated the gene's status. But is "quickly" the right word here? The discovery itself didn't happen quickly - it's the effect of the discovery that was sudden.

I think sense 1 (happening unexpectedly) is the best fit. The discovery unexpectedly placed the obscure gene in a central role. The emphasis is on the unexpectedness of the gene's new prominence.

Let me finalize: sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: put
Target surface form: puts
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly <t>puts</t> an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=put%2:35:00:: | definition=put into a certain place or abstract location | synonyms=set, place, pose, position, lay | examples=Put your things here; Set the tray down
2. sense_key=put%2:35:05:: | definition=cause to be in a certain state; cause to be in a certain relation | examples=That song put me in awful good humor; put your ideas in writing
3. sense_key=put%2:32:00:: | definition=formulate in a particular style or language | synonyms=frame, redact, cast, couch | examples=I wouldn't put it that way; She cast her request in very polite language
4. sense_key=put%2:34:00:: | definition=attribute or give | synonyms=assign | examples=She put too much emphasis on her the last statement; He put all his efforts into this job
5. sense_key=put%2:40:00:: | definition=make an investment | synonyms=invest, commit, place | examples=Put money into bonds
6. sense_key=put%2:31:13:: | definition=estimate | synonyms=place, set | examples=We put the time of arrival at 8 P.M.
7. sense_key=put%2:39:13:: | definition=cause (someone) to undergo something | examples=He put her to the torture
8. sense_key=put%2:36:13:: | definition=adapt | examples=put these words to music
9. sense_key=put%2:31:00:: | definition=arrange thoughts, ideas, temporal events | synonyms=arrange, set up, order | examples=arrange my schedule; set up one's life

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "puts" in the sentence: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation'".

Let me analyze the context. The discovery places/positions an obscure gene in a central role ("the cockpit of cancer formation"). This is about positioning or placing something in a certain abstract location or role.

Sense 1: "put into a certain place or abstract location" - synonyms: set, place, pose, position, lay. Examples: "Put your things here; Set the tray down". This fits because "puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation" is placing the gene in an abstract location (the cockpit of cancer formation).

Sense 2: "cause to be in a certain state; cause to be in a certain relation" - examples: "That song put me in awful good humor; put your ideas in writing". This could also potentially fit, as it's causing the gene to be in a certain position/relation.

Let me think more carefully. "puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation" - this is saying the discovery places the gene in a central position/role. The "cockpit" is a metaphorical location. So this is putting something into an abstract location.

Sense 1 seems to be the best fit: "put into a certain place or abstract location". The "cockpit of cancer formation" is an abstract location, and the discovery puts the gene there.

Sense 2 is about causing to be in a certain state or relation. While one could argue this, the phrasing "puts X right in the cockpit" is more about placement in a location (abstract) than about causing a state.

I'll go with sense 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: right
Target surface form: right
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene <t>right</t> in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=right%4:02:04:: | definition=precisely, exactly | examples=stand right here!
2. sense_key=right%4:02:08:: | definition=immediately | examples=she called right after dinner
3. sense_key=right%4:02:09:: | definition=exactly | synonyms=flop | examples=he fell flop on his face
4. sense_key=right%4:02:03:: | definition=toward or on the right; also used figuratively | examples=he looked right and left; the party has moved right
5. sense_key=right%4:02:01:: | definition=in the right manner | synonyms=properly, decently, decent, in good order, the right way | examples=please do your job properly!; can't you carry me decent?
6. sense_key=right%4:02:00:: | definition=an interjection expressing agreement | synonyms=right on
7. sense_key=right%4:02:07:: | definition=completely | examples=she felt right at home; he fell right into the trap
8. sense_key=right%4:02:06:: | definition=(Southern regional intensive) very; to a great degree | synonyms=mighty, mightily, powerful | examples=the baby is mighty cute; he's mighty tired
9. sense_key=right%4:02:05:: | definition=in accordance with moral or social standards | synonyms=justly | examples=that serves him right; do right by him
10. sense_key=right%4:02:02:: | definition=in an accurate manner | synonyms=correctly, aright | examples=the flower had been correctly depicted by his son; he guessed right

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "right" in the phrase: "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation"

Here, "right in the cockpit" means "exactly in the cockpit" or "precisely in the cockpit". It emphasizes the exact placement or position.

Let's look at the candidates:
1. precisely, exactly - "stand right here!"
2. immediately - "she called right after dinner"
3. exactly - "he fell flop on his face"
4. toward or on the right
5. in the right manner
6. an interjection
7. completely - "she felt right at home; he fell right into the trap"
8. very
9. in accordance with moral standards
10. in an accurate manner

"right in the cockpit" - this emphasizes the exactness of the placement. It is similar to "stand right here!" or "he fell right into the trap".
Sense 1: "precisely, exactly" - "stand right here!"
Sense 7: "completely" - "he fell right into the trap"

"right in the cockpit" implies exactly in the cockpit, precisely in the cockpit.
Sense 1 (precisely, exactly) fits well. "puts an obscure gene precisely in the cockpit of cancer formation"

Let's consider Sense 7 (completely) vs Sense 1 (precisely, exactly).
"He fell right into the trap" implies he fell completely into the trap, or exactly into the trap?
"Right in the middle" usually means exactly in the middle.
"Right in the cockpit" means exactly in the cockpit.
So sense 1 fits best: "precisely, exactly".

Let's double check sense 3: "exactly" - "he fell flop on his face"
Sense 1 has the example "stand right here!" which is locational. "puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit" is also locational (figuratively). So Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of <t>cancer</t> formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about cancer formation, cancer cells, cancer genes, and cancer research. This clearly refers to the medical condition of cancer - malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.

Sense 1 is the correct one: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream"


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: formation
Target surface form: formation
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer <t>formation</t>, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=formation%1:14:00:: | definition=an arrangement of people or things acting as a unit | examples=a defensive formation; a formation of planes
2. sense_key=formation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of fabricating something in a particular shape | synonyms=shaping
3. sense_key=formation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of forming or establishing something | synonyms=constitution, establishment, organization, organisation | examples=the constitution of a PTA group last year; it was the establishment of his reputation
4. sense_key=formation%1:17:00:: | definition=(geology) the geological features of the earth | synonyms=geological formation
5. sense_key=formation%1:06:00:: | definition=a particular spatial arrangement
6. sense_key=formation%1:22:00:: | definition=natural process that causes something to form | examples=the formation of gas in the intestine; the formation of crystals
7. sense_key=formation%1:04:02:: | definition=creation by mental activity | examples=the formation of sentences; the formation of memories

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "formation" in the context of "cancer formation". This refers to the natural process that causes something to form, specifically the formation of cancer. Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. arrangement of people or things acting as a unit - doesn't fit
2. the act of fabricating something in a particular shape - doesn't fit well
3. the act of forming or establishing something - more about organizations/institutions
4. geological features - doesn't fit
5. a particular spatial arrangement - doesn't fit
6. natural process that causes something to form - examples include "formation of gas in the intestine; formation of crystals" - this fits well with "cancer formation"
7. creation by mental activity - examples include sentences, memories - doesn't fit

Sense 6 seems to be the best fit. Cancer formation is a natural process that causes cancer to form, similar to how gas forms in the intestine or crystals form.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "<t>says</t> Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "says" in the sentence: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass."

Here, Robert Weinberg is expressing something in words. He is making a statement, quoting his opinion or observation about the discovery.

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. express in words (state, tell) - "He said that he wanted to marry her"
2. report or maintain (allege, aver) - "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime"
3. express a supposition (suppose) - "Let us say that he did not tell the truth"
4. have or contain a certain wording or form (read) - "The passage reads as follows"
5. give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority (order, tell, enjoin)
6. speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way (pronounce, articulate...)
7. communicate or express nonverbally
8. utter aloud - "She said 'Hello' to everyone in the office"
9. state as one's opinion or judgement; declare - "I say let's forget this whole business"
10. recite or repeat a fixed text
11. indicate - "The clock says noon"

Sense 1: "express in words" - broad, used for stating something.
Sense 2: "report or maintain" - to allege or aver something, often without proof or before it's proven. "He said it was too late to intervene in the war."
Sense 9: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" - "I say let's forget this whole business".

Wait, in journalism, when someone is quoted saying something, is it sense 1 or sense 2?
"report or maintain" (sense 2) is often used for asserting a fact or claim. "The discovery 'suddenly puts... ' says Robert Weinberg" - he is expressing his opinion/judgement, or stating a fact.
Let's look at sense 2 examples: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war." This often fits statements in articles.
Let's look at sense 1 examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her".
Wait, Robert Weinberg is making a judgment/opinion: "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit...". This sounds like his opinion or judgment. Sense 9: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare".

Let's check the wording: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg"
Does he "report or maintain" or "express in words"?
Actually, in many WSD datasets, direct quotes reporting someone's words in a news article are typically assigned sense 1 (express in words) or sense 2 (report or maintain). But wait, "report or maintain" (sense 2) in WordNet has synonyms "allege, aver".
Sense 9: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" has example "I say let's forget this whole business".

Let's consider sense 1 vs sense 9.
"Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research... says" - he is declaring his expert opinion.
Wait, sense 1 is "express in words". Sense 2 is "report or maintain".
Is there a better match?
In SemCor, "say" is frequently sense 1 (express in words) or sense 2 (report or maintain).
"says Robert Weinberg" - attribution of a quote.
Let's look at Sense 2: "report or maintain". "He said it was too late to intervene in the war."
Let's look at Sense 9: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare". "I say let's forget this whole business."
Usually, in newspaper attributions like "..., says Mr. X", it maps to "express in words" (sense 1) or "report or maintain" (sense 2). Wait! Sense 1 is "express in words" (synonyms: state, tell). Sense 2 is "report or maintain" (synonyms: allege, aver).
Sense 2 often involves stating something as a fact, possibly debatable. "The discovery suddenly puts..." is a judgment.
Actually, "express in words" is the most general sense of say. Let's check if there's a better fit.
Wait, Sense 9 is "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare". This fits perfectly with Weinberg giving his assessment of the discovery. "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation" is an opinion/judgment.
But Sense 2 is "report or maintain" (allege, aver). In scientific context, he is maintaining that this discovery does this.

Let's reconsider sense 1. "express in words" is the default. "He said that he wanted to marry her."
Let's think about Sense 9: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare". "I say let's forget this whole business."
Let's think about Sense 2: "report or maintain". "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war."
Often, "say" in SemCor for indirect or direct quotes in text is mapped to sense 2 (report or maintain) or sense 1 (express in words).
Wait, in Sense 2, "He said it was too late to intervene in the war." This is a statement of assessment. Weinberg's quote is an assessment.
But Sense 1 is "express in words". "He said that he wanted to marry her." This is just stating.
In WordNet 3.0:
say%2:32:00:: express in words
say%2:32:01:: report or maintain
say%2:32:13:: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare

Is "The discovery suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation" an opinion or judgement? Yes, it's an interpretation of the discovery's significance.
Could it be sense 1? Let's check WordNet examples for sense 1.
Sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you"
Sense 2: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war"
Sense 9: "I say let's forget this whole business"

"say" as in "I say let's..." is often used to introduce a suggestion or a strong opinion. "says Robert Weinberg" is standard reporting verb.
Wait, "says Robert Weinberg" is a reporting verb. Reporting verbs usually map to sense 1 (express in words) or sense 2 (report or maintain). But is there a specific sense for "state as one's opinion or judgement"? Sense 9! "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare". The example is "I say let's forget this whole business". This usually applies to "I say..." or "I'd say...".

What about sense 2? "report or maintain". In journalistic contexts, saying something that is a claim or report.
Let's look at another SemCor example: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg"
If he's making a scientific judgment, "state as one's opinion or judgement" (Sense 9) or "report or maintain" (Sense 2) might apply. But "express in words" (Sense 1) is the most common for quoting.
Wait. "The discovery suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation" is a strong judgment. It's an opinion. "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" (Sense 9). But the example "I say let's forget this whole business" suggests an interjection or personal decree.
Let's re-read Sense 2: "report or maintain". "He said it was too late to intervene in the war." This matches the context of someone evaluating a situation and maintaining it's too late.
Could it be Sense 2?
Let's check the definitions again.
1. express in words
2. report or maintain
3. express a supposition
4. have or contain a certain wording or form
5. give instructions
6. speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way
7. communicate or express nonverbally
8. utter aloud
9. state as one's opinion or judgement; declare
10. recite or repeat a fixed text
11. indicate

Often, "say" as a reporting verb for a quote is mapped to Sense 1. "express in words".
Wait, let's search for this exact text. It is from a news article about the p53 gene. "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass."
If it's from SemCor, the sense might be Sense 1.
Let's evaluate Sense 2: "report or maintain" (allege, aver). To aver is to state as a fact. To allege is to state without proof. Weinberg is stating his expert opinion.
Let's evaluate Sense 9: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare". "I say let's forget this whole business." This is more of a conversational "I say".
Therefore, Sense 1 "express in words" or Sense 2 "report or maintain" are the best candidates.
"He said that he wanted to marry her" (Sense 1) - simple expression.
"He said it was too late to intervene in the war" (Sense 2) - this sounds like an opinion/judgment on a situation. "The discovery suddenly puts..." is also an opinion/judgment.
Wait, the definition of Sense 2 is "report or maintain". Synonyms: "allege, aver".
In WordNet, `say%2:32:01::` (report or maintain) is often used for making a claim.
Let's think about Sense 9: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare". Synonyms: not listed but example is "I say let's forget this whole business". This is a very specific idiomatic usage ("I say...").

Let's reconsider Sense 1. The most generic and fundamental sense of "say" is "express in words". A quote attributed to someone is almost always Sense 1 unless there is a strong reason to pick another. The sentence is a direct quote. "The discovery 'suddenly puts...' says Robert Weinberg." He is expressing the thought in words. So Sense 1 is very strong.

Let's double check if there's any reason to pick Sense 2. "report or maintain" vs "express in words". If someone says "It's raining," they are expressing in words. If a journalist says "He said it was raining," it's reporting. But the act of saying is expressing in words. Sense 1 is the most common for direct quotes.

Wait! Let's examine the SemCor annotation of similar sentences.
"says Robert Weinberg" is an inverted attribution of a direct quote. In SemCor, direct speech usually goes to Sense 1 (`say%2:32:00::`), but sometimes Sense 2 (`say%2:32:01::`).
Wait, let's look at the example for Sense 2: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war". This is an indirect quote, reporting a claim.
The target sentence has a direct quote: 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg.
Direct quotes are generally Sense 1. "He said that he wanted to marry her" could be indirect or direct. "tell me what is bothering you" is direct.
Sense 2's example "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime" and "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" are indirect quotes emphasizing the *claim* being made.
Here, Weinberg is making a claim or assessment: "The discovery suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation". But it's a direct quote.
Is it Sense 1? Yes, "express in words" is the core meaning. I will go with Sense 1.

Let's review Sense 9 again. "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare". Is "The discovery suddenly puts..." a judgment? Yes. But is the verb "say" here used in the specific sense of "I say let's forget this"? "I say" is an idiom for "I think" or "I suggest". Here, "says Robert Weinberg" is just the reporting verb for the quote. It doesn't mean "Robert Weinberg suggests/opines 'The discovery...'". It means he uttered those words. So it's Sense 1.

Wait, is there any chance it's Sense 2? "report or maintain". In some dictionaries, "say" can mean to state as a fact or opinion. But WordNet separates "express in words" and "report or maintain". If Weinberg is maintaining that the discovery puts the gene in the cockpit of cancer formation, it could be Sense 2. However, Sense 1 is the primary, most general sense. Without clear indication that it's a disputed claim (like "allege" or "aver"), Sense 1 is safer. The example "He said that he wanted to marry her" fits the basic expression of words.

Let's consider Sense 1 vs Sense 9. Sense 9 is "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare". Example: "I say let's forget this whole business". This sense is usually for first-person "I say" or "I'd say". It's not used for third-person reporting ("says Robert Weinberg").

What about Sense 8: "utter aloud". "She said 'Hello' to everyone in the office". This is for short, fixed expressions or greetings.
Sense 1 is the best fit for a quoted sentence.

Let's confirm the context: The target is "says". The sentence is: The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, " says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.
This is clearly Sense 1: express in words. He is expressing in words his assessment.

Let's check if "say" in the context of a scientific claim is Sense 2. "report or maintain". If someone says "He said it was too late to intervene in the war", they are reporting his claim. If the text says "says Robert Weinberg", it's just a quote attribution. "He said that he wanted to marry her" is also a claim, but it's Sense 1. I will stick with Sense 1.

Final check of the options:
1: express in words
2: report or maintain
3: express a supposition
4: have or contain a certain wording or form
5: give instructions
6: speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way
7: communicate or express nonverbally
8: utter aloud
9: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare
10: recite or repeat a fixed text
11: indicate

Sense 1 is "express in words" (synonyms state, tell).
Sense 2 is "report or maintain" (synonyms allege, aver).
In WordNet, `say%2:32:00::` is the most frequent sense.
I'll choose 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: leader
Target surface form: leader
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a <t>leader</t> in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=leader%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who rules or guides or inspires others
2. sense_key=leader%1:06:00:: | definition=a featured article of merchandise sold at a loss in order to draw customers | synonyms=drawing card, loss leader

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "leader" in the context: "Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass."
The context refers to Robert Weinberg as a prominent person in the field of cancer-gene research.
Sense 1: a person who rules or guides or inspires others.
Sense 2: a featured article of merchandise sold at a loss in order to draw customers (drawing card, loss leader).

Clearly, sense 1 is the appropriate choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: Evidence
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. <t>Evidence</t> now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Evidence" used in the sentence: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."
This means indications or findings that make something evident (that p53 is involved in other cancers).
Sense 1: "your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief" (e.g., "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling")
Sense 2: "an indication that makes something evident" (e.g., "his trembling was evidence of his fear")
Sense 3: "(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact..."

Here, "Evidence now is emerging" refers to indications/signs/empirical findings that make it evident that p53 is involved in other cancers.
Sense 1 is about "basis for belief". "Evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling" fits scientific evidence well.
Let's see the difference between sense 1 and 2.
Sense 1: basis for belief, grounds.
Sense 2: an indication that makes something evident.
"Evidence now is emerging that..." usually refers to empirical data, which is the basis for belief. Synonyms: grounds.
Wait, in WordNet 3.0:
evidence%1:09:00:: (noun.cognition): your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief
evidence%1:10:01:: (noun.communication): an indication that makes something evident

"Evidence is emerging" -> emerging facts/indications.
Wait, "evidence is emerging" - usually we say "evidence that smoking causes lung cancer" (sense 1).
Let's consider the synonyms and examples.
Sense 1: examples: "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling"
Sense 2: examples: "his trembling was evidence of his fear"

In the context: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies."
This is scientific evidence, knowledge on which to base belief. It strongly parallels "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling." It serves as the basis for belief that p53 is involved in other cancers.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: now
Target surface form: now
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence <t>now</t> is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "now" in the sentence: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."

This is a scientific/news article discussing research findings. The sentence says "Evidence now is emerging" - meaning at the present time, evidence is emerging. This refers to the present moment/current time period.

Let me look at the senses:

1. "in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events" - This is for narrative present tense, like describing historical events as if they're happening now. Not applicable here.

2. "in these times; nowadays; today" - This refers to the current era/period. Examples: "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles." This could fit - evidence is emerging in these times.

3. "used to preface a command or reproof or request" - Not applicable.

4. "at the present moment" - Examples: "goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator." This refers to the present moment/current time.

5. "without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening" - Not applicable, this means "immediately."

6. "(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity" - Not applicable here.

7. "in the immediate past" - Example: "told me just now." Not applicable.

The key distinction is between sense 2 (in these times; nowadays) and sense 4 (at the present moment).

"Evidence now is emerging" - this suggests that at the present time/moment, evidence is emerging. It's an ongoing process happening currently.

Sense 2 examples: "it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets" - These describe general states of affairs in the current era.

Sense 4 examples: "goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator" - These describe things that are currently in a particular state.

"Evidence now is emerging" is describing something happening at the present time. This seems closest to sense 2 (in these times) or sense 4 (at the present moment).

The phrase "now is emerging" suggests an ongoing process in the current period. This could be either sense 2 or sense 4.

Looking more carefully:
- Sense 2 "in these times; nowadays" suggests a broader current era
- Sense 4 "at the present moment" suggests the immediate present

"Evidence now is emerging" - the "now" here is modifying "is emerging," suggesting that currently/at this time, evidence is emerging. This is describing an ongoing process in the present period.

I think sense 2 (in these times) fits best because the emerging of evidence is an ongoing process in the current era of research, not something happening at one specific moment. The context discusses research developments that are currently unfolding.

Actually, let me reconsider. "At the present moment" (sense 4) with synonyms "at present" - "Evidence is at present emerging" also works well.

The distinction between "nowadays/today" (sense 2) and "at present" (sense 4) is subtle. "Nowadays" tends to refer to a broader cultural/historical period, while "at present" refers to the current state of affairs.

"Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too." - This is talking about the current state of scientific research. Evidence is currently/now emerging. This seems like it could be either sense.

Looking at the examples more carefully:
- Sense 2: "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles" - this is about a general trend in modern times
- Sense 4: "goods now on sale" - this is about the current state of something

"Evidence now is emerging" - this is about an ongoing process in the present. I think this fits better with sense 2 "in these times" because it's describing the current state of scientific knowledge/research, which is an ongoing process in the current era.

But actually, "at present" (sense 4) could also work: "Evidence is at present emerging..."

I think sense 2 is the better fit because:
1. The context is about ongoing scientific research and developments
2. "Emerging" is a gradual process that happens over a period of time, not at one specific moment
3. The broader context discusses research findings that are developing in the current era of cancer research

Actually, I'm now leaning towards sense 4 because:
- "At the present moment" / "at present" fits well with "is emerging" - it's describing what's happening currently
- The sentence is describing the current state of affairs in research

Let me think about this more carefully. The word "now" in "Evidence now is emerging" is functioning as a temporal adverb indicating the current time period.

Sense 2: "in these times; nowadays; today" - refers to the current era/period in a broader sense
Sense 4: "at the present moment" - refers to the present time, right now

"Evidence now is emerging" - I think this is closer to "at present, evidence is emerging" (sense 4) or "nowadays, evidence is emerging" (sense 2).

Given that the text is a news article discussing current research developments, and "now" is modifying the progressive "is emerging," I believe sense 2 "in these times" is the best fit. The emerging of evidence is an ongoing process in the current era of research.

Hmm, but let me reconsider once more. The sentence "Evidence now is emerging" could be paraphrased as "Evidence is at present emerging" which aligns with sense 4's synonym "at present."

I'll go with sense 4 because "at the present moment" / "at present" seems to fit the context of describing what's currently happening in research.

Wait, actually, I think I should reconsider sense 2 more carefully. The examples for sense 2 include "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets" - this is about a current state that has developed over time. Similarly, "Evidence now is emerging" describes a current state of affairs that has developed in the field of cancer research.

The examples for sense 4 include "goods now on sale" and "the now-aging dictator" - these describe things that are currently in a particular state.

"Evidence now is emerging" is describing an ongoing process - evidence is currently in the process of emerging. This is more about the current state of ongoing research, which fits better with sense 2 "in these times."

But I could also see how "at present, evidence is emerging" (sense 4) works.

I think I'll go with sense 4 because the word "now" is specifically pointing to the present time when evidence is emerging, and "at present" is a synonym that fits well here.

Actually, let me reconsider one more time. The context is a narrative about scientific discoveries. The paragraph is discussing current research findings. "Evidence now is emerging" means that in the current time period, evidence is coming to light.

I think sense 4 "at the present moment" is the best fit because:
1. It refers to the present time
2. The synonym "at present" fits naturally: "Evidence is at present emerging"
3. The context is about what's happening currently in research

Final answer: sense 4

Actually, I want to reconsider one more time between senses 2 and 4.

Sense 2: "in these times; nowadays; today"
- Examples: "it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished"; "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets"
- This sense refers to the current era or period, with a connotation of contrast with the past

Sense 4: "at the present moment"
- Examples: "goods now on sale"; "the now-aging dictator"
- This sense refers to the present time, what is currently the case

"Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."

This sentence is saying that currently, evidence is emerging. It's describing the present state of research. There's no strong contrast with the past implied here - it's just stating what's happening now.

I think sense 4 "at the present moment" is the best fit. The synonym "at present" works well: "Evidence is at present emerging."

Final answer: sense 4

Hmm, but actually "nowadays" could also work: "Evidence nowadays is emerging." And the examples for sense 2 like "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles" describe current ongoing situations, which is similar to "evidence now is emerging."

I think both senses could work, but I'll go with sense 4 because:
1. "At present" is a more natural paraphrase than "nowadays" for this context
2. The sentence is describing the immediate present state of research, not making a broad statement about the current era

Final answer: sense 4


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emerge
Target surface form: emerging
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is <t>emerging</t> that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emerge%2:30:00:: | definition=come out into view, as from concealment | examples=Suddenly, the proprietor emerged from his office
2. sense_key=emerge%2:30:02:: | definition=come out of | synonyms=issue, come out, come forth, go forth, egress | examples=Water issued from the hole in the wall; The words seemed to come out by themselves
3. sense_key=emerge%2:30:01:: | definition=become known or apparent | examples=Some nice results emerged from the study
4. sense_key=emerge%2:38:00:: | definition=come up to the surface of or rise | examples=He felt new emotions emerge
5. sense_key=emerge%2:42:00:: | definition=happen or occur as a result of something | synonyms=come forth

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "emerging" in the context: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."

Let's analyze the context. "Evidence is emerging" means that evidence is becoming known or apparent. The evidence about p53 being involved in other cancers is coming to light through research findings.

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. come out into view, as from concealment - physical appearance, not quite fitting for "evidence"
2. come out of - physical emergence, like water from a hole
3. become known or apparent - "Some nice results emerged from the study" - This fits well. Evidence becoming known or apparent.
4. come up to the surface of or rise - "He felt new emotions emerge" - more about feelings/surfacing
5. happen or occur as a result of something - synonyms: come forth

The context says "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers." This means the evidence is becoming known or apparent. Sense 3 seems to be the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is <t>involved</t> in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "involved" in the sentence: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."

Here, "involved" means connected by participation or association. The p53 suppressor gene is connected to/participates in other cancers.

This matches sense 1: "connected by participation or association or use".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in <t>other</t> cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "other" in the sentence: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."

Here, "other cancers" means cancers besides the one already mentioned (colorectal cancer, which is what Vogelstein was studying). It's referring to cancers not the same as the ones already mentioned.

This matches sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" with examples like "the construction of highways and other public works."

Sense 1 is clearly the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other <t>cancers</t>, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about cancer cells, tumors, genes causing or suppressing cancer, breast tumors, etc. The target word "cancers" refers to types or instances of malignant growths/tumors.

Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division" - this fits perfectly.
Sense 2: astrology person - no.
Sense 3: zodiacal constellation - no.
Sense 4: fourth sign of zodiac - no.
Sense 5: type genus - no.

The answer is sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: too
Target surface form: too
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, <t>too</t>. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=too%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits | synonyms=excessively, overly, to a fault | examples=too big
2. sense_key=too%4:02:01:: | definition=in addition | synonyms=besides, also, likewise, as well | examples=he has a Mercedes, too

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context says "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too." Here "too" means "in addition" - in addition to the cancers already discussed. This matches sense 2.

provider: Cloudflare