[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive <t>impact</t> of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "impact" in the context: "there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."

Sense 1: "the striking of one body against another" - physical collision, not relevant.
Sense 2: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect" | synonyms: wallop | examples: "the book had an important impact on my thinking" - This seems relevant. The impact here refers to the effect/consequence of migration flows on economic growth.
Sense 3: "influencing strongly" | synonyms: impingement, encroachment | examples: "they resented the impingement of American values on European culture" - This is also about influence, but the synonyms "impingement, encroachment" suggest more of an intrusion. The example is about resentment of influence.
Sense 4: "the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat" - not relevant.

Between sense 2 and sense 3:
Sense 2 is about "a forceful consequence; a strong effect" with the example "the book had an important impact on my thinking". This fits well with "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth" - it's about the effect/consequence.

Sense 3 is about "influencing strongly" with synonyms "impingement, encroachment" and example about resentment. The word "impact" here is more about effect/consequence rather than the act of influencing strongly. The context says "positive impact... on economic growth" - this is about the effect, not the act of influencing.

Actually, looking more carefully at WordNet senses:
- Sense 2 (impact%1:19:00::) seems to be the "effect" meaning.
- Sense 3 (impact%1:04:00::) seems to be the "influence" meaning (act of influencing).

In the context "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth", "impact" refers to the effect or consequence, not the act of influencing. So sense 2 seems most appropriate.

The example for sense 2 "the book had an important impact on my thinking" parallels "the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth" - both use "impact on" to mean effect.

I'll go with sense 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: migration
Target surface form: migration
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of <t>migration</t> flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=migration%1:04:00:: | definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
2. sense_key=migration%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
3. sense_key=migration%1:11:01:: | definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
4. sense_key=migration%1:11:00:: | definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The context discusses migration flows, immigration, immigrants, countries admitting immigrants, economic growth, wages, employment. This is about people moving from one country/locality to another.

Sense 1: "the movement of persons from one country or locality to another" - this fits perfectly.
Sense 2: "a group of people migrating together" - this refers to the group itself, not the movement.
Sense 3: chemistry - no.
Sense 4: animals - no.

The target is "migration flows" referring to the movement of people between countries. Sense 1 is correct.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AkashML

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flow
Target surface form: flows
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration <t>flows</t> on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flow%1:11:00:: | definition=the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) | synonyms=flowing
2. sense_key=flow%1:28:00:: | definition=the amount of fluid that flows in a given time | synonyms=flow rate, rate of flow
3. sense_key=flow%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression | synonyms=stream
4. sense_key=flow%1:22:00:: | definition=any uninterrupted stream or discharge
5. sense_key=flow%1:26:00:: | definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | synonyms=stream | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors
6. sense_key=flow%1:14:00:: | definition=dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | synonyms=stream, current | examples=two streams of development run through American history; stream of consciousness
7. sense_key=flow%1:22:01:: | definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | synonyms=menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, period | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation; a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about "migration flows" which refers to the continuous movement of people (immigrants/migrants). Let me analyze the senses:

1. flow%1:11:00:: - motion of fluids (liquids/gases) - too literal/physical
2. flow%1:28:00:: - amount of fluid in given time - too literal/physical
3. flow%1:04:00:: - the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression - could apply
4. flow%1:22:00:: - any uninterrupted stream or discharge - could apply
5. flow%1:26:00:: - something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously; synonyms=stream; examples="a stream of people emptied from the terminal"; "the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors" - This fits well with "migration flows" - people moving continuously, similar to a stream of people.
6. flow%1:14:00:: - dominant course of successive events or ideas - not quite right
7. flow%1:22:01:: - menstruation - definitely not

Sense 5 seems to be the best fit because:
- It specifically refers to something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously
- The synonym "stream" matches
- The examples include "a stream of people" and "flow of visitors" which are very close to "migration flows" - both refer to people moving

The "migration flows" here refers to the continuous movement of people, which is metaphorically like a flowing stream. Sense 5 captures this well with its examples about streams of people and flows of visitors.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: employment
Target surface form: employment
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and <t>employment</t> in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "employment" in the context: "...positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries..."
Here, "employment" refers to the condition of having a job or the number of people who have jobs (e.g., "wages and employment"). It is a state or condition (like economic growth, wages).
Sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job" (synonyms=employ). Matches "wages and employment".
Sense 2: "the occupation for which you are paid" (synonyms=work).
Sense 3: "the act of giving someone a job"
Sense 4: "the act of using"

The context discusses "wages and employment". In economics, "employment" often refers to the state of having a job or the number of people employed. Sense 1 perfectly captures "the state of being employed or having a job".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in <t>countries</t>, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "countries" in the context: "...there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in <t>countries</t>, which admit immigrants."

Here, "countries" refers to politically organized bodies of people under a single government (nations/states) that admit immigrants. The context discusses economic growth, wages, and employment in these countries.

Sense 1: a politically organized body of people under a single government (state, nation, land, commonwealth) - examples: "the state has elected a new president; African nations"
Sense 2: the territory occupied by a nation - examples: "he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries"
Sense 3: the people who live in a nation or country - examples: "a statement that sums up the nation's mood"

The phrase "countries which admit immigrants" refers to nation-states as political entities that have immigration policies. This aligns with sense 1 (politically organized body of people under a single government). The discussion is about economic impact in countries that admit immigrants - this is about nation-states as political entities.

Sense 2 is about territory, but here we're talking about political entities admitting immigrants. Sense 1 seems most appropriate as it refers to the political organization.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Countries which admit immigrants" - this could be either the political entity (sense 1) or the territory (sense 2). But the example for sense 2 includes "he visited several European countries" which is very similar to how "countries" is used here - referring to nations.

The key distinction:
- Sense 1: politically organized body of people under a single government
- Sense 2: the territory occupied by a nation

In the context "countries which admit immigrants," the focus is on the political entity that has the capacity to admit immigrants (governments make immigration policies). This aligns with sense 1.

However, "economic growth, wages and employment in countries" - economic activities happen in the territory. But the admitting of immigrants is done by the political entity.

I think sense 1 is the best fit because "countries which admit immigrants" emphasizes the political aspect (governments admitting immigrants through policy).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: immigration
Target surface form: immigration
Context:
Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining <t>immigration</t> leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=immigration%1:04:00:: | definition=migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) | synonyms=in-migration
2. sense_key=immigration%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "immigration".
Context: "...Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers..."

Candidate senses:
1. migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) | synonyms=in-migration
2. the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony

The context refers to "Restraining immigration" and the "impact of immigrants" and "migration flows" and "admit immigrants". This points to the process or phenomenon of immigration, which corresponds to sense 1 (migration into a place).

Sense 2 refers to a specific body or group of immigrants arriving within an interval. The context talks about restraining the phenomenon/policy of immigration.

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic <t>growth</t> and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "growth" in the context: "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment."
The context discusses the economic impact of immigration, specifically mentioning "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment".
The word "growth" here refers to economic growth, which is a process of becoming larger or more important (economically).
Looking at the candidate senses:
1. biological growth
2. progression from simpler to more complex forms
3. a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important (synonyms: increase, increment; examples: the increase in unemployment; the growth of population)
4. vegetation that has grown
5. the gradual beginning or coming forth
6. abnormal proliferation of tissue
7. something grown or growing (a growth of hair)

Sense 3 is "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important". Economic growth fits this definition. The examples include "the growth of population". Economic growth is the increase in the production of economic goods and services, compared from one period of time to another. It is a process of becoming larger or more important. Sense 3 fits best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: employment
Target surface form: employment
Context:
Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms <t>employment</t>. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "employment" in the context: "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms <t>employment</t>."
The context discusses the impact of immigration on economic growth, wages, and employment. "Restraining immigration... harms employment."
Here, "employment" refers to the availability of jobs or the state of people having jobs (employment rate/level).
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

Wait, sense 1 is "the state of being employed or having a job". In economics, "employment" as in "harms employment" refers to the aggregate state of people having jobs (employment level). Sense 2 is "the occupation for which you are paid" (as in a specific job or line of work). Here, "employment" is used as an uncountable noun referring to the condition of having a job, or the total amount of jobs in a society.
Sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job" fits "harms employment" (harms the state of people having jobs).
Wait, let's look at WordNet senses for "employment".
Noun
1. employment, employ -- (the state of being employed or having a job; "they are looking for employment"; "he was in the employ of the city")
2. employment, work -- (the occupation for which you are paid; "he is looking for employment"; "a lot of people are out of work")
3. employment, engagement -- (the act of giving someone a job)
4. use, usage, utilization, utilisation, employment, exercise -- (the act of using; "he warned against the use of narcotic drugs"; "skilled in the utilization of computers")

In the sentence "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment", it means it reduces the employment rate or the number of people who have a job. Thus, "the state of being employed or having a job". It is an abstract noun referring to the phenomenon of employment.
Wait, could it be sense 1 or 2? "harms employment" refers to the aggregate state. If someone is "looking for employment", it's sense 1 or 2. When talking about macroeconomic "employment", it usually corresponds to the state of having a job. Let's check WordNet 3.0.
Sense 1: the state of being employed or having a job.
Sense 2: the occupation for which you are paid.
"harms employment" -> harms the state of having jobs. So sense 1.
Let's re-read the candidates.
Candidate senses:
1. employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job ...
2. employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid ...
3. employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job ...
4. employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using ...

The sentence: "...positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries... harms employment."
"employment" is paired with "economic growth" and "wages". These are macroeconomic variables. "employment" here means the state of having a job. Sense 1.

Let me double check if there's any ambiguity. Sense 2 is about a specific occupation ("he is looking for employment" - though the example for sense 2 in WordNet is actually "he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work" which can mean looking for a job or an occupation. However, "the occupation for which you are paid" implies a specific type of job, whereas macroeconomic employment is the state of having a job.) Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

"economic growth, wages and employment" -> state of being employed.
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fear
Target surface form: Fears
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. <t>Fears</t> about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fear%1:12:00:: | definition=an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight) | synonyms=fearfulness, fright
2. sense_key=fear%1:12:01:: | definition=an anxious feeling | synonyms=concern, care | examples=care had aged him; they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction
3. sense_key=fear%1:12:02:: | definition=a feeling of profound respect for someone or something | synonyms=reverence, awe, veneration | examples=the fear of God; the Chinese reverence for the dead

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Fears" in the context: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers..."

Let's analyze the context:
- "Fears about the impact of immigrants" - This refers to anxieties or concerns about the economic impact of immigrants (replacing native workers, exerting downward pressure on wages).
- It's not about a specific pain or danger accompanied by a desire to flee or fight (sense 1).
- It's not about profound respect or reverence (sense 3).
- It aligns well with sense 2: "an anxious feeling" with synonyms "concern, care". "Fears about the impact" = "concerns about the impact".

Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the <t>impact</t> of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "impact" in the context: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers..."

This refers to the effect or consequence of immigrants on the labor market, wages, etc.

Sense 1: the striking of one body against another - physical collision, not applicable.
Sense 2: a forceful consequence; a strong effect - examples include "the book had an important impact on my thinking" - this fits well with the economic/social impact of immigrants.
Sense 3: influencing strongly - synonyms impingement, encroachment - examples about impingement of American values on European culture. This is more about the act of influencing/encroaching.
Sense 4: violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat - not applicable.

Between sense 2 and sense 3: The context discusses "fears about the impact of immigrants" - this is about the effect/consequence of immigrants on native workers, wages, etc. Sense 2 is "a forceful consequence; a strong effect" which fits perfectly. Sense 3 is more about "influencing strongly" with connotations of encroachment/impingement.

The sentence "Fears about the impact of immigrants" refers to the effect or consequence, which aligns with sense 2. Also earlier in the text: "the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth" - this is clearly about the effect/consequence.

Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: notion
Target surface form: notion
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the <t>notion</t> that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: | definition=a general inclusive concept
3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: | definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon
4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "notion" appears in the context: "This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem" and "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers."

In both cases, "notion" refers to an idea or belief that people hold - specifically, the belief/idea that immigration is a burden or that immigrants replace native workers. This aligns with sense 1: "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed" with synonyms like impression, feeling, belief, opinion.

Sense 2 is "a general inclusive concept" - this is more abstract and doesn't quite fit the context where people hold a specific belief/idea.

Sense 3 is about fanciful/whimsical ideas - doesn't fit.

Sense 4 is about small personal articles - completely irrelevant.

The best fit is sense 1, as the context describes a belief or opinion that people hold about immigration.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: worker
Target surface form: workers
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native <t>workers</t>, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=worker%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who works at a specific occupation | examples=he is a good worker
2. sense_key=worker%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the working class (not necessarily employed) | synonyms=proletarian, prole | examples=workers of the world--unite!
3. sense_key=worker%1:05:01:: | definition=sterile member of a colony of social insects that forages for food and cares for the larvae
4. sense_key=worker%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who acts and gets things done | synonyms=actor, doer | examples=he's a principal actor in this affair; when you want something done get a doer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "workers" in the context: "they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."

The context discusses native workers being potentially replaced by immigrants, particularly unskilled workers, and the impact on wages and employment. This refers to people who work at a specific occupation or in the labor market.

Sense 1: "a person who works at a specific occupation" - example: "he is a good worker"
Sense 2: "a member of the working class (not necessarily employed)" - synonyms: proletarian, prole - example: "workers of the world--unite!"
Sense 4: "a person who acts and gets things done" - synonyms: actor, doer

The context is about labor economics, employment, wages, and the labor market. "Native workers" refers to people who are employed or seeking employment in the labor market.

Sense 2 is about the working class as a social class, which has a more political/Marxist connotation ("workers of the world unite"). The context here is about employment, wages, and labor market dynamics, not about class struggle.

Sense 1 is about a person who works at a specific occupation. The context mentions "unskilled ones" and talks about them being replaced in trades, which relates to specific occupations.

However, sense 2 says "a member of the working class (not necessarily employed)" - the context discusses employment and the labor market, and "native workers" could include both employed and unemployed people in the labor force.

Looking more carefully at the context: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."

This is about the labor market - people who work or are available to work. The concern is about competition in the labor market.

Sense 1 seems most appropriate - "a person who works at a specific occupation." The context mentions "exercising trades" and "unskilled ones," which relates to specific occupations.

Sense 2 is more about the working class as a sociological/political concept. The context here is economic and about the labor market specifically.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled <t>ones</t>, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "ones" in the context "unskilled ones". Here "ones" refers to native workers, specifically unskilled native workers. This is a pronoun-like usage referring to people (a single person or thing).

Sense 1: the smallest whole number - clearly not fitting
Sense 2: a single person or thing - this fits, as "ones" refers to people (native workers)

The answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pressure
Target surface form: pressure
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward <t>pressure</t> on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pressure%1:19:00:: | definition=the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit) | synonyms=pressure level, force per unit area | examples=the compressed gas exerts an increased pressure
2. sense_key=pressure%1:07:00:: | definition=a force that compels | examples=the public brought pressure to bear on the government
3. sense_key=pressure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of pressing; the exertion of pressure | synonyms=press, pressing | examples=he gave the button a press; he used pressure to stop the bleeding
4. sense_key=pressure%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of demanding notice or attention | synonyms=imperativeness, insistence, insistency, press | examples=the insistence of their hunger; the press of business matters
5. sense_key=pressure%1:09:00:: | definition=the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin | synonyms=pressure sensation | examples=the sensitivity of his skin to pressure and temperature was normal
6. sense_key=pressure%1:26:01:: | definition=an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress
7. sense_key=pressure%1:19:01:: | definition=the pressure exerted by the atmosphere | synonyms=atmospheric pressure, air pressure

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about immigration exerting "downward pressure on wages." This means pressure in the sense of a force that compels or influences something - in this case, economic pressure that pushes wages down.

Sense 2: "a force that compels" with example "the public brought pressure to bear on the government" - this is about compelling force, but it's more about political/social pressure.

Sense 6: "an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress" - this mentions economic distress, which could relate to "downward pressure on wages."

But actually, "downward pressure on wages" is a common economic phrase meaning a force that tends to push wages down. This is more like sense 2 - "a force that compels" - where the pressure is a compelling force on wages.

Let me reconsider. The phrase "exerting downward pressure on wages" means that immigrants are creating a force that pushes wages down. This is a compelling force - sense 2 seems most appropriate with "a force that compels."

Sense 6 talks about "economic distress" which is a condition, not a force. The context is about a force pushing wages down.

I'll go with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experience
Target surface form: experience
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But <t>experience</t> shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experience%1:09:01:: | definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
2. sense_key=experience%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
3. sense_key=experience%1:11:00:: | definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "experience" is used in the context: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to..."
Here, "experience" refers to the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities, which is used as a basis to "show" something. It implies empirical knowledge or practical wisdom. "Experience shows that..." implies "Knowledge gained from past events shows that...".
Sense 1: "the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities" - Examples: "a man of experience", "experience is the best teacher". Fits perfectly with "experience shows".
Sense 2: "the content of direct observation or participation in an event" - Examples: "he had a religious experience". Does not fit.
Sense 3: "an event as apprehended" - Examples: "a surprising experience". Does not fit.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best indexed sense.

provider: Fireworks


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: replacement
Target surface form: replacements
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=replacement%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another | synonyms=replacing | examples=replacing the star will not be easy
2. sense_key=replacement%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who takes the place of another person | synonyms=surrogate, alternate
3. sense_key=replacement%1:11:00:: | definition=an event in which one thing is substituted for another | synonyms=substitution, permutation, transposition, switch | examples=the replacement of lost blood by a transfusion of donor blood
4. sense_key=replacement%1:09:00:: | definition=a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another | synonyms=substitute
5. sense_key=replacement%1:22:00:: | definition=filling again by supplying what has been used up | synonyms=refilling, replenishment, renewal
6. sense_key=replacement%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who follows next in order | synonyms=successor | examples=he was President Lincoln's successor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "replacements" in the context: "immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor".

Here, "replacements" refers to things or people that take the place of others. The context contrasts immigrants being "complementary to" versus "replacements of" local labor. So immigrants would be substituting for local labor.

Sense 1: "the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another" - this is an act, not the person/thing itself.
Sense 2: "someone who takes the place of another person" - this is specifically a person.
Sense 3: "an event in which one thing is substituted for another" - this is an event.
Sense 4: "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" - this is a person or thing (substitute).
Sense 5: "filling again by supplying what has been used up" - not relevant.
Sense 6: "a person who follows next in order" - successor, not relevant.

The context is about immigrants being replacements (or not) of local labor. "Local labor" could refer to workers (people) or the labor force. The sentence says "immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor". Here "replacements" is plural and refers to substitutes - people or things that take the place of local labor.

Between sense 2 and sense 4: Sense 2 is specifically "someone who takes the place of another person" (surrogate, alternate), while sense 4 is "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" (substitute).

In this context, immigrants are people who might replace local labor (workers). The phrase "replacements of local labor" suggests that immigrants would substitute for local workers. Since immigrants are people, sense 2 could fit, but sense 4 is broader (person or thing).

Looking at the synonyms: Sense 2 has "surrogate, alternate" while sense 4 has "substitute". In the context of labor and employment, "substitute" is a more natural fit. The text discusses whether immigrants replace native workers, i.e., whether they are substitutes for local labor.

Also, "replacements of local labor" - here "replacements" is being used as a noun referring to entities (people) that take the place of local labor. Both sense 2 and sense 4 could work, but sense 4 is more general and includes the synonym "substitute" which fits the economic/labor context better.

Actually, let me reconsider. The context says "immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor". This is about whether immigrants are substitutes for or complements to local labor. In economics, this is the classic "substitutes vs. complements" distinction in labor markets. So "replacements" here means "substitutes".

Sense 4 with synonym "substitute" seems like the best fit.

The answer should be sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: labor
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local <t>labor</t>, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "labor" in the context: "immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local <t>labor</t>, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."

Here "labor" refers to the workers themselves, the people who work.
Let's look at the senses:
1. labor%1:14:00:: - a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages (synonyms: labour, working class, proletariat; examples: there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field)
2. labor%1:04:00:: - productive work (especially physical work done for wages) (synonyms: labour, toil)
3. labor%1:26:00:: - concluding state of pregnancy...
4. labor%1:14:04:: - organized attempt by workers...
5. labor%1:14:02:: - political party...
6. labor%1:14:01:: - federal department...
7. labor%1:04:01:: - any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted (synonyms: undertaking, project, task)

In the context "shortage of local labor" and "complementary to... local labor", it refers to workers or the workforce. Sense 1 has the exact example "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" which perfectly matches "there is a shortage of local labor". It refers to workers as a class or group.

Let's check the definition of Sense 1: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages". "local labor" refers to the local workforce.

Wait, does "labor" refer to the work itself or the workers? "replacements of local labor" -> replacements of local workers. "shortage of local labor" -> shortage of local workers.

Sense 1: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages". This fits "workers".
Sense 2: "productive work...". This fits the abstract concept of work.
Example for 1: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" -> matches "shortage of local labor".
So Sense 1 is the best fit.

Let's double check.
"complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor" - you replace a worker, not the work itself. Wait, you can replace labor (the input). But "shortage of skilled labor" in the example for sense 1 strongly indicates it refers to the workers.
I will choose 1.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: trade
Target surface form: trades
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising <t>trades</t> in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=trade%1:04:05:: | definition=the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services | examples=Venice was an important center of trade with the East; they are accused of conspiring to constrain trade
2. sense_key=trade%1:04:00:: | definition=the skilled practice of a practical occupation | synonyms=craft | examples=he learned his trade as an apprentice
3. sense_key=trade%1:04:01:: | definition=the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers | synonyms=patronage | examples=even before noon there was a considerable patronage
4. sense_key=trade%1:04:02:: | definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=deal, business deal | examples=it was a package deal; I had no further trade with him
5. sense_key=trade%1:14:00:: | definition=people who perform a particular kind of skilled work | synonyms=craft | examples=he represented the craft of brewers; as they say in the trade
6. sense_key=trade%1:19:00:: | definition=steady winds blowing from east to west above and below the equator | synonyms=trade wind | examples=they rode the trade winds going west
7. sense_key=trade%1:04:03:: | definition=an equal exchange | synonyms=barter, swap, swop | examples=we had no money so we had to live by barter

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "trades" in the context: "immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising <t>trades</t> in which there is a shortage of local labor."

Here, "trades" refers to skilled occupations or crafts that immigrants practice. The context is about immigrants working in certain occupations where there is a shortage of local labor.

Sense 2: "the skilled practice of a practical occupation" with synonym "craft" and example "he learned his trade as an apprentice" - this fits well as it refers to a practical occupation/skill.

Sense 5: "people who perform a particular kind of skilled work" with synonym "craft" and examples "he represented the craft of brewers; as they say in the trade" - this refers to the collective people who perform skilled work.

In the context "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor," the word "trades" seems to refer to occupations/skills being practiced, not the people who perform them. The immigrants are "exercising trades" - meaning practicing occupations. This aligns with sense 2: "the skilled practice of a practical occupation."

Actually, let me reconsider. "exercising trades" - here "trades" could be plural referring to different types of occupations/skills. Sense 2 says "the skilled practice of a practical occupation" - this is about the practice itself. Sense 5 is about "people who perform a particular kind of skilled work."

The sentence says immigrants are "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor." This means they are practicing occupations/skills. Sense 2 seems to be the best fit - "the skilled practice of a practical occupation."

The answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: shortage
Target surface form: shortage
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a <t>shortage</t> of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=shortage%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. sense_key=shortage%1:26:00:: | definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "shortage" in the context: "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."

Sense 1: "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required" (synonyms: deficit, shortfall)
Sense 2: "an acute insufficiency" (synonyms: dearth, famine)

In this context, "a shortage of local labor" means there is an insufficient amount of local labor for certain trades. Both senses could potentially fit, but let me think more carefully.

Sense 1 focuses on a quantitative deficit - the amount is less than required. This fits well with "a shortage of local labor" meaning there aren't enough local workers.

Sense 2 refers to "an acute insufficiency" with synonyms like "dearth" and "famine," suggesting a more severe, widespread lack of something. "Famine" is typically used for food shortages.

In the context, "shortage of local labor" refers to a situation where there isn't enough local labor available for certain trades. This is more about a quantitative shortfall (sense 1) rather than an acute, severe insufficiency (sense 2).

Actually, let me reconsider. "Shortage of local labor" - this could be seen as an acute insufficiency (sense 2) because the text describes immigrants filling roles where local labor is genuinely insufficient, not just slightly less than expected.

However, "dearth" and "famine" as synonyms for sense 2 suggest extreme scarcity. The context is about labor markets where certain trades don't attract local workers - this is more of a deficit/shortfall (sense 1) than a famine-like insufficiency (sense 2).

I think sense 1 is more appropriate here - "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required" - because it's about the quantity of labor being less than what is needed/required for those trades.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: labor
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local <t>labor</t>. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "labor" in the context: "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."

The context discusses immigrants complementing rather than replacing local workers/labor. It talks about "local labor" meaning the local workforce - the workers available in a particular area.

Sense 1: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" - synonyms include labour, working class, proletariat. Example: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field"

Sense 2: "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)" - synonyms include labour, toil. Example: "his labor did not require a great deal of skill"

The phrase "shortage of local labor" refers to a shortage of workers (people), not a shortage of work. This matches sense 1, where "labor" refers to the class of people who work for wages. The example for sense 1 is particularly telling: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" - which is very similar to "shortage of local labor."

So the answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sector
Target surface form: sectors
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in <t>sectors</t>, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sector%1:25:00:: | definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
2. sense_key=sector%1:14:00:: | definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
3. sense_key=sector%1:09:00:: | definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
4. sense_key=sector%1:23:00:: | definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes
5. sense_key=sector%1:15:00:: | definition=a portion of a military position
6. sense_key=sector%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses immigrants working in "sectors" which do not attract local labor, and "dynamic sectors". This refers to parts of the economy or society, like employment sectors or economic sectors.

Sense 2: "a social group that forms part of the society or the economy" with example "the public sector" - this fits well.
Sense 3: "a particular aspect of life or activity" with synonym "sphere" - this is more general.

The context is about economic sectors, labor sectors. Sense 2 seems the best fit as it specifically relates to the economy.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: labor
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local <t>labor</t> and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "labor" in the context: "sectors, which do not attract local labor"

Looking at the context, the sentence discusses unskilled immigrants working in sectors that don't attract local labor. Here "labor" refers to workers/the workforce - people who work for wages.

Sense 1: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" - examples include "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" - this fits very well with "do not attract local labor" meaning don't attract local workers/workforce.

Sense 2: "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)" - this refers to the activity of working, not the people. "sectors which do not attract local work" doesn't fit as well as "sectors which do not attract local workers."

The example for sense 1 is "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" which is very similar to the context's usage - "there is a shortage of local labor" and "do not attract local labor."

So sense 1 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled <t>ones</t> in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "ones" in the context: "the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

Here, "ones" refers to "immigrants" - specifically, "the most highly skilled immigrants." It's being used as a pronoun referring to people (immigrants), not as a number.

Looking at the two senses:
1. one%1:23:00:: - the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number (the number 1)
2. one%1:09:00:: - a single person or thing

Sense 2 fits because "ones" here refers to people (immigrants), as in "he is the best one" or "this is the one I ordered." The word is used as a pronoun referring to individuals.

So the answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sector
Target surface form: sectors
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic <t>sectors</t> where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sector%1:25:00:: | definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
2. sense_key=sector%1:14:00:: | definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
3. sense_key=sector%1:09:00:: | definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
4. sense_key=sector%1:23:00:: | definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes
5. sense_key=sector%1:15:00:: | definition=a portion of a military position
6. sense_key=sector%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses economic sectors, specifically "dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment" and "sectors, which do not attract local labor". This refers to parts of the economy.

Sense 2: "a social group that forms part of the society or the economy" with example "the public sector" - this fits economic sectors.

Sense 3: "a particular aspect of life or activity" with synonym "sphere" - this is more general.

The context is clearly about economic sectors (labor market sectors). Sense 2 seems most appropriate as it specifically mentions "the economy" and has the example "the public sector".