status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reasons
Context:
It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The <t>reasons</t> are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 6. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word "reasons" appears in the sentence: "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated."

The context is about why the education establishment fights against common sense. The "reasons" here refers to explanations or justifications for why the education establishment behaves this way - specifically why they fight against common sense.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. reason%1:16:00:: - a rational motive for a belief or action (ground) - examples about war declaration
2. reason%1:10:01:: - an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon - example about steady state
3. reason%1:09:00:: - the capacity for rational thought - clearly not this
4. reason%1:26:00:: - the state of having good sense and sound judgment - not this
5. reason%1:10:00:: - a justification for something existing or happening (cause, grounds) - example about having cause to complain
6. reason%1:09:01:: - a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion

The sentence "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated" is talking about why the education establishment fights against common sense. These are explanations/causes for why this phenomenon (fighting against common sense) happens.

Sense 2 seems to fit well: "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon" - the phenomenon being the education establishment fighting against common sense.

Sense 5 also could fit: "a justification for something existing or happening" - the thing happening being the education establishment fighting against common sense.

Sense 1 could also fit: "a rational motive for a belief or action" - the action being the education establishment fighting against common sense.

Let me think more carefully. The text says "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated." Then it gives the reason: "Progressive education is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

This is explaining WHY the education establishment fights against common sense. It's an explanation of the cause of this phenomenon. The reason given is that progressive education is more agreeable to teachers.

Sense 2: "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon" - this seems to fit well. The phenomenon is the education establishment fighting against common sense, and the reason explains the cause.

Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening" - this also could fit, but "justification" implies more of a defense or rationale, whereas the text is more about explanation of cause.

Sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action" - this could fit as well, as it's the motive for the education establishment's action.

The distinction between senses 1, 2, and 5 is subtle:

- Sense 1: rational motive for a belief or action
- Sense 2: explanation of the cause of some phenomenon
- Sense 5: justification for something existing or happening

The context is about why the education establishment fights against common sense. The "reasons" are explaining the cause of this behavior. The text is analytical, trying to explain why something happens.

I think sense 2 fits best: "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon." The phenomenon is the education establishment fighting against common sense, and the reasons explain why this happens.

Actually, let me reconsider. Sense 5 with synonyms "cause, grounds" and the example "he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice" - this seems to be about cause in a more general sense.

Sense 2's example: "the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly" - this is explaining the cause of a phenomenon.

The context is explaining why the education establishment fights against common sense. The reason given is that progressive education is more agreeable to teachers. This is an explanation of the cause of the phenomenon.

I'll go with sense 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


attempt_kind: initial

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simple
Target surface form: simple
Context:
It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one <t>simple</t> reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context says: "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated."

The word "simple" here is used in contrast to "complex". The reasons are complex, but there is one simple reason. This suggests the sense of "simple" that means "without additions or modifications" or "bare/mere" - as in "one simple reason" meaning "just one basic reason" or "one mere reason".

Let me look at the senses:

1. "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved" - This is about structure having few parts.
2. "easy and not involved or complicated" - This is about being easy.
3. "apart from anything else; without additions or modifications" - synonyms: bare, mere - examples: "only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea" - This suggests something straightforward, without embellishment.
5. "lacking mental capacity and subtlety" - No.
7. "unornamented" - No.

The sentence "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated" - here "simple" contrasts with "complex". The "one simple reason" means a straightforward, uncomplicated reason. It could be sense 1 (having few parts; not complex) or sense 2 (easy and not involved or complicated).

But let me think more carefully. "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason..." - The contrast is between complex and simple. Sense 1 says "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved" - this directly contrasts with "complex". Sense 2 says "easy and not involved or complicated" with synonyms like "elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic".

The sentence is talking about reasons being complex (having many interrelated parts) vs. one simple reason (a single, straightforward reason). This seems to align with sense 1: "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved" - "a simple problem; simple mechanisms".

Sense 3 with synonyms "bare, mere" - "the mere idea" - this is more about "just/only" without additions. "One simple reason" could mean "one mere reason" but the contrast with "complex" suggests it's more about not being complicated rather than being "mere".

I think sense 1 is the best fit: "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved". The direct contrast with "complex" in the sentence supports this.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reason
Context:
It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple <t>reason</t> ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "reasons" why the education establishment fights against common sense. The sentence says "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated." This refers to a motive or cause for the education establishment's behavior - a rational motive for a belief or action.

Sense 1: a rational motive for a belief or action - synonyms: ground
Sense 2: an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon
Sense 5: a justification for something existing or happening - synonyms: cause, grounds

The text is explaining why the education establishment fights against common sense - it's giving a motive/cause for their action. "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated" - this is about motives for their behavior.

Sense 1 seems best - "a rational motive for a belief or action" with the example "the reason that war was declared" which parallels "the reason the education establishment fights against common sense."

Sense 5 is also possible - "a justification for something existing or happening" with synonyms cause, grounds. But this seems more about justification for existence.

Sense 2 is "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon" - this is more about explaining natural phenomena.

I think sense 1 is the best fit - it's about a rational motive for an action (the education establishment fighting against common sense).

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: progressive
Target surface form: Progressive
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "<t>Progressive</t> education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=progressive%3:00:01:: | definition=favoring or promoting progress | examples=progressive schools
2. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:liberal:00 | definition=favoring or promoting reform (often by government action) | synonyms=reformist, reform-minded
3. sense_key=progressive%3:00:02:: | definition=(of taxes) adjusted so that the rate increases as the amount of income increases
4. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:increasing:00 | definition=gradually advancing in extent
5. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:ordered:00 | definition=(of a card game or a dance) involving a series of sections for which the participants successively change place or relative position | examples=progressive euchre; progressive tournaments
6. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:active:02 | definition=advancing in severity | examples=progressive paralysis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Progressive" in the context of "Progressive education".
Progressive education refers to a pedagogical movement that emphasizes experience and learning by doing, often contrasting with traditional, disciplined instruction. It is a reform-minded approach to education.

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. progressive%3:00:01:: - favoring or promoting progress (progressive schools) - This fits "progressive education" as schools that promote progress.
2. progressive%5:00:00:liberal:00 - favoring or promoting reform (reformist, reform-minded) - Progressive education was an educational reform movement.
3. progressive%3:00:02:: - (of taxes) adjusted so that the rate increases...
4. progressive%5:00:00:increasing:00 - gradually advancing in extent
5. progressive%5:00:00:ordered:00 - (of a card game or a dance)...
6. progressive%5:00:00:active:02 - advancing in severity

"Progressive education" historically refers to the educational reform movement started by John Dewey, which aligns with "favoring or promoting progress" (sense 1, example "progressive schools") or "favoring or promoting reform" (sense 2).
Wait, sense 1's examples are "progressive schools". Progressive education is essentially education in progressive schools. Sense 1 definition: "favoring or promoting progress".
Sense 2 definition: "favoring or promoting reform (often by government action)".
Usually, "progressive education" is associated with "progressive schools". Both fit.
However, sense 1 specifically has the example "progressive schools", which is very close to "progressive education".
Let's look at WordNet 3.0:
progressive (adj)
Sense 1: progressive -- (favoring or promoting progress; "progressive schools")
Sense 2: progressive, reformist, reform-minded -- (favoring or promoting reform (often by government action))

In the context, "Progressive education" is contrasted with "disciplined instruction". It is an ideology of education that favors progress/reform.
Is progressive education a reformist movement? Yes, the progressive education movement was a reform movement.
But sense 1 has the example "progressive schools", which is an exact match for the domain. "Progressive education" is practically synonymous with the educational philosophy of "progressive schools". Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Let's double check if sense 1 or sense 2. Sense 1 definition is "favoring or promoting progress".
Sense 2: "favoring or promoting reform". Progressive education is indeed reform, but the example "progressive schools" is overwhelmingly specific to sense 1.
So I will choose sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive <t>education</t> "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "education" in the phrase "Progressive education (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

Let me analyze the context. The text discusses "Progressive education" as a movement/approach to teaching, contrasting it with "disciplined instruction." It talks about teachers, instruction, personality development, and tests. This refers to education as a system of instruction/teaching activities.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. education%1:04:00:: - the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill (synonyms: instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity)
2. education%1:09:00:: - knowledge acquired by learning and instruction
3. education%1:09:01:: - the gradual process of acquiring knowledge
4. education%1:04:01:: - the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. education%1:07:01:: - the result of good upbringing
6. education%1:14:00:: - the United States federal department

The phrase "Progressive education" refers to a pedagogical movement/approach. It's about the activities/methods of educating. The contrast with "disciplined instruction" and the reference to "teachers" suggests this is about the practice/activities of education.

Sense 1 seems most appropriate: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" with synonyms like instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics.

However, looking at the broader context, there's also "American education's future" and "The education establishment" which could suggest a broader system. But the target word specifically is in "Progressive education" which is a pedagogical approach/movement.

Sense 1 fits best - it's about the activities of educating/instructing, and "Progressive education" is a specific approach to these activities.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: once
Target surface form: once
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was <t>once</t> called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "once" appears in the sentence: "(as it was once called)".
This means "progressive education" was called by that name at a previous time.

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. on one occasion ("once I ran into her")
2. as soon as ("once we are home, we can rest")
3. at a previous time ("at one time he loved her")

"as it was once called" means "as it was at a previous time called".
This matches sense 3 perfectly.

Let's verify:
"Progressive education" (as it was formerly called)
"Progressive education" (as it was at one time called)

Yes, sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once <t>called</t>) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "Progressive education "(as it was once <t>called</t>) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

Here, "called" is used in the sense of giving a name or referring to something by a particular name. The phrase "as it was once called" means that "Progressive education" was the name given to this educational approach.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful

"Progressive education" is a name given to a movement/approach. It's being used as a name. Is it a proper name or a common noun? "Progressive education" seems like a term/label given to this educational philosophy.

Sense 1 is about assigning a specified proper name to something.
Sense 2 is about ascribing a quality or giving a common noun name that reflects a quality.

"Progressive education" - is this a proper name or a common noun? It's capitalized in the text as "Progressive education" which suggests it might be treated as a proper name or title. The phrase "as it was once called" suggests that this was the name/label given to this educational approach.

Let me think more carefully. The structure is: "Progressive education" (as it was once called) - this means the thing was given the name "Progressive education".

Sense 1: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to. Examples: They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader.

Sense 2: ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality. Examples: He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful.

"Progressive education" seems like it could be a proper name for a movement. But it could also be seen as a common noun phrase describing the quality of being progressive.

Actually, looking more carefully, sense 2 says "give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality" - "Progressive education" is a common noun phrase that reflects the quality of being progressive. The examples for sense 2 involve calling someone a name that reflects a quality (bastard, lazy and ungrateful).

But "Progressive education" is more like a label or name for a movement. It's being used as a name. The phrase "as it was once called" is saying that this thing was once referred to by this name.

I think sense 1 is more appropriate because "Progressive education" is being used as a name/label for the educational approach, similar to how a school is named after someone. It's assigning a name to something.

Wait, but sense 1 says "proper name" - is "Progressive education" a proper name? It's capitalized, which suggests it might be treated as a proper name in this context. Also, the definition says "usually proper" which means it doesn't have to be strictly proper.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Progressive education" is a term used to refer to a specific educational philosophy/movement. It's being used as a label/name. The phrase "as it was once called" means "as it was once named/referred to as."

Sense 1 seems like the best fit: assigning a specified name to something. "Progressive education" is the name assigned to this educational approach.

But wait - sense 27: consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful

This is about considering or regarding something as being a certain way. "As it was once called" could potentially fit here too - regarding it as "Progressive education." But I think this is more about naming/labeling.

Let me reconsider sense 2 vs sense 1.

Sense 2: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality"
- "He called me a bastard" - ascribing the quality of being a bastard
- "She called her children lazy and ungrateful" - ascribing qualities

"Progressive education" - is this ascribing a quality? "Progressive" is an adjective describing a quality, and "education" is a noun. So "Progressive education" could be seen as a common noun phrase that reflects the quality of being progressive.

But the context is about naming/labeling an educational approach. The phrase "as it was once called" is about what name was given to this approach.

I think sense 1 is the better fit because:
1. "Progressive education" is being used as a name/label for a specific educational movement
2. It's capitalized, suggesting it's treated as a proper name or title
3. The structure "as it was once called" is similar to "as it was once named"

But sense 2 could also work if we see "Progressive education" as a common noun phrase reflecting the quality of being progressive.

Actually, I think I need to be more careful. Let me look at the definitions again:

Sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" - This is about giving a proper name to something or someone. Examples: naming a son David, naming a school after someone.

Sense 2: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality" - This is about either ascribing a quality OR giving a common noun name that reflects a quality.

"Progressive education" - this is a common noun phrase (progressive + education) that reflects the quality of being progressive. So it could fit sense 2.

But is "Progressive education" a proper name or a common noun? In the context, it's capitalized and refers to a specific educational movement. It could be considered a proper name for a movement.

Hmm, this is tricky. Let me think about it differently.

When we say "as it was once called 'Progressive education'", we're saying that this educational approach was once given the name "Progressive education." This is about naming/labeling.

Sense 1 is about assigning a proper name. "Progressive education" is the name assigned to this educational approach. The fact that it's capitalized suggests it's being treated as a proper name or title.

I think sense 1 is the best fit. The sentence is saying that this educational approach was once given the name "Progressive education."

Actually, let me reconsider one more time.

"Progressive education" - is this really a proper name? Proper names are names like "David," "John," "New York," etc. "Progressive education" is more of a descriptive term - it describes education that is progressive. It's a common noun phrase.

But in the context of this passage, "Progressive education" is being used as a specific label for a particular educational movement/philosophy. It's functioning as a name.

The definition for sense 1 says "usually proper" - so it doesn't have to be strictly proper. And the examples include naming a school after someone, which is assigning a proper name to an institution.

I think sense 1 is the best fit, but sense 2 is also possible. Let me make a decision.

Given that:
1. "Progressive education" is capitalized, suggesting it's treated as a name/title
2. The phrase "as it was once called" is about naming/labeling
3. Sense 1 includes "usually proper" which allows for some flexibility

I'll go with sense 1.

Wait, but actually, let me reconsider sense 27: "consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful"

This is about regarding something as being a certain way. "As it was once called 'Progressive education'" could be interpreted as "as it was once regarded as being 'Progressive education'" - but this doesn't quite fit. The sentence is about what name was given to this educational approach, not about regarding it as being a certain way.

I'll stick with sense 1.

Hmm, but let me think about this more. "Progressive education" is a term used to describe a type of education. When we say "as it was once called," we're saying that this approach was once referred to by this term.

Is this assigning a proper name? Or is it giving a common noun name that reflects a quality?

"Progressive education" is a common noun phrase. "Progressive" is an adjective that reflects a quality (being progressive). So "Progressive education" is a common noun phrase that reflects the quality of being progressive.

This fits sense 2: "give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality"

But "Progressive education" is also used as a specific label/name for a particular educational movement. In this context, it's functioning as a name for a movement.

I'm torn between sense 1 and sense 2. Let me look at the examples more carefully:

Sense 1 examples: "They named their son David" - David is a proper name. "The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader" - naming after a person.

Sense 2 examples: "He called me a bastard" - "bastard" is a common noun reflecting a quality. "She called her children lazy and ungrateful" - "lazy and ungrateful" are adjectives reflecting qualities.

"Progressive education" is more like a common noun phrase (progressive + education) that reflects the quality of being progressive. This aligns more with sense 2.

But in the context of the passage, "Progressive education" is being used as a specific term/label for a movement, which is more like a name.

Actually, I think I'm overcomplicating this. Let me step back.

The sentence is: "Progressive education" (as it was once called) is far more interesting...

This means: The thing that was once called "Progressive education" is far more interesting...

The word "called" here means "named" or "referred to as." It's about what name/label was given to this educational approach.

Sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" - This fits because "Progressive education" is a name assigned to this approach.

Sense 2: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality" - This could also fit because "Progressive education" is a common noun phrase reflecting a quality.

I think the key question is: Is "Progressive education" a proper name or a common noun phrase?

"Progressive education" is not a typical proper name like "David" or "New York." It's a descriptive term - education that is progressive. It's a common noun phrase. However, in the context of this passage, it's capitalized and used as a specific label for a movement.

I think I'll go with sense 2 because "Progressive education" is essentially a common noun phrase that reflects the quality of being progressive, which aligns with the definition "give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality."

Actually, wait. Let me reconsider one more time.

The definition for sense 2 is: "ascribe a quality to OR give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality"

The examples for sense 2 are:
- "He called me a bastard" - calling someone a name (common noun) that reflects a quality
- "She called her children lazy and ungrateful" - ascribing qualities (adjectives) to someone

The definition for sense 1 is: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to"

The examples for sense 1 are:
- "They named their son David" - assigning a proper name
- "The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader" - assigning a proper name

"Progressive education" is a term used to name/label a specific educational movement. It's not just ascribing a quality - it's giving a name to this approach.

I think sense 1 is the better fit. "Progressive education" is the name assigned to this educational approach. Even though it's a descriptive term, in this context it's functioning as a name/label for a specific movement.

Let me make a final decision: Sense 1.

The sentence "as it was once called 'Progressive education'" is about assigning the name "Progressive education" to this educational approach. This aligns with sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to."

Actually, I realize I should consider whether "Progressive education" is being used as a proper name here. It's capitalized in the text ("Progressive education"), which suggests it's being treated as a proper name or title for a specific movement. This supports sense 1.

Final answer: Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: far
Target surface form: far
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is <t>far</t> more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=far%4:02:02:: | definition=to a considerable degree; very much | examples=a far far better thing that I do; felt far worse than yesterday
2. sense_key=far%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or from a great distance in space | examples=he traveled far; strayed far from home
3. sense_key=far%4:02:04:: | definition=at or to a certain point or degree | examples=I can only go so far before I have to give up; how far can we get with this kind of argument?
4. sense_key=far%4:02:01:: | definition=remote in time | examples=if we could see far into the future; all that happened far in the past
5. sense_key=far%4:02:05:: | definition=to an advanced stage or point | examples=a young man who will go very far

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "far" in the sentence: "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is <t>far</t> more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."
Here, "far" is used as an intensifier meaning "to a considerable degree; very much".
"far more interesting" means "much more interesting" or "considerably more interesting".
Let's check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=far%4:02:02:: | definition=to a considerable degree; very much | examples=a far far better thing that I do; felt far worse than yesterday
2. sense_key=far%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or from a great distance in space
3. sense_key=far%4:02:04:: | definition=at or to a certain point or degree
4. sense_key=far%4:02:01:: | definition=remote in time
5. sense_key=far%4:02:05:: | definition=to an advanced stage or point

Sense 1 fits perfectly, as "far more interesting" aligns with the example "a far far better thing that I do" and "felt far worse than yesterday", meaning "to a considerable degree; very much".
The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far <t>more</t> interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "more" in the context: "far more interesting and agreeable to teachers".

Here, "more" is used to form the comparative of the adjective "interesting". So "more interesting" is the comparative form.

Sense 1: used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
Sense 2: comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

The context clearly shows "more interesting", which matches sense 1 exactly (the example is literally "more interesting").


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: agreeable
Target surface form: agreeable
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and <t>agreeable</t> to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=agreeable%3:00:00:: | definition=conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature; ; ; - Disraeli | examples=Is the plan agreeable to you?; he's an agreeable fellow
2. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:consistent:00 | definition=in keeping | synonyms=accordant, conformable, consonant, concordant | examples=salaries agreeable with current trends; plans conformable with your wishes
3. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:accordant:00 | definition=prepared to agree or consent | examples=agreeable to the plan

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "agreeable" in the context: "Progressive education (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

Here, "agreeable to teachers" means pleasing or acceptable to teachers, conforming to their liking or feelings. It's saying progressive education is more pleasant/acceptable/appealing to teachers.

Let's look at the senses:
1. conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature - examples: "Is the plan agreeable to you?", "he's an agreeable fellow"
2. in keeping - examples: "salaries agreeable with current trends"
3. prepared to agree or consent - examples: "agreeable to the plan"

The context says progressive education is "interesting and agreeable to teachers." This means it is pleasing or conforming to the liking/feelings of teachers. This matches sense 1: "conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature" with the example "Is the plan agreeable to you?"

Sense 3 "prepared to agree or consent" would mean the teachers are willing to agree to progressive education, but that's not quite what the sentence is saying. The sentence is saying progressive education is more pleasant/appealing to teachers.

Sense 2 "in keeping" doesn't fit well here.

So sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to <t>teachers</t> than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "teachers" in the context of education, schools, and teaching as an occupation. The context discusses "American education's future", "progressive education", "disciplined instruction", and teachers thinking about "personality development" and tests. This clearly refers to actual people whose profession is teaching, not a personified abstraction.

Sense 1: a person whose occupation is teaching - this fits perfectly.
Sense 2: a personified abstraction that teaches - this does not fit.

The answer is sense_index 1.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: disciplined
Target surface form: disciplined
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is <t>disciplined</t> instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00 | definition=obeying the rules
2. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00 | definition=trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise | examples=the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "disciplined" in the context of "disciplined instruction".
The candidate senses are:
1. obeying the rules
2. trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise

Context: "...far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

"Disciplined instruction" implies instruction that is structured, rigorous, or follows strict rules and exercises, as opposed to "progressive education" which focuses on "creativity" and "personality development" while minimizing "tests".
"Disciplined" here modifies "instruction".
Sense 1: "obeying the rules" - could refer to instruction that follows strict rules.
Sense 2: "trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise" - usually applies to a person or mind or muscles, e.g., "disciplined mind", "disciplined muscles". "Disciplined instruction" is a bit of a shifted use, but it means instruction that is rigorous, orderly, and structured, aimed at training.

Let's re-evaluate. "Disciplined" in "disciplined instruction":
Is it Sense 1 (obeying the rules) or Sense 2 (trained mentally...)?
In WordNet 3.0:
disciplined (adj) 1: marked by system; in keeping with orderly procedure (e.g., "a disciplined athlete")
Wait, let me check the senses provided:
1. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00 | definition=obeying the rules
2. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00 | definition=trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise | examples=the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind

Wait, the senses in the prompt:
1: obeying the rules
2: trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise
Is "disciplined instruction" obeying the rules, or trained mentally?
Actually, disciplined instruction means instruction that is characterized by discipline (order, strictness, rules).
Let's look at the synonyms.
Sense 1 is controlled.
If instruction is disciplined, it is controlled, orderly, obeys rules. Progressive education minimizes tests and focuses on personality development. Disciplined instruction is the opposite: traditional, structured, rigorous.
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
Sense 2: "trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise". "Instruction" here is the noun being modified. "Disciplined instruction" = instruction that trains mentally?
Wait, if it means "instruction that trains mentally", it might fit Sense 2. But "disciplined" as an adjective here means "characterized by discipline".
Let's consider the definitions. Sense 1: "obeying the rules". Does instruction obey the rules?
Maybe Sense 2 is closer because it relates to training and instruction?
Wait, let's look at the WordNet senses for disciplined.
disciplined%3:00:00:: (adj) obeying the rules
disciplined%3:00:01:: (adj) trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise
Actually, "disciplined" can mean "marked by system; in keeping with orderly procedure".
But the prompt gives only two senses:
1. obeying the rules
2. trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise
"Disciplined instruction" implies rigorous, structured instruction. It is not instruction that is "trained mentally", but instruction that provides training? No, "disciplined" is an adjective modifying instruction. Instruction is disciplined (orderly, controlled, obeys rules) vs progressive (free, unstructured).
Let's think about "obeying the rules" vs "trained mentally".
Wait, Sense 1 "obeying the rules" might refer to the behavior of the teacher or the instruction following a strict curriculum, as opposed to free-form "creativity" and "personality development".
Also, if we look at the text: "...far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction." Progressive education is contrasted with disciplined instruction. Disciplined instruction is structured, follows rules.
I will guess Sense 1, because instruction is not "trained mentally", but instruction that is "disciplined" means it is orderly and follows rules.

Let me double check the WordNet synsets.
disciplined (adj)
1. trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise (e.g., "the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles", "a disciplined mind")
2. obeying the rules (e.g., "a disciplined athlete")? No, usually WordNet has:
Sense 1: trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise
Sense 2: marked by system; in keeping with orderly procedure. Wait, prompt says Sense 1 is "obeying the rules".
Wait, maybe "obeying the rules" applies to instruction? "Disciplined instruction" means instruction that obeys the rules? Or is it "trained mentally..."?
If we look at Sense 2's examples: "disciplined muscles", "disciplined mind". These are things that are trained.
Is "instruction" something that is trained mentally? No.
Is "instruction" something that obeys the rules? Maybe it means instruction that follows rules.
Therefore, Sense 1 is a better fit for "disciplined instruction".
Wait, let me think if "disciplined" can mean "rigorous". Rigorous might be closer to sense 2?
"Disciplined instruction" - instruction that involves discipline. Like "disciplined study".
If sense 2 is "trained mentally or physically", "disciplined instruction" could mean instruction that trains mentally. But "disciplined" is an adjective, "instruction" is the noun. A "disciplined mind" is a mind that is trained. "Disciplined instruction" is not instruction that is trained.
Let's look at another angle. "disciplined" in "disciplined instruction" means characterized by discipline. "Discipline" in education means systematic instruction (Sense 2 of discipline?).
WordNet for "discipline":
1. a branch of knowledge
2. a system of rules of conduct or method of practice
3. the trait of being well behaved
4. training to improve strength or self-control
5. the act of disciplining
If "disciplined" means "obeying the rules", that's controlled.
I will bet on Sense 1: "obeying the rules" because it contrasts with progressive education's lack of rules and focus on free-form creativity.
Wait, "obeying the rules" might not fit "instruction". Instruction doesn't obey rules; it follows them?
What if "disciplined" means "trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise"? Then "disciplined instruction" might be an example of zeugma or transferred epithet, but wait, maybe "disciplined instruction" means "instruction that is disciplined" (i.e. controlled).
Actually, let's search for "disciplined instruction".
"Progressive education (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."
Could "disciplined" here mean "controlled" or "obeying the rules"?
Let's look at the synonyms. Sense 1: controlled. Sense 2: trained.
"Disciplined" as "controlled" fits "disciplined instruction" (controlled instruction).
I will choose Sense 1.
Wait. Let me reread Sense 2. "trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise". Does "disciplined instruction" mean instruction that is intended to train mentally? It's possible. But Sense 1 "obeying the rules" is closer to "controlled". "Controlled instruction" is much better than "trained instruction". So Sense 1.
Let's confirm. Sense 1 is "obeying the rules", which relates to being controlled, orderly. In the context, it is contrasted with "creativity" and "personality development" which lack strict rules and tests. Thus, "disciplined" here means controlled, following rules.
I will choose 1.
Let me double check if there's any reason it could be 2. Sense 2: trained mentally. If it's 2, it's because instruction is related to "instruction or exercise". But the adjective "disciplined" applies to "instruction". It's the instruction that is disciplined, meaning it is orderly and follows a curriculum, not that the instruction itself is "trained". So 1 makes more sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: instruction
Target surface form: instruction
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined <t>instruction</t>. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=instruction%1:10:04:: | definition=a message describing how something is to be done | synonyms=direction | examples=he gave directions faster than she could follow them
2. sense_key=instruction%1:04:01:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
3. sense_key=instruction%1:04:00:: | definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=teaching, pedagogy | examples=he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession
4. sense_key=instruction%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program | synonyms=command, statement, program line

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "instruction" in the context: "Progressive education is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

The context is about education, teachers, and the activities of educating. "Disciplined instruction" refers to the practice/activity of teaching with discipline.

Sense 2: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" with synonyms education, teaching, pedagogy. This fits perfectly - "disciplined instruction" vs "progressive education" as contrasting approaches to teaching/educating.

Sense 3 is about the profession of a teacher, which doesn't fit as well here since the contrast is about the activity/approach, not the profession.

The answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nice
Target surface form: nice
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is <t>nice</t> for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nice%3:00:00:: | definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners
2. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:respectable:00 | definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
3. sense_key=nice%5:00:02:precise:00 | definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer
4. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00 | definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow
5. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:polite:00 | definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "nice" in the context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development" and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

Here, "nice" means pleasant or pleasing or agreeable. It describes how it feels for teachers - it's pleasant/agreeable for them to think they're doing personality development. This matches sense 1: "pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance."

Let me check the other senses:
- Sense 2: socially correct, refined - doesn't fit
- Sense 3: done with delicacy and skill - doesn't fit
- Sense 4: excessively fastidious - doesn't fit
- Sense 5: exhibiting courtesy and politeness - doesn't fit

Sense 1 is clearly the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for <t>teachers</t> to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "teachers" in the context of American education, the education establishment, progressive education, and their role in schools. They are described as people whose occupation is teaching, taking courses in educational psychology and philosophy.

Sense 1: a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
Sense 2: a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Clearly sense 1 fits - these are actual human teachers in schools.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: think
Target surface form: think
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to <t>think</t> they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=think%2:31:01:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=believe, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
2. sense_key=think%2:31:03:: | definition=expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess | examples=I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel; I thought to find her in a bad state
3. sense_key=think%2:31:00:: | definition=use or exercise the mind or one's power of reason in order to make inferences, decisions, or arrive at a solution or judgments | synonyms=cogitate, cerebrate | examples=I've been thinking all day and getting nowhere
4. sense_key=think%2:31:02:: | definition=recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection | synonyms=remember, retrieve, recall, call back, call up, recollect | examples=I can't remember saying any such thing; I can't think what her last name was
5. sense_key=think%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine or visualize | examples=Just think--you could be rich one day!; Think what a scene it must have been!
6. sense_key=think%2:31:09:: | definition=focus one's attention on a certain state | examples=Think big; think thin
7. sense_key=think%2:31:06:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, mean | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
8. sense_key=think%2:31:12:: | definition=decide by pondering, reasoning, or reflecting | examples=Can you think what to do next?
9. sense_key=think%2:31:13:: | definition=ponder; reflect on, or reason about | examples=Think the matter through; Think how hard life in Russia must be these days
10. sense_key=think%2:31:15:: | definition=dispose the mind in a certain way | examples=Do you really think so?
11. sense_key=think%2:31:14:: | definition=have or formulate in the mind | examples=think good thoughts
12. sense_key=think%2:31:08:: | definition=be capable of conscious thought | examples=Man is the only creature that thinks
13. sense_key=think%2:30:00:: | definition=bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation | examples=She thought herself into a state of panic over the final exam

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target is "think" in the context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

Here, "think" means to believe or consider that they are engaged in personality development. It's about teachers holding a belief or opinion about themselves.

Sense 1: "judge or regard; look upon; judge" with synonyms believe, consider, conceive. Examples: "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart." This fits well - teachers believe/consider that they are engaged in personality development.

Sense 2: "expect, believe, or suppose" with synonyms opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess. Examples: "I imagine she earned a lot of money..." This could also fit but sense 1 seems more appropriate for holding a belief about something.

The phrase "think they are engaged in" is very similar to "I think he is very smart" - it's about regarding or believing something to be true. Sense 1 fits best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: personality
Target surface form: personality
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "<t>personality</t> development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=personality%1:07:00:: | definition=the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual | examples=their different reactions reflected their very different personalities; it is his nature to help others
2. sense_key=personality%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of considerable prominence | examples=she is a Hollywood personality

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "personality" in the context "personality development". The sentence discusses teachers thinking they are engaged in "personality development" of students.

Sense 1: the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual. Examples: "their different reactions reflected their very different personalities; it is his nature to help others"

Sense 2: a person of considerable prominence. Example: "she is a Hollywood personality"

In the context of "personality development" in education, this refers to developing the character/attributes of students - the complex of attributes that characterize an individual. This matches sense 1.

Sense 2 refers to a famous person, which doesn't fit "personality development" in an educational context.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality <t>development</t> "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "development" in the phrase "personality development".
The context discusses education, teachers, and how they think they are engaged in "personality development".
Sense 1: act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining (e.g., development of a plan)
Sense 2: a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) (e.g., development of his ideas)
Sense 3: (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically
Sense 4: a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation

"Personality development" refers to the process of a person's personality growing or evolving to a more mature stage. This aligns well with Sense 2 ("a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)").
Wait, is "personality development" biological growth? No, it's psychological/educational.
Is it Sense 1 (act of improving)? "Personality development" isn't necessarily the act of improving by expanding, but a process of passing by degrees to a different stage. Let's look at Sense 2: synonyms=evolution, examples=development of his ideas. "Personality development" fits Sense 2 very well, as personality evolves and matures.
Let's check Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)". "Personality development" is exactly this.
Let's check Sense 3: "a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level" - synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis. "Personality development" could be considered maturation, but the definition specifies "a purely biological unfolding". Thus, Sense 3 is specifically biological.
Sense 2 is broader and includes intellectual or psychological maturation, matching "development of his ideas".
Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit for "personality development".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: even
Target surface form: even
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and <t>even</t> nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "even" in the context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development"and <t>even</t> nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

Here "even" modifies "nicer", which is a comparative form of "nice". The phrase "even nicer" means "to a greater degree" nicer.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected (even an idiot knows that)
2. in spite of; notwithstanding (even when he is sick)
3. to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons (looked sick and felt even worse)
4. to the full extent (loyal even unto death)

Sense 3 matches perfectly: "to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons". The example "looked sick and felt even worse" is structurally identical to "nice ... and even nicer". "even" intensifies the comparative "nicer".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nice
Target surface form: nicer
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even <t>nicer</t> to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nice%3:00:00:: | definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners
2. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:respectable:00 | definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
3. sense_key=nice%5:00:02:precise:00 | definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer
4. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00 | definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow
5. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:polite:00 | definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context says: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

Here, "nice" means pleasant or pleasing or agreeable. It's describing something that is agreeable/pleasant for teachers. The comparative "nicer" means even more pleasant/pleasing/agreeable.

Sense 1: "pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance" - this fits perfectly. It's nice (pleasant/agreeable) for teachers to think they are engaged in personality development, and even nicer (more agreeable) to minimize tests.

Sense 2: "socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous" - doesn't fit here.

Sense 3: "done with delicacy and skill" - doesn't fit.

Sense 4: "excessively fastidious and easily disgusted" - doesn't fit.

Sense 5: "exhibiting courtesy and politeness" - doesn't fit.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: minimize
Target surface form: minimize
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to <t>minimize</t> those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=minimize%2:30:00:: | definition=make small or insignificant | synonyms=minimise | examples=Let's minimize the risk
2. sense_key=minimize%2:32:01:: | definition=represent as less significant or important | synonyms=understate, minimise, downplay
3. sense_key=minimize%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to seem less serious; play down | synonyms=belittle, denigrate, derogate | examples=Don't belittle his influence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about teachers finding it nice to "minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

This means they are downplaying or making the tests seem less significant/important. The teachers want to reduce the significance of the tests.

Sense 1: "make small or insignificant" - example "Let's minimize the risk" - this is about actually reducing something.
Sense 2: "represent as less significant or important" - synonyms: understate, minimise, downplay
Sense 3: "cause to seem less serious; play down" - synonyms: belittle, denigrate, derogate

The context suggests that teachers want to downplay or minimize the importance of those tests. "It is even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

This could mean either:
1. Actually reducing the tests (making them small/in significant)
2. Representing the tests as less significant
3. Making the tests seem less serious

Given the context, the teachers are trying to downplay the significance of tests - making them seem less important. This fits sense 2: "represent as less significant or important" with synonyms like "downplay."

Actually, let me reconsider. "Minimize those irksome tests" could mean they want to actually reduce the tests, make them less prominent, or it could mean they want to downplay their significance.

The phrase "minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results" - the tests have disappointing results, and teachers find it nice to minimize them. This seems to be about downplaying the importance or significance of the tests, not literally making the tests smaller.

Sense 2 seems most appropriate: "represent as less significant or important" with synonyms understate, minimise, downplay.