[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: taken
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and <t>taken</t> the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "taken" in the context: "why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century"

Here, "taken" means to assume a certain form, attribute, or aspect. The pattern "took" (has taken) a peculiar form. This matches sense 5: "take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect" with synonyms "assume, acquire, adopt, take on" and examples like "His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn."

The sentence is saying that ticket splitting has assumed/acquired a peculiar pattern. This aligns with sense 5.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: past
Target surface form: past
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the <t>past</t> half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=past%3:00:00:: | definition=earlier than the present time; no longer current | examples=time past; his youth is past
2. sense_key=past%5:00:00:outgoing:00 | definition=of a person who has held and relinquished a position or office | synonyms=preceding, retiring | examples=a retiring member of the board

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "past" in the phrase "over the past half century."
The context talks about something that has happened over the preceding 50 years ("over the past half century").
Candidate sense 1: "earlier than the present time; no longer current" (examples: time past; his youth is past).
Candidate sense 2: "of a person who has held and relinquished a position or office" (synonyms: preceding, retiring).

Sense 1 fits the time context ("past half century" means the preceding half century).

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: election
Target surface form: election
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the <t>election</t> of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=election%1:04:01:: | definition=a vote to select the winner of a position or political office | examples=the results of the election will be announced tonight
2. sense_key=election%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of selecting someone or something; the exercise of deliberate choice | examples=her election of medicine as a profession
3. sense_key=election%1:26:00:: | definition=the status or fact of being elected | examples=they celebrated his election
4. sense_key=election%1:09:00:: | definition=the predestination of some individuals as objects of divine mercy (especially as conceived by Calvinists)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "election" in the phrase "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president".
Here, "election" refers to the act or process of selecting someone for a political office, or the instance of being elected.
Candidate senses:
1. a vote to select the winner of a position or political office
2. the act of selecting someone or something; the exercise of deliberate choice
3. the status or fact of being elected
4. the predestination of some individuals...

In "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president", the word "election" refers to the event where he was voted into office.
Sense 1 refers to "a vote to select the winner...". This fits perfectly. "Prior to the vote to select the winner of the presidential office..."
Sense 3 refers to "the status or fact of being elected" (e.g., "his election to the board"). "Prior to the fact of his being elected" could also work, but usually, we say "Prior to the election of X" meaning the event of the election. Sense 1 is the standard political sense of "election".

Let's look at the examples:
1. the results of the election will be announced tonight
3. they celebrated his election

"Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt" aligns well with sense 1 (the vote to select). Wait, does "election of Franklin Roosevelt" mean "the vote" or "the fact of being elected"? Usually, "the election of 1932" is sense 1. "His election as president" could be sense 3. But in "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt", it means before the event of the election where he was chosen.
However, sense 1 is "a vote to select the winner of a position or political office". In "election of Franklin Roosevelt", the election is the event. Sense 3 is "the status or fact of being elected".
"Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt" = Prior to the vote that selected FDR.

Let's check "election of Franklin Roosevelt as president". It's a specific instance of someone being elected to an office. In WordNet, "election%1:04:01::" is the common political election sense. The context is about national policy making, races for the White House. "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president". I will go with sense 1.

provider: AkashML


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: president
Target surface form: president
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as <t>president</t> and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=president%1:18:01:: | definition=an executive officer of a firm or corporation
2. sense_key=president%1:18:04:: | definition=the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government | synonyms=President of the United States, United States President, Chief Executive | examples=the President likes to jog every morning
3. sense_key=president%1:18:00:: | definition=the chief executive of a republic
4. sense_key=president%1:18:03:: | definition=the officer who presides at the meetings of an organization | synonyms=chairman, chairwoman, chair, chairperson | examples=address your remarks to the chairperson
5. sense_key=president%1:18:02:: | definition=the head administrative officer of a college or university | synonyms=prexy
6. sense_key=president%1:04:04:: | definition=the office of the United States head of state | synonyms=President of the United States, Chief Executive | examples=a President is elected every four years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "president" in the context: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as <t>president</t>...".
This refers to the office or role of the President of the United States.
Looking at the senses:
1. president%1:18:01:: - executive officer of a firm
2. president%1:18:04:: - the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government
3. president%1:18:00:: - the chief executive of a republic
4. president%1:18:03:: - officer who presides at meetings
5. president%1:18:02:: - head administrative officer of a college
6. president%1:04:04:: - the office of the United States head of state

"Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president..."
Here "president" could be a person (Franklin Roosevelt as president) or the office (elected as president).
"Elected as president" usually means elected to the office. Let's see.
"a President is elected every four years"
"the President likes to jog every morning"
Usually, "elected as president" refers to the office, but WordNet distinguishes between the person and the office.
Wait, "Franklin Roosevelt as president" means as the person who holds the office, but often sense 6 applies to the office.
Let's look at sense 6 example: "a President is elected every four years".
"election of Franklin Roosevelt as president" -> "president" is the role or office he was elected to. But is it the person or the office?
Franklin Roosevelt is the person. He was elected to be the president (the person holding the office). But wait, in WordNet, "president" meaning the office (sense 6) vs the person (sense 2).
If I say "elected as president", it means elected to the office of president. Let's check if sense 6 or 2 is better.
Sense 2: "the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government"
Sense 6: "the office of the United States head of state"

Wait, "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president" could mean "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt to the office of president". Sense 6's example is "a President is elected every four years". Actually, "as president" modifies Franklin Roosevelt's role. But in WordNet, maybe it maps to sense 2?
Let's consider "the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president". Here "president" refers to the title or office.
Wait, often "as president" means "in the role of president", which is the office.
Actually, let's look at the context. "a GOP president may limit local benefits... such a president is also likely to be more effective". Here "president" refers to the person. "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president" - here president is the office, but maybe sense 2?
Let's see sense 2: definition "the person who holds the office..."
If sense 6 is "the office...", sense 6 might be the best fit for "elected as president" just like "a President is elected every four years".
But "Franklin Roosevelt as president" -> "Franklin Roosevelt as the person who holds the office" -> "Franklin Roosevelt as Chief Executive".
Wait, is it sense 2?
Sense 2: "President of the United States, United States President, Chief Executive", examples "the President likes to jog every morning"
Sense 6: "President of the United States, Chief Executive", examples "a President is elected every four years"
If someone is elected as president, they are elected to the office.
However, in the sentence, "the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president", "president" is a title. Let's think if sense 2 is better. "Franklin Roosevelt as president" -> as the person who holds the office. In WordNet, "president" as the person (noun.person) vs "president" as the office (noun.act/noun.state/noun.group - noun.communication? noun.act? Actually 1:04 is noun.act or noun.state, maybe noun.act? Wait, 1:04 is noun.act? No, 1:04 is noun.act, noun.event, noun.state, etc. Wait, 1:04 is noun.act? 1:04 is noun.act? Wait, in WordNet, 1:04 is noun.act. Let's check: 1:04 is noun.act, e.g., presidency, office. But wait, 1:04 is noun.act. No, 1:04 is noun.act. Let's look at the definition: "the office of the United States head of state".
If I say "elected as president", does it mean the office?
In "prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president", "president" refers to the position or the office.
But "as president" can also refer to the person.
Let's consider sense 2 is the most common for "president" when referring to the US President. Let me check "a President is elected every four years" -> here "President" is capitalized, but the target is lowercase "president".
Usually, in "elected as president", "president" refers to the office.
Wait, "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president..."
If we use sense 2: "the person who holds the office..."
"the election of Franklin Roosevelt as [the person who holds the office]"
If we use sense 6: "the office..."
"the election of Franklin Roosevelt as [the office]"
Sense 6 example: "a President is elected every four years" -> here "President" means the person or the office? "a President is elected" means a person is elected. But the definition is "the office". So WordNet uses "President" to refer to the office, and a person holding the office is elected.
In our text, "as president" means "to the office of president".
Wait, if sense 6 is noun.act (1:04), it usually means the office. "He ran for president" -> sense 6? "He was elected president" -> sense 6?
Actually, "Franklin Roosevelt as president" refers to his role/person. But "election ... as president" -> election to the office.
Wait, sense 2 definition: "the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government"
Sense 6 definition: "the office of the United States head of state"
In WordNet, "president" (noun.person) and "president" (noun.act/role). Sense 6 is the office.
Let me search my knowledge for this exact sentence. It's from a paper about ticket splitting and the prisoner's dilemma.
The sentence: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal..."
Usually, "president" in this context is tagged as the office (sense 6) because he was elected to the office. Or is it sense 2?
Let's look at sense 2's example: "the President likes to jog every morning"
Sense 6's example: "a President is elected every four years"
In "a President is elected every four years", "President" is the person elected to the office, but the definition is "the office". WordNet's examples can be a bit loose. "a President" in the example clearly refers to a person, but the sense is the office! Wait. If "a President" refers to a person, then why is the definition "the office"? Because "President" can mean the office. "a President is elected" means a person for the office of President is elected.
But in "election of Franklin Roosevelt as president", "president" refers to the office.
Wait, "Franklin Roosevelt as president" means "Franklin Roosevelt in the capacity of president". It could be the office.
Let's consider sense 6 because of "election ... as president" matching "a President is elected".
Also, "president" is not capitalized in the text ("as president"). Sense 2 and 6 both have "President of the United States" as synonyms.
Wait, if I look at sense 3: "the chief executive of a republic". The US is a republic. But sense 2 specifically mentions "United States government". Franklin Roosevelt was the US President. So sense 2 or 6.
Let's think if "as president" is the office or the person.
Often, "as president" maps to the office.
Is there any reason to prefer sense 2? Sense 2 is noun.person (1:18).
"the election of X as Y" -> Y is often a role or office.
If Y is "president", it could be the office.
Wait, look at the context: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president".
If we substitute definitions:
"Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government" -> makes sense.
"Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as the office of the United States head of state" -> does not make sense literally, because you don't elect someone as an office, you elect them TO an office. But "as president" means "to the role of president".
If sense 6 means the office, "election of Franklin Roosevelt as [the office]" is semantically a bit weird.
"as the person who holds the office" fits "as [noun.person]" perfectly.
Let's consider sense 2. It is noun.person.
Let's look at another angle. "a GOP president may limit local benefits... such a president is also likely to be more effective".
"a GOP president" -> a person. This strongly points to sense 2.
The paragraph is about "a GOP president", "such a president", "Franklin Roosevelt as president". All these refer to the person in the office of US President.
Therefore, sense 2 is the most consistent across the context. "a GOP president" means "a GOP person who holds the office...".
Let's confirm sense 2 vs sense 6.
Sense 2: "the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government" | synonyms=President of the United States, United States President, Chief Executive | examples=the President likes to jog every morning
Sense 6: "the office of the United States head of state" | synonyms=President of the United States, Chief Executive | examples=a President is elected every four years
The target is "Franklin Roosevelt as president". "Franklin Roosevelt" is the person. He acts "as president" (in the capacity of the person who holds the office). So sense 2 makes sense. Also, "a GOP president" earlier in the text is clearly a person.
I will choose sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: advent
Target surface form: advent
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the <t>advent</t> of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=advent%1:04:00:: | definition=arrival that has been awaited (especially of something momentous) | synonyms=coming | examples=the advent of the computer
2. sense_key=advent%1:28:01:: | definition=the season including the four Sundays preceding Christmas
3. sense_key=advent%1:11:00:: | definition=(Christian theology) the reappearance of Jesus as judge for the Last Judgment | synonyms=Second Coming, Second Coming of Christ, Second Advent, Parousia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context talks about "the advent of the New Deal". The New Deal was a series of programs and policies implemented by Franklin Roosevelt. "Advent" here means the arrival or coming of the New Deal, which is a momentous event. This matches sense 1: "arrival that has been awaited (especially of something momentous)" with synonyms "coming" and example "the advent of the computer".

Senses 2 and 3 are about the Christian season of Advent and the Second Coming of Christ, neither of which fits this political context.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: government
Target surface form: government
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, <t>government</t> occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=government%1:14:00:: | definition=the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit | synonyms=authorities, regime | examples=the government reduced taxes; the matter was referred to higher authorities
2. sense_key=government%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of governing; exercising authority | synonyms=governing, governance, government activity, administration | examples=regulations for the governing of state prisons; he had considerable experience of government
3. sense_key=government%1:09:00:: | definition=(government) the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed | examples=tyrannical government
4. sense_key=government%1:09:01:: | definition=the study of government of states and other political units | synonyms=politics, political science

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "government" in the context: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society..."

Here, "government" refers to the organization or system that governs, playing a role in society. It's talking about government as an entity/institution that has a role in society, which grew larger with the New Deal.

Sense 1: "the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit" - examples: "the government reduced taxes"
Sense 2: "the act of governing; exercising authority" - examples: "he had considerable experience of government"
Sense 3: "(government) the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed" - examples: "tyrannical government"
Sense 4: "the study of government of states and other political units"

The phrase "government occupied a much smaller role in society" suggests government as an institution/organization that plays a role. This fits sense 1 well - the organization that is the governing authority. The example "the government reduced taxes" parallels this usage where government acts as an entity.

Sense 3 is about the "system or form" of governing, like "tyrannical government" - this is more about the type of government rather than government as an entity occupying a role.

So sense 1 seems best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: occupy
Target surface form: occupied
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government <t>occupied</t> a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=occupy%2:41:00:: | definition=keep busy with | synonyms=busy | examples=She busies herself with her butterfly collection
2. sense_key=occupy%2:42:00:: | definition=live (in a certain place) | synonyms=reside, lodge in | examples=She resides in Princeton; he occupies two rooms on the top floor
3. sense_key=occupy%2:42:01:: | definition=occupy the whole of | synonyms=fill | examples=The liquid fills the container
4. sense_key=occupy%2:42:04:: | definition=be on the mind of | synonyms=concern, interest, worry | examples=I worry about the second Germanic consonant shift
5. sense_key=occupy%2:33:00:: | definition=march aggressively into another's territory by military force for the purposes of conquest and occupation | synonyms=invade | examples=Hitler invaded Poland on September 1, 1939
6. sense_key=occupy%2:40:08:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=take, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
7. sense_key=occupy%2:31:00:: | definition=consume all of one's attention or time | synonyms=absorb, engross, engage | examples=Her interest in butterflies absorbs her completely
8. sense_key=occupy%2:41:04:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, take | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "occupied" in the context: "government occupied a much smaller role in society".

This means the government held or took up a role. Let me look at the senses:

1. keep busy with - not fitting
2. live (in a certain place) - not fitting
3. occupy the whole of - not quite
4. be on the mind of - not fitting
5. march aggressively into another's territory - not fitting
6. require (time or space) - not fitting
7. consume all of one's attention or time - not fitting
8. assume, as of positions or roles - "She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager"

Sense 8 seems to be the best fit. "Government occupied a much smaller role in society" = government assumed/held a much smaller role in society. The synonyms are "fill" and "take", and the example mentions occupying a position.

Wait, but let me reconsider. "Occupied a role" could also relate to sense 3 "occupy the whole of" / "fill". But "occupied a role" is more about assuming/having a role, which aligns with sense 8.

Actually, looking more carefully, "government occupied a much smaller role" - this is about the government playing or holding a role. Sense 8 with synonyms "fill, take" and the example "he occupies the position of manager" seems to be the best match.

The answer is sense 8.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: role
Target surface form: role
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller <t>role</t> in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=role%1:04:00:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, office, part | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
2. sense_key=role%1:09:00:: | definition=an actor's portrayal of someone in a play | synonyms=character, theatrical role, part, persona | examples=she played the part of Desdemona
3. sense_key=role%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, purpose, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
4. sense_key=role%1:04:01:: | definition=normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting | examples=what is your role on the team?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "role" in the context: "government occupied a much smaller role in society".

Let's analyze the sentence:
"Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society..."

Sense 1: role%1:04:00:: - the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group (function, office, part) - examples: the function of a teacher; the government must do its part.
Sense 2: role%1:09:00:: - an actor's portrayal of someone in a play.
Sense 3: role%1:07:00:: - what something is used for (function, purpose, use) - examples: the function of an auger is to bore holes.
Sense 4: role%1:04:01:: - normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting - examples: what is your role on the team?

"Government occupied a much smaller role in society"
This refers to the actions and activities assigned to or expected of the government. In Sense 1, the example includes "the government must do its part". This aligns well with "government occupied a much smaller role".
Wait, is it Sense 1 or Sense 3? Sense 3 is "what something is used for" (purpose, use), like an auger. Sense 1 is "actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group". "Government" acts as a group/entity here, having a "role" in society. Therefore, Sense 1 seems to fit perfectly.

Let's check Sense 4: "normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting". "Government" is not exactly a person, though it is a group. Sense 1 specifically mentions "person or group". Sense 1 is broader for groups.

So Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: society
Target surface form: society
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in <t>society</t> and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=society%1:14:00:: | definition=an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization
2. sense_key=society%1:14:01:: | definition=a formal association of people with similar interests | synonyms=club, social club, guild, gild, lodge, order | examples=he joined a golf club; they formed a small lunch society
3. sense_key=society%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being with someone | synonyms=company, companionship, fellowship | examples=he missed their company; he enjoyed the society of his friends
4. sense_key=society%1:14:02:: | definition=the fashionable elite | synonyms=high society, beau monde, smart set, bon ton

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "society" used in the context: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society..."
Here, "society" refers to the general public, the organized life of human beings, an extended social group.
Sense 1 definition: "an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization". This fits the context perfectly. Government's role in society.
Sense 2 is about a club or formal association.
Sense 3 is about companionship.
Sense 4 is about the fashionable elite.
Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: problem
Target surface form: problem
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma <t>problem</t> confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=problem%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=job | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him
2. sense_key=problem%1:10:00:: | definition=a question raised for consideration or solution | examples=our homework consisted of ten problems to solve
3. sense_key=problem%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=trouble | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "problem" in the context of "the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress."

The prisoner's dilemma is a well-known concept in game theory. It represents a situation where individuals, acting in their own self-interest, produce a suboptimal outcome for the group as a whole. In this context, it refers to a "source of difficulty" or "trouble" that voters face.

Let's look at the senses:
1. sense_key=problem%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=job | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him
2. sense_key=problem%1:10:00:: | definition=a question raised for consideration or solution | examples=our homework consisted of ten problems to solve
3. sense_key=problem%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=trouble | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?

The "prisoner's dilemma problem" here is a source of difficulty (trouble) confronting voters. It's not a mathematical problem to solve (sense 2), nor is it exactly a "state of difficulty that needs to be resolved" like a marital problem or a difficult task (sense 1). It's more like a source of difficulty or trouble that voters face.

Sense 3 ("a source of difficulty" / synonyms=trouble) seems most fitting. The prisoner's dilemma is a source of difficulty for voters in congressional races. The phrase "problem confronting voters" aligns with "what's the problem?" or "one trouble after another" - it's a trouble/difficulty that confronts them.

Wait, let me reconsider. Sense 1 is "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved." The prisoner's dilemma is a problem that confronts voters - it's a situation that creates difficulty. The example "she and her husband are having problems" suggests ongoing difficulties.

But sense 3's synonym is "trouble" and the definition is "a source of difficulty." The prisoner's dilemma is indeed a source of difficulty. The phrase "problem confronting voters" suggests something that is a source of trouble/difficulty for them.

I'll go with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: race
Target surface form: races
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in <t>races</t> for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=race%1:11:01:: | definition=any competition | examples=the race for the presidency
2. sense_key=race%1:11:00:: | definition=a contest of speed | examples=the race is to the swift
3. sense_key=race%1:14:00:: | definition=people who are believed to belong to the same genetic stock | examples=some biologists doubt that there are important genetic differences between races of human beings
4. sense_key=race%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group that is a division of a species; usually arises as a consequence of geographical isolation within a species | synonyms=subspecies
5. sense_key=race%1:19:00:: | definition=the flow of air that is driven backwards by an aircraft propeller | synonyms=slipstream, airstream, backwash, wash
6. sense_key=race%1:06:00:: | definition=a canal for a current of water | synonyms=raceway

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "races" in the context "races for the White House" and "races for Congress".
This means competitions or contests for political office.
Candidate sense 1: race%1:11:01:: | definition=any competition | examples=the race for the presidency
Candidate sense 2: race%1:11:00:: | definition=a contest of speed | examples=the race is to the swift

"races for the White House" clearly matches "the race for the presidency" from sense 1.
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.
Index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: explain
Target surface form: explains
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it <t>explains</t> why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=explain%2:32:00:: | definition=make plain and comprehensible | synonyms=explicate | examples=He explained the laws of physics to his students
2. sense_key=explain%2:32:01:: | definition=define | examples=The committee explained their plan for fund-raising to the Dean
3. sense_key=explain%2:32:02:: | definition=serve as a reason or cause or justification of | synonyms=excuse | examples=Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival at work; Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "explains" in the context: "Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives".

Here, the theory is being used to account for or justify a phenomenon. The theory provides a reason or cause for why voters hold Congress in disdain but love their own representatives.

Sense 1: make plain and comprehensible - This is about clarifying something to make it understandable.
Sense 2: define - This is about defining something.
Sense 3: serve as a reason or cause or justification of - This is about providing a reason or cause for something.

The context is about a theory that accounts for/explains why certain phenomena occur. The theory serves as a reason or cause or justification for these phenomena. This aligns with Sense 3.

Looking at the broader context, the theory is being used to explain/account for several phenomena:
- Why ticket splitting has increased
- Why voters hold Congress in disdain but love their own representatives
- Why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making have lower security in office

The theory serves as a justification or reason for these phenomena. This matches Sense 3, where the example is "Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again" - here, the divorce serves as a reason/cause for the reluctance.

Similarly, the theory serves as a reason/cause for why voters hold Congress in disdain but love their own representatives.

So the best sense is Sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hold
Target surface form: hold
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters <t>hold</t> Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hold%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. sense_key=hold%2:35:00:: | definition=have or hold in one's hands or grip | synonyms=take hold | examples=Hold this bowl for a moment, please; A crazy idea took hold of him
3. sense_key=hold%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=throw, have, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
4. sense_key=hold%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have, have got | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
5. sense_key=hold%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view | synonyms=deem, view as, take for | examples=take for granted; view as important
6. sense_key=hold%2:37:00:: | definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse | examples=bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions
7. sense_key=hold%2:35:03:: | definition=to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement | synonyms=restrain, confine | examples=This holds the local until the express passengers change trains; About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade
8. sense_key=hold%2:40:02:: | definition=secure and keep for possible future use or application | synonyms=retain, keep back, hold back | examples=The landlord retained the security deposit; I reserve the right to disagree
9. sense_key=hold%2:40:04:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=bear | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
10. sense_key=hold%2:35:01:: | definition=be the physical support of; carry the weight of | synonyms=support, sustain, hold up | examples=The beam holds up the roof; He supported me with one hand while I balanced on the beam
11. sense_key=hold%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=bear, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
12. sense_key=hold%2:42:05:: | definition=have room for; hold without crowding | synonyms=accommodate, admit | examples=This hotel can accommodate 250 guests; The theater admits 300 people
13. sense_key=hold%2:42:01:: | definition=remain in a certain state, position, or condition | examples=The weather held; They held on the road and kept marching
14. sense_key=hold%2:35:02:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=carry, bear | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
15. sense_key=hold%2:42:02:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=prevail, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
16. sense_key=hold%2:31:08:: | definition=assert or affirm | examples=Rousseau's philosophy holds that people are inherently good
17. sense_key=hold%2:42:07:: | definition=have as a major characteristic | examples=The novel holds many surprises; The book holds in store much valuable advise
18. sense_key=hold%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, take | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
19. sense_key=hold%2:41:00:: | definition=arrange for and reserve (something for someone else) in advance | synonyms=reserve, book | examples=reserve me a seat on a flight; The agent booked tickets to the show for the whole family
20. sense_key=hold%2:33:05:: | definition=protect against a challenge or attack | synonyms=defend, guard | examples=Hold that position behind the trees!; Hold the bridge against the enemy's attacks
21. sense_key=hold%2:32:13:: | definition=bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted | synonyms=oblige, bind, obligate | examples=He's held by a contract; I'll hold you by your promise
22. sense_key=hold%2:31:04:: | definition=hold the attention of | examples=The soprano held the audience; This story held our interest
23. sense_key=hold%2:31:10:: | definition=remain committed to | examples=I hold to these ideas
24. sense_key=hold%2:42:08:: | definition=resist or confront with resistance | synonyms=defy, withstand, hold up | examples=The politician defied public opinion; The new material withstands even the greatest wear and tear
25. sense_key=hold%2:42:04:: | definition=be pertinent or relevant or applicable | synonyms=apply, go for | examples=The same laws apply to you!; This theory holds for all irrational numbers
26. sense_key=hold%2:42:12:: | definition=stop dealing with | examples=hold all calls to the President's office while he is in a meeting
27. sense_key=hold%2:41:15:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
28. sense_key=hold%2:41:13:: | definition=keep from departing | examples=Hold the taxi; Hold the horse
29. sense_key=hold%2:41:14:: | definition=take and maintain control over, often by violent means | examples=The dissatisfied students held the President's office for almost a week
30. sense_key=hold%2:38:05:: | definition=cause to stop | synonyms=halt, arrest | examples=Halt the engines; Arrest the progress
31. sense_key=hold%2:35:09:: | definition=cover as for protection against noise or smell | examples=She held her ears when the jackhammer started to operate; hold one's nose
32. sense_key=hold%2:34:00:: | definition=drink alcohol without showing ill effects | synonyms=carry | examples=He can hold his liquor; he had drunk more than he could carry
33. sense_key=hold%2:33:00:: | definition=aim, point, or direct | examples=Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames
34. sense_key=hold%2:32:11:: | definition=declare to be | synonyms=declare, adjudge | examples=She was declared incompetent; judge held that the defendant was innocent
35. sense_key=hold%2:32:15:: | definition=be in accord; be in agreement | synonyms=agree, concur, concord | examples=We agreed on the terms of the settlement; I can't agree with you!
36. sense_key=hold%2:29:04:: | definition=keep from exhaling or expelling | examples=hold your breath

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "hold" in the context: "why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives".

Here, "hold [something] in disdain" means to have or maintain an attitude/opinion/feeling towards something.
Looking at the senses:
1. keep in a certain state, position, or activity
5. keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view (take for granted; view as important)
6. maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) (bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions)
36. keep from exhaling

"hold Congress in disdain" -> "maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings)" or "bear a grudge" fits the idea of holding a feeling/attitude like disdain. "Bear a grudge" is very close to "hold [someone] in disdain".
Sense 6: definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse | examples=bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions.

Let's check Sense 5: keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view. Synonyms: deem, view as, take for. Example: view as important. "Hold in disdain" means to regard with contempt. Does "hold [in disdain]" match "deem/view as"? You can say "view as important", "hold in disdain". Sense 5 is possible.

Wait, "hold someone in disdain" is an idiom.
Let's look closely at Sense 6: maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings). Synonyms: harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse. Examples: bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions. "Disdain" is a feeling.
What about Sense 5: keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view. Synonyms: deem, view as. "take for granted; view as important."
In WordNet, "hold in" might be associated with Sense 5 (hold%2:31:01::) or Sense 6 (hold%2:37:00::).
Let's check WordNet 3.0 for "hold":
Sense 5: deem, view as, take for, hold -- (keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view; "take for granted"; "view as important"; "hold these truths to be self-evident")
Sense 6: harbor, harbour, hold, entertain, nurse -- (keep in one's possession; "harbor a grudge"; "entertain interesting notions"; "hold a grudge")
Wait, "harbor a grudge" or "hold a grudge" is Sense 6 in this list? Let's check the provided list:
6. sense_key=hold%2:37:00:: | definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse | examples=bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions

"hold [someone] in disdain" vs "hold a grudge".
Let's look at WordNet: "hold%2:31:01::" -> Synonyms: deem, view as, take for, hold. (keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view; "take for granted"; "view as important"; "hold these truths to be self-evident").
Actually, "hold [someone] in disdain" can be interpreted as "regard with contempt". Does it map to Sense 5? "view as"? No, "hold in disdain" means having a feeling of disdain.
Let's see Sense 6: "maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings)".
Is there a sense for "hold in"?
Let's search my knowledge base for "hold in disdain". It means to regard with contempt.
In WordNet, "hold%2:31:01::" has "view as important" as an example. "hold in esteem" is similar.
Wait, Sense 5: "deem, view as, take for". Examples: take for granted; view as important.
Let's check Sense 6: "harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse, hold". Examples: bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions.
Is "disdain" a feeling? Yes. So Sense 6 fits "maintain a feeling" like "bear a grudge".

Let's evaluate Sense 5 again. "keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view".
Could it be Sense 5? "voters hold Congress in disdain" -> voters view Congress with disdain.
Wait, if we look at Sense 5: "deem, view as". You can't really say "deem in disdain". You say "view as disdainful"? No. You say "hold in disdain".
Sense 6: "harbor, harbour, hold, entertain, nurse". Example: "bear a grudge". You can "bear a grudge" and you can "hold in disdain".
Let's search WordNet 3.0 for "hold in":
Does WordNet have "hold in"?
"hold in" -> Sense 1: control, hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate, moderate -- (lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits; "moderate your alcohol intake"; "hold your tongue") -> This is Sense 27.
Wait! Is "hold Congress in disdain" an instance of "hold in" (as a phrasal verb)? No, the direct object is "Congress" and "in disdain" is a prepositional phrase. "Hold [object] in [state/attitude]".

Wait! Look at Sense 1: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g. keep clean; hold in place".
Can "hold Congress in disdain" map to Sense 1? "keep in a certain state"? No, Congress is not kept in disdain. The *voter* holds Congress in disdain. So the voter maintains disdain for Congress.

Let's re-read Sense 5: "keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view". Synonyms: deem, view as, take for. Examples: "view as important".
"hold in disdain" -> "deem disdainful"? No.

Sense 6: "maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings)". Synonyms: harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse. Examples: "bear a grudge".
If I say "I hold you in high esteem", it means I harbor feelings of high esteem for you. "Hold you in disdain" means I harbor feelings of disdain for you.
Sense 6 seems highly applicable: "maintain ... feelings".

Wait, is there any other sense?
Sense 5: keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view. "We hold these truths to be self-evident." "view as important" -> "hold in high regard"?
Actually, "hold in high regard" or "hold in disdain" is often mapped to Sense 5 in WordNet, because "hold [something] in [esteem]" means you view it as having that value. Wait, "esteem" is a view or conviction.
Let's check WordNet sense for "hold%2:31:01::": "keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view; "take for granted"; "view as important"; "hold these truths to be self-evident"".
Another example in some WordNet versions: "He holds dear", "I hold him in high regard", "I hold her in contempt".
Wait, "hold in contempt" is exactly "regard as contemptible".
Let me search memory for WordNet mappings of "hold in contempt".
Often, "hold in contempt" is mapped to `hold%2:31:01::` (deem, view as, take for).
Why? Because "hold X in contempt" means "view X as contemptible".
Wait, "bear a grudge" is `hold%2:37:00::`. "bear a grudge" = maintain a feeling. "Hold in disdain" = maintain a feeling of disdain? Or view as?
Let's consider the synonyms of Sense 5: "deem, view as". Can we say "I view Congress as disdain"? No. "I hold Congress in disdain".
Synonyms for Sense 6: "harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse". Can we say "I harbor disdain for Congress"? Yes. "I nurse disdain"? "I entertain disdain"? Yes.
Can we say "I bear Congress in disdain"? The example for 6 is "bear a grudge", which is transitive without the preposition. "Bear a grudge against X".
In "hold Congress in disdain", the preposition "in disdain" modifies the object "Congress".
What about "view as important"? "View X as important".
In "hold Congress in disdain", it's structurally "hold X in Y".
Let's look at the definition of Sense 6: "maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings)". Disdain is a feeling.
What about Sense 5? "keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view". Is disdain a conviction or view? Disdain is an attitude or feeling.
If we look at the example for Sense 6: "bear a grudge". Grudge is a feeling.
What about "hold%2:31:01::"? Synonyms: deem, view as, take for. Example: "view as important". "important" is a property or conviction.
Is there a sense of "hold" specifically for "hold in"?
No, WordNet does not separate phrasal verbs unless it's a recognized particle verb.
Wait, Sense 5 is `hold%2:31:01::`. Let me recall the exact WordNet examples for `hold%2:31:01::`:
"take for granted", "view as important", "He holds dear the principles of liberty", "I hold him in high regard", "I hold her in contempt".
If "I hold her in contempt" is indeed an example of `hold%2:31:01::` in WordNet, then Sense 5 is the exact match!
Let me verify this. Is "hold her in contempt" an example of `hold%2:31:01::`?
Wait, WordNet 3.0 examples for `hold%2:31:01::`:
"take for granted"
"view as important"
"hold these truths to be self-evident"
I am not entirely sure if "hold her in contempt" is listed. But "view as important" is there. And "hold these truths to be self-evident" is there.
Is "hold Congress in disdain" closer to "view as important" (Sense 5) or "bear a grudge" (Sense 6)?
Sense 5 definition: "keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view".
Sense 6 definition: "maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings)".
Disdain is a feeling, but it is also a view.
Wait, in "hold Congress in disdain", "disdain" functions like "contempt". "Hold in contempt" is a common phrase.
Let's consider Sense 1: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g. keep clean; hold in place". In "hold in place", it's "keep [object] in a certain state/position". Does "hold Congress in disdain" mean "keep Congress in a state of disdain"? No, the disdain is on the voter's side. So Sense 1 is definitely wrong.

Could it be Sense 5? "deem, view as". "voters view Congress as disdain"? No, you can't say "view as disdain". You say "hold in disdain".
Let's compare "bear a grudge" (Sense 6) and "view as important" (Sense 5).
Sense 6: "harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse". You can "harbor disdain", "entertain disdain", "nurse disdain".
Sense 5: "deem, view as, take for". You "deem Congress disdainful"? You "view Congress as disdainful"?
Wait, the example for Sense 5 is "view as important". In "hold in disdain", the phrase structure is "hold [object] in [noun]". "in disdain" = "with disdain".
If we substitute the synonyms of Sense 6: "harbor, harbour, hold, entertain, nurse". The example is "bear a grudge".
What if we substitute Sense 5: "deem, view as, take for".
I lean towards Sense 5. Why? Because "hold someone in contempt/disdain" is often treated as a cognitive evaluation (view as, deem) rather than an emotional state like a grudge (harbor, nurse).
Wait, let me search my knowledge for `hold%2:31:01::`. The examples are: "take for granted", "view as important", "hold these truths to be self-evident".
Let me check `hold%2:37:00::`. Examples: "bear a grudge", "entertain interesting notions".
Could it be Sense 5? "deem, view as, take for".
Is there any other sense?
Sense 23: hold%2:42:01:: remain committed to. "I hold to these ideas".
Sense 16: hold%2:31:08:: assert or affirm. "Rousseau's philosophy holds that..."
Sense 4: hold%2:40:00:: have or possess... "She has $1,000..."
What about "hold in disdain" meaning "regard with disdain"?
If we look at Sense 5: "keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view". If I "hold Congress in disdain", I have a view of Congress that is disdainful.
Let's look at Sense 6: "maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings)". Disdain is a feeling.
If I look up "hold" in dictionaries, "to regard (someone or something) in a specified way" -> "she held him in high esteem". This is Sense 5: "view as".
Let me check if "hold in high esteem" maps to `hold%2:31:01::`. Yes, "hold in high esteem" means "view as important" / "deem important".
Therefore, "hold in disdain" means "view with disdain" / "deem disdainful", which aligns perfectly with Sense 5.
Let me double check Sense 6: "harbor a grudge". A grudge is a lingering resentment. Disdain is more of a cognitive evaluation (a view) than a harbored feeling like a grudge.
So Sense 5 seems more appropriate.
Wait, Sense 5: "deem, view as, take for". "take for granted; view as important". If I "hold Congress in disdain", I view Congress with disdain.
Let me check the exact definition of Sense 5 in the prompt:
"5. sense_key=hold%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view | synonyms=deem, view as, take for | examples=take for granted; view as important"

Wait, does "hold Congress in disdain" mean "keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view"?
"voters hold Congress in disdain" -> voters view Congress with disdain.
Let me check Sense 6 again: "maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings)".
Is disdain a thought or a feeling? Disdain is a feeling of contempt. So "maintain feelings" (Sense 6) is also very plausible.
However, "hold [someone] in [esteem/contempt/disdain]" is a fixed expression. Let's see how WordNet handles "hold in".
In WordNet 3.0, "hold%2:31:01::" has the gloss "keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view". Examples: "take for granted", "view as important", "He holds these truths to be self-evident".
Actually, "hold in high regard" is often cited under this sense. "Hold in contempt" is also cited under this sense.
Let me consider if "bear a grudge" (`hold%2:37:00::`) is the right one. "Harbor, harbour, hold, entertain, nurse". Grudges, notions. Disdain is not typically "nursed" or "harbored" in the same way, but you can "harbor disdain".
Wait, "hold in disdain" means to consider someone or something to be unworthy of respect or approval. It's a mental judgment, a "view" or "conviction".
I will bet on Sense 5.
Let me re-read Sense 5: "keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view". Synonyms: "deem, view as, take for".
If voters hold Congress in disdain, they "view" Congress "as" disdainful. They "deem" Congress disdainful.
This matches Sense 5 perfectly.
Let me review the options to ensure no other sense fits.
Sense 1: "keep in a certain state". Example: "keep clean; hold in place". "Hold Congress in disdain" doesn't fit because Congress isn't kept in disdain.
Sense 5: "deem, view as". "view as important". Matches "regard as".
Sense 6: "harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse". "bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions". Disdain could be a feeling, but "hold in disdain" is a phrasal verb meaning "regard with disdain". Sense 5 is specifically about "convey as a conviction or view", and "view as" is exactly the synonym. "View Congress as disdainful" -> "hold Congress in disdain".

Is there any chance "hold Congress in disdain" is Sense 5? Yes.
Let's confirm the sense index. Sense 5.
1. hold%2:42:00::
2. hold%2:35:00::
3. hold%2:36:00::
4. hold%2:40:00::
5. hold%2:31:01::
6. hold%2:37:00::
...
If the target is "hold Congress in disdain", Sense 5 fits "view as". "voters view Congress as [being in] disdain" -> "voters hold Congress in disdain".

Wait, is there any sense like "hold in" (control, restrain)? Sense 27 is "hold in restraint". But that doesn't fit the context. Context: "voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives". Disdain is contrasted with love. Disdain is an attitude or view.
So it is Sense 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: disdain
Target surface form: disdain
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in <t>disdain</t> but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=disdain%1:12:00:: | definition=lack of respect accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike | synonyms=contempt, scorn, despite | examples=he was held in contempt; the despite in which outsiders were held is legendary
2. sense_key=disdain%1:10:00:: | definition=a communication that indicates lack of respect by patronizing the recipient | synonyms=condescension, patronage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives."

This means voters have a lack of respect and intense dislike for Congress as a whole. This fits sense 1: "lack of respect accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike" with synonyms contempt, scorn, despite.

Sense 2 is about a communication indicating lack of respect by patronizing, which doesn't fit here. The context is about voters' attitude toward Congress, not a patronizing communication.

So the best sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: love
Target surface form: love
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally <t>love</t> their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=love%2:37:00:: | definition=have a great affection or liking for | examples=I love French food; She loves her boss and works hard for him
2. sense_key=love%2:37:02:: | definition=get pleasure from | synonyms=enjoy | examples=I love cooking
3. sense_key=love%2:37:01:: | definition=be enamored or in love with | examples=She loves her husband deeply
4. sense_key=love%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, make out, make love, sleep with, get laid | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context says: "voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives." This means voters have a great affection or liking for their own representatives. This fits sense 1: "have a great affection or liking for."

Sense 2 is "get pleasure from" (enjoy), which is less fitting here - it's about affection/approval, not just pleasure.
Sense 3 is romantic love, not appropriate.
Sense 4 is sexual, not appropriate.

So sense 1 is the best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: representative
Target surface form: representatives
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional <t>representatives</t>: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=representative%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who represents others
2. sense_key=representative%1:18:02:: | definition=an advocate who represents someone else's policy or purpose | synonyms=spokesperson, interpreter, voice | examples=the meeting was attended by spokespersons for all the major organs of government
3. sense_key=representative%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the United States House of Representatives | synonyms=congressman, congresswoman
4. sense_key=representative%1:09:00:: | definition=an item of information that is typical of a class or group | synonyms=example, illustration, instance | examples=this patient provides a typical example of the syndrome; there is an example on page 10

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "congressional representatives" and mentions "legislators" and "Congress". The target word is "representatives" in the phrase "their own congressional representatives".

Sense 3 defines "a member of the United States House of Representatives" with synonyms "congressman, congresswoman". This fits the context of congressional representatives perfectly.

Sense 1 is "a person who represents others" which is more general.
Sense 2 is "an advocate who represents someone else's policy or purpose".
Sense 4 is "an item of information that is typical of a class or group".

The context is about politics, Congress, and legislators. Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: individual
Target surface form: individual
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any <t>individual</t> legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=individual%3:00:00:: | definition=being or characteristic of a single thing or person | synonyms=single | examples=individual drops of rain; please mark the individual pages
2. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:independent:00 | definition=separate and distinct from others of the same kind | synonyms=case-by-case, item-by-item | examples=mark the individual pages; on a case-by-case basis
3. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:unshared:00 | definition=characteristic of or meant for a single person or thing | synonyms=single | examples=an individual serving; single occupancy
4. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:personal:00 | definition=concerning one person exclusively | synonyms=private | examples=we all have individual cars; each room has a private bath

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "individual" in the context: "Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency."

Here, "individual" modifies "legislator" and means "a single legislator" or "one particular legislator." The phrase "Any individual legislator" means "Any single legislator" or "Any one legislator."

Let's look at the senses:
1. sense_key=individual%3:00:00:: | definition=being or characteristic of a single thing or person | synonyms=single | examples=individual drops of rain; please mark the individual pages
2. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:independent:00 | definition=separate and distinct from others of the same kind | synonyms=case-by-case, item-by-item | examples=mark the individual pages; on a case-by-case basis
3. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:unshared:00 | definition=characteristic of or meant for a single person or thing | synonyms=single | examples=an individual serving; single occupancy
4. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:personal:00 | definition=concerning one person exclusively | synonyms=private | examples=we all have individual cars; each room has a private bath

The context is "Any individual legislator's constituents..." - this means "Any single legislator's constituents..." or "Any one particular legislator's constituents..."

Sense 1 seems most appropriate: "being or characteristic of a single thing or person" with synonyms=single and examples like "individual drops of rain." The phrase "Any individual legislator" means "Any single legislator."

Sense 2 is about being "separate and distinct from others of the same kind" - this is more about things being considered separately, like "case-by-case basis."

Sense 3 is about "characteristic of or meant for a single person or thing" - this is more about something designed for one person, like "an individual serving."

Sense 4 is about "concerning one person exclusively" - this is more about privacy/personal matters.

The best fit is Sense 1: "being or characteristic of a single thing or person" with synonym "single." In the context, "Any individual legislator" means "Any single legislator" - referring to one particular legislator out of many.