[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of <t>polyps</t> in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses colon cancer, bowel, and medical conditions. "Polyps" here refers to growths on the mucous membrane in the bowel/colon.

Sense 1: a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane - this fits the medical context of colon polyps.
Sense 2: one of two forms that coelenterates take - this is the biological/zoological sense about coral/hydra.

The correct sense is 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: case
Target surface form: cases
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some <t>cases</t> become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=case%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=instance, example | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday
2. sense_key=case%1:26:00:: | definition=a special set of circumstances | synonyms=event | examples=in that event, the first possibility is excluded; it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled
3. sense_key=case%1:04:00:: | definition=a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy | synonyms=lawsuit, suit, cause, causa | examples=the family brought suit against the landlord
4. sense_key=case%1:09:00:: | definition=the actual state of things | examples=that was not the case
5. sense_key=case%1:06:00:: | definition=a portable container for carrying several objects | examples=the musicians left their instrument cases backstage
6. sense_key=case%1:18:03:: | definition=a person requiring professional services | examples=a typical case was the suburban housewife described by a marriage counselor
7. sense_key=case%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation | synonyms=subject, guinea pig | examples=the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly; the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities
8. sense_key=case%1:10:02:: | definition=a problem requiring investigation | examples=Perry Mason solved the case of the missing heir
9. sense_key=case%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument | examples=he stated his case clearly
10. sense_key=case%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity contained in a case | synonyms=caseful
11. sense_key=case%1:10:00:: | definition=nouns or pronouns or adjectives (often marked by inflection) related in some way to other words in a sentence | synonyms=grammatical case
12. sense_key=case%1:26:02:: | definition=a specific state of mind that is temporary | examples=a case of the jitters
13. sense_key=case%1:18:04:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, type | examples=a real character; a strange character
14. sense_key=case%1:10:03:: | definition=a specific size and style of type within a type family | synonyms=font, fount, typeface, face
15. sense_key=case%1:08:00:: | definition=an enveloping structure or covering enclosing an animal or plant organ or part | synonyms=sheath
16. sense_key=case%1:06:06:: | definition=the housing or outer covering of something | synonyms=shell, casing | examples=the clock has a walnut case
17. sense_key=case%1:06:07:: | definition=the enclosing frame around a door or window opening | synonyms=casing | examples=the casings had rotted away and had to be replaced
18. sense_key=case%1:06:03:: | definition=(printing) the receptacle in which a compositor has his type, which is divided into compartments for the different letters, spaces, or numbers | synonyms=compositor's case, typesetter's case | examples=for English, a compositor will ordinarily have two such cases, the upper case containing the capitals and the lower case containing the small letters
19. sense_key=case%1:06:02:: | definition=bed linen consisting of a cover for a pillow | synonyms=pillowcase, slip, pillow slip | examples=the burglar carried his loot in a pillowcase
20. sense_key=case%1:06:01:: | definition=a glass container used to store and display items in a shop or museum or home | synonyms=display case, showcase, vitrine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The context is: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages"

Here "cases" means instances or examples - "in some cases" = "in some instances". So the best sense is:

1. sense_key=case%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=instance, example | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday

This fits "in some cases" meaning "in some instances".

Sense 2 is "a special set of circumstances" with example "it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled" - this is also possible but more about conditional circumstances.

Actually, "in some cases" is a common phrase meaning "in some instances". Sense 1 seems best.

Let me double check. "in some cases become increasingly malignant" - this means "in some instances, [the polyps] become increasingly malignant". Yes, sense 1.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: become
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases <t>become</t> increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "become" in the context: "which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly".

Sense 1: enter or assume a certain state or condition (synonyms: go, get). Example: "It must be getting more serious."
Sense 2: undergo a change or development (synonyms: turn). Example: "The water turned into ice."
Sense 3: come into existence.
Sense 4: enhance the appearance of.

The context describes polyps becoming increasingly malignant, progressing from less severe to deadly. This is a change or development over stages.
Sense 1 example is "It must be getting more serious" which is close to "become increasingly malignant".
Sense 2 is "undergo a change or development", example "The water turned into ice."

"Polyps become increasingly malignant" means they undergo a change/development to a more malignant state, or they assume a certain state (increasingly malignant).
Sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition" - example "It must be getting more serious". "become increasingly malignant" fits "getting more serious" very well.
Sense 2: "undergo a change or development" - "The water turned into ice". "become increasingly malignant" could also fit this as a development.

Let's look closely at the context: "which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly"
"progressing from less severe to deadly" matches "undergo a change or development". Also "turn" is a synonym.
But wait, "become increasingly malignant" is assuming a state or condition. Sense 1 example: "It must be getting more serious". "become increasingly malignant" matches the syntactic and semantic pattern of Sense 1.
Let's reconsider Sense 2: "undergo a change or development". Example: "The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy". This implies a transformation from one thing to another.
In our context, the polyps don't transform into something else (like turning into ice), but they assume a state ("increasingly malignant").
Actually, in WordNet, "become increasingly malignant" is a change of state, which is often Sense 1.
Let's check Sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition" - synonyms: go, get. Example: "He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious."
"become increasingly malignant" fits Sense 1 perfectly, like "getting more serious".

Let's check Sense 2: "undergo a change or development" - synonyms: turn. Example: "The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy." This is more about transforming into a different entity or undergoing a fundamental change.

The phrase "become increasingly malignant" refers to transitioning into a state (malignant), modifying the adjective "malignant". This matches Sense 1 (He became annoyed / getting more serious).

Let's choose Sense 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stage
Target surface form: stages
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable <t>stages</t> -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stage%1:28:00:: | definition=any distinct time period in a sequence of events | synonyms=phase | examples=we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected
2. sense_key=stage%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, level, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=stage%1:06:00:: | definition=a large platform on which people can stand and can be seen by an audience | examples=he clambered up onto the stage and got the actors to help him into the box
4. sense_key=stage%1:10:00:: | definition=the theater as a profession (usually `the stage') | examples=an early movie simply showed a long kiss by two actors of the contemporary stage
5. sense_key=stage%1:06:01:: | definition=a large coach-and-four formerly used to carry passengers and mail on regular routes between towns | synonyms=stagecoach | examples=we went out of town together by stage about ten or twelve miles
6. sense_key=stage%1:04:00:: | definition=a section or portion of a journey or course | synonyms=leg | examples=then we embarked on the second stage of our Caribbean cruise
7. sense_key=stage%1:15:00:: | definition=any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something; --Shakespeare | examples=All the world's a stage; it set the stage for peaceful negotiations
8. sense_key=stage%1:06:02:: | definition=a small platform on a microscope where the specimen is mounted for examination | synonyms=microscope stage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
Looking at the context, "stages" refers to identifiable positions in the progression of cancer malignancy — "progressing from less severe to deadly." The text emphasizes identifiable points in a continuum or process of disease development, with the word "identifiable" directly matching the definition of sense 2.

{"sense_index": 2}

reasoning_content:
The target word is "stages" in the context: "which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly".

The context discusses cancer development progressing through identifiable stages, moving from less severe to deadly. This refers to distinct time periods in a sequence of events (the progression of cancer).

Sense 1: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events" - synonyms: phase
Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" - synonyms: degree, level, point

The context says "identifiable stages" and describes progression "from less severe to deadly." This suggests distinct phases or time periods in the sequence of cancer development.

Sense 1 emphasizes "distinct time period in a sequence of events" with synonym "phase."
Sense 2 emphasizes "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" with synonyms "degree, level, point."

The text mentions "identifiable stages" - the word "identifiable" matches sense 2's definition which includes "specific identifiable position." Also, the progression from less severe to deadly suggests positions in a continuum or process.

However, "stages" here refers to distinct phases in the development/progression of cancer. The phrase "develop in stages" earlier also supports this.

Looking more carefully:
- "it often seems to develop in stages" - this suggests phases/time periods
- "identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly" - this suggests positions in a continuum

Sense 2's definition explicitly includes "identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" which matches "identifiable stages" in the context. The progression from less severe to deadly is a continuum.

But sense 1's "distinct time period in a sequence of events" also fits, as cancer development happens over time in distinct phases.

The key phrase is "identifiable stages" - sense 2's definition literally contains "specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process." This seems to be the best match.

Actually, let me reconsider. The context talks about cancer "developing in stages" and becoming "increasingly malignant in identifiable stages." This is about distinct phases or periods in the progression of the disease.

Sense 1: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events" - this fits the temporal aspect of cancer progressing through stages
Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" - this fits the idea of identifiable positions in the cancer progression process

The word "identifiable" in the context directly matches "identifiable" in sense 2's definition. The progression from less severe to deadly represents a continuum. I'll go with sense 2.

Wait, but "stages" plural is used here. Sense 2 seems to refer to a single point/position. Sense 1 refers to "distinct time period in a sequence of events" which could be multiple stages.

Actually, both senses can be pluralized. The question is which definition better fits.

The context describes:
1. Cancer develops "in stages" - suggesting phases
2. Polyps become malignant "in identifiable stages" - progressing from less severe to deadly

This is describing a process with distinct phases/positions. The emphasis is on the progression through a continuum (from less severe to deadly), which aligns with sense 2's "position in a continuum or series or especially in a process."

But "distinct time period in a sequence of events" (sense 1) also fits well.

The synonym "phase" for sense 1 seems very appropriate for "stages" of cancer development. Medical contexts often refer to "stages of cancer" as phases.

I think sense 1 is the best fit because:
- "develop in stages" = develop in phases
- The stages represent distinct time periods in the sequence of cancer development
- "phase" is a common synonym for this usage

Actually, let me look at this more carefully. In medical terminology, "stages of cancer" refers to specific points/levels in the progression - Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3, Stage 4. These are "specific identifiable positions in a continuum" (sense 2).

The context says "identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly" which describes a continuum with identifiable positions.

I think sense 2 is actually the better fit here because:
1. The definition includes "identifiable" which matches the context
2. It mentions "continuum" which matches "progressing from less severe to deadly"
3. It mentions "process" which matches cancer development
4. Synonyms include "level" and "degree" which are used in medical staging

Let me reconsider once more. The example for sense 1 is "we are in a transitional stage" - this is about a time period. The example for sense 2 is "at what stage are the social sciences?" - this is about a position/point in development.

In the context, "stages" refers to identifiable points in the progression of cancer - from less severe to deadly. This is about positions in a continuum/process, not just time periods.

I'll go with sense 2.

Hmm, but actually "phase" (sense 1's synonym) is commonly used in medical contexts - "phases of clinical trials", "phase of disease". And "develop in stages" naturally means "develop in phases."

Let me think about this differently. The context has two uses:
1. "develop in stages" - cancer development happens in phases
2. "identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly" - identifiable positions in the progression

Both senses could work, but I need to pick the best one.

Sense 1: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events"
- Fits "develop in stages" (distinct time periods in the sequence of cancer development)
- Synonym "phase" is appropriate

Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process"
- Fits "identifiable stages" (the definition literally contains "identifiable")
- "continuum" fits "progressing from less severe to deadly"
- "process" fits cancer development

The context emphasizes "identifiable stages" and "progressing from less severe to deadly" which is a continuum. Sense 2's definition directly matches with "identifiable position in a continuum... in a process."

I'll go with sense 2.

Actually, I want to reconsider one more time. Looking at the definitions:

Sense 1: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events" - This is about TIME PERIODS in a SEQUENCE
Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" - This is about POSITIONS in a CONTINUUM or PROCESS

The context: "become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly"

The key elements:
- "identifiable" - matches sense 2
- "progressing from less severe to deadly" - this is a continuum
- "in stages" - these are positions/points in the progression

I believe sense 2 is the best fit. The definition explicitly mentions "identifiable position in a continuum... in a process" which perfectly describes identifiable stages in the continuum of cancer progression from less severe to deadly.

Final answer: sense 2


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: progress
Target surface form: progressing
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- <t>progressing</t> from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=progress%2:30:00:: | definition=develop in a positive way | synonyms=come on, come along, advance, get on, get along, shape up | examples=He progressed well in school; My plants are coming along
2. sense_key=progress%2:38:00:: | definition=move forward, also in the metaphorical sense | synonyms=advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on | examples=Time marches on
3. sense_key=progress%2:30:01:: | definition=form or accumulate steadily | synonyms=build up, work up, build | examples=Resistance to the manager's plan built up quickly; Pressure is building up at the Indian-Pakistani border

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "progressing" in the context: "which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

The context describes polyps becoming increasingly malignant, progressing from less severe to deadly.
This is about developing in stages, moving from one stage to the next in a sequence, accumulating damage.

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. progress%2:30:00:: | definition=develop in a positive way | synonyms=come on, come along, advance, get on, get along, shape up | examples=He progressed well in school; My plants are coming along
2. progress%2:38:00:: | definition=move forward, also in the metaphorical sense | synonyms=advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on | examples=Time marches on
3. progress%2:30:01:: | definition=form or accumulate steadily | synonyms=build up, work up, build | examples=Resistance to the manager's plan built up quickly; Pressure is building up at the Indian-Pakistani border

Sense 1 is about developing in a *positive* way. The context is about becoming "increasingly malignant" and going "from less severe to deadly", which is a negative development, so Sense 1 doesn't fit perfectly despite "progressing in stages".
Sense 2 is "move forward, also in the metaphorical sense" (advance, move on). Progressing from less severe to deadly could be seen as moving forward through stages metaphorically.
Sense 3 is "form or accumulate steadily" (build up, work up, build). The context mentions "a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring" and "progressing from less severe to deadly". This aligns with accumulating damage steadily, building up.

Wait, "progressing" here means advancing through stages. Let's re-evaluate sense 2 vs sense 3.
"develop in stages" -> "progressing from less severe to deadly".
Does it mean accumulating? "accumulate steadily" -> "build up".
Does it mean moving forward? "move forward" -> "advance".
Actually, sense 2: "move forward, also in the metaphorical sense" covers progressing through stages (e.g., a disease progressing). "Time marches on" is an example.
Wait, WordNet often groups disease progression under "move forward" or "develop in a positive way"? No, "develop in a positive way" is usually for recovering or advancing in a career. Disease progression is usually under "move forward, also in the metaphorical sense" (advance) or "form or accumulate steadily".
Let's check WordNet for "progress":
progress (n)
progress (v)
1. advance, progress, pass on, move on, march on, go on -- (move forward, also in the metaphorical sense; "Time marches on")
2. build up, build, progress, work up -- (form or accumulate steadily; "Resistance to the manager's plan built up quickly"; "Pressure is building up at the Indian-Pakistani border")
Wait, in WordNet 3.0:
1. progress, come on, come along, advance, get on, get along, shape up -- (develop in a positive way; "He progressed well in school"; "My plants are coming along")
2. progress, advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on -- (move forward, also in the metaphorical sense; "Time marches on")
3. build up, work up, build, progress -- (form or accumulate steadily; "Resistance to the manager's plan built up quickly"; "Pressure is building up at the Indian-Pakistani border")

Wait, sense 2 "move forward, also in the metaphorical sense" applies to disease progression?
Wait, if a disease is "progressing", is it moving forward? Or accumulating steadily?
"progressing from less severe to deadly"
The disease progresses. "to progress" in medicine often means to move forward to a more advanced or severe stage.
But sense 3 says "form or accumulate steadily". The text says "as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."
Does "progressing" mean building up? "Pressure is building up".
If it's "progressing from less severe to deadly", it implies passing through stages.

Let's search my knowledge base for "progressing from less severe to deadly".
Is there a specific mapping?
Often, in disease contexts, "progress" is mapped to progress%2:38:00:: (move forward, also in the metaphorical sense) or progress%2:42:00:: ? Wait, 2:38 is motion? 2:30 is change?
Let's check the domains.
2:30 is change.
2:38 is motion. "move forward".
If it's 2:38:00, it means motion (metaphorical).
If it's 2:30:00, it's change (develop).
If it's 2:30:01, it's change (accumulate).

Which is the best fit?
"develop in a positive way" (2:30:00) is clearly not right, as it's going from "less severe to deadly".
"form or accumulate steadily" (2:30:01) could fit the "cascade of genetic damage".
"move forward, also in the metaphorical sense" (2:38:00) fits "progressing from less severe to deadly". The idea of "moving forward" through stages of disease is very common. For example, "the disease progressed".
Let's check SemCor or similar for "progress" verb.
When "progress" means to move forward through stages (especially a disease), it's often mapped to 2:38:00 (advance, move on) or 2:30:01 (build up).
If you look at "progress%2:38:00::", the synonyms are advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on. "Time marches on."
Is a disease moving forward?
Let's consider "progressing from less severe to deadly".
I think Sense 2 "move forward, also in the metaphorical sense" fits "progressing from less severe to deadly" because it's moving through the stages.
Wait, another possibility: WordNet 3.0 sense 2 for 'progress' (v) is:
progress, advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on (move forward, also in the metaphorical sense; "Time marches on")
Wait! In WordNet 3.0:
1. progress (develop in a positive way)
2. progress (move forward, also in the metaphorical sense)
3. progress (form or accumulate steadily)

If the sentence says "progressing from less severe to deadly", it means advancing. "advance" is a synonym for sense 2.
Let's look at Sense 3 synonyms: "build up, work up, build". "build up" and "work up" and "build" are the first synonyms. "progress" is the last. This sense emphasizes accumulation. The text mentions "a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring", which might align with "accumulate steadily", but "progressing from less severe to deadly" focuses on the transition through stages. "move forward" (sense 2) aligns with "advance" through stages. "Time marches on" = moves forward in stages.
Also, "progressing" in the sense of a disease "progressing" is often considered "moving forward" (sense 2) because it's moving along a timeline or trajectory.

Wait, let me double check the WordNet sense keys provided.
1. progress%2:30:00:: | develop in a positive way
2. progress%2:38:00:: | move forward, also in the metaphorical sense
3. progress%2:30:01:: | form or accumulate steadily

Let's consider the sentence: "which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."
If a disease progresses, it moves forward. I will choose Sense 2.
Wait, is it possible that it's Sense 3 because of "accumulate steadily"? "as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring" supports "accumulate". But the definition of Sense 3 is "form or accumulate steadily". Does "progressing from less severe to deadly" mean accumulating steadily? Or does it mean moving forward?
If you say "his cancer is progressing", it means it's getting worse. This is often translated to "advancing" (Sense 2) or "progressing".
Wait, does Sense 3 cover "become increasingly malignant"? "Resistance to the manager's plan built up quickly". "Pressure is building up".
I will lean towards Sense 2 because "progressing from less severe to deadly" implies a transition/movement along a continuum, matching "move forward, also in the metaphorical sense". "advance" is a synonym.

Let's think if there's any other context. The sentence uses "progressing from X to Y". This is a movement. So Sense 2 fits "move forward".

Let me review Sense 2 examples: "Time marches on". This is movement forward.
Synonyms: advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on.

Let's review Sense 3 examples: "Resistance to the manager's plan built up quickly". This is accumulation.

I will bet on Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: less
Target surface form: less
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from <t>less</t> severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=less%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a lesser extent | examples=less interesting; less expensive
2. sense_key=less%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of little | examples=she walks less than she should; he works less these days

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "less" in the context: "progressing from <t>less</t> severe to deadly".
"less severe" means "to a lesser extent severe" or "not as severe".
"less" is functioning as an adverb modifying the adjective "severe".
Looking at the candidate senses:
Sense 1: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs" | synonyms=to a lesser extent | examples=less interesting; less expensive
Sense 2: "comparative of little" | examples=she walks less than she should; he works less these days

In the context of "less severe", "less" modifies the adjective "severe".
"less expensive" in the examples for Sense 1 perfectly matches "less severe".
Sense 2 refers to "less" as an adverb of degree/quantity (comparative of little), as in "working less".
Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: severe
Target surface form: severe
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less <t>severe</t> to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality | synonyms=terrible, wicked | examples=severe pain; a severe case of flu
2. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:strong:00 | definition=very strong or vigorous | synonyms=hard, knockout | examples=strong winds; a hard left to the chin
3. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=severely simple | synonyms=austere, stark, stern | examples=a stark interior
4. sense_key=severe%5:00:02:nonindulgent:00 | definition=unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or judgment; - H.G.Wells | synonyms=spartan | examples=a parent severe to the pitch of hostility; a hefty six-footer with a rather severe mien
5. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:critical:03 | definition=causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm | synonyms=dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening | examples=a dangerous operation; a grave situation
6. sense_key=severe%5:00:01:bad:00 | definition=very bad in degree or extent | examples=a severe worldwide depression; the house suffered severe damage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context describes polyps in the bowel becoming "increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly." Here, "severe" is used to describe the severity of the cancer/polyps, ranging from less severe to deadly. This is about how bad or serious the condition is in degree or quality.

Sense 1: "intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality" - examples include "severe pain; a severe case of flu" - this fits medical conditions
Sense 5: "causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm" - examples "a dangerous operation; a grave situation" - synonyms include serious, grave
Sense 6: "very bad in degree or extent" - examples "a severe worldwide depression; the house suffered severe damage"

The context is about cancer progressing from less severe to deadly. This is about the degree of how bad the condition is. The progression is about the seriousness/severity of the disease.

Sense 5 seems relevant because it's about conditions that threaten great harm (synonyms include serious, grave, life-threatening). The context is about cancer going from less severe to deadly.

Sense 1 is about "intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality" with medical examples like "severe pain; a severe case of flu."

The phrase "less severe to deadly" suggests a scale of severity. "Severe" here means serious/dangerous in degree. The comparison is to "deadly" which is the extreme end.

Sense 5 with synonyms like "serious, grave, life-threatening" and definition "causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm" seems to fit well because it's about the seriousness of a medical condition that threatens harm.

But sense 1 with "intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality" and medical examples also fits.

The key is "progressing from less severe to deadly." This is about the degree of seriousness of the condition. "Severe" is being used to describe how serious/bad the medical condition is.

Looking at the synonyms: Sense 5 has "serious, grave, grievous, life-threatening, dangerous" - these all relate to medical severity. Sense 1 has "terrible, wicked" which are more general.

I think sense 5 is the best fit because it specifically relates to conditions that threaten great harm, which is exactly what's being described - cancer progressing from less severe (less threatening) to deadly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deadly
Target surface form: deadly
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to <t>deadly</t> -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00 | definition=causing or capable of causing death | synonyms=deathly, mortal | examples=a fatal accident; a deadly enemy
2. sense_key=deadly%5:00:02:fatal:00 | definition=of an instrument of certain death | synonyms=lethal | examples=deadly poisons; lethal weapon
3. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:toxic:00 | definition=extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom | synonyms=venomous, virulent | examples=venomous snakes; a virulent insect bite
4. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:unpardonable:00 | definition=involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death | synonyms=mortal | examples=the seven deadly sins
5. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:noxious:00 | definition=exceedingly harmful | synonyms=baneful, pernicious, pestilent
6. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:virulent:00 | definition=(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "deadly" is used in the context of cancer progressing from "less severe to deadly." Here, "deadly" describes the severity of the cancer's impact — it causes death.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. causing or capable of causing death — synonyms: deathly, mortal
2. of an instrument of certain death — synonyms: lethal
3. extremely poisonous or injurious — synonyms: venomous, virulent
4. involving loss of divine grace — synonyms: mortal
5. exceedingly harmful — synonyms: baneful, pernicious, pestilent
6. (of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect

The context is about cancer becoming increasingly malignant, progressing from less severe to deadly. This is about the cancer being capable of causing death — it's describing the end stage of cancer progression where it becomes fatal.

Sense 1 (causing or capable of causing death) seems most appropriate. The cancer progresses from less severe to deadly — meaning it becomes capable of causing death.

Sense 6 mentions "of a disease" which is relevant, but its definition focuses on "rapid course and violent effect" rather than causing death, which doesn't quite match the context of progression in severity.

Sense 5 (exceedingly harmful) could work but "deadly" here specifically means fatal, not just harmful.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of <t>genetic</t> damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about "genetic damage" occurring in chromosomes related to cancer. The passage discusses molecular biology, genes, chromosomes, and cancer suppressor genes. The phrase is "cascade of genetic damage" and "signs of genetic damage."

Sense 1: occurring among members of a family usually by heredity (familial, hereditary) - This is about inherited traits/diseases.
Sense 2: of or relating to or produced by or being a gene (genic, genetical) - examples: genic combinations, genetic code
Sense 3: pertaining to or referring to origin - examples: genetic history reconstructs origins of literary work
Sense 4: of or relating to the science of genetics (genetical) - examples: genetic research

The context refers to "genetic damage" in chromosomes. This is damage to genes. The word "genetic" here modifies "damage," referring to damage to genes/DNA. This aligns with sense 2 (of or relating to or produced by or being a gene).

However, one could also argue sense 4 (of or relating to the science of genetics) since it's about genetic research. But "genetic damage" specifically refers to damage at the gene level, not research about genetics. The phrase "genetic damage" is about damage to genes, which fits sense 2 better.

Also, "genetic history" in sense 3 refers to origins, which is a different usage.

So sense 2 seems most appropriate: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" - genetic damage = damage to genes.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damage
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic <t>damage</t> might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment
2. sense_key=damage%1:11:01:: | definition=loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty
3. sense_key=damage%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe
4. sense_key=damage%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms | examples=the price of gasoline; he got his new car on excellent terms
5. sense_key=damage%1:04:01:: | definition=any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "damage" appears in "a cascade of genetic damage" and "signs of genetic damage." The context is about changes to genes/chromosomes that lead to cancer, i.e., changes for the worse in the genetic material.

Sense 1: "the occurrence of a change for the worse" — fits genetic damage (genetic changes that are for the worse, leading to cancer).
Sense 3: "the act of damaging something or someone" — this is the act itself, not the result/occurrence.

"Genetic damage" refers to the harm/impairment to the genetic material — the occurrence of a change for the worse. Sense 1 with synonyms "harm, impairment" fits best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: occur
Target surface form: occurring
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be <t>occurring</t>. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=occur%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
2. sense_key=occur%2:31:00:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=come | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
3. sense_key=occur%2:42:03:: | definition=to be found to exist | examples=sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "occurring" in the context: "as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

Let me analyze the context. The sentence is talking about a cascade of genetic damage that might be taking place or happening. This is about something coming to pass, happening.

Sense 1: come to pass (happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out) - This fits the idea of genetic damage happening/taking place.
Sense 2: come to one's mind; suggest itself - This doesn't fit; it's not about something coming to mind.
Sense 3: to be found to exist - examples: "sexism occurs in many workplaces"; "precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil" - This is about something being found to exist in a certain place or context.

The context is about a cascade of genetic damage that might be occurring. This is about events happening - genetic damage happening in a sequence. The phrase "a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring" suggests that damage is happening/taking place.

Let me think more carefully. Sense 3 "to be found to exist" - could this fit? The genetic damage is being found to exist? But the context is more about the process happening - "as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring" - this is about an event or process happening, not about something being found to exist.

Actually, looking at this more carefully, the context describes a process - "a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring" - this is about something happening, coming to pass. Sense 1 seems most appropriate.

The answer is sense 1.

provider: CoreWeave


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: student
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral <t>student</t>, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "student" in the context "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon".

A "doctoral student" is someone enrolled in an educational institution pursuing a doctorate degree. This fits sense 1: "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution."

Sense 2 refers to "a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines" - this is more like a scholar who has already completed their studies.

Eric Fearon is a doctoral student, meaning he is currently enrolled and learning. This clearly matches sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: began
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, <t>began</t> months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "began" appears in the context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."

Here, "began" means they started doing something - they started the probing. This is sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" with examples like "We began working at dawn."

The second occurrence "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions" also supports this sense - they started uncovering things.

Sense 1 fits best: take the first step or steps in carrying out an action.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began <t>months</t> of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is "began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes". Here "months" refers to a period of time lasting approximately 30 days each, i.e., a duration of several months. It's not referring to specific calendar months (like January, February), but rather a time unit. So sense 2 fits better.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tedious
Target surface form: tedious
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of <t>tedious</t> and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tedious%5:00:00:uninteresting:00 | definition=so lacking in interest as to cause mental weariness; ; ; ; ; ; - Edmund Burke; ; - Mark Twain | synonyms=boring, deadening, dull, ho-hum, irksome, slow | examples=a boring evening with uninteresting people; the deadening effect of some routine tasks
2. sense_key=tedious%5:00:00:prolix:00 | definition=using or containing too many words | synonyms=long-winded, verbose, windy, wordy | examples=long-winded (or windy) speakers; verbose and ineffective instructional methods

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context describes "months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage." This refers to scientific work that is laborious, monotonous, and mentally wearying. It's not about being wordy or verbose. So sense 1 is correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and <t>often</t> frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "often" in the phrase "tedious and often frustrating probing".
Context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
Sense 1: many times at short intervals (frequently, oftentimes) - example: we often met over a cup of coffee
Sense 2: frequently or in great quantities (much, a great deal) - example: I don't drink much; I don't travel much
Sense 3: in many cases or instances - no examples/synonyms provided in the prompt but implies "in many cases or instances".

The phrase "tedious and often frustrating" describes the probing. The probing was "often frustrating", meaning in many cases/instances it was frustrating. Or does it mean they did it many times and it was frustrating?
"months of tedious and often frustrating probing"
Sense 1 implies high frequency over time ("many times at short intervals").
Sense 3 implies probability or prevalence in cases ("in many cases or instances").

Wait, "often" modifying "frustrating" means that the probing was frustrating in many cases or instances.
Let's look at the WordNet senses.
often%4:02:00:: (frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes) - many times at short intervals; "we often met over a cup of coffee"
often%4:02:01:: (much, a great deal) - frequently or in great quantities; "I don't drink much"; "I don't travel much"
often%4:02:02:: - in many cases or instances

"tedious and often frustrating probing"
"often" here means "in many cases or instances". It modifies the adjective "frustrating".
Wait, "often" usually modifies verbs.
Does "often" mean "many times at short intervals"? The probing went on for months, so it could have been frustrating many times. But "often frustrating" is closer to "frequently frustrating".
Actually, "often frustrating" means it was frequently frustrating, or in many cases, frustrating.
Sense 1 is the most common sense of "often" (frequently, many times).
Sense 3 "in many cases or instances" is also very common.
Is there a meaningful difference?
Sense 1: "many times at short intervals"
Sense 3: "in many cases or instances"
"often" as an adverb modifying "frustrating". "It is often frustrating."
Is "often" here Sense 1 or Sense 3?
Let's check WordNet.
Often (r) has 3 senses.
1. frequently, often, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes -- (many times at short intervals; "we often met over a cup of coffee")
2. much, a great deal, often -- (frequently or in great quantities; "I don't drink much"; "I don't travel much")
3. often -- (in many cases or instances)

Actually, Sense 3 is often used for things like "often" meaning "commonly".
Wait, "often" modifying an adjective is usually Sense 1 or 3.
If I say "often frustrating", it means "frequently frustrating".
Is "often" in "months of tedious and often frustrating probing" best captured by Sense 1?
"months of tedious and often frustrating probing" implies the probing was frequently frustrating.
Sense 1 is "many times at short intervals".
Sense 3 is "in many cases or instances".
"often" in "often frustrating" means it happened many times. "Frequently" is a synonym for Sense 1.
Let's consider Sense 1 vs 3.
Sense 1: many times at short intervals. Examples: we often met over a cup of coffee.
Sense 3: in many cases or instances.
"often" meaning "in many cases" is used when referring to situations, e.g., "children often develop..." (from the context: "because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps...").
Ah, the context has two other "often"s:
1. "it often seems to develop in stages"
2. "It often is preceded by the development of polyps"
3. "and often frustrating probing"

Wait, the target "often" is only "and often frustrating probing".
In "often frustrating probing", "often" means that the probing was frequently frustrating.
Is Sense 1 the best fit?
"Many times at short intervals" vs "in many cases or instances".
For an activity that went on for "months", "often" means it was frustrating many times. Sense 1.
Let's check Sense 3. Sense 3 is used like "as is often the case", "often" meaning "in many cases".
Wait! Let's look at the usage of Sense 3. "in many cases or instances" usually applies to a general condition or a class of things. "It often is preceded by..." refers to colon cancer, which in many cases is preceded by polyps. This fits Sense 3 ("in many cases or instances").
"because it often seems to develop in stages" - colon cancer often seems to develop in stages - in many cases or instances.
But the target is: "months of tedious and often frustrating probing". This refers to the specific probing they did over those months. It was frequently frustrating. Sense 1 (frequently, many times) is the general sense for an action happening many times.
Actually, let's think about WordNet's Sense 3. Often (in many cases or instances).
Is Sense 1 "many times at short intervals" appropriate for "often frustrating"? "often frustrating" doesn't necessarily mean at *short* intervals, but "frequently" is a synonym. "Often" generally means frequently.
But wait, the definition of Sense 1 is "many times at short intervals". "Months of tedious and often frustrating probing" - the probing was frustrating many times. So Sense 1.
Let's think if there's a reason to pick Sense 3. "Often" in "often frustrating" modifies "frustrating", an adjective. Does "often" as a degree adverb have a specific sense? No, it's a frequency adverb even when modifying adjectives. "often" = frequently.
Sense 1 is the primary sense.
Wait, look at the example for Sense 3: no examples given in the prompt.
Let's search for WordNet sense 3 for often. "in many cases or instances". Often used like "often" meaning "commonly".
I think Sense 1 is the default sense for "often" when it means frequently.
Is it Sense 1 or Sense 3?
Let's consider Sense 1: "many times at short intervals". The probing was over months, so it was frustrating many times.
Let's consider Sense 3: "in many cases or instances". The probing was frustrating in many cases.
I will bet on Sense 1, as "often" is primarily synonymous with "frequently", and "often frustrating" means "frequently frustrating". Sense 1's synonyms include "frequently".
Wait, Sense 1 says "many times at short intervals". The "short intervals" part might make it less fitting for "months of probing", where it might be frustrating on and off.
But "often" as a general adverb of high frequency is Sense 1. "frequently" is a synonym.
Sense 3 "in many cases or instances" is more like "commonly". For example, "It often rains in Seattle" -> in many cases or instances? Or many times?
Actually, I'll select Sense 1 because "often" means frequently, and "often frustrating" means frequently frustrating.
Wait, does "often" mean "in many cases or instances" here? "often frustrating probing" - the probing was frequently frustrating.
Let me reconsider. Sense 3 is used for things like "He is often late".
I'll output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: search
Target surface form: searching
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes <t>searching</t> for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=search%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=seek, look for | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. sense_key=search%2:39:00:: | definition=search or seek | synonyms=look | examples=We looked all day and finally found the child in the forest; Look elsewhere for the perfect gift!
3. sense_key=search%2:31:00:: | definition=inquire into | synonyms=research, explore | examples=the students had to research the history of the Second World War for their history project; He searched for information on his relatives on the web
4. sense_key=search%2:35:01:: | definition=subject to a search | examples=The police searched the suspect; We searched the whole house for the missing keys

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."

Here, "searching for signs of genetic damage" means trying to locate or discover signs of genetic damage. The phrase "searching for" matches the pattern in sense 1 ("try to locate or discover") and sense 2 ("search or seek").

Sense 1: "try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of" - synonyms: seek, look for. Examples: "The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county"

Sense 2: "search or seek" - synonyms: look. Examples: "We looked all day and finally found the child in the forest; Look elsewhere for the perfect gift!"

Sense 3: "inquire into" - synonyms: research, explore. Examples: "the students had to research the history of the Second World War for their history project; He searched for information on his relatives on the web"

The context involves scientists probing chromosomes "searching for signs of genetic damage." This is about looking for/seeking something specific (signs of genetic damage). Sense 1 seems most appropriate because "searching for" directly matches and it's about trying to locate or discover something. Sense 3 (research, explore) could also be considered since it's scientific research, but the specific usage "searching for signs" is more about looking for/seeking specific things rather than inquiring into a topic.

Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sign
Target surface form: signs
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for <t>signs</t> of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sign%1:10:05:: | definition=a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened) | synonyms=mark | examples=he showed signs of strain; they welcomed the signs of spring
2. sense_key=sign%1:10:00:: | definition=a public display of a message | examples=he posted signs in all the shop windows
3. sense_key=sign%1:10:03:: | definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signal, signaling | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped
4. sense_key=sign%1:06:01:: | definition=structure displaying a board on which advertisements can be posted | synonyms=signboard | examples=the highway was lined with signboards
5. sense_key=sign%1:15:00:: | definition=(astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided | synonyms=sign of the zodiac, star sign, mansion, house, planetary house
6. sense_key=sign%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease | examples=there were no signs of asphyxiation
7. sense_key=sign%1:24:00:: | definition=having an indicated pole (as the distinction between positive and negative electric charges) | synonyms=polarity | examples=he got the polarity of the battery reversed; charges of opposite sign
8. sense_key=sign%1:11:00:: | definition=an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come | synonyms=augury, foretoken, preindication | examples=he hoped it was an augury; it was a sign from God
9. sense_key=sign%1:10:01:: | definition=a gesture that is part of a sign language
10. sense_key=sign%1:10:06:: | definition=a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified; --de Saussure | examples=The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary
11. sense_key=sign%1:10:04:: | definition=a character indicating a relation between quantities | examples=don't forget the minus sign

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "signs" in the context: "searching for signs of genetic damage."

Let me analyze the context. Dr. Vogelstein and Eric Fearon were searching for "signs" of genetic damage. This means they were looking for perceptible indications of something not immediately apparent (genetic damage). The genetic damage is not immediately apparent, but they are looking for clues or evidence of it.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=sign%1:10:05:: | definition=a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened) | synonyms=mark | examples=he showed signs of strain; they welcomed the signs of spring
2. sense_key=sign%1:10:00:: | definition=a public display of a message
3. sense_key=sign%1:10:03:: | definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message
4. sense_key=sign%1:06:01:: | definition=structure displaying a board on which advertisements can be posted
5. sense_key=sign%1:15:00:: | definition=(astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided
6. sense_key=sign%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease | examples=there were no signs of asphyxiation
7. sense_key=sign%1:24:00:: | definition=having an indicated pole
8. sense_key=sign%1:11:00:: | definition=an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come
9. sense_key=sign%1:10:01:: | definition=a gesture that is part of a sign language
10. sense_key=sign%1:10:06:: | definition=a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified
11. sense_key=sign%1:10:04:: | definition=a character indicating a relation between quantities

The context is about medical research, specifically searching for signs of genetic damage in chromosomes. Let me consider sense 1 and sense 6.

Sense 1: "a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened)" - examples: "he showed signs of strain; they welcomed the signs of spring" - This fits well because they are looking for perceptible indications of genetic damage (which is not immediately apparent).

Sense 6: "(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease" - example: "there were no signs of asphyxiation" - This is specifically about medical signs, objective evidence of a disorder or disease.

The context is medical research. They are searching for signs of genetic damage. Genetic damage is related to disorders/diseases (cancer). However, the "signs" here refer to signs of genetic damage, not directly signs of a disorder or disease. The genetic damage is what they're looking for, and it's not exactly a "disorder or disease" in the traditional medical sign sense.

Actually, let me reconsider. In medical terminology, a "sign" is an objective finding (as opposed to a symptom, which is subjective). The sense 6 definition says "any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease." The researchers are looking for objective evidence (genetic deletions on chromosomes) that would indicate genetic damage, which is related to cancer (a disease).

But the phrase "signs of genetic damage" is more general - they're looking for perceptible indications that genetic damage has occurred. The genetic damage itself is what they're investigating, and the "signs" would be things like chromosomal deletions that serve as clues.

Sense 1 seems more fitting because:
- "a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent" - genetic damage is not immediately apparent, and they're looking for perceptible indications (like chromosomal deletions)
- The example "he showed signs of strain" parallels "signs of genetic damage" - both use "signs of [something abstract]"
- The synonym "mark" fits - they're looking for marks of genetic damage

Sense 6 is specifically about "objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease" in a medical context. While this is a medical context, the "signs" are of "genetic damage" not directly of a "disorder or disease." Genetic damage is a broader concept.

Actually, I think sense 1 is the better fit. The phrase "signs of genetic damage" is about perceptible indications of something not immediately apparent (genetic damage). The researchers are looking for clues or evidence of genetic damage.

Let me also consider that the medical sense (6) might be too specific. In medical practice, "signs" has a very specific meaning (objective findings as opposed to subjective symptoms). Here, the usage is more general - they're looking for any indications of genetic damage.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of <t>genetic</t> damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "genetic damage" in the context of chromosomes, genes, and cancer research. The phrase "cascade of genetic damage" and "signs of genetic damage" refers to damage to genes or chromosomes.

Sense 1: "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity" - This is about hereditary/familial traits. While cancer can run in families, the context here is about damage to genes/chromosomes at the molecular level, not about whether it's inherited.

Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" - This fits well. "Genetic damage" refers to damage to genes. The context is about chromosomes, genes, deletions, etc.

Sense 3: "pertaining to or referring to origin" - This is about origins, like literary origins. Not relevant here.

Sense 4: "of or relating to the science of genetics" - This is about the field of genetics. "Genetic damage" isn't really about the science of genetics itself.

Sense 2 seems best. "Genetic damage" means damage to genes, which aligns with "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damage
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic <t>damage</t>. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment
2. sense_key=damage%1:11:01:: | definition=loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty
3. sense_key=damage%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe
4. sense_key=damage%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms | examples=the price of gasoline; he got his new car on excellent terms
5. sense_key=damage%1:04:01:: | definition=any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "damage" in the context: "searching for signs of genetic damage".
Context describes genetic damage, deletions, changes for the worse in chromosomes/genes.
Sense 1: the occurrence of a change for the worse (harm, impairment). This fits "genetic damage" - changes for the worse in the genes.
Sense 3: the act of damaging something or someone.
Sense 5: any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right.

"genetic damage" refers to the occurrence of a change for the worse in the genes.
Sense 1 is the best fit.