[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of <t>education</t> is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "education" in the context: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."

Let's analyze the context:
- It talks about "academic potential", "educational ladder", "elementary school", "tracking", "gifted youngsters", "further study".
- The sentence is "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."
- "education" here refers to the process or system of educating.

Sense 1: the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill (instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity). Examples: "he received no formal education", "our instruction was carefully programmed"
Sense 2: knowledge acquired by learning and instruction. Example: "it was clear that he had a very broad education"
Sense 3: the gradual process of acquiring knowledge. Examples: "education is a preparation for life", "a girl's education was less important than a boy's"
Sense 4: the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
Sense 5: the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior)
Sense 6: the United States federal department...

"The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."
Here, "education" is an abstract concept, the process of educating. Is it the "activities" (Sense 1) or the "gradual process of acquiring knowledge" (Sense 3)?
"The purpose of education" implies the purpose of the educational system or process. Sense 3's example "education is a preparation for life" is very similar to "The purpose of education is to encourage...".
Sense 1 is "the activities of educating or instructing".
Sense 3 is "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge".

Let's check the context again:
"Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows."
"This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work."
"The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."

Does "education" here mean the activities of educating, or the gradual process of acquiring knowledge?
Sense 3's example: "education is a preparation for life" fits perfectly with "The purpose of education is to encourage..."
Sense 3 defines it as "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge".
Wait, WordNet 3.0 senses for education:
Noun
S: (n) education (the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill) "he received no formal education"; "our instruction was carefully programmed"; "good instruction is seldom found in this school"
S: (n) education, instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity (the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university))
Wait, the sense numbering provided is:
1: education%1:04:00:: the activities of educating or instructing
2: education%1:09:00:: knowledge acquired by learning and instruction
3: education%1:09:01:: the gradual process of acquiring knowledge
4: education%1:04:01:: the profession of teaching

Let's distinguish Sense 1 and Sense 3. Sense 1 is "activities of educating or instructing", Sense 3 is "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge". The text talks about "the system", "educational ladder", "tracking". This implies a system of activities of instructing. But "the purpose of education" is a broad philosophical statement. Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 1: instruction, teaching, pedagogy. Is "education" synonymous with "instruction" here? "The purpose of instruction is to encourage..." doesn't sound quite as broad. "The purpose of education is to encourage..."
Actually, "education" in "the purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential" matches "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" (Sense 3) or "the activities of educating" (Sense 1).
Let's look at Sense 1's examples: "he received no formal education". Here, education is an institution/process.
Sense 3's example: "education is a preparation for life". This is very similar to "The purpose of education is to encourage...".
Therefore, Sense 3 seems like a strong fit.

Wait, is it Sense 3 or Sense 1?
Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill"
Sense 3: "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge"

In the text: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."
This sounds like the broad process of education. In WordNet, Sense 3 is "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" and its example is "education is a preparation for life". Since "The purpose of education is..." mirrors "education is a preparation for life", Sense 3 fits well.

Let's consider Sense 1 again. "The purpose of education" could refer to the activities of educating. But Sense 3 is explicitly the gradual process, which aligns with "academic potential" being realized over time ("move up the educational ladder").
So Sense 3 is the best fit.

Let's double check if there are any other clues.
"The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."
If we replace education with Sense 1 "the activities of educating", it makes sense, but "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" makes sense too.
Sense 3's example: "education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's". In the second example, it's an abstract noun referring to the process or the knowledge.
I will choose Sense 3.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: encourage
Target surface form: encourage
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to <t>encourage</t> young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=encourage%2:41:00:: | definition=contribute to the progress or growth of | synonyms=promote, advance, boost, further | examples=I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom
2. sense_key=encourage%2:37:00:: | definition=inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to
3. sense_key=encourage%2:32:00:: | definition=spur on | examples=His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "encourage" in the context: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."

Let's analyze the senses:
Sense 1: contribute to the progress or growth of | synonyms=promote, advance, boost, further | examples=I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom
Sense 2: inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to
Sense 3: spur on | examples=His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife

In the context, "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."
Here, "encourage" means to help them progress or grow towards realizing their potential, or to spur them on to realize it.
Sense 1 focuses on contributing to the progress or growth of something. The purpose of education is to contribute to the progress or growth of young men and women realizing their potential.
Sense 3 focuses on "spurring on" or motivating someone to do something. "encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential" -> spurring them on to realize their potential.

Wait, Sense 3 examples: "His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife." This is about motivating someone to do something.
Sense 1 examples: "I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom." This is advancing or furthering a cause.

Let's look at the context again: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."
Does it mean to spur them on (Sense 3), or to contribute to their progress/growth (Sense 1)?
Actually, both could fit. But "encourage [someone] to [do something]" usually aligns with Sense 3 (spur on) or Sense 2 (inspire with confidence).
Let's look closely at Sense 1: "contribute to the progress or growth of". "I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom." Here the object is "the use of computers". In the target sentence, the object is "young men and women" and the infinitive is "to realize...".
Sense 3: "spur on". Example: "His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife." Here, the object is "him" and the infinitive is "to look...". This matches the syntax "encourage [someone] to [do something]".

Wait, let's consider the semantics. Does "encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential" mean "spur on" (Sense 3) or "inspire with confidence" (Sense 2)?
"The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women..."
If it means "spur on", it means education acts as an incentive or motivation.
Could it be Sense 1? "contribute to the progress or growth of young men and women to realize..." - this phrasing is slightly awkward. Usually, Sense 1 "encourage" takes a direct object that is the thing being promoted, like "encourage the use of computers", "encourage development". When it takes a person as a direct object plus an infinitive, it usually means to urge or spur them on, or inspire them.
Let's check WordNet definitions.
2:32:00:: = spur on. Example: "His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife."
2:37:00:: = inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to.
2:41:00:: = contribute to the progress or growth of. Example: "I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom."

In "encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential", the goal is to spur them on / inspire them to realize their potential.
Wait, if it's "spur on", sense 3 is a perfect fit syntactically and semantically. "Encourage [someone] to [do something]".
Is it 2 or 3?
Sense 2: inspire with confidence. It doesn't explicitly have the "to do something" syntax in the definition, but it is common.
Sense 3: spur on. Example has exactly the same syntax: "encouraged him to look for a wife". Spur on means to incite or stimulate. "The purpose of education is to spur on young men and women to realize..."

Actually, let's think about "spur on". Does education spur them on? Or does it inspire them with confidence? The text says "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential." Education provides the environment, the tracking, etc. "No student should be permitted to be graduated... This means 'tracking'... The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."
This sounds like providing the means to progress, but the verb "encourage [person] to [verb]" is universally mapped to the "spur on" or "inspire" sense in WordNet when the object is an animate being and an infinitive follows.

Let's compare Sense 2 and Sense 3.
Sense 2: inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to.
Sense 3: spur on.
"Encourage him to look for a wife" - spurred him on.
"Encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential" - could be spur them on.
But "inspire with confidence" is also a very strong candidate for education. Wait, look at Sense 3's synonym: "spur on". Look at Sense 2's definition: "inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to".
Often, "encourage someone to do something" is tagged as 2:32:00:: (spur on) because it means to urge or incite them to do it.
However, WordNet 3.0:
encourage (v):
1. contribute to the progress or growth of
2. inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to
3. spur on

If the context is "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."
Could it be sense 1? "contribute to the progress or growth of"? Like, "The purpose of education is to further young men and women to realize..." No, "further [someone] to [do something]" doesn't make sense. "Promote [someone] to [do something]" doesn't make sense either.
Therefore, it has to be sense 2 or 3.
Let's check the examples.
Sense 2: inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to. (No example provided in the prompt, but implies giving courage).
Sense 3: spur on. Example: "His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife."
Wait, if sense 3 is "spur on", and the example is exactly the "encourage [person] to [infinitive]" structure, it's highly likely Sense 3 is the intended answer for this syntactic pattern. Wait! Let me re-read Sense 1. Does Sense 1 also take "[person] to [infinitive]"? "I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom." No, the object is a thing.

Is "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential" more about giving them confidence (Sense 2) or spurring them on (Sense 3)?
Wait, another example for Sense 2: "Encourage him to study harder." Is that Sense 2 or 3? In WordNet, "spur on" is usually used for an inciting event, like "His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife."
But what if the sentence means "inspire with confidence"?
Actually, "encourage" meaning "inspire with confidence" is typically transitive without the infinitive, e.g., "The general encouraged the troops." When followed by an infinitive, it could be either.
But look at Sense 3: "spur on". To spur someone on to do something.
Let's look at the context. "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential." The writer argues for tracking, saying the purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one believes we all have equal academic potential. Tracking helps the gifted flourish and the less gifted get grounding. This encourages everyone to realize their full potential. It enables them to progress.
Wait! "contribute to the progress or growth of" - sense 1.
Is "encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential" meaning "contribute to the progress or growth of young men and women realizing their full academic potential"? No, that's not the syntax.
But what if "encourage" here means "foster" or "promote"? "The purpose of education is to promote the realization of young men and women's full academic potential." If it means that, it could be Sense 1. But the syntax is "encourage [someone] to [do something]".

Let's check the senses of "encourage" in WordNet.
2:32:00:: spur on
2:37:00:: inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to
2:41:00:: contribute to the progress or growth of

Let's search for similar sentences. "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women..."
Is "encourage someone to do something" Sense 2 or 3?
If I say "The teacher encouraged the student to read more", is it inspire with confidence, or spur on?
Actually, "spur on" means to incite or stimulate. "Inspire with confidence" means to give courage.
In WordNet, Sense 3 (spur on) has the example "His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife." This is an impersonal cause encouraging someone to do something.
Here, "education" is an impersonal cause. "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."
This matches the impersonal cause "His financial success encouraged him to...".
So Sense 3 might be the best fit.

Wait, look at Sense 2. It has no example in the prompt. Often, when there's no example, it might be because it's a more direct "give courage to".
Let's consider Sense 1 again. Could the text be considered Sense 1?
"The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."
If we look at the synonyms of Sense 1: promote, advance, boost, further.
"The purpose of education is to further young men and women realizing their full academic potential." It's a bit awkward but possible.
But usually, "encourage [animate object] to [infinitive]" is not Sense 1.
Sense 1 "contribute to the progress or growth of" takes a non-animate object usually, like "use of computers", "development", "growth". When it takes an animate object, it's usually without an infinitive, like "encourage the gifted youngsters to flourish" (wait, that's in the text! "tracking, whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish...").

Let's rethink. Is there any chance "encourage" here means "inspire with confidence"?
The purpose of education is to give hope or courage to young men and women to realize their full academic potential.
Actually, "spur on" (Sense 3) seems very appropriate for "education" as a system that incites students to achieve. "His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife" -> "Education encourages young men and women to realize their full potential."

Let's look closely at Sense 1: "contribute to the progress or growth of".
If I say "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential", does it mean to help them progress? Yes.
Wait, if the prompt provides Sense 1 with synonyms "promote, advance, boost, further" and example "I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom".
Sense 3 provides example "His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife."
The syntactic match of "encourage [someone] to [do something]" with Sense 3's example is very strong. Both have an abstract cause (financial success / education) as the subject, an animate object (him / young men and women), and an infinitive phrase (to look for a wife / to realize their full academic potential).
Therefore, Sense 3 is the best match syntactically and semantically.

Let's double check.
Sense 1: contribute to the progress or growth of. Example: I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom. (Subject: I, Object: the use of computers).
Sense 2: inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to. (No example).
Sense 3: spur on. Example: His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife. (Subject: His financial success, Object: him, Infinitive: to look for a wife).

Target: The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. (Subject: The purpose of education, Object: young men and women, Infinitive: to realize their full academic potential).

It perfectly matches Sense 3's pattern. The subject is an abstract concept (education/financial success), the object is a person (young men and women/him), and it spurs them on to an action (realize potential/look for a wife).

I will choose Sense 3.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: young
Target surface form: young
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage <t>young</t> men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=young%3:00:00:: | definition=(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth | synonyms=immature | examples=young people
2. sense_key=young%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=new | examples=new potatoes; young corn
3. sense_key=young%5:00:01:young:00 | definition=suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh | synonyms=youthful, vernal | examples=he is young for his age
4. sense_key=young%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=being in its early stage | examples=a young industry; the day is still young
5. sense_key=young%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=not tried or tested by experience | synonyms=unseasoned, untested, untried | examples=unseasoned artillery volunteers; still untested in battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "young" in the context: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."

Here, "young" refers to young people (men and women), meaning they are in an early period of life or development.

Sense 1: (used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth | synonyms=immature | examples=young people

This fits perfectly because "young men and women" refers to people in an early period of life.

Sense 3: suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh - this could also apply, but the context is about students/people, and "young men and women" directly refers to their age/life stage.

Sense 1 is the best fit.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: man
Target surface form: men
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young <t>men</t> and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=man%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman) | synonyms=adult male | examples=there were two women and six men on the bus
2. sense_key=man%1:18:03:: | definition=someone who serves in the armed forces; a member of a military force | synonyms=serviceman, military man, military personnel | examples=two men stood sentry duty
3. sense_key=man%1:18:04:: | definition=the generic use of the word to refer to any human being | examples=it was every man for himself
4. sense_key=man%1:05:01:: | definition=any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriage | synonyms=homo, human being, human
5. sense_key=man%1:18:08:: | definition=a male subordinate | examples=the chief stationed two men outside the building; he awaited word from his man in Havana
6. sense_key=man%1:18:06:: | definition=an adult male person who has a manly character (virile and courageous competent) | examples=the army will make a man of you
7. sense_key=man%1:18:05:: | definition=a manservant who acts as a personal attendant to his employer | synonyms=valet, valet de chambre, gentleman, gentleman's gentleman | examples=Jeeves was Bertie Wooster's man
8. sense_key=man%1:18:07:: | definition=a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman | examples=she takes good care of her man
9. sense_key=man%1:15:00:: | definition=one of the British Isles in the Irish Sea | synonyms=Isle of Man
10. sense_key=man%1:06:00:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=piece | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage
11. sense_key=man%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=world, human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is "encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential." The phrase "men and women" together suggests it's referring to adult male persons, contrasted with women. This matches sense 1: "an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)" with the example "there were two women and six men on the bus."

However, let me consider sense 3 (generic use) or sense 4 (human being). The phrase "young men and women" clearly refers to male and female humans, not the generic use of "man." The context pairs "men" with "women," indicating the male-specific sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and <t>women</t> to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."

Here "women" refers to adult female persons, as opposed to men. The phrase "young men and women" is a common expression referring to male and female persons (students). It's not about women as a class (sense 4), not about a significant role in a man's life (sense 2), and not about housework (sense 3).

Sense 1 is the best fit: "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: realize
Target surface form: realize
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to <t>realize</t> their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=realize%2:31:01:: | definition=be fully aware or cognizant of | synonyms=recognize, recognise, realise, agnize, agnise
2. sense_key=realize%2:31:00:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realise, see | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
3. sense_key=realize%2:36:00:: | definition=make real or concrete; give reality or substance to | synonyms=realise, actualize, actualise, substantiate | examples=our ideas must be substantiated into actions
4. sense_key=realize%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, make, earn, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
5. sense_key=realize%2:40:00:: | definition=convert into cash; of goods and property | synonyms=realise
6. sense_key=realize%2:36:07:: | definition=expand or complete (a part in a piece of baroque music) by supplying the harmonies indicated in the figured bass | synonyms=realise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "realize" in the context: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."

Let me analyze the context:
- "realize their full academic potential"
- This means to actualize, fulfill, or make real their potential
- It's about achieving or bringing into reality one's potential

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. be fully aware or cognizant of - This doesn't fit because we're talking about fulfilling potential, not being aware of something
2. perceive (an idea or situation) mentally - This doesn't fit either, as it's about understanding, not achieving
3. make real or concrete; give reality or substance to - This fits! "Realize their full academic potential" means to make their potential real, to actualize it. The synonym "actualize" is key here.
4. earn on some commercial or business transaction - Doesn't fit the context
5. convert into cash - Doesn't fit
6. expand or complete (a part in a piece of baroque music) - Doesn't fit

Sense 3 is clearly the best fit. "Realize their full academic potential" means to make that potential real, to actualize it, to bring it to fruition.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: full
Target surface form: full
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their <t>full</t> academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=full%3:00:00:: | definition=containing as much or as many as is possible or normal | examples=a full glass; a sky full of stars
2. sense_key=full%5:00:01:whole:00 | definition=constituting the full quantity or extent; complete | synonyms=entire, total | examples=an entire town devastated by an earthquake; gave full attention
3. sense_key=full%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=complete in extent or degree and in every particular | synonyms=total | examples=a full game; a total eclipse
4. sense_key=full%5:00:00:nourished:00 | definition=filled to satisfaction with food or drink | synonyms=replete | examples=a full stomach
5. sense_key=full%3:00:01:: | definition=(of sound) having marked deepness and body | examples=full tones; a full voice
6. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
7. sense_key=full%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=being at a peak or culminating point | synonyms=broad | examples=broad daylight; full summer
8. sense_key=full%5:00:02:ample:00 | definition=having ample fabric | synonyms=wide, wide-cut | examples=the current taste for wide trousers; a full skirt

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "full" in the context: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. full%3:00:00:: | containing as much or as many as is possible or normal | a full glass; a sky full of stars
2. full%5:00:01:whole:00 | constituting the full quantity or extent; complete | entire, total | an entire town devastated by an earthquake; gave full attention
3. full%5:00:00:complete:00 | complete in extent or degree and in every particular | total | a full game; a total eclipse
4. full%5:00:00:nourished:00 | filled to satisfaction with food or drink | replete | a full stomach
5. full%3:00:01:: | (of sound) having marked deepness and body | full tones; a full voice
6. full%5:00:00:ample:00 | having the normally expected amount | good | gives full measure; gives good measure
7. full%5:00:00:high:02 | being at a peak or culminating point | broad | broad daylight; full summer
8. full%5:00:02:ample:00 | having ample fabric | wide, wide-cut | the current taste for wide trousers; a full skirt

"Realize their full academic potential" implies realizing the complete extent of their academic potential.
Sense 2 is "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete" with synonyms "entire, total" and examples "an entire town devastated by an earthquake; gave full attention".
Sense 3 is "complete in extent or degree and in every particular" with synonyms "total" and examples "a full game; a total eclipse".

"full attention" maps perfectly to "full academic potential", meaning the complete or entire amount. Sense 2 has the example "gave full attention" which is very close to "realize their full academic potential". It means the complete extent.
Wait, let's compare 2 and 3.
Sense 2: constituting the full quantity or extent; complete. Synonyms: entire, total. Examples: an entire town devastated by an earthquake; gave full attention.
Sense 3: complete in extent or degree and in every particular. Synonyms: total. Examples: a full game; a total eclipse.

"full academic potential" refers to the entirety or maximum extent of one's potential. Sense 2 includes the example "gave full attention", which parallels "full academic potential" (full capacity/extent). Sense 3 is often used for duration or events (a full game, a total eclipse). So Sense 2 fits "full academic potential" perfectly.

Let's double check Sense 1: "containing as much or as many as is possible or normal". This is for containers like "a full glass".

Therefore, Sense 2 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full <t>academic</t> potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about students moving up the educational ladder, mastering skills, tracking, and realizing their "academic potential".

Sense 1: "associated with academia or an academy" - examples: "the academic curriculum", "academic gowns". This fits well with "academic potential" in an educational context.

Sense 2: "hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result" - examples: "an academic discussion", "an academic question". This doesn't fit "academic potential".

Sense 3: "marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects" - synonyms: donnish, pedantic. This doesn't fit "academic potential".

The context is about education and students' potential in school/academia. Sense 1 is the best fit.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potential
Target surface form: potential
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic <t>potential</t>. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about students' "academic potential" and realizing their "full academic potential." This clearly refers to the inherent capacity or ability of a person, not electrical voltage.
Sense 1: the inherent capacity for coming into being - synonyms: potentiality, potency
Sense 2: the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts

The context is about education and human capacity, so sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: actually
Target surface form: actually
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind <t>actually</t> believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=actually%4:02:01:: | definition=in actual fact | synonyms=really | examples=to be nominally but not actually independent; no one actually saw the shark
2. sense_key=actually%4:02:00:: | definition=used to imply that one would expect the fact to be the opposite of that stated; surprisingly | synonyms=in reality | examples=you may actually be doing the right thing by walking out; she actually spoke Latin
3. sense_key=actually%4:02:03:: | definition=at the present moment | examples=the transmission screen shows the picture that is actually on the air
4. sense_key=actually%4:02:02:: | definition=as a sentence modifier to add slight emphasis | examples=actually, we all help clear up after a meal; actually, I haven't seen the film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "actually" in the context: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."

Let me analyze the context. The sentence says "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential." Here, "actually" is used to emphasize the verb "believes." It's adding slight emphasis to the statement, meaning "No one in his right mind truly/genuinely believes..."

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "in actual fact" - examples: "to be nominally but not actually independent; no one actually saw the shark" - This is about what is true in reality vs. what appears to be.

2. "used to imply that one would expect the fact to be the opposite of that stated; surprisingly" - examples: "you may actually be doing the right thing by walking out; she actually spoke Latin" - This is about something surprising or contrary to expectation.

3. "at the present moment" - examples: "the transmission screen shows the picture that is actually on the air" - This is about current state.

4. "as a sentence modifier to add slight emphasis" - examples: "actually, we all help clear up after a meal; actually, I haven't seen the film" - This is about adding emphasis.

In the context, "actually" is used to emphasize that no one genuinely/truly believes we all have equal academic potential. It's adding emphasis to the statement.

Looking at sense 1: "in actual fact" with example "no one actually saw the shark" - This is very close to "no one actually believes." The meaning here is "in reality" or "truly."

Looking at sense 4: "as a sentence modifier to add slight emphasis" - But in the examples, "actually" is placed at the beginning of the sentence as a sentence modifier. In the context, "actually" is placed mid-sentence modifying the verb "believes," not as a sentence modifier.

So sense 1 seems most appropriate: "in actual fact" meaning "really/truly." "No one in his right mind really believes that we all have an equal academic potential."

The synonym is "really" which fits well here.

Sense 4 examples show "actually" at the beginning of sentences as sentence modifiers, which doesn't match the placement in context.

Sense 1's example "no one actually saw the shark" is structurally very similar to "no one actually believes," suggesting this is the same usage.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believes
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually <t>believes</t> that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."
The target lemma is "believe".
Let's evaluate the senses:
1. believe%2:31:00:: - accept as true; take to be true (I believed his report)
2. believe%2:31:04:: - judge or regard; look upon; judge; synonyms: think, consider, conceive (I think he is very smart)
3. believe%2:31:03:: - be confident about something; synonyms: trust (I believe that he will come back from the war)
4. believe%2:31:01:: - follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer (When you hear his sermons...)
5. believe%2:31:02:: - credit with veracity (You cannot believe this man)

"No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."
Here, "believes" means to hold an opinion or judge that something is true.
"believes that we all have an equal academic potential."
Is it sense 1 or sense 2?
Sense 1: accept as true; take to be true.
Sense 2: judge or regard; look upon; judge. Synonyms: think, consider, conceive.
"No one in his right mind actually thinks that we all have an equal academic potential."
The context is presenting an opinion or judgment about reality. "believes that..." often aligns with "thinks that...". The phrase "No one ... actually believes that" is stating an opinion or judgment about a state of affairs. "Judge or regard" or "think" matches well.
Sense 2 has synonyms "think, consider, conceive" and examples "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart".
"No one ... believes that..." matches "think that..." perfectly.
Let's consider Sense 1: "accept as true; take to be true". It also applies to "believes that we all have an equal academic potential."
Wait, is it Sense 1 or Sense 2?
"believe that" usually maps to Sense 1 or 2.
Sense 2 is "judge or regard; look upon; judge; think, consider, conceive". The example is "I believe her to be very smart."
Sense 1 is "accept as true; take to be true". Examples: "I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War".
In the text, "No one ... actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential." This is holding an opinion or belief (thinking) about a concept, akin to "thinks that".
Wait, in WordNet, "believe%2:31:04::" is often used for "believe that". Let me check standard WSD.
"believe" in "believe that" is usually Sense 1. Let's see if Sense 2 is for "believe [someone] to be [adjective]".
Example for Sense 2: "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart."
Context: "No one ... actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential." Here it's a "that" clause.
Sense 1: "I believed his report", "We didn't believe his stories from the War". Here it's accepting a statement as true.
"No one believes that..." means "No one accepts as true the proposition that..."
Let's think if Sense 2 "think, consider" applies to "believes that". Yes, "think that" is synonymous.
But usually, "believe that" is Sense 1 or Sense 2.
Wait, looking at the Princeton WordNet:
believe%2:31:00:: accept as true; take to be true
believe%2:31:01:: follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer
believe%2:31:02:: credit with veracity
believe%2:31:03:: be confident about something
believe%2:31:04:: judge or regard; look upon; judge; think, consider, conceive

"No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."
Sense 4: "think, consider, conceive"
"I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart" -> Wait, "I believe her to be very smart" takes a direct object + infinitive. Does "believe that" fit Sense 1 better?
Wait, another example for Sense 2 in WordNet 3.0:
Sense 2 in WordNet 3.0:
believe (v) credit with veracity; "You cannot believe this man"
Wait, in WordNet 3.0 the senses for "believe" are:
1: accept as true; take to be true; "I believed his report"; "We didn't believe his stories from the War"
2: judge or regard; look upon; judge; "I think he is very smart"; "I believe her to be very smart"; "She thinks this guy is a billionaire"
3: be confident about something; "I believe that he will come back from the war"
4: follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer; "When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too"
5: credit with veracity; "You cannot believe this man"

Notice the order in the prompt:
1. believe%2:31:00:: (accept as true)
2. believe%2:31:04:: (judge or regard; look upon; judge)
3. believe%2:31:03:: (be confident about something)
4. believe%2:31:01:: (follow a credo)
5. believe%2:31:02:: (credit with veracity)

"No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."
This is equivalent to "No one thinks that we all have an equal academic potential." The use of "believes that" followed by a clause representing a proposition is often Sense 1 (accept as true).
But "be confident about something; I believe that he will come back from the war" (Sense 3 in prompt).
"I believe that he will come back from the war" is Sense 3 here. This is also a "that" clause. But it implies confidence in a future event.
"No one believes that we all have an equal academic potential" - does it mean "accept as true" (Sense 1) or "judge or regard / think" (Sense 2) or "be confident about something" (Sense 3)?

Sense 1 (accept as true) is generally for accepting a statement or a fact. "No one ... actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential." This is about what people think/judge to be the case. "believe that we all have an equal academic potential" = "think that we all have an equal academic potential". Since the synonyms for Sense 2 are "think, consider, conceive", it fits perfectly.
Also, the example for Sense 2 is "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart". "She thinks this guy is a billionaire".
Wait, "I believe her to be very smart" is the example.
Let me check the senses for "believe" in SemCor.
"believe that" is most frequently Sense 1 (accept as true).
Wait, "accept as true; take to be true"
"No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."
Is the author saying no one accepts as true the proposition that...?
Or no one thinks/judges that...?
Actually, "believe that" can be Sense 1. But Sense 2 is "judge or regard; look upon; judge; think, consider, conceive".
In SemCor, "believe%2:31:04::" is often used for "believe" meaning "think".
Let me search for "No one in his right mind actually believes that". This is from an article or book. "Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows." This is from a text about education. Probably by Diane Ravitch or someone similar.
The sentence is: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."
"thinks that" is the most direct synonym here.
"accept as true" usually takes a direct object (I believed his report) or a "that" clause where the truth of a statement is accepted. Here, it's an opinion about human nature. "I believe that he will come back from the war" (Sense 3) is about confidence in an outcome.
I think Sense 1 is the safest bet for "believe that" when it just means "accept as true". But let's look at Sense 2: "judge or regard; look upon; judge; think, consider, conceive". The examples are "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart; She thinks this guy is a billionaire."
In SemCor, sentences like "He believed that he was..." might be Sense 1.
Let's consider Sense 1: "We didn't believe his stories from the War". "I believed his report". These are about accepting someone else's testimony as true.
"No one believes that we all have an equal academic potential" is not about accepting someone's testimony. It's a general opinion. Thus, "think" (Sense 2) might be a better fit.
Wait, "be confident about something" (Sense 3) - "I believe that he will come back from the war". Here, "believe" is about expectation/confidence.
"believe%2:31:00::" - "accept as true; take to be true". Does "believe that we all have an equal academic potential" mean "take it to be true"? Yes.
In many WSD systems, "believe that" is tagged as believe%2:31:00::.
Let's look at another example for believe%2:31:00::. "I believe that he is telling the truth." -> accept as true.
Is there a distinction between "believe his report" and "believe that we all have..."?
WordNet 3.0 senses for believe:
believe%2:31:00:: accept as true; take to be true
believe%2:31:01:: follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer
believe%2:31:02:: credit with veracity
believe%2:31:03:: be confident about something
believe%2:31:04:: judge or regard; look upon; judge

"No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."
If you believe that X, you accept X as true. Sense 1 seems the most common and general sense for a "that" clause.
But Sense 2 ("think, consider, conceive") is also possible. The context is about opinions on academic potential. "No one ... thinks that we all have an equal academic potential."
Actually, "think" is Sense 2. But "believe" in "No one believes that..." is just a general statement of belief.
Let's check the synonyms of Sense 2. "think, consider, conceive".
If I substitute "believes" with "thinks": "No one in his right mind actually thinks that we all have an equal academic potential." This sounds very natural.
If I substitute with "accepts as true": "No one in his right mind actually accepts as true that we all have an equal academic potential." Also natural.
Wait, what if Sense 2 is specifically for "believe [noun] to be [adjective]"? The examples for Sense 2 are "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart; She thinks this guy is a billionaire". All of these are "think [that] [subject] is [adjective]" or "believe [object] to be [adjective]".
"No one ... believes that we all have an equal academic potential." "have an equal academic potential" is a verb phrase, not just an adjective. But it's still a judgment.
However, Sense 1 is generally the default for "believe that [clause]".
Let's review Sense 1 examples: "I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War". These involve accepting testimony.
Sense 3 example: "I believe that he will come back from the war". This involves a "that" clause and future expectation.
Sense 2 examples: "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart". These involve judging someone's attributes.
In the context, "believes that we all have an equal academic potential" is judging a state of reality.
If it's a judgment, it aligns with Sense 2.
Is "believe that" generally Sense 1?
According to WordNet, believe%2:31:00:: is "accept as true; take to be true".
"take to be true" -> "I believe that we all have..." -> "I take it to be true that we all have..."
This strongly supports Sense 1.
Let me search for "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential".
This quote is from a book. "Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows... The notion that tracking is somehow 'undemocratic' is absurd... No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."
This is likely by Thomas Sowell or someone similar. "Inside American Education" by Thomas Sowell (1993).
In Sowell's book, he says "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."
Here, "believes" means holding the belief/opinion that it's true.
If I look at the Sense 2 examples: "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart". The lemma "believe" in WordNet has Sense 2 as "judge or regard; look upon; judge". This is more about evaluating someone or something. "think, consider, conceive" are synonyms.
"No one believes that we all have an equal academic potential" is an assertion about the truth of a proposition. Sense 1 covers "accept as true".
I'll go with Sense 1, as it is the most general sense for "believe that [proposition]" and doesn't specifically involve evaluating a person's attributes like "I believe her to be very smart" or expecting a future event like "I believe that he will come back from the war".
Wait, let's re-evaluate Sense 1. "I believed his report" (accept testimony). "We didn't believe his stories from the War" (reject testimony). It's about accepting a claim.
In the text, "No one ... actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential." This is accepting a claim (the claim of equal academic potential).
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

Let's double check Sense 3: "be confident about something; I believe that he will come back from the war". This is confidence about a future outcome. Not applicable here.
Sense 4: "follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer". Not applicable.
Sense 5: "credit with veracity; You cannot believe this man". Not applicable.
So it's between Sense 1 and Sense 2.
Sense 2: "judge or regard; look upon; judge; think, consider, conceive"
Is "believes that we all have an equal academic potential" an instance of "think"?
Yes, but Sense 1 "accept as true; take to be true" is also applicable. Which is better indexed for this context?
Often, "believe" + "that" clause where the clause is a statement of fact or reality is mapped to Sense 1. The examples for Sense 2 involve "believe [object] to be [attribute]" or "think [subject] is [attribute]". "I believe her to be very smart". "She thinks this guy is a billionaire". These are judgments of attributes or status.
The current context: "believes that we all have an equal academic potential." This is not judging an attribute of a specific person but a general fact about the world. So "accept as true" (Sense 1) is more appropriate.

I will choose Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: equal
Target surface form: equal
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an <t>equal</t> academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=equal%3:00:00:: | definition=having the same quantity, value, or measure as another | examples=on equal terms; all men are equal before the law
2. sense_key=equal%3:00:03:: | definition=having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task | synonyms=adequate | examples=she had adequate training; her training was adequate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "equal academic potential" - meaning whether all people have the same level of academic potential. "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential" means no one believes we all have the same quantity/level of academic potential.

Sense 1: "having the same quantity, value, or measure as another" - this fits "equal academic potential" meaning the same level of potential.
Sense 2: "having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task" - this is about being adequate/up to a task, which doesn't fit here.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal <t>academic</t> potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "academic potential" in the context of students, education, elementary school, tracking, and the educational ladder. The phrase "academic potential" refers to potential in academic/scholarly pursuits within the educational system.

Sense 1: "associated with academia or an academy" - This fits well because the context is about education, schools, and students moving through the educational system. "Academic potential" here means potential in academic pursuits within the educational framework.

Sense 2: "hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result" - This doesn't fit. The context is discussing real educational outcomes and practical educational policy, not theoretical discussions.

Sense 3: "marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects" - This doesn't fit. The context is not about being pedantic or scholarly in a narrow sense.

The best sense is Sense 1, as "academic potential" relates to potential within the academic/educational system, associated with academia or an academy (school/education).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potential
Target surface form: potential
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic <t>potential</t>. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses "academic potential" which refers to the inherent capacity for coming into being or development, not electrical potential.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: generally
Target surface form: generally
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is <t>generally</t> desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=generally%4:02:02:: | definition=usually; as a rule | synonyms=by and large, more often than not, mostly | examples=by and large it doesn't rain much here
2. sense_key=generally%4:02:01:: | definition=without distinction of one from others | synonyms=in general, in the main | examples=he is interested in snakes in general
3. sense_key=generally%4:02:00:: | definition=without regard to specific details or exceptions | synonyms=broadly, loosely, broadly speaking | examples=he interprets the law broadly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "generally" in the context: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks..."
Sense 1: usually; as a rule (by and large, more often than not, mostly)
Sense 2: without distinction of one from others (in general, in the main)
Sense 3: without regard to specific details or exceptions (broadly, loosely, broadly speaking)

"It is generally desirable to use older textbooks" means it is broadly/loosely desirable, or usually desirable?
"It is generally desirable" - this seems to mean that as a rule, it is desirable. Or it could mean "broadly speaking, it is desirable."
Actually, "It is generally desirable" often means "It is broadly desirable" or "in most cases it is desirable."

Let's think about the nuance. "generally desirable" implies that there might be exceptions, or it is a broad statement.
Sense 3: "without regard to specific details or exceptions" - "he interprets the law broadly". This fits "generally desirable" well, meaning broadly/in a general sense, without worrying about exceptions.
Sense 1: "usually; as a rule" - "by and large it doesn't rain much here". "It is usually desirable to use older textbooks."
"It is generally desirable" usually means "it is usually desirable" or "in general it is desirable".
Wait, let's look at Sense 3's definition: "without regard to specific details or exceptions". "broadly speaking". "generally desirable" = "broadly desirable" (i.e., ignoring specific exceptions).
Let's look at Sense 1: "usually; as a rule". "It is as a rule desirable..." "It is mostly desirable..."
In the context of "It is generally desirable", "generally" modifies "desirable". It means "broadly desirable" or "usually desirable". Let's see which fits better.
If I say "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks", I mean "broadly speaking, it is desirable" or "it is usually desirable".
In WordNet, "generally" in "It is generally desirable" is often mapped to Sense 3 (broadly, loosely, broadly speaking) or Sense 1 (usually, as a rule).
Wait, "generally" (Sense 3) - broadly, loosely, broadly speaking.
Let's search for "It is generally desirable" meaning. It implies a general rule, but not an absolute one. "Without regard to specific details or exceptions" (Sense 3) or "usually; as a rule" (Sense 1).
"usually" means in most cases. "broadly speaking" means in a general sense, without exceptions.
Consider "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks". It means "As a rule, it is desirable to use older textbooks." Or "Broadly speaking, it is desirable..."
Actually, Sense 3 fits "broadly speaking" perfectly. "Broadly speaking, it is desirable..."
Let's consider Sense 1. "usually; as a rule" -> "by and large". "by and large it is desirable to use older textbooks". This also fits perfectly.
Let's look at the examples.
Sense 1: by and large it doesn't rain much here
Sense 3: he interprets the law broadly
"It is generally desirable" -> "It is broadly desirable" or "It is usually desirable".
Wait, "generally" modifying an adjective (like desirable, accepted, known) often aligns with Sense 3 (broadly, broadly speaking). E.g., "generally accepted" = "broadly accepted" (without exceptions). But wait, "generally accepted" could also mean "accepted by most people" (Sense 1).
Let's check the exact wording of Sense 1: "usually; as a rule". Sense 3: "without regard to specific details or exceptions".
If something is "generally desirable", it is desirable as a rule, but there might be exceptions. That's Sense 1 ("usually; as a rule") or Sense 3 ("without regard to specific details or exceptions").
Let's distinguish Sense 1 and Sense 3.
Sense 1 is about frequency ("usually", "more often than not", "mostly").
Sense 3 is about scope/specificity ("broadly", "without regard to specific details or exceptions").
"Generally desirable" implies that it is a broad rule, not tied to specific cases. So it's broadly desirable. Or does it mean it's usually desirable?
"It is generally desirable to use older textbooks". This is a statement of general principle. Thus, "broadly" / "broadly speaking".
Wait! Look at Sense 3 synonyms: "broadly, loosely, broadly speaking". Sense 1 synonyms: "by and large, more often than not, mostly".
If I say "It is generally desirable", I mean "Broadly speaking, it is desirable." This matches Sense 3.
Let's check if Sense 3 or Sense 1 is better.
In "It is generally desirable", "generally" means "usually". "It is usually desirable to use older textbooks." This is also very natural.
However, "generally" in "generally desirable" usually means "widely" or "in a general way". Wait, does it mean "widely"? No.
"generally desirable" -> "desirable in general". "In general" is Sense 2! Wait, Sense 2: "without distinction of one from others" (in general, in the main). Example: "he is interested in snakes in general". "It is in general desirable..." -> "It is generally desirable".
Let's re-evaluate Sense 2. "without distinction of one from others" -> "he is interested in snakes in general". This doesn't fit "It is generally desirable". "It is desirable in general" -> yes, but the sense definition "without distinction of one from others" implies applying to a class of objects rather than specific instances. "generally desirable" applies to the statement itself being general, not the objects.
Wait! "generally desirable" = "broadly desirable" = Sense 3. "without regard to specific details or exceptions".
What if "generally desirable" means "mostly desirable" = Sense 1.
"It is generally desirable to use older textbooks" -> "As a rule, it is desirable to use older textbooks." -> Sense 1.
Let's think about how WordNet distinguishes these.
Sense 1: usually; as a rule.
Sense 3: without regard to specific details or exceptions.
If I say "It is generally true", I mean "It is true in a broad sense" (Sense 3) or "It is usually true" (Sense 1)?
Actually, "generally true" often means "true as a rule" (Sense 1). But wait, "It is generally desirable" means "in a general way, it is desirable", which corresponds to "broadly speaking" (Sense 3).
Let's look at the context: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones." The author is making a general recommendation. "Broadly speaking, it is desirable..."
If the author meant "usually desirable", they would be saying that in most cases it's desirable, but sometimes it's not. If they meant "broadly desirable" (Sense 3), they mean it's a broad rule, ignoring specific exceptions. Both are very close.
But wait, Sense 3 is "without regard to specific details or exceptions". "he interprets the law broadly". "Generally desirable" means "desirable, with the caveat that there might be exceptions" or "desirable in general".
Let's search for "It is generally desirable". It is a very common phrase. "It is generally desirable that..."
In linguistics, "generally" + adjective often maps to "usually" or "broadly".
Let's consider "broadly" vs "usually".
Is it "usually desirable" or "broadly speaking, it is desirable"?
Sense 1: usually; as a rule.
Sense 3: without regard to specific details or exceptions.
I think "generally desirable" = "usually desirable" -> Sense 1.
Wait, if something is "generally accepted", it is accepted by most people (Sense 1) or broadly accepted (Sense 3)? "Generally accepted" means "widely accepted", which is not exactly "usually accepted" (which would mean it's accepted most of the time, but maybe not right now). It means accepted in general. Is there a sense for "widely"? No, WordNet 3.0 has these 3 senses for "generally" (adv.all).
1: usually; as a rule
2: without distinction of one from others
3: without regard to specific details or exceptions
For "generally accepted", it would be Sense 3 (broadly) or Sense 1 (mostly). Actually, "mostly" fits "mostly accepted".
For "generally desirable", does it mean "mostly desirable" or "broadly desirable"?
I will guess Sense 1: "usually; as a rule". "As a rule, it is desirable to use older textbooks."
Wait. "It is generally desirable" -> "It is desirable in general" -> "in general" -> Sense 2? No, Sense 2 is "without distinction of one from others", like "he is interested in snakes generally" (all snakes, not just one).
Let's look at Sense 3 again: "without regard to specific details or exceptions" - this perfectly captures the meaning of "generally desirable", which means "desirable, without getting into specific exceptions". "He interprets the law broadly" -> "He interprets the law generally".
Actually, Sense 3 is often used for "generally speaking". "It is generally desirable" -> "Generally speaking, it is desirable". "Generally speaking" is Sense 3.
I will bet on Sense 1 or Sense 3.
Let's consider the phrase "as a rule" (Sense 1). "As a rule, it is desirable to use older textbooks". This sounds exactly like what the author is saying. They are stating a rule: use older textbooks.
Let's consider "broadly speaking" (Sense 3). "Broadly speaking, it is desirable to use older textbooks". Also good.
But "generally desirable" is an adjective phrase. "generally" modifies "desirable". "usually" modifies "desirable" -> "usually desirable" (often it is desirable). "broadly" modifies "desirable" -> "broadly desirable" (desirable in a broad sense). "desirable in general" -> "generally desirable".
If it means "usually", it implies frequency. But the author isn't talking about frequency. They are stating a principle: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks". This means "It is broadly/loosely desirable".
Wait. "It is generally desirable" often means "It is usually desirable". For example, "It is generally desirable to avoid sugar." This means "You should usually avoid sugar" (Sense 1).
I'll choose Sense 1 because "usually" and "as a rule" are the most common translations for "generally" before an adjective in this kind of prescriptive context.
Wait, let me think if Sense 3 is better. "It is generally desirable" -> "It is desirable without regard to specific details or exceptions". This means it is a general principle. "He interprets the law broadly" -> "He interprets the law generally". "Broadly" is a synonym for Sense 3.
I think Sense 1 is safer for "generally desirable". "mostly" -> "mostly desirable".
Actually, let's look at the synonyms: "by and large, more often than not, mostly" (Sense 1) vs "broadly, loosely, broadly speaking" (Sense 3).
"It is broadly desirable" sounds a bit odd. "It is mostly desirable" sounds odd too. "It is usually desirable" sounds very natural.
I will choose Sense 1.
Let me double check Sense 3: "without regard to specific details or exceptions" - "he interprets the law broadly". If you say "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks", you are saying "Without regard to specific details or exceptions, it is desirable to use older textbooks." This sounds exactly like what it means! It's a broad rule. "broadly speaking, it is desirable".
Let's check WordNet sense disambiguation for "generally desirable".
Often "generally + adjective" maps to Sense 3 (broadly). For instance, "generally accepted" is often mapped to Sense 3. "Generally" meaning "broadly" is often used to mean "in a general sense, allowing for exceptions."
Let's think about "It is generally desirable".
If it meant Sense 1, it would mean "Most of the time, it is desirable to use older textbooks."
If it meant Sense 3, it would mean "Broadly speaking, it is desirable to use older textbooks."
I think Sense 3 is "broadly speaking", which matches the intention of stating a general rule with possible exceptions. "without regard to specific details or exceptions".
I will guess Sense 3.
Wait! Is "generally" modifying the whole sentence "It is desirable..."? If so, "Generally, it is desirable..." which is "broadly speaking" (Sense 3).
But it's placed before the adjective: "generally desirable". This usually means "usually desirable" or "widely desirable".
Let's reconsider Sense 1: "usually; as a rule". "As a rule, it is desirable to use older textbooks". This is extremely natural.
I'll go with Sense 1. "Usually; as a rule".
Wait, let me search my knowledge base for "It is generally desirable".
Sentence: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks".
I will output Sense 1.
Actually, let's think about Sense 3 again. "It is broadly desirable" is not a common phrase. "He interprets the law broadly" uses broadly as an adverb modifying the verb. "desirable" is an adjective. "generally desirable" means "usually desirable" or "widely desirable".
In WordNet, Sense 1 is "usually; as a rule". Sense 3 is "broadly, loosely, broadly speaking". "broadly speaking" is an adverbial phrase. "loosely" is usually for translation or interpretation. "broadly" is for interpretation or application.
So Sense 3 examples: "he interprets the law broadly". This is about interpreting or applying something. "generally desirable" is about a state of being desirable. So Sense 1 ("usually; as a rule") fits better.
Let's confirm. "generally desirable" -> "as a rule desirable" -> Sense 1.
Yes, Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: desirable
Target surface form: desirable
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally <t>desirable</t> to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=desirable%3:00:00:: | definition=worth having or seeking or achieving | examples=a desirable job; computer with many desirable features
2. sense_key=desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 | definition=worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse | synonyms=suitable, worthy | examples=the parents found the girl suitable for their son

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "desirable" in the context: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks..."
The context means it is a good thing to do, or worth doing/seeking.
Sense 1: "worth having or seeking or achieving" - fits "desirable to use older textbooks".
Sense 2: "worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse" - does not fit at all.

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: use
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to <t>use</t> older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "use" in the context: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones."

Here, "use" means to employ or put into service older textbooks for the purpose of education. This matches sense 1: "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose" with synonyms like utilize, employ, apply.

Sense 2 is about consuming regularly or habitually (like drugs). Sense 3 is about using up/consuming fully. Sense 4 is about seeking an end by using to one's advantage (exploiting). Sense 5 is about availing oneself to (practicing a principle). Sense 6 is about habitual past actions.

Sense 1 is clearly the best fit here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rather
Target surface form: rather
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- <t>rather</t> than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead | examples=rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter
2. sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of | examples=it was rather cold; the party was rather nice
3. sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner | examples=clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia
4. sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite | examples=quite tasty; quite soon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "rather" in the context: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- <t>rather</t> than newer ones."

Here, "rather than" is used to express a preference or contrast: using older textbooks instead of newer ones. This fits the sense "on the contrary" or "instead". The phrase "rather than" indicates a choice of one option over another.

Sense 1: "on the contrary" | synonyms=instead | examples include "rather than disappoint the children..." which matches the "rather than" construction here.

So the best sense is 1.