[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the <t>new</t> findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the <t>new</t> findings."
The target word "new" modifies "findings".
The findings are recently discovered or acquired. "new findings" means findings that have just come into being or been made or discovered.
Looking at the senses:
1. not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
This fits perfectly. "new findings" are findings that have recently been discovered.

Let's check sense 2: original and of a kind not seen before.
The findings might be original, but the context emphasizes that they are "among the first beneficiaries", implying recency. "new findings" usually just means recent findings.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: finding
Target surface form: findings
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new <t>findings</t>. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=finding%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation | synonyms=determination | examples=the determination of molecular structures
2. sense_key=finding%1:04:01:: | definition=the decision of a court on issues of fact or law
3. sense_key=finding%1:17:00:: | definition=something that is found | examples=the findings in the gastrointestinal tract indicate that he died several hours after dinner; an area rich in archaeological findings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "findings" in the context: "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings."

The context discusses research about cancer genes, tumor-suppressor genes, genetic tests, and predictive cancer diagnosis. The "findings" here refer to the results or discoveries from this research.

Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. finding%1:04:00:: - "the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation" - This is the act/process of finding.
2. finding%1:04:01:: - "the decision of a court on issues of fact or law" - Legal context, not applicable here.
3. finding%1:17:00:: - "something that is found" - This refers to the results/discoveries themselves.

The context is about scientific research findings - the discoveries or results from research. "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings" - they benefit from the new discoveries/results.

Sense 3 seems most appropriate because "findings" here refers to the things that are found (the research results/discoveries), not the act of finding them (sense 1).

The answer is sense 3.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: couple
Target surface form: couple
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., <t>couple</t> knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=couple%1:14:00:: | definition=a pair who associate with one another | synonyms=twosome, duo, duet | examples=the engaged couple; an inseparable twosome
2. sense_key=couple%1:14:01:: | definition=a pair of people who live together | synonyms=mates, match | examples=a married couple from Chicago
3. sense_key=couple%1:23:01:: | definition=a small indefinite number | examples=he's coming for a couple of days
4. sense_key=couple%1:23:00:: | definition=two items of the same kind | synonyms=pair, twosome, twain, brace, span, yoke
5. sense_key=couple%1:17:00:: | definition=(physics) something joined by two equal and opposite forces that act along parallel lines

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "couple" used in the phrase "The Dedham, Mass., couple".
Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are referred to as a "couple".
They are a husband and wife (Mr. Quinlan, and Bonnie who became pregnant).
The senses:
1. a pair who associate with one another (twosome, duo, duet)
2. a pair of people who live together (mates, match) (example: a married couple from Chicago)
3. a small indefinite number
4. two items of the same kind
5. physics

The context says "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries... The Dedham, Mass., couple knew..."
Since they are a married couple having a child together, sense 2 ("a pair of people who live together", synonyms: mates, match, example: "a married couple from Chicago") is the best fit.
Sense 1 is "a pair who associate with one another", but sense 2 is more specific to a married/domestic couple.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: knew
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple <t>knew</t> even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "knew" in the context: "The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma..."
This means they were aware of a fact or a specific piece of information.
Let's look at the senses:
1. be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about
3. be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt

Sense 1 fits best: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about". The couple had the information that any child of theirs had a 50% chance.
Wait, is it sense 1 or 3?
"know that the President lied" vs "know that I left the key". Sense 3 implies knowing something is true beyond any doubt (Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun). Here they "knew that any child of theirs had a 50% chance". They possessed this information based on genetic findings.
Let's use sense 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: even
Target surface form: even
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew <t>even</t> before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "even" in the sentence: "The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma..."

Here, "even before" means "in spite of; notwithstanding" - they knew before Bonnie became pregnant (which is surprising or unexpected timing). Wait, let me reconsider.

"Even before Bonnie became pregnant" - this could be sense 1 (used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected) or sense 2 (in spite of; notwithstanding).

The examples for sense 1: "even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea" - these emphasize something unexpected.

The examples for sense 2: "even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him" - these mean "in spite of; notwithstanding."

"Even before Bonnie became pregnant" - this is similar to "even when he is sick" in structure. It means "they knew it in spite of the fact that Bonnie wasn't pregnant yet" or "notwithstanding that Bonnie hadn't become pregnant yet."

Actually, let me think more carefully. "Even before" is a temporal expression where "even" intensifies the earliness/surprising nature of the timing. It's saying "they knew it before Bonnie became pregnant - and that's worth noting because it's surprisingly early."

This seems like sense 1 (used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected) or sense 2 (in spite of; notwithstanding).

Sense 2 examples: "even when he is sick, he works" = "in spite of being sick, he works." "Even with his head start she caught up with him" = "in spite of his head start, she caught up."

"Even before Bonnie became pregnant" - is this "in spite of; notwithstanding"? Not quite. It's more like "they knew it as early as before Bonnie became pregnant" - emphasizing the unexpected earliness.

Sense 1: "used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected" - "even an idiot knows that" = surprisingly, even an idiot knows that.

"Even before Bonnie became pregnant" = surprisingly early, before Bonnie became pregnant. This seems to fit sense 1 better.

But wait - "even before" is a common collocation. Let me think about whether it's sense 1 or sense 2.

Sense 2 is "in spite of; notwithstanding." "Even before Bonnie became pregnant, they knew..." - is this "in spite of Bonnie not being pregnant yet, they knew"? That doesn't quite work.

Sense 1 is "used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected." "Even before Bonnie became pregnant, they knew" = they knew it, and it's unexpected that they knew it so early (before pregnancy). This fits better.

Actually, I think sense 1 is the best fit. "Even before" emphasizes that the timing is earlier than expected - it's used as an intensive to indicate something unexpected.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: before
Target surface form: before
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even <t>before</t> Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=before%4:02:03:: | definition=earlier in time; previously | synonyms=earlier | examples=I had known her before; as I said before
2. sense_key=before%4:02:01:: | definition=at or in the front | synonyms=ahead, in front | examples=I see the lights of a town ahead; the road ahead is foggy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma..."

"before" here is clearly temporal, meaning earlier in time.
Sense 1: earlier in time; previously.
Sense 2: at or in the front.

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct one.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: became
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie <t>became</t> pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "become" and the surface form is "became". The context sentence is: "The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987..."
Here, "became pregnant" means entering or assuming a certain state or condition (the state of being pregnant).
Sense 1: enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
Sense 2: undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
Sense 3: come into existence
Sense 4: enhance the appearance of

"Became pregnant" matches Sense 1 perfectly ("assume a certain state or condition", like "became annoyed"). Sense 2 is about a change or development (like turning into something else). "Became pregnant" is assuming a state.
Therefore, Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pregnant
Target surface form: pregnant
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became <t>pregnant</t> in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pregnant%3:00:00:: | definition=carrying developing offspring within the body or being about to produce new life
2. sense_key=pregnant%5:00:00:meaningful:00 | definition=rich in significance or implication | synonyms=meaning, significant | examples=a meaning look
3. sense_key=pregnant%5:00:00:full:00 | definition=filled with or attended with | synonyms=fraught | examples=words fraught with meaning; an incident fraught with danger

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about Bonnie becoming pregnant, meaning carrying a developing offspring. This is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: child
Target surface form: child
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any <t>child</t> of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=child%1:18:00:: | definition=a young person of either sex | synonyms=kid, youngster, minor, shaver, nipper, small fry | examples=she writes books for children; they're just kids
2. sense_key=child%1:18:01:: | definition=a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age | synonyms=kid | examples=they had three children; they were able to send their kids to college
3. sense_key=child%1:18:06:: | definition=an immature childish person | synonyms=baby | examples=he remained a child in practical matters as long as he lived; stop being a baby!
4. sense_key=child%1:18:07:: | definition=a member of a clan or tribe | examples=the children of Israel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "child" in the context: "any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma".
Here, "child of theirs" refers to the offspring of the couple.
Looking at the candidates:
1. young person of either sex
2. a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age
3. an immature childish person
4. a member of a clan or tribe

"any child of theirs" clearly means "any offspring of theirs".
Sense 2 fits perfectly ("they had three children").
Therefore, sense 2 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: chance
Target surface form: chance
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% <t>chance</t> of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=chance%1:26:00:: | definition=a possibility due to a favorable combination of circumstances | synonyms=opportunity | examples=the holiday gave us the opportunity to visit Washington; now is your chance
2. sense_key=chance%1:19:00:: | definition=an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon that causes an event to result one way rather than another | synonyms=luck, fortune, hazard | examples=bad luck caused his downfall; we ran into each other by pure chance
3. sense_key=chance%1:04:00:: | definition=a risk involving danger | examples=you take a chance when you let her drive
4. sense_key=chance%1:07:00:: | definition=a measure of how likely it is that some event will occur; a number expressing the ratio of favorable cases to the whole number of cases possible | synonyms=probability | examples=the probability that an unbiased coin will fall with the head up is 0.5
5. sense_key=chance%1:26:01:: | definition=the possibility of future success | synonyms=prospect | examples=his prospects as a writer are excellent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context mentions "a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma". This refers to the probability or likelihood of an event occurring, expressed as a percentage (50%).

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. opportunity - a possibility due to favorable circumstances
2. luck/fortune/hazard - unpredictable phenomenon
3. risk involving danger
4. probability - a measure of how likely it is that some event will occur; ratio of favorable cases to whole number of cases possible
5. prospect - possibility of future success

The "50% chance" clearly refers to probability. Sense 4 is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: eye
Target surface form: eye
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an <t>eye</t> cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=eye%1:08:00:: | definition=the organ of sight | synonyms=oculus, optic
2. sense_key=eye%1:09:00:: | definition=good discernment (either visually or as if visually) | examples=she has an eye for fresh talent; he has an artist's eye
3. sense_key=eye%1:09:01:: | definition=attention to what is seen | examples=he tried to catch her eye
4. sense_key=eye%1:15:00:: | definition=an area that is approximately central within some larger region | synonyms=center, centre, middle, heart | examples=it is in the center of town; they ran forward into the heart of the struggle
5. sense_key=eye%1:06:00:: | definition=a small hole or loop (as in a needle) | examples=the thread wouldn't go through the eye

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "eye" in the context "an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births."
Here, "eye" refers to the organ of sight.
Candidate senses:
1. eye%1:08:00:: | definition=the organ of sight | synonyms=oculus, optic
2. eye%1:09:00:: | definition=good discernment...
3. eye%1:09:01:: | definition=attention to what is seen...
4. eye%1:15:00:: | definition=an area that is approximately central...
5. eye%1:06:00:: | definition=a small hole or loop...

"eye cancer" means cancer of the organ of sight. So sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye <t>cancer</t> that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "cancer" appears in the context: "an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births."
This refers to retinoblastoma, which is a malignant tumor.
Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division" - this fits perfectly.
Sense 2: astrology person - no.
Sense 3: constellation - no.
Sense 4: zodiac sign - no.
Sense 5: genus of Cancridae - no.
The correct sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: occur
Target surface form: occurs
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that <t>occurs</t> about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=occur%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
2. sense_key=occur%2:31:00:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=come | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
3. sense_key=occur%2:42:03:: | definition=to be found to exist | examples=sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "occurs" in the context: "an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births."
The context talks about the frequency of an eye cancer happening/found to exist.
Let's look at the senses:
1. come to pass (happen, etc.)
2. come to one's mind
3. to be found to exist (examples: sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil)

Wait, "occurs about once every 20,000 births" means it happens about once every 20,000 births.
Is it sense 1 or sense 3?
Sense 3 example: "to be found to exist". It often takes a spatial distribution or frequency.
Sense 1 is "come to pass" (happen).
Let's see if WordNet has a specific sense for occur meaning "to be found to exist" (often used with frequencies or locations). The example "sexism occurs in many workplaces" uses it for existence in a place.
But "occurs about once every 20,000 births" is about frequency of happening.
Wait, sense 1 is "come to pass", examples "What is happening?", "The meeting took place off without an incidence".
Sense 3 is "to be found to exist", examples "sexism occurs in many workplaces", "precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil".
Is "occurs about once every..." sense 1 or 3?
Often, "occur" in the sense of frequency or happening is mapped to sense 1 (occur%2:30:00::). Wait, WordNet 3.0:
occur%2:30:00:: come to pass (What is happening? The meeting took place off without an incidence)
occur%2:42:00:: to be found to exist (sexism occurs in many workplaces)
occur%2:42:03:: to be found to exist (precious stones occur...)
Wait, the prompt gives:
3. sense_key=occur%2:42:03:: | definition=to be found to exist | examples=sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil
Does "occurs about once every 20,000 births" mean it happens (sense 1) or it is found to exist (sense 3)?
"occur" with frequency adverbials usually means "happen" (sense 1).
Wait, in WordNet, "occur" has two senses in 2:42? Let's check.
occur%2:42:00:: come to one's mind; suggest itself (It occurred to me...)
occur%2:42:01:: happen (the accident occurred...)
Actually, let me check the provided sense keys:
1. occur%2:30:00:: (come to pass)
2. occur%2:31:00:: (come to one's mind)
3. occur%2:42:03:: (to be found to exist)

"an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births"
If something occurs once every 20,000 births, it happens.
But wait! Does "to be found to exist" cover statistical frequency? "precious stones occur in a large area" is spatial. "occurs about once every 20,000 births" is frequency.
In medical/scientific contexts, "occurs" with frequency often maps to "to be found to exist" (sense 3), or "come to pass" (sense 1).
Let's consider "happen" vs "to be found to exist".
"happen" refers to an event taking place. "an eye cancer that happens about once..." sounds a bit colloquial.
"occur" in "The disease occurs in 1 in 20,000 births" means "is found to exist" or "has an incidence of".
Let's search for similar instances. In SemCor, "occur" with frequency often maps to occur%2:30:00:: (come to pass).
Wait, sense 1: occur%2:30:00::
Sense 3: occur%2:42:03::
In WordNet 3.0, occur (to be found to exist) has sense key occur%2:42:01:: or occur%2:42:03::.
What if the prompt implies sense 3 because it's about a disease being found to exist at a certain rate?
Actually, "occur about once every 20,000 births" means it takes place, happens.
If it said "occurs in children", it would definitely be sense 3. "occurs in many workplaces" (sense 3).
But "occurs about once every 20,000 births" - does it happen (sense 1) or is it found to exist (sense 3)?
In many WSD datasets, "occur" with a frequency is considered sense 1 (happen, come to pass) because it's an event coming to pass. Wait, no. "Happen" is for events. Cancer is a disease, but "a cancer occurs" means a case of cancer happens.
Let's look at the examples for sense 1: "What is happening?", "The meeting took place".
For sense 3: "sexism occurs in many workplaces", "precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil".
If I say "earthquakes occur about once a year", is that sense 1 or 3?
In WordNet, the definition of sense 3 is "to be found to exist". It usually collocates with places ("in many workplaces", "in Brazil"). Sense 1 collocates with time ("took place").
"occurs about once every 20,000 births" is a temporal frequency.
Therefore, sense 1 "come to pass" seems more appropriate because it refers to the event of cancer arising happening at a certain frequency.
Wait, let's think about "to be found to exist". Does it mean it is observed?
Often, "occur" meaning "be found to exist" is used for things that are present in a location or population. "The mutation occurs in 5% of the population."
Here it's "an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births." This means the incidence is 1 in 20,000.
Is there a chance it's sense 1? "come to pass" = happen. "an eye cancer that happens about once every 20,000 births" - perfectly fine.
"an eye cancer that is found to exist about once every 20,000 births" - slightly awkward.
Let's choose sense 1.
Let's re-read sense 1. "come to pass". synonyms: happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out.
Let's re-read sense 3. "to be found to exist". examples: sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil.
The examples for sense 3 are both spatial ("in many workplaces", "in a large area").
The context "about once every 20,000 births" is temporal/frequency.
Thus, sense 1 is the best fit.
Wait, in some WordNet mappings, "occur" meaning "happen" is 2:30:00. "occur" meaning "be found to exist" is 2:42:00 or similar.
I will bet on sense 1 because of the temporal frequency "about once every 20,000 births".

Let me double check if there's any ambiguity.
"an eye cancer that occurs..."
Could it be "to be found to exist"? "The disease occurs in 1 out of 20,000 births." -> "The disease is found to exist in 1 out of 20,000 births." This is also very natural in medical contexts.
However, "come to pass" means to happen. A cancer happening is an event.
I'll select sense 1.
Let me think if "occur%2:42:03::" is specifically for statistical occurrence. No, WordNet does not distinguish that.
Let's look at "occur%2:30:00::". It's the most common sense (to happen).
I will output {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: about
Target surface form: about
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs <t>about</t> once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=about%4:02:00:: | definition=(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct | synonyms=approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less | examples=lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute
2. sense_key=about%4:02:06:: | definition=all around or on all sides | synonyms=around | examples=dirty clothes lying around (or about); let's look about for help
3. sense_key=about%4:02:01:: | definition=in the area or vicinity | synonyms=around | examples=a few spectators standing about; hanging around
4. sense_key=about%4:02:04:: | definition=used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction | synonyms=around | examples=wandering about with no place to go; people were rushing about
5. sense_key=about%4:02:02:: | definition=in or to a reversed position or direction | synonyms=around | examples=about face; suddenly she turned around
6. sense_key=about%4:02:03:: | definition=in rotation or succession | examples=turn about is fair play
7. sense_key=about%4:02:05:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births."

Here, "about" is used to indicate an approximate quantity. "about once every 20,000 births" means approximately once every 20,000 births.

Sense 1: "(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct" with synonyms "approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less" and examples "lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute". This fits perfectly.

Sense 7: "(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but" with synonyms "almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually" and examples "the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded". This doesn't fit because here "about" is modifying a quantity/frequency, not indicating near-completion.

So the best sense is sense 1.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: once
Target surface form: once
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about <t>once</t> every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "once" in the context: "an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births."

Let's analyze the context.
"occurs about once every 20,000 births" - this means it occurs on one occasion in every 20,000 births, i.e., one time per 20,000 births.

Sense 1: "on one occasion" | synonyms: one time, in one case | examples: once I ran into her
Sense 2: "as soon as" | examples: once we are home, we can rest
Sense 3: "at a previous time" | synonyms: formerly, at one time | examples: at one time he loved her

Sense 1 fits perfectly: it occurs "one time" every 20,000 births.
"once every 20,000 births" is a frequency expression meaning one time.

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: birth
Target surface form: births
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 <t>births</t>. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=birth%1:28:00:: | definition=the time when something begins (especially life) | examples=they divorced after the birth of the child; his election signaled the birth of a new age
2. sense_key=birth%1:11:00:: | definition=the event of being born | synonyms=nativity, nascency, nascence | examples=they celebrated the birth of their first child
3. sense_key=birth%1:22:00:: | definition=the process of giving birth | synonyms=parturition, giving birth, birthing
4. sense_key=birth%1:24:00:: | definition=the kinship relation of an offspring to the parents | synonyms=parentage
5. sense_key=birth%1:18:00:: | definition=a baby born; an offspring | examples=the overall rate of incidence of Down's syndrome is one in every 800 births

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "births" in the context "an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births".
Sense 5: "a baby born; an offspring" with the example "the overall rate of incidence of Down's syndrome is one in every 800 births".
This example perfectly matches the context. Both contexts refer to a rate of incidence per X births.
Sense index: 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: knew
Context:
Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, <t>knew</t> he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "knew" in the context: "Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old"

This means he was aware of the fact that he carried a damaged gene. He possessed this knowledge/information about himself.

Sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about" - examples: "I know that the President lied to the people"
Sense 3: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt" - examples: "I know that I left the key on the table"

Both sense 1 and sense 3 seem possible. Sense 1 is about being aware of a fact/piece of information. Sense 3 is about being aware of the truth of something, having a belief or faith in something, regarding as true beyond any doubt.

The context: "knew he carried a damaged gene" - this is about being aware of a fact about himself. He knew this because he had lost an eye to the rare tumor.

Sense 1 seems more general - being cognizant or aware of a fact. Sense 3 is about being aware of the truth of something, regarding as true beyond any doubt.

I think sense 1 is the best fit here - he was aware of/cognizant of the fact that he carried a damaged gene. This is a piece of information he possessed.

But let me also consider sense 3 - he was aware of the truth of something, had a belief or faith in it, regarded it as true beyond any doubt. This also could work, as he knew with certainty that he carried the damaged gene.

The distinction between sense 1 and sense 3 is subtle. Sense 1 is more about possessing information/knowledge about a fact. Sense 3 is about being aware of the truth of something, having faith/belief.

Given that Mr. Quinlan knew he carried a damaged gene - this is a fact he was aware of. He possessed this knowledge. I think sense 1 fits better - "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about."

Actually, let me reconsider. Sense 3's examples include "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun" - this is about knowing a scientific truth. Mr. Quinlan knew he carried a damaged gene - this is also a scientific/medical fact he knew about himself.

But sense 1's example "I know that the President lied to the people" is also about knowing a fact.

I think the key distinction is:
- Sense 1: being aware of a fact/piece of information (general knowledge/awareness)
- Sense 3: being aware of the truth, having faith/belief, regarding as true beyond doubt (more about conviction/certainty)

In this context, Mr. Quinlan knew he carried a damaged gene - he was aware of this fact. He had this information. I'll go with sense 1.

Wait, let me also check the earlier instance: "The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma"

But the target is the second instance: "Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene"

He knew he carried a damaged gene - this is awareness of a fact about himself. Sense 1 fits.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: carry
Target surface form: carried
Context:
Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he <t>carried</t> a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=carry%2:35:02:: | definition=move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body | synonyms=transport | examples=You must carry your camping gear; carry the suitcases to the car
2. sense_key=carry%2:42:01:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=pack, take | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
3. sense_key=carry%2:38:03:: | definition=transmit or serve as the medium for transmission | synonyms=impart, conduct, transmit, convey, channel | examples=Sound carries well over water; The airwaves carry the sound
4. sense_key=carry%2:32:02:: | definition=serve as a means for expressing something | synonyms=convey, express | examples=The painting of Mary carries motherly love; His voice carried a lot of anger
5. sense_key=carry%2:35:09:: | definition=bear or be able to bear the weight, pressure,or responsibility of | examples=His efforts carried the entire project; How many credits is this student carrying?
6. sense_key=carry%2:35:01:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=hold, bear | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
7. sense_key=carry%2:42:03:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=hold, bear, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
8. sense_key=carry%2:41:00:: | definition=extend to a certain degree | examples=carry too far; She carries her ideas to the extreme
9. sense_key=carry%2:30:05:: | definition=continue or extend | synonyms=extend | examples=The civil war carried into the neighboring province; The disease extended into the remote mountain provinces
10. sense_key=carry%2:42:02:: | definition=be necessarily associated with or result in or involve | examples=This crime carries a penalty of five years in prison
11. sense_key=carry%2:33:01:: | definition=win in an election | examples=The senator carried his home state
12. sense_key=carry%2:31:12:: | definition=include, as on a list | examples=How many people are carried on the payroll?
13. sense_key=carry%2:41:01:: | definition=behave in a certain manner | synonyms=behave, acquit, bear, deport, conduct, comport | examples=She carried herself well; he bore himself with dignity
14. sense_key=carry%2:40:00:: | definition=have on hand | synonyms=stock, stockpile | examples=Do you carry kerosene heaters?
15. sense_key=carry%2:36:00:: | definition=include as the content; broadcast or publicize | synonyms=run | examples=We ran the ad three times; This paper carries a restaurant review
16. sense_key=carry%2:35:08:: | definition=propel, | synonyms=dribble | examples=Carry the ball; dribble the ball
17. sense_key=carry%2:32:07:: | definition=pass on a communication | examples=The news was carried to every village in the province
18. sense_key=carry%2:42:13:: | definition=have as an inherent or characteristic feature or have as a consequence | examples=This new washer carries a two year guarantee; The loan carries a high interest rate
19. sense_key=carry%2:42:15:: | definition=be conveyed over a certain distance | examples=Her voice carries very well in this big opera house
20. sense_key=carry%2:42:14:: | definition=keep up with financial support | examples=The Federal Government carried the province for many years
21. sense_key=carry%2:42:12:: | definition=have or possess something abstract | examples=I carry her image in my mind's eye; I will carry the secret to my grave
22. sense_key=carry%2:42:08:: | definition=be equipped with (a mast or sail) | examples=This boat can only carry a small sail
23. sense_key=carry%2:41:02:: | definition=win approval or support for | synonyms=persuade, sway | examples=Carry all before one; His speech did not sway the voters
24. sense_key=carry%2:41:06:: | definition=compensate for a weaker partner or member by one's own performance | examples=I resent having to carry her all the time
25. sense_key=carry%2:41:12:: | definition=take further or advance | examples=carry a cause
26. sense_key=carry%2:40:10:: | definition=have on the surface or on the skin | examples=carry scars
27. sense_key=carry%2:40:04:: | definition=capture after a fight | examples=The troops carried the town after a brief fight
28. sense_key=carry%2:40:13:: | definition=transfer (entries) from one account book to another | synonyms=post
29. sense_key=carry%2:38:10:: | definition=transfer (a number, cipher, or remainder) to the next column or unit's place before or after, in addition or multiplication | examples=put down 5 and carry 2
30. sense_key=carry%2:38:07:: | definition=pursue a line of scent or be a bearer | examples=the dog was taught to fetch and carry
31. sense_key=carry%2:36:08:: | definition=bear (a crop) | examples=this land does not carry olives
32. sense_key=carry%2:35:12:: | definition=propel or give impetus to | examples=The sudden gust of air propelled the ball to the other side of the fence
33. sense_key=carry%2:34:00:: | definition=drink alcohol without showing ill effects | synonyms=hold | examples=He can hold his liquor; he had drunk more than he could carry
34. sense_key=carry%2:34:01:: | definition=be able to feed | examples=This land will carry ten cows to the acre
35. sense_key=carry%2:33:04:: | definition=have a certain range | examples=This rifle carries for 3,000 feet
36. sense_key=carry%2:33:03:: | definition=cover a certain distance or advance beyond | examples=The drive carried to the green
37. sense_key=carry%2:33:02:: | definition=secure the passage or adoption (of bills and motions) | examples=The motion carried easily
38. sense_key=carry%2:33:12:: | definition=be successful in | examples=She lost the game but carried the match
39. sense_key=carry%2:32:00:: | definition=sing or play against other voices or parts | examples=He cannot carry a tune
40. sense_key=carry%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, bear, gestate, expect | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about Mr. Quinlan who "carried" a damaged gene.
"Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old..."

Sense options:
1. carry%2:35:02:: move while supporting
2. carry%2:42:01:: have with oneself; have on one's person (pack, take)
3. carry%2:38:03:: transmit or serve as the medium for transmission
4. carry%2:32:02:: serve as a means for expressing something
5. carry%2:35:09:: bear or be able to bear the weight
6. carry%2:35:01:: support or hold in a certain manner
7. carry%2:42:03:: contain or hold; have within (hold, bear, contain)
8. carry%2:41:00:: extend to a certain degree
9. carry%2:30:05:: continue or extend
10. carry%2:42:02:: be necessarily associated with or result in or involve
11. carry%2:33:01:: win in an election
12. carry%2:31:12:: include, as on a list
13. carry%2:41:01:: behave in a certain manner
14. carry%2:40:00:: have on hand (stock)
15. carry%2:36:00:: include as the content; broadcast
16. carry%2:35:08:: propel
17. carry%2:32:07:: pass on a communication
18. carry%2:42:13:: have as an inherent or characteristic feature or have as a consequence
19. carry%2:42:15:: be conveyed over a certain distance
20. carry%2:42:14:: keep up with financial support
21. carry%2:42:12:: have or possess something abstract
22. carry%2:42:08:: be equipped with
23. carry%2:41:02:: win approval or support for
24. carry%2:41:06:: compensate for a weaker partner
25. carry%2:41:12:: take further or advance
26. carry%2:40:10:: have on the surface or on the skin (carry scars)
27. carry%2:40:04:: capture after a fight
28. carry%2:40:13:: transfer entries
29. carry%2:38:10:: transfer a number
30. carry%2:38:07:: pursue a line of scent
31. carry%2:36:08:: bear a crop
32. carry%2:35:12:: propel or give impetus
33. carry%2:34:00:: drink alcohol
34. carry%2:34:01:: be able to feed
35. carry%2:33:04:: have a certain range
36. carry%2:33:03:: cover a certain distance
37. carry%2:33:02:: secure the passage
38. carry%2:33:12:: be successful in
39. carry%2:32:00:: sing or play
40. carry%2:29:00:: be pregnant with

Wait, what does "carry a damaged gene" mean?
It means he possesses the gene in his body/DNA.
Sense 21: have or possess something abstract (I carry her image in my mind's eye; I will carry the secret to my grave)
Sense 18: have as an inherent or characteristic feature (This new washer carries a two year guarantee)
Sense 7: contain or hold; have within (The jar carries wine)
Sense 26: have on the surface or on the skin (carry scars) - similar to carrying a gene?
Let's see. "carry a gene" is typically defined as "have as an inherent or characteristic feature" or "have or possess something abstract".
Wait, what about "carry a disease"? That is transmit or serve as a medium for transmission. "He carried the gene" means he possesses it. Is it sense 21? "have or possess something abstract"
Wait, in WordNet, "carry" (verb.body) - "have or possess something abstract".
Let's check WordNet 3.0 senses for "carry".
Sense 2: have with oneself; have on one's person ("I always carry money")
Sense 3: transmit or serve as the medium for transmission ("Sound carries well over water")
Sense 4: serve as a means for expressing something
Sense 5: bear or be able to bear the weight, pressure,or responsibility of
Sense 6: support or hold in a certain manner
Sense 7: contain or hold; have within
Sense 8: extend to a certain degree
Sense 9: continue or extend
Sense 10: be necessarily associated with or result in or involve
Sense 11: win in an election
Sense 12: include, as on a list
Sense 13: behave in a certain manner
Sense 14: have on hand
Sense 15: include as the content
Sense 16: propel
Sense 17: pass on a communication
Sense 18: have as an inherent or characteristic feature or have as a consequence ("This new washer carries a two year guarantee", "The loan carries a high interest rate")
Sense 19: be conveyed over a certain distance
Sense 20: keep up with financial support
Sense 21: have or possess something abstract ("I carry her image in my mind's eye", "I will carry the secret to my grave")
Sense 22: be equipped with
Sense 23: win approval or support for
Sense 24: compensate for a weaker partner
Sense 25: take further or advance
Sense 26: have on the surface or on the skin ("carry scars")
Sense 27: capture after a fight
Sense 28: transfer (entries)
Sense 29: transfer (a number)
Sense 30: pursue a line of scent
Sense 31: bear (a crop)
Sense 32: propel or give impetus to
Sense 33: drink alcohol without showing ill effects
Sense 34: be able to feed
Sense 35: have a certain range
Sense 36: cover a certain distance
Sense 37: secure the passage or adoption
Sense 38: be successful in
Sense 39: sing or play against other voices
Sense 40: be pregnant with

Let's look at the mappings of WordNet 3.0 verb senses.
WordNet 3.0 carries:
carry.v.01 move while supporting
carry.v.02 have with oneself; have on one's person
carry.v.03 transmit or serve as the medium for transmission
carry.v.04 serve as a means for expressing something
carry.v.05 bear or be able to bear the weight
carry.v.06 support or hold in a certain manner
carry.v.07 contain or hold; have within
carry.v.08 extend to a certain degree
carry.v.09 continue or extend
carry.v.10 be necessarily associated with or result in or involve
carry.v.11 win in an election
carry.v.12 include, as on a list
carry.v.13 behave in a certain manner
carry.v.14 have on hand
carry.v.15 include as the content; broadcast or publicize
carry.v.16 propel
carry.v.17 pass on a communication
carry.v.18 have as an inherent or characteristic feature or have as a consequence
carry.v.19 be conveyed over a certain distance
carry.v.20 keep up with financial support
carry.v.21 have or possess something abstract
carry.v.22 be equipped with
carry.v.23 win approval or support for
carry.v.24 compensate for a weaker partner
carry.v.25 take further or advance
carry.v.26 have on the surface or on the skin
carry.v.27 capture after a fight
carry.v.28 transfer (entries) from one account book to another
carry.v.29 transfer (a number, cipher, or remainder)
carry.v.30 pursue a line of scent or be a bearer
carry.v.31 bear (a crop)
carry.v.32 propel or give impetus to
carry.v.33 drink alcohol without showing ill effects
carry.v.34 be able to feed
carry.v.35 have a certain range
carry.v.36 cover a certain distance or advance beyond
carry.v.37 secure the passage or adoption
carry.v.38 be successful in
carry.v.39 sing or play against other voices or parts
carry.v.40 be pregnant with

Which sense corresponds to "he carried a damaged gene"?
"carry a gene" could be:
Sense 21: "have or possess something abstract" - I will carry the secret to my grave. A gene is an abstract thing or a physical thing possessed within one's body.
Wait! Is a gene an abstract thing? Or does "have or possess something abstract" apply to things like secrets, images?
What about "carry scars"? Sense 26: "have on the surface or on the skin". A gene is not on the surface or on the skin.
What about "be necessarily associated with or result in or involve" (10)? No.
What about "have as an inherent or characteristic feature" (18)? "This new washer carries a two year guarantee". A gene is not an inherent feature of the person, it is a part of the person, but maybe it fits? No.
What about "contain or hold; have within" (7)? "The jar carries wine". A person contains the gene. But "contain or hold; have within" is for containers.

Let's search for "carry a gene" in WordNet. It is not an example in WordNet.
Wait, "carry a gene" usually means to be a carrier of a genetic trait.
"Carrier" is "a person who has some characteristic that is transmitted to the child".
Wait, in genetics, "carry a gene" means to harbor a gene. Could it be Sense 21? "I carry her image in my mind's eye; I will carry the secret to my grave" - these are abstract possessions.
What if it is Sense 3: "transmit or serve as the medium for transmission"? He carries the gene, so he can transmit it. But the text says "knew he carried a damaged gene". Does it mean he was a carrier? Yes, "cancer-susceptible individuals", "spot such cancer-susceptible individuals", "knew he carried a damaged gene". If he has one defective copy, he is a carrier. A carrier is someone who "carries" a gene and thus can transmit it.
But "carry" in "carry a gene" usually just means "harbor" or "have".
Wait, "carry a defective gene" is having it within oneself. Is it Sense 21 or 3 or 7?
Sense 3: "transmit or serve as the medium for transmission" -> "The airwaves carry the sound". If he carries a gene, he is the medium for transmission.
But in the context, he "carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor". He has the gene.
If we look at "carry a disease", it's usually Sense 3 (transmit). But "carry a gene"?
"carry a virus"? Sense 21?
Let's check if "have or possess something abstract" (21) is better.
I will carry the secret to my grave. "Secret" is an abstract thing.
Can a gene be "something abstract"? Genes are physical DNA molecules, but "a gene" in this sense is an abstract concept or information.
What about Sense 18: "have as an inherent or characteristic feature or have as a consequence"?
"This new washer carries a two year guarantee". Does Mr. Quinlan "carry a damaged gene" as an inherent or characteristic feature? Not really, a damaged gene is an anomaly.
Is there a specific sense for "carry" meaning "have a disease"? Sense 21 is used for "carry a disease" in some contexts?
Let's see. WordNet 3.0:
Sense 21: have or possess something abstract.
Let's check WordNet 3.0 verb.body:
carry -- "have or possess something abstract"
Examples: "I carry her image in my mind's eye"; "I will carry the secret to my grave"; "The bill carried the amendment".
Wait, "The bill carried the amendment" -> WordNet has it under Sense 10 (be necessarily associated with) or Sense 21? It says "The bill carried the amendment" is in Sense 10: "be necessarily associated with or result in or involve".
Let's look at Sense 21: "I carry her image in my mind's eye; I will carry the secret to my grave". These are abstract.
Could "carry a gene" be Sense 21?
Yes, having a gene is having an abstract piece of information/identity.
Wait, let's look at the options again.
Sense 21: "have or possess something abstract" -> "I carry her image in my mind's eye; I will carry the secret to my grave"

Let's consider Sense 3: "transmit or serve as the medium for transmission". "The airwaves carry the sound."
If a person carries a gene, they are a carrier. But "carrier" in genetics is explicitly "a person who has some characteristic that is transmitted to the child".
Does "carry" in "he carried a damaged gene" mean he transmits it? No, the immediate meaning is he *has* the gene.
"He carried a damaged gene" - he possessed it.
Sense 21 seems to fit "have or possess something abstract" quite well, as genes are conceptualized as abstract entities (instructions, information, codes) that one "carries".

Let's review the options carefully.
Sense 2: have with oneself; have on one's person (pack, take). "I always carry money." - Not on his person.
Sense 7: contain or hold; have within. "The jar carries wine." - A person contains a gene? Maybe, but "carry" usually takes living things.
Sense 21: have or possess something abstract. "I will carry the secret to my grave." - A damaged gene is an abstract concept in this context? Genes are physical, but they are often treated as abstract (e.g., "carrying the gene for cystic fibrosis").
Sense 18: have as an inherent or characteristic feature or have as a consequence. "This new washer carries a two year guarantee." - Having a damaged gene is a characteristic feature, but it's a mutation.
Sense 26: have on the surface or on the skin. "carry scars." - Not on surface.

Wait! Is "carry a gene" an example in some dictionary for Sense 21?
"to bear (something) as a part or attribute: to carry a gene."
Wait, no. Let's search my knowledge for "carry a gene" in WordNet.
Could it be Sense 3 (transmit)? "carry a disease" in WordNet:
In WordNet, "carry a disease" is not listed. But "vector" is "any agent (person or animal or microorganism) that carries and transmits a disease".
What about "harbor"? "carry" is synonymous with "harbor" in "carry a virus".
Wait, does WordNet have a sense for "carry" meaning "harbor a disease"?
Let's check the 40 senses again. I don't see a sense "harbor a disease".
So it must be Sense 21 (have or possess something abstract) or Sense 7 (contain or hold; have within).
"I carry her image in my mind's eye; I will carry the secret to my grave" - genes are like secrets, images, abstract information that you carry with you.
"I carry the gene for Huntington's disease" is very similar to "I carry the secret to my grave".
Therefore, Sense 21 is the best fit.

Let's check Sense 21 again.
21. sense_key=carry%2:42:12:: | definition=have or possess something abstract | examples=I carry her image in my mind's eye; I will carry the secret to my grave

Wait, what about Sense 10? "be necessarily associated with or result in or involve". "This crime carries a penalty of five years in prison"
What about Sense 12? "include, as on a list". "How many people are carried on the payroll?"

Let's think if "carry a gene" means he transmits it. "Spot such cancer-susceptible individuals" -> these individuals carry the gene. Their function in the sentence is not primarily about transmission, but about possession. "he knew he carried a damaged gene" -> he knew he had it.

Is there any chance it's Sense 3: "transmit or serve as the medium for transmission"?
"spot such cancer-susceptible individuals... knew he carried a damaged gene... having lost an eye to the rare tumor... what threat the Quinlan baby faced"
The threat the baby faced is that the baby might inherit the gene. If he carries the gene, he can transmit it. But does the word "carried" in "knew he carried a damaged gene" mean "transmit"? No, it means "was the medium for transmission"? The definition is "transmit or serve as the medium for transmission". Since he carries the gene, he is the medium for its transmission to his child.
But "carry a gene" usually just means "harbor a gene". In WordNet, "have or possess something abstract" covers "carry the secret to my grave", which is conceptually identical to carrying genetic information.
Wait, could it be Sense 7: "contain or hold; have within"? "The jar carries wine". A body contains the gene. But "carry" meaning "contain" is usually for containers like jars, canteens. "The canteen holds fresh water."
Sense 21: "have or possess something abstract". Genes are usually thought of as abstract information (instructions, codes). "I will carry the secret to my grave". "I carry the gene" is definitely an abstract possession in common parlance.

Let me double-check Sense 18: "have as an inherent or characteristic feature or have as a consequence"
"This new washer carries a two year guarantee; The loan carries a high interest rate"
This applies to objects or concepts having features. "This disease carries a high mortality rate." A person doesn't "carry a gene" as an inherent or characteristic feature in the same way a washer carries a guarantee, but one could argue a person carries a gene as a characteristic feature.
However, "I carry her image in my mind's eye" (Sense 21) is about a person possessing something abstract. "he carried a damaged gene" -> a person possessing something abstract. This fits perfectly.

Let's confirm Sense 21 index.
The list of 40 senses:
1. carry%2:35:02:: move while supporting
2. carry%2:42:01:: have with oneself; have on one's person
3. carry%2:38:03:: transmit or serve as the medium for transmission
4. carry%2:32:02:: serve as a means for expressing something
5. carry%2:35:09:: bear or be able to bear the weight
6. carry%2:35:01:: support or hold in a certain manner
7. carry%2:42:03:: contain or hold; have within
8. carry%2:41:00:: extend to a certain degree
9. carry%2:30:05:: continue or extend
10. carry%2:42:02:: be necessarily associated with or result in or involve
11. carry%2:33:01:: win in an election
12. carry%2:31:12:: include, as on a list
13. carry%2:41:01:: behave in a certain manner
14. carry%2:40:00:: have on hand
15. carry%2:36:00:: include as the content; broadcast
16. carry%2:35:08:: propel
17. carry%2:32:07:: pass on a communication
18. carry%2:42:13:: have as an inherent or characteristic feature or have as a consequence
19. carry%2:42:15:: be conveyed over a certain distance
20. carry%2:42:14:: keep up with financial support
21. carry%2:42:12:: have or possess something abstract
22. carry%2:42:08:: be equipped with
23. carry%2:41:02:: win approval or support for
24. carry%2:41:06:: compensate for a weaker partner
25. carry%2:41:12:: take further or advance
26. carry%2:40:10:: have on the surface or on the skin
27. carry%2:40:04:: capture after a fight
28. carry%2:40:13:: transfer (entries) from one account book to another
29. carry%2:38:10:: transfer (a number, cipher, or remainder)
30. carry%2:38:07:: pursue a line of scent or be a bearer
31. carry%2:36:08:: bear (a crop)
32. carry%2:35:12:: propel or give impetus to
33. carry%2:34:00:: drink alcohol without showing ill effects
34. carry%2:34:01:: be able to feed
35. carry%2:33:04:: have a certain range
36. carry%2:33:03:: cover a certain distance or advance beyond
37. carry%2:33:02:: secure the passage or adoption
38. carry%2:33:12:: be successful in
39. carry%2:32:00:: sing or play against other voices or parts
40. carry%2:29:00:: be pregnant with

Sense 21 is "carry%2:42:12::" which means "have or possess something abstract". I'm confident this is the best match for "carried a damaged gene" as it treats the gene as an abstract piece of information that the person possesses.

Let me quickly re-evaluate Sense 3: "transmit or serve as the medium for transmission". If the context implies he's a carrier, maybe it fits? "Mr. Quinlan... knew he carried a damaged gene". The sentence immediately preceding it talks about "cancer-susceptible individuals", meaning they carry the gene and can pass it to their children. Does "carry" here mean "serve as the medium for transmission"? While he is a medium for transmission, the primary meaning of "carry a gene" in common parlance is simply to have it. Like carrying a secret.
Also, consider Sense 18: "have as an inherent or characteristic feature". Does a person have a gene as an inherent or characteristic feature? Yes, genes are inherent features. But a *damaged* gene is an anomaly, not a feature. And the examples for Sense 18 are "This new washer carries a two year guarantee; The loan carries a high interest rate", which are abstract attributes of objects. Sense 21 "I carry her image in my mind's eye; I will carry the secret to my grave" applies to a person carrying something abstract.
Therefore, Sense 21 is the best choice.

Wait, let me check if "carry a gene" could be Sense 40: "be pregnant with". No, he is a man.
Could it be Sense 26: "have on the surface or on the skin"? No, genes are internal.
Could it be Sense 7: "contain or hold; have within"? This is for physical containers (jar, canteen). The body is a container, but genes are not just physically held like water in a canteen; they are informational.
Therefore, Sense 21 is the best choice.

Let's do a final check of the sense index.
21. sense_key=carry%2:42:12:: | definition=have or possess something abstract | examples=I carry her image in my mind's eye; I will carry the secret to my grave
The index is 21.
</context>
<json>
{"sense_index": 21}
</json>


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a <t>damaged</t> gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "damaged" in the context: "Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old".

The context is about a gene being damaged (defective, impaired, not functioning properly). This refers to the gene being harmed or spoiled/injured, leading to cancer.

Sense 1: harmed or injured or spoiled. Examples: damaged goods, damaged buildings.
Sense 2: being unjustly brought into disrepute. Synonyms: discredited. Examples: a discredited politician; her damaged reputation.

Clearly, the context is about a gene that is physically harmed/injured/defective, not about reputation. So sense 1 is the best match.