[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flip
Target surface form: flipped
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, <t>flipped</t> a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flip%2:38:00:: | definition=lightly throw to see which side comes up | synonyms=toss | examples=I don't know what to do--I may as well flip a coin!
2. sense_key=flip%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation | synonyms=throw, switch | examples=switch on the light; throw the lever
3. sense_key=flip%2:39:10:: | definition=look through a book or other written material | synonyms=flick, thumb, riffle, leaf, riff | examples=He thumbed through the report; She leafed through the volume
4. sense_key=flip%2:38:02:: | definition=toss with a sharp movement so as to cause to turn over in the air | synonyms=twitch
5. sense_key=flip%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move with a flick | synonyms=flick | examples=he flicked his Bic
6. sense_key=flip%2:35:00:: | definition=throw or toss with a light motion | synonyms=toss, sky, pitch | examples=flip me the beachball; toss me newspaper
7. sense_key=flip%2:35:05:: | definition=move with a flick or light motion
8. sense_key=flip%2:35:03:: | definition=turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse | synonyms=flip over, turn over | examples=flip over the pork chop; turn over the pancakes
9. sense_key=flip%2:31:00:: | definition=react in an excited, delighted, or surprised way | synonyms=flip out | examples=he flipped when he heard that he was accepted into Princeton University
10. sense_key=flip%2:30:13:: | definition=go mad, go crazy | synonyms=flip out | examples=He flipped when he heard that he was being laid off
11. sense_key=flip%2:30:00:: | definition=reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action) | synonyms=interchange, tack, switch, alternate, flip-flop

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
Looking at the context: "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy" — here "flipped" means causing the cell to switch into a different state (malignancy), similar to switching something on or engaging it.

Sense 2 ("cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation," synonyms: throw, switch, example: "switch on the light") best captures this figurative use of causing a cell to transition into an activated malignant state.

{"sense_index": 2}

reasoning_content:
The target word is "flipped" in the context: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."

Here, "flipped" means to cause a change in state, specifically turning a colon cell into a malignant state. It's about causing a transition or reversal of state.

Looking at the senses:
- Sense 11: "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)" with synonyms like "switch, flip-flop" - This could fit as the cell is being "switched" into malignancy.
- Sense 2: "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation" with synonyms "throw, switch" - This is about switching something on, which could metaphorically fit "switching on" malignancy.
- Sense 8: "turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse" - This is about physically flipping something over.

The context is about a gene that, if damaged, causes a colon cell to become malignant. This is a figurative use meaning "to switch" or "to cause to change to" a different state.

Sense 11 "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)" with synonyms including "switch" seems to fit best - the cell is being "flipped" (switched/reversed) into a different state (malignancy).

Sense 2 "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation" with synonyms "throw, switch" and example "switch on the light" - this is more about activating something, which could also fit (activating malignancy).

Between sense 2 and sense 11:
- Sense 11 is about reversing direction/attitude/course of action - the cell changes from benign to malignant, which is a reversal of course.
- Sense 2 is about causing to be engaged or set in operation - turning on malignancy.

The phrase "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy" suggests a transformation or change of state, which aligns more with sense 11 (reverse a course of action) or sense 2 (switch on/engage).

I think sense 2 fits well because "flipped into" suggests switching/turning on a state, similar to "switch on the light" - the gene damage switches the cell into malignancy. The synonyms "throw, switch" and the example "switch on the light" match the idea of causing something to be engaged/activated.

Actually, let me reconsider. Sense 11 says "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)" with synonyms "interchange, tack, switch, alternate, flip-flop." The idea of flipping a cell into malignancy is about changing its state/course, which could be seen as reversing its course of action (from normal to malignant).

But "flipped into" suggests causing to enter a state, which is more like sense 2 (cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation).

I'll go with sense 2, as "flipped into full-blown malignancy" is closest to "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation" - the gene damage causes the malignancy to be engaged/activated.

Wait, let me reconsider again. "Flip" here means to cause something to change state - from benign to malignant. This is a reversal/transformation.

Sense 11: "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)" - synonyms include "switch" - this captures the idea of switching/changing the cell's state.

Sense 2: "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation" - this is more about turning something on, like a switch.

The phrase "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy" is about changing/transforming the cell, which is a reversal of its normal state. Sense 11 seems more appropriate.

Actually, I think I'm overcomplicating this. "Flipped into" means "caused to become" or "switched into" a state.

Sense 2 with synonyms "throw, switch" and example "switch on the light; throw the lever" is about activating/engaging something.
Sense 11 with synonyms "interchange, tack, switch, alternate, flip-flop" is about reversing direction/attitude/course.

"Flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy" - this is about causing the cell to become malignant, i.e., switching it to a malignant state. This is closer to sense 2 (cause to go on or to be engaged) or sense 11 (reverse a course of action).

I think sense 2 is the best fit because:
1. "Flipped into" = caused to enter/be engaged in a state
2. Synonyms include "switch"
3. Example "switch on the light" parallels "switch on malignancy"

But sense 11 could also work because:
1. "Flipped" = changed/reversed the cell's state
2. Synonyms include "switch"

Hmm, let me think about this more carefully. The key phrase is "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."

"Flip" here is being used figuratively to mean "cause to change to" or "switch into" a different state.

Sense 2: "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation" - This is about turning something on or activating it. "Flipped into malignancy" could mean "caused malignancy to be engaged/activated."

Sense 11: "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)" - This is about reversing/changing direction. "Flipped into malignancy" could mean "reversed the cell's course toward malignancy."

I think sense 2 is the better fit because "flipped into" specifically suggests causing something to enter a state (like switching on), rather than just reversing direction.

Final answer: Sense 2


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: colon
Target surface form: colon
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a <t>colon</t> cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=colon%1:08:00:: | definition=the part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum; it extracts moisture from food residues before they are excreted
2. sense_key=colon%1:23:01:: | definition=the basic unit of money in El Salvador; equal to 100 centavos | synonyms=El Salvadoran colon
3. sense_key=colon%1:23:00:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Costa Rica; equal to 100 centimos | synonyms=Costa Rican colon
4. sense_key=colon%1:15:00:: | definition=a port city at the Caribbean entrance to the Panama Canal | synonyms=Aspinwall
5. sense_key=colon%1:10:00:: | definition=a punctuation mark (:) used after a word introducing a series or an example or an explanation (or after the salutation of a business letter)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "colon" in the context of "colon cell" and "colon cancer." This clearly refers to the anatomical structure, the part of the large intestine.

Sense 1: the part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum; it extracts moisture from food residues before they are excreted

This is the correct sense.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon <t>cell</t> into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses molecular biology, genes, colon cancer, and tumors. The word "cell" refers to a biological cell, specifically a colon cell that could become malignant.

Sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals"

This is the correct sense.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: full-blown
Target surface form: full-blown
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into <t>full-blown</t> malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=full-blown%5:00:00:mature:01 | definition=fully ripe; at the height of bloom | synonyms=matured | examples=a full-blown rose
2. sense_key=full-blown%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=having or displaying all the characteristics necessary for completeness | examples=a full-blown financial crisis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "full-blown" in the context: "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."

Let's analyze the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=full-blown%5:00:00:mature:01 | definition=fully ripe; at the height of bloom | synonyms=matured | examples=a full-blown rose
2. sense_key=full-blown%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=having or displaying all the characteristics necessary for completeness | examples=a full-blown financial crisis

"full-blown malignancy" means malignancy that has fully developed, displaying all the characteristics of being malignant. It's not about being ripe or a flower blooming.
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
The response should be {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: malignancy
Target surface form: malignancy
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown <t>malignancy</t>. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=malignancy%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death | synonyms=malignance
2. sense_key=malignancy%1:07:00:: | definition=quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will | synonyms=malignity, malignance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses genes, colon cancer, tumors, and a colon cell flipping into "full-blown malignancy". This is clearly a medical context referring to a malignant state of cancer. Sense 1 is the medical definition.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For <t>months</t> the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "months" in the context: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17..."

Here, "months" refers to a duration of time, approximately 30 days each, rather than specific calendar divisions (like January, February, etc.).

Sense 1: "one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year" - This refers to specific named months (January, February, etc.)
Sense 2: "a time unit of approximately 30 days" - This refers to a duration or time unit.

In the context "For months," it's describing a duration of time - they spent multiple months (as a time unit) doing this work. It's not referring to specific calendar months (like "for January and February").

So sense 2 is the better fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: using
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, <t>using</t> gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "using" in the context: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17..."

Here, "using gene probes" means employing gene probes as a tool for their research. They are putting gene probes into service to achieve their goal of finding genetic material.

Sense 1: "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose" with synonyms utilize, utilise, apply, employ. Examples: "use your head!", "we only use Spanish at home".

This fits perfectly. They are employing/utilizing gene probes for the purpose of their research.

Sense 2 is about consuming regularly/habitually (like drugs).
Sense 3 is about using up/consuming fully.
Sense 4 is about seeking an end by using to one's advantage (exploiting connections).
Sense 5 is about availing oneself to / practicing a principle or religion.
Sense 6 is about "used to" in the past tense.

The best sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: down
Target surface form: down
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled <t>down</t> the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=down%4:02:00:: | definition=spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position | synonyms=downwards, downward, downwardly | examples=don't fall down; rode the lift up and skied down
2. sense_key=down%4:02:02:: | definition=away from a more central or a more northerly place | examples=was sent down to work at the regional office; worked down on the farm
3. sense_key=down%4:02:03:: | definition=paid in cash at time of purchase | examples=put ten dollars down on the necklace
4. sense_key=down%4:02:06:: | definition=from an earlier time | examples=the story was passed down from father to son
5. sense_key=down%4:02:05:: | definition=to a lower intensity | examples=he slowly phased down the light until the stage was completely black
6. sense_key=down%4:02:04:: | definition=in an inactive or inoperative state | examples=the factory went down during the strike; the computer went down again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context describes researchers "crawled down the length of chromosome 17." This is a spatial movement from one part of the chromosome to another. The sense "spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position" (sense 1) fits this spatial movement along the chromosome.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: length
Target surface form: length
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the <t>length</t> of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=length%1:07:00:: | definition=the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place | examples=the length of the table was 5 feet
2. sense_key=length%1:07:01:: | definition=continuance in time | synonyms=duration | examples=the ceremony was of short duration; he complained about the length of time required
3. sense_key=length%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of being the extent of something from beginning to end | examples=the editor limited the length of my article to 500 words
4. sense_key=length%1:07:03:: | definition=size of the gap between two places | synonyms=distance | examples=the distance from New York to Chicago; he determined the length of the shortest line segment joining the two points
5. sense_key=length%1:06:00:: | definition=a section of something that is long and narrow | examples=a length of timber; a length of tubing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "length" in the context: "experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17".
The context describes researchers crawling down the linear extent of a chromosome.
Let's evaluate the senses:
1. length%1:07:00:: "the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place" - This fits crawling down a chromosome, which is a linear structure fixed in place.
2. length%1:07:01:: "continuance in time" - Not applicable.
3. length%1:07:02:: "the property of being the extent of something from beginning to end" - Could fit, but more about writing/speech.
4. length%1:07:03:: "size of the gap between two places" - Not a gap.
5. length%1:06:00:: "a section of something that is long and narrow" - "the length of chromosome 17" refers to the whole extent, not a section.

"crawled down the length of chromosome 17" means moving along its linear extent from one end to the other.
Sense 1 definition: "the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place". This perfectly matches "length of chromosome 17".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: look_for
Target surface form: looking for
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, <t>looking for</t> the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=look_for%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=search, seek | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. sense_key=look_for%2:37:00:: | definition=be excited or anxious about | synonyms=anticipate, look to

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context describes researchers "looking for" a specific piece of genetic material (a gene) on chromosome 17. They are physically searching/experimentally crawling down the chromosome to locate the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in tumor cells.

This is clearly sense 1: "try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of" with synonyms "search, seek." The researchers are actively trying to locate/discover a gene.

Sense 2 ("be excited or anxious about") does not fit the context at all.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest <t>common</t> bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about researchers looking for "the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

The key phrase is "smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells". This means they are looking for a bit of genetic material that is *shared* or *common to* all tumor cells. It is present in all tumor cells, participated in by all tumor cells.

Let's evaluate the senses:
Sense 1: public (community as a whole) - No, it's not about public good.
Sense 2: ordinary, average (common man) - No, not about ordinary.
Sense 3: common to or shared by two or more parties; mutual (a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor) - Yes, the genetic material is shared by all the tumor cells.
Sense 4: commonly encountered (usual) - Maybe "smallest commonly encountered bit", but the phrasing "lost in all tumor cells" points to "common to all tumor cells".
Sense 5: everyday language - No.
Sense 6: great masses of people - No.
Sense 7: low quality - No.
Sense 8: unrefined - No.
Sense 9: standard - No.

Wait, the phrase "common to all" uses the "shared by" meaning.
"looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."
Let's look at Sense 3: "common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor".
In biology, "a common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells" means "a bit of genetic material shared by all tumor cells". Therefore, it is "common to" all tumor cells.
Sense 3 fits perfectly.

Let's double check if there's any other sense.
Sense 3 (common%5:00:00:shared:00) is exactly "common to or shared by two or more parties".
The text says "lost in all tumor cells", meaning the bit is common *to all* tumor cells.

So the sense index is 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bit
Target surface form: bit
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common <t>bit</t> of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bit%1:23:01:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=spot | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
2. sense_key=bit%1:17:00:: | definition=a small fragment of something broken off from the whole | synonyms=chip, flake, fleck, scrap | examples=a bit of rock caught him in the eye
3. sense_key=bit%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinitely short time | synonyms=moment, mo, minute, second | examples=wait just a moment; in a mo
4. sense_key=bit%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance of some kind | synonyms=piece | examples=it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck
5. sense_key=bit%1:06:01:: | definition=piece of metal held in horse's mouth by reins and used to control the horse while riding | examples=the horse was not accustomed to a bit
6. sense_key=bit%1:23:00:: | definition=a unit of measurement of information (from binary + digit); the amount of information in a system having two equiprobable states | examples=there are 8 bits in a byte
7. sense_key=bit%1:13:00:: | definition=a small amount of solid food; a mouthful | synonyms=morsel, bite | examples=all they had left was a bit of bread
8. sense_key=bit%1:10:01:: | definition=a small fragment | synonyms=snatch | examples=overheard snatches of their conversation
9. sense_key=bit%1:10:00:: | definition=a short theatrical performance that is part of a longer program | synonyms=act, routine, number, turn | examples=he did his act three times every evening; she had a catchy little routine
10. sense_key=bit%1:06:02:: | definition=the part of a key that enters a lock and lifts the tumblers
11. sense_key=bit%1:06:00:: | definition=the cutting part of a drill; usually pointed and threaded and is replaceable in a brace or bitstock or drill press | examples=he looked around for the right size bit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "bit" in the context: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

Let me analyze the context:
- They are looking for "the smallest common bit of genetic material"
- This refers to a small piece or quantity of something
- "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."

Sense 1: "a small piece or quantity of something" with synonyms like "spot" and examples "a spot of tea; a bit of paper" - This fits well as they're looking for a small piece/quantity of genetic material.

Sense 2: "a small fragment of something broken off from the whole" with synonyms like "chip, flake, fleck, scrap" and example "a bit of rock caught him in the eye" - This is about something broken off from the whole, which could apply since genetic material is lost (broken off) from the chromosome.

The context mentions "genetic material lost in all tumor cells" - so it's about a piece that is lost/broken off. However, the primary meaning here seems to be "a small piece or quantity of something" rather than specifically something "broken off from the whole."

Actually, looking more carefully, the researchers are looking for "the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells." They're searching for a small piece/segment of DNA. The word "bit" here means a small piece or portion.

Sense 1 seems most appropriate: "a small piece or quantity of something." The example "a bit of paper" is similar to "a bit of genetic material" - both refer to a small piece/quantity of something.

Sense 2 is about "a small fragment of something broken off from the whole" - this could also apply since the genetic material is lost from the chromosome, but the emphasis seems more on finding a small piece/region rather than something broken off.

I'll go with Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of <t>genetic</t> material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "genetic" in the phrase "genetic material" in the context of searching for a piece of DNA lost in tumor cells.
Sense 1: familial, hereditary (inheritable). This doesn't fit "genetic material".
Sense 2: of or relating to or produced by or being a gene. Examples: "genic combinations", "genetic code". This fits "genetic material" (DNA, genes).
Sense 3: pertaining to origin. Doesn't fit.
Sense 4: of or relating to the science of genetics. Doesn't fit "genetic material".

The phrase is "genetic material". "Material" here refers to DNA, which is composed of genes. Therefore, sense 2 is the correct sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: material
Target surface form: material
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic <t>material</t> lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=material%1:27:00:: | definition=the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object | synonyms=stuff | examples=coal is a hard black material; wheat is the stuff they use to make bread
2. sense_key=material%1:10:00:: | definition=information (data or ideas or observations) that can be used or reworked into a finished form | examples=the archives provided rich material for a definitive biography
3. sense_key=material%1:06:00:: | definition=artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers | synonyms=fabric, cloth, textile | examples=the fabric in the curtains was light and semitransparent; woven cloth originated in Mesopotamia around 5000 BC
4. sense_key=material%1:06:01:: | definition=things needed for doing or making something | examples=writing materials; useful teaching materials
5. sense_key=material%1:18:00:: | definition=a person judged suitable for admission or employment | examples=he was university material; she was vice-presidential material

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about genetic material, specifically DNA. The sentence says "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."

"Genetic material" refers to DNA, which is a tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object (in this case, cells/genes).

Sense 1: "the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object" - synonyms=stuff - examples=coal is a hard black material; wheat is the stuff they use to make bread. This fits "genetic material" as the physical substance (DNA) that makes up genes.

Sense 2: "information (data or ideas or observations) that can be used or reworked into a finished form" - This could potentially fit if we think of genetic material as information, but the context emphasizes the physical DNA piece that is lost.

Sense 3: fabric/cloth - doesn't fit.

Sense 4: "things needed for doing or making something" - doesn't fit well.

Sense 5: "a person judged suitable for admission or employment" - doesn't fit.

The best fit is Sense 1, as "genetic material" refers to the tangible substance (DNA) that goes into the makeup of a physical object (cells, chromosomes). The context talks about a "piece of DNA" which is physical/tangible.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lose
Target surface form: lost
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material <t>lost</t> in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lose%2:40:02:: | definition=fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense | examples=She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat
2. sense_key=lose%2:33:00:: | definition=fail to win | examples=We lost the battle but we won the war
3. sense_key=lose%2:37:00:: | definition=suffer the loss of a person through death or removal | examples=She lost her husband in the war; The couple that wanted to adopt the child lost her when the biological parents claimed her
4. sense_key=lose%2:35:00:: | definition=place (something) where one cannot find it again | synonyms=misplace, mislay | examples=I misplaced my eyeglasses
5. sense_key=lose%2:40:01:: | definition=miss from one's possessions; lose sight of | examples=I've lost my glasses again!
6. sense_key=lose%2:39:00:: | definition=allow to go out of sight | examples=The detective lost the man he was shadowing after he had to stop at a red light
7. sense_key=lose%2:40:06:: | definition=fail to make money in a business; make a loss or fail to profit | synonyms=turn a loss | examples=I lost thousands of dollars on that bad investment!; The company turned a loss after the first year
8. sense_key=lose%2:40:00:: | definition=fail to get or obtain | examples=I lost the opportunity to spend a year abroad
9. sense_key=lose%2:33:01:: | definition=retreat | synonyms=fall back, drop off, fall behind, recede
10. sense_key=lose%2:39:01:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=miss | examples=I missed that remark; She missed his point
11. sense_key=lose%2:30:03:: | definition=be set at a disadvantage | synonyms=suffer | examples=This author really suffers in translation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "lose", surface form "lost".
Context: "...looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material <t>lost</t> in all tumor cells."
Meaning: genetic material that is no longer present in the tumor cells (because it was deleted/damaged).
Let's look at the senses.
1. fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense (She lost her purse...)
2. fail to win (We lost the battle...)
3. suffer the loss of a person through death or removal
4. place (something) where one cannot find it again
5. miss from one's possessions; lose sight of
6. allow to go out of sight
7. fail to make money in a business
8. fail to get or obtain
9. retreat
10. fail to perceive or to catch
11. be set at a disadvantage

"genetic material lost in all tumor cells" -> The tumor cells ceased to have this genetic material.
Sense 1 says "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense".
This fits perfectly. The cells lost (ceased to have) the genetic material.
Wait, let's look at sense 5: "miss from one's possessions; lose sight of". "I've lost my glasses again!" This is about the owner not having it, but it means misplaced.
Sense 1: "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense" -> "She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat". This implies the object is gone, ceased to be in her possession. The genetic material ceased to be in the cells.

Let's check the options carefully.
"fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense"
This is sense 1.

Is there any other better sense?
Sense 1 matches "cease to have, physically".
Tumor cells lost genetic material -> they ceased to have it.
Therefore, index 1 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor <t>cells</t>. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about biology, specifically colon cancer, genes, chromosomes, and tumor cells. The word "cells" refers to the basic structural and functional unit of organisms, specifically biological cells. This matches sense 2.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: piece
Target surface form: piece
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a <t>piece</t> of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=piece%1:06:00:: | definition=a separate part of a whole | examples=an important piece of the evidence
2. sense_key=piece%1:06:05:: | definition=an item that is an instance of some type | examples=he designed a new piece of equipment; she bought a lovely piece of china
3. sense_key=piece%1:17:00:: | definition=a portion of a natural object | synonyms=part | examples=they analyzed the river into three parts; he needed a piece of granite
4. sense_key=piece%1:10:01:: | definition=a musical work that has been created | synonyms=musical composition, opus, composition, piece of music | examples=the composition is written in four movements
5. sense_key=piece%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance of some kind | synonyms=bit | examples=it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck
6. sense_key=piece%1:10:02:: | definition=an artistic or literary composition | examples=he wrote an interesting piece on Iran; the children acted out a comic piece to amuse the guests
7. sense_key=piece%1:06:03:: | definition=a portable gun | synonyms=firearm, small-arm | examples=he wore his firearm in a shoulder holster
8. sense_key=piece%1:13:00:: | definition=a serving that has been cut from a larger portion | synonyms=slice | examples=a piece of pie; a slice of bread
9. sense_key=piece%1:07:00:: | definition=a distance | examples=it is down the road a piece
10. sense_key=piece%1:06:04:: | definition=a work of art of some artistic value | synonyms=objet d'art, art object | examples=this store sells only objets d'art; it is not known who created this piece
11. sense_key=piece%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of indeterminate length (usually short) marked by some action or condition | synonyms=while, spell, patch | examples=he was here for a little while; I need to rest for a piece
12. sense_key=piece%1:21:00:: | definition=a share of something | synonyms=slice | examples=a slice of the company's revenue
13. sense_key=piece%1:06:02:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=man | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about a "piece of DNA" - genetic material. They are looking for a smallest common bit of genetic material lost in tumor cells. "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."

This is about a portion of a natural object (DNA/genetic material).

Sense 1: "a separate part of a whole" - example "an important piece of the evidence"
Sense 3: "a portion of a natural object" - synonyms "part" - examples "they analyzed the river into three parts; he needed a piece of granite"

DNA is a natural object. A "piece of DNA" refers to a portion of a natural object. Sense 3 seems most appropriate here - "a portion of a natural object." The example "he needed a piece of granite" is analogous - a piece of a natural material.

Sense 5: "an instance of some kind" - synonym "bit" - examples "it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck" - this is more abstract.

Sense 3 fits best: "a portion of a natural object" with DNA being the natural object.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: probably
Target surface form: probably
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would <t>probably</t> constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=probably%4:02:00:: | definition=with considerable certainty; without much doubt | synonyms=likely, in all likelihood, in all probability, belike | examples=He is probably out of the country; in all likelihood we are headed for war
2. sense_key=probably%4:02:01:: | definition=easy to believe on the basis of available evidence | synonyms=credibly, believably, plausibly | examples=he talked plausibly before the committee; he will probably win the election

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "probably" in the sentence: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."

Sense 1: "with considerable certainty; without much doubt" - synonyms: likely, in all likelihood, in all probability, belike - examples: "He is probably out of the country"; "in all likelihood we are headed for war"

Sense 2: "easy to believe on the basis of available evidence" - synonyms: credibly, believably, plausibly - examples: "he talked plausibly before the committee"; "he will probably win the election"

In the context, researchers are looking for a piece of DNA that would "probably constitute a gene." This means they believe with considerable certainty that such a piece of DNA would be a gene. This is about likelihood/certainty, not about plausibility or believability.

Sense 1 fits best here. The researchers are saying that finding the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells would likely/with considerable certainty constitute a gene.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: constitute
Target surface form: constitute
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably <t>constitute</t> a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=constitute%2:42:00:: | definition=form or compose | synonyms=represent, make up, comprise, be | examples=This money is my only income; The stone wall was the backdrop for the performance
2. sense_key=constitute%2:41:00:: | definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, name, nominate | examples=nominate a committee
3. sense_key=constitute%2:42:03:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, make | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
4. sense_key=constitute%2:36:00:: | definition=set up or lay the groundwork for | synonyms=establish, found, plant, institute | examples=establish a new department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "constitute".
Context: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."
Meaning: The piece of DNA would make up, form, or represent a gene.
Candidate senses:
1. constitute%2:42:00:: | form or compose | synonyms=represent, make up, comprise, be | examples=This money is my only income; The stone wall was the backdrop for the performance
2. constitute%2:41:00:: | create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, name, nominate | examples=nominate a committee
3. constitute%2:42:03:: | to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, make | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
4. constitute%2:36:00:: | set up or lay the groundwork for | synonyms=establish, found, plant, institute | examples=establish a new department

"Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."
Sense 1: form or compose. "make up, comprise, be"
Sense 3: to compose or represent. "form, make"
Sense 1 and 3 are very similar. Let's check the synonyms. Sense 1 has "make up, comprise". Sense 3 has "form, make". "constitute a gene" means "make up a gene" or "be a gene". In WordNet 3.0, constitute%2:42:00:: is "form or compose" with examples "This money is my only income", "The stone wall constituted the backdrop". "constitute" can mean "be". "Such a piece of DNA would probably be a gene". This aligns perfectly with Sense 1 ("This money is my only income"). Sense 3 is "to compose or represent" with examples "This wall forms the background..." "The branches made a roof" - usually meaning the pieces make the whole, or constitutes something physical.
Let's check WordNet hypernym/hyponym relations.
constitute%2:42:00:: is "be entirely or wholly part of" or "be" - "This money is my only income".
constitute%2:42:03:: is "to compose or represent" - "form, make" - "This wall forms the background of the stage setting" - usually the whole constitutes the part?
Wait. "The stone wall was the backdrop" - whole is backdrop? No, stone wall is the backdrop. "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene." - the piece of DNA is the gene. This matches sense 1 (This money is my only income).

Let's double check.
Sense 1: constitute%2:42:00:: | form or compose | synonyms=represent, make up, comprise, be
Sense 3: constitute%2:42:03:: | to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, make

If a piece of DNA constitutes a gene, it makes up a gene, or it is a gene. "make up" fits perfectly here. Sense 1 has "make up" as a synonym. Sense 3 is "form, make".
Actually, "constitute" in "This money is my only income" means "to be". In "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene" it means "to make up" or "to be". "make up" is Sense 1. Therefore, Sense 1 is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they <t>found</t> it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context describes researchers searching for a specific piece of DNA (a gene) on chromosome 17 for months, and when they "found" it, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious. This is about locating something after a deliberate search, specifically finding the location of something that was being searched for.

Let me look at the senses:

1. come upon, as if by accident - doesn't fit, this was deliberate
2. discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of - this is about detecting something
3. come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost - this fits the idea of searching for something
4. establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study - this could fit as they did experiments
8. make a discovery, make a new finding - this is about discovering something new

The context says they were "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells" and "When they found it last winter" - they were searching for something specific and located it. This is sense 3: "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost."

Actually, let me reconsider. The genetic material was "lost in all tumor cells" - they were looking for what was lost. When they found "it" - they found the piece of DNA that was lost. This aligns well with sense 3: "find the location of something that was missed or lost."

But wait - were they finding the location of something that was "missed or lost"? The genetic material was lost in tumor cells, and they were trying to identify what that lost material was. They found the piece of DNA (the gene) that was being lost. So they found its location on the chromosome.

Actually, let me reconsider sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - this also fits because they did experiments and investigation over months.

And sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" - they discovered a new gene.

Let me think more carefully. The sentence is "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over." The "it" refers to "the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells" which "would probably constitute a gene." They were searching for months and found it. This is about coming upon something after searching - sense 3 seems to fit well with "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost."

The genetic material was literally "lost" in tumor cells, and they were trying to find what/where it was. So sense 3 fits well - they found the location of something that was lost.

But sense 4 could also work - they established the location after investigation/experiment.

Let me look at examples:
- Sense 3: "Did you find your glasses?" - finding something lost
- Sense 4: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" - finding something after scientific investigation

The context is very similar to sense 4's example about the physicist finding the elusive particle. The researchers were doing scientific investigation to find a gene.

But the sense 3 definition specifically mentions "find the location of something that was missed or lost" and the context mentions they were looking for "the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells" - the material was literally "lost."

Hmm, but the "lost" in sense 3 refers to something that was lost and needs to be found - like lost glasses. The genetic material being "lost" in tumor cells is a different sense of "lost" - it's about deletion/absence, not misplacement.

The example in sense 4 - "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" - is very similar to the scientific context here. The researchers were doing experiments over months to locate a gene, which is very much like a scientific investigation/establishment.

Actually, let me reconsider sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" with examples "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle." This is about scientific discovery. But the context is more about locating something after a search rather than making a novel discovery.

Let me also consider sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" with example "We found traces of lead in the paint." This could fit too - they determined the existence/presence of the genetic material.

I think the best fit is sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study." The researchers conducted experiments over months and established/located the gene. The example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" is very close to this context.

But sense 3 is also strong because they were searching and found the location of something.

Let me look at the distinction between 3 and 4:
- Sense 3: "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" - emphasizes the search aspect and finding something lost
- Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - emphasizes the scientific/analytical aspect

The context emphasizes both the search ("For months the Johns Hopkins researchers... crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for...") and the experimental nature ("using gene probes, experimentally crawled down").

I think sense 4 is the best fit because:
1. The context is clearly scientific/experimental
2. The example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" is almost exactly parallel
3. They "established" the location after investigation and experiment

Actually, wait. Let me re-read sense 3: "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost." The key elements are: (a) after searching, (b) find the location. The "missed or lost" part is what they're looking for. In this case, the genetic material was literally "lost in all tumor cells" - they were finding what was lost. And they were searching ("For months... looking for...").

But the example for sense 3 is "Did you find your glasses?" which is about finding something personally lost. The context here is more scientific.

I'm going to go with sense 4 because the scientific investigation/experiment context is very strong, and the example about the physicist finding an elusive particle is nearly identical to this scenario of researchers finding a gene.

Actually, let me reconsider one more time. Sense 3 says "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost." The word "regain" is a synonym, which suggests getting back something you had. This is about personal recovery of lost items.

Sense 4 says "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study." The synonyms include "determine, find out, ascertain." This is about scientific/analytical establishment.

The context is clearly about scientific research - "Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells." When they found it, it was after months of experimental investigation. This matches sense 4 perfectly.

I'll go with sense 4.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: last
Target surface form: last
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it <t>last</t> winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "last" in the context: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."

Here, "last winter" means the winter immediately past (the most recent winter that has already occurred).

Sense 1: "immediately past" with examples "last Thursday; the last chapter we read" - This fits "last winter" meaning the immediately preceding winter.

Sense 2: "coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining" - This is more about something being final or remaining.

"Last winter" refers to the most recent past winter, which is the "immediately past" sense. Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dubious
Target surface form: dubious
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was <t>dubious</t> that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02 | definition=fraught with uncertainty or doubt | synonyms=doubtful | examples=they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted
2. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00 | definition=open to doubt or suspicion; ; ; ; - Karen Horney | synonyms=doubtful, dubitable, in question | examples=the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed
3. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00 | definition=not convinced | examples=they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "dubious" in the context: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

Let me analyze the senses:
1. "fraught with uncertainty or doubt" - This refers to a situation being uncertain.
2. "open to doubt or suspicion" - This refers to something/someone being questionable.
3. "not convinced" - This refers to a person not being convinced.

In the context, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. This means he was not convinced that the search was over. The sentence also says "His doubts stemmed from..." which indicates he had personal doubts about whether the search was truly over.

Sense 3 seems most appropriate: "not convinced" - Dr. Vogelstein was not convinced that the search was over. The example "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious" fits well with this usage - a person remaining unconvinced.

The structure "dubious that [proposition]" also aligns with sense 3, where the person is not convinced of the proposition.

Sense 1 could also work: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt" - "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over" could mean he was uncertain. But the example sentences for sense 1 are about situations being doubtful ("they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted"), whereas here it's clearly about a person's mental state of not being convinced.

Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: search
Target surface form: search
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the <t>search</t> was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=search%1:04:00:: | definition=the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone | synonyms=hunt, hunting
2. sense_key=search%1:04:02:: | definition=an investigation seeking answers | examples=a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing; the outcome justified the search
3. sense_key=search%1:22:00:: | definition=an operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property | synonyms=lookup | examples=they wrote a program to do a table lookup
4. sense_key=search%1:09:00:: | definition=the examination of alternative hypotheses | examples=his search for a move that would avoid checkmate was unsuccessful
5. sense_key=search%1:04:01:: | definition=boarding and inspecting a ship on the high seas | examples=right of search

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "search" in the context: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."

The context describes a scientific investigation where researchers were looking for a gene. They were experimentally crawling down the length of chromosome 17, looking for genetic material.

Let me evaluate the candidate senses:

1. search%1:04:00:: - "the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone" (synonyms: hunt, hunting)
2. search%1:04:02:: - "an investigation seeking answers" (examples: "a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing"; "the outcome justified the search")
3. search%1:22:00:: - "an operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property" (synonyms: lookup; example: "they wrote a program to do a table lookup")
4. sense_key=search%1:09:00:: - "the examination of alternative hypotheses" (examples: "his search for a move that would avoid checkmate was unsuccessful")
5. sense_key=search%1:04:01:: - "boarding and inspecting a ship on the high seas" (examples: right of search)

Sense 5 is clearly not relevant (about boarding ships).

Sense 3 is about a computational operation (like a database lookup), not quite fitting.

Sense 4 is about examining alternative hypotheses, like in chess. Not quite fitting.

Sense 1 is "the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone" with synonyms "hunt, hunting."

Sense 2 is "an investigation seeking answers" with examples "a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing"; "the outcome justified the search."

The context describes a scientific research investigation where they were looking for a gene. This is an investigation seeking answers. The example "the outcome justified the search" fits well with "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over" - they found something but he was doubtful the investigation was complete.

Sense 2 seems to be the best fit. The researchers were conducting an investigation seeking answers (finding the gene responsible for cancer). The examples with "a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing" and "the outcome justified the search" align well with the scientific investigation context.

However, sense 1 ("the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone") with synonyms "hunt, hunting" could also apply. The researchers were hunting for the gene.

Let me think more carefully. The context is about a scientific investigation. "the search was over" implies the investigation/quest to find the gene.

Sense 2 specifically mentions "an investigation seeking answers" which fits the scientific research context better. The example "the outcome justified the search" parallels the structure of "the search was over."

I'll go with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: doubt
Target surface form: doubts
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His <t>doubts</t> stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=doubt%1:09:00:: | definition=the state of being unsure of something | synonyms=uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness
2. sense_key=doubt%1:07:00:: | definition=uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something | synonyms=dubiousness, doubtfulness, question | examples=the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about Dr. Vogelstein having doubts about whether the search was over, stemming from the fact that another researcher had found something similar (p53). His doubts are about the truth/factuality of whether the search was truly over - he was uncertain about the truth of his finding being the end of the search.

Sense 1: "the state of being unsure of something" - general uncertainty
Sense 2: "uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something" - with synonyms like "question"

His doubts stemmed from a specific fact - he was unsure about the truth of whether the search was really over. This is about the factuality/truth of something.

Sense 2 seems better because his doubts were specifically about the truth/factuality of whether the search was over (whether his finding was actually the gene). The context shows he was uncertain about the truth of his conclusion.

Also, the example for sense 2 "the dubiousness of his claim" fits well - Vogelstein was dubious about his own claim that the search was over.

I'll go with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stem
Target surface form: stemmed
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts <t>stemmed</t> from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stem%2:42:00:: | definition=grow out of, have roots in, originate in | examples=The increase in the national debt stems from the last war
2. sense_key=stem%2:42:03:: | definition=cause to point inward | examples=stem your skis
3. sense_key=stem%2:30:00:: | definition=stop the flow of a liquid | synonyms=stanch, staunch, halt | examples=staunch the blood flow; stem the tide
4. sense_key=stem%2:30:01:: | definition=remove the stem from | examples=for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "stemmed" in the context: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier..."
The sentence means his doubts originated from or arose from the fact.
Sense 1 definition: "grow out of, have roots in, originate in" | examples="The increase in the national debt stems from the last war"
This perfectly matches the context "His doubts stemmed from the fact..."