[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: number
Target surface form: number
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing <t>number</t> of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=number%1:07:00:: | definition=the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals | synonyms=figure | examples=he had a number of chores to do; the number of parameters is small
2. sense_key=number%1:23:00:: | definition=a concept of quantity involving zero and units | examples=every number has a unique position in the sequence
3. sense_key=number%1:10:04:: | definition=a short theatrical performance that is part of a longer program | synonyms=act, routine, turn, bit | examples=he did his act three times every evening; she had a catchy little routine
4. sense_key=number%1:10:03:: | definition=the number is used in calling a particular telephone | synonyms=phone number, telephone number | examples=he has an unlisted number
5. sense_key=number%1:10:01:: | definition=a symbol used to represent a number | synonyms=numeral | examples=he learned to write the numerals before he went to school
6. sense_key=number%1:10:00:: | definition=one of a series published periodically | synonyms=issue | examples=she found an old issue of the magazine in her dentist's waiting room
7. sense_key=number%1:14:00:: | definition=a select company of people | examples=I hope to become one of their number before I die
8. sense_key=number%1:10:02:: | definition=a numeral or string of numerals that is used for identification | synonyms=identification number | examples=she refused to give them her Social Security number
9. sense_key=number%1:07:01:: | definition=a clothing measurement | examples=a number 13 shoe
10. sense_key=number%1:10:05:: | definition=the grammatical category for the forms of nouns and pronouns and verbs that are used depending on the number of entities involved (singular or dual or plural) | examples=in English the subject and the verb must agree in number
11. sense_key=number%1:06:00:: | definition=an item of merchandise offered for sale | examples=she preferred the black nylon number; this sweater is an all-wool number

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field."

Here "number" refers to the quantity/count of women. "A growing number of women" means an increasing quantity of women.

Sense 1: "the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals" with examples "he had a number of chores to do; the number of parameters is small". This fits well - "a growing number of women" refers to an indefinite quantity of individuals.

Sense 2: "a concept of quantity involving zero and units" - this is more about the abstract mathematical concept of numbers.

The best fit is sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of <t>women</t> have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "women" in the context: "a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field".
The context refers to women as a group of adult female persons who are entering a field (bellringing).
Sense 1: "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)" - fits perfectly, as they are being contrasted with a "male-dominated field".
Sense 4: "women as a class" - this usually has a more abstract or collective sense (e.g., "it's an insult to American womanhood"). Here, "a growing number of women" refers to individual women, plural, rather than the class of women as a whole.
So Sense 1 is the best choice. Wait, let's look closely at sense 1. "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)". "women" is the plural.
Wait, WordNet usually has "woman%1:18:00::" for the adult female person.
Let's check "women as a class" (Sense 4). Synonyms: womanhood, fair sex. Example: "it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation".
Here "a growing number of women" refers to actual individuals.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense index 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: enter
Target surface form: entered
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have <t>entered</t> the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=enter%2:38:00:: | definition=to come or go into | synonyms=come in, get into, get in, go into, go in, move into | examples=the boat entered an area of shallow marshes
2. sense_key=enter%2:33:00:: | definition=become a participant; be involved in | synonyms=participate | examples=enter a race; enter an agreement
3. sense_key=enter%2:41:06:: | definition=register formally as a participant or member | synonyms=enroll, inscribe, enrol, recruit | examples=The party recruited many new members
4. sense_key=enter%2:42:00:: | definition=be or play a part of or in | synonyms=figure | examples=Elections figure prominently in every government program; How do the elections figure in the current pattern of internal politics?
5. sense_key=enter%2:32:04:: | definition=make a record of; set down in permanent form | synonyms=record, put down
6. sense_key=enter%2:36:00:: | definition=come on stage
7. sense_key=enter%2:41:00:: | definition=take on duties or office | synonyms=accede | examples=accede to the throne
8. sense_key=enter%2:35:03:: | definition=put or introduce into something | synonyms=insert, infix, introduce | examples=insert a picture into the text
9. sense_key=enter%2:30:10:: | definition=set out on (an enterprise or subject of study) | synonyms=embark | examples=she embarked upon a new career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about women who have "entered" the once male-dominated field of bellringing. This means they have become participants in the field/activity.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. enter%2:38:00:: - to come or go into (physical movement)
2. enter%2:33:00:: - become a participant; be involved in (participate) - "enter a race; enter an agreement"
3. enter%2:41:06:: - register formally as a participant or member (enroll, inscribe, enrol, recruit)
4. enter%2:42:00:: - be or play a part of or in (figure)
5. enter%2:32:04:: - make a record of; set down in permanent form
6. enter%2:36:00:: - come on stage
7. enter%2:41:00:: - take on duties or office
8. enter%2:35:03:: - put or introduce into something
9. enter%2:30:10:: - set out on (an enterprise or subject of study)

The women have "entered" the field - this means they have become participants in the activity/field. This aligns with sense 2: "become a participant; be involved in" with the synonym "participate" and examples like "enter a race."

Sense 3 is about formally registering, which doesn't quite fit as it's more about formal enrollment.

Sense 9 is about embarking on a new career or study, which could be related but the synonym "embark" and example "she embarked upon a new career" suggests more of a beginning/starting.

The best fit is sense 2 - "become a participant; be involved in" - as the women have become participants in the bellringing field.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: once
Target surface form: once
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the <t>once</t> male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "once" appears in the context: "a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field"

Here, "once" means "at a previous time" or "formerly" - the field was previously male-dominated, but now women are entering it.

Sense 3: definition=at a previous time, synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst, examples="at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing"

This fits perfectly. "the once male-dominated field" = "the formerly male-dominated field"


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: field
Target surface form: field
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated <t>field</t>; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=field%1:15:00:: | definition=a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed | examples=he planted a field of wheat
2. sense_key=field%1:15:04:: | definition=a region where a battle is being (or has been) fought | synonyms=battlefield, battleground, field of battle, field of honor | examples=they made a tour of Civil War battlefields
3. sense_key=field%1:15:01:: | definition=somewhere (away from a studio or office or library or laboratory) where practical work is done or data is collected | examples=anthropologists do much of their work in the field
4. sense_key=field%1:09:00:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field of study, study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
5. sense_key=field%1:19:00:: | definition=the space around a radiating body within which its electromagnetic oscillations can exert force on another similar body not in contact with it | synonyms=field of force, force field
6. sense_key=field%1:04:00:: | definition=a particular kind of commercial enterprise | synonyms=field of operation, line of business | examples=they are outstanding in their field
7. sense_key=field%1:26:00:: | definition=a particular environment or walk of life | synonyms=sphere, domain, area, orbit, arena | examples=his social sphere is limited; it was a closed area of employment
8. sense_key=field%1:15:02:: | definition=a piece of land prepared for playing a game | synonyms=playing field, athletic field, playing area | examples=the home crowd cheered when Princeton took the field
9. sense_key=field%1:17:00:: | definition=extensive tract of level open land | synonyms=plain, champaign | examples=they emerged from the woods onto a vast open plain; he longed for the fields of his youth
10. sense_key=field%1:14:00:: | definition=(mathematics) a set of elements such that addition and multiplication are commutative and associative and multiplication is distributive over addition and there are two elements 0 and 1 | examples=the set of all rational numbers is a field
11. sense_key=field%1:15:03:: | definition=a region in which active military operations are in progress | synonyms=field of operations, theater, theater of operations, theatre, theatre of operations | examples=the army was in the field awaiting action; he served in the Vietnam theater for three years
12. sense_key=field%1:14:01:: | definition=all of the horses in a particular horse race
13. sense_key=field%1:14:02:: | definition=all the competitors in a particular contest or sporting event
14. sense_key=field%1:15:05:: | definition=a geographic region (land or sea) under which something valuable is found | examples=the diamond fields of South Africa
15. sense_key=field%1:14:03:: | definition=(computer science) a set of one or more adjacent characters comprising a unit of information
16. sense_key=field%1:09:01:: | definition=the area that is visible (as through an optical instrument) | synonyms=field of view
17. sense_key=field%1:06:00:: | definition=a place where planes take off and land | synonyms=airfield, landing field, flying field

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "field" appears in the context: "a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field"

Here, "field" refers to an area of activity, profession, or walk of life - bellringing. Women are entering the profession/activity of bellringing.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

Sense 7: "a particular environment or walk of life" with synonyms like sphere, domain, area, orbit, arena. Examples: "his social sphere is limited; it was a closed area of employment"

Sense 4: "a branch of knowledge" with synonyms like discipline, subject, subject area, field of study, study.

Sense 6: "a particular kind of commercial enterprise" with synonyms like field of operation, line of business. Example: "they are outstanding in their field"

Bellringing is not really a "branch of knowledge" (sense 4), nor is it a "commercial enterprise" (sense 6). It's more of an activity, walk of life, or sphere of activity.

Sense 7 seems like the best fit - "a particular environment or walk of life" with synonyms like sphere, domain, area, orbit, arena. The example "it was a closed area of employment" also fits well with "once male-dominated field."

So the answer is sense 7.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: third
Target surface form: third
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a <t>third</t> of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=third%1:23:00:: | definition=one of three equal parts of a divisible whole | synonyms=one-third, tierce | examples=it contains approximately a third of the minimum daily requirement
2. sense_key=third%1:04:00:: | definition=the fielding position of the player on a baseball team who is stationed near the third of the bases in the infield (counting counterclockwise from home plate) | synonyms=third base | examples=he is playing third
3. sense_key=third%1:24:00:: | definition=following the second position in an ordering or series | examples=a distant third; he answered the first question willingly, the second reluctantly, and the third with resentment
4. sense_key=third%1:10:00:: | definition=the musical interval between one note and another three notes away from it | examples=a simple harmony written in major thirds
5. sense_key=third%1:06:00:: | definition=the third from the lowest forward ratio gear in the gear box of a motor vehicle | synonyms=third gear | examples=you shouldn't try to start in third gear
6. sense_key=third%1:06:01:: | definition=the base that must be touched third by a base runner in baseball | synonyms=third base | examples=he was cut down on a close play at third

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "more than a third of the ringers today are women."

Here, "third" refers to a fraction — one of three equal parts of a divisible whole. The context is about the proportion of women among ringers.

Sense 1: "one of three equal parts of a divisible whole" — this fits perfectly. "more than a third of the ringers" means more than 1/3 of the ringers.

Sense 3 is about position in a series, which doesn't fit here.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the <t>ringers</t> today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about bellringers in England, trained bellringers, ringing bells in parishes and churches, attracting and training ringers, women entering the field. This clearly matches sense 1: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: today
Target surface form: today
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers <t>today</t> are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=today%1:28:00:: | definition=the present time or age | examples=the world of today; today we have computers
2. sense_key=today%1:28:01:: | definition=the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow) | examples=Today is beautiful; did you see today's newspaper?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "today" in the context: "more than a third of the ringers today are women."

Sense 1: the present time or age - examples: "the world of today", "today we have computers"
Sense 2: the day that includes the present moment - examples: "Today is beautiful", "did you see today's newspaper?"

In this context, "the ringers today" refers to ringers in the present time/age, not specifically on this particular calendar day. The passage discusses trends over years (bellringers in England, changing demographics, women entering the field). "Today" here means "nowadays" or "in the present era," not "on this specific date."

So the best sense is Sense 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are <t>women</t>. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "women" in the context of bellringers. The sentence says "a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women."

This refers to adult female persons as opposed to men.

Sense 1: an adult female person (as opposed to a man) - this fits perfectly as it's referring to women as individuals who are bellringers.
Sense 4: women as a class - this could also fit since it says "women" collectively, but the context is about individual women who have entered the field.

Let me think more carefully. The sentence "more than a third of the ringers today are women" refers to individual adult female persons. Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: accept
Target surface form: accepted
Context:
One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not <t>accepted</t> everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=accept%2:31:00:: | definition=consider or hold as true | examples=I cannot accept the dogma of this church; accept an argument
2. sense_key=accept%2:40:00:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=take, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
3. sense_key=accept%2:32:00:: | definition=give an affirmative reply to; respond favorably to | synonyms=consent, go for | examples=I cannot accept your invitation; I go for this resolution
4. sense_key=accept%2:31:01:: | definition=react favorably to; consider right and proper | examples=People did not accept atonal music at that time; We accept the idea of universal health care
5. sense_key=accept%2:40:03:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=admit, take, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
6. sense_key=accept%2:40:01:: | definition=take on as one's own the expenses or debts of another person | synonyms=bear, take over, assume | examples=I'll accept the charges; She agreed to bear the responsibility
7. sense_key=accept%2:31:03:: | definition=tolerate or accommodate oneself to | synonyms=live with, swallow | examples=I shall have to accept these unpleasant working conditions; I swallowed the insult
8. sense_key=accept%2:42:00:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=take | examples=This surface will not take the dye
9. sense_key=accept%2:40:07:: | definition=receive (a report) officially, as from a committee
10. sense_key=accept%2:40:12:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=take | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
11. sense_key=accept%2:31:08:: | definition=be sexually responsive to, used of a female domesticated mammal | examples=The cow accepted the bull

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about women not being "accepted" everywhere in the bell-ringing community. The Ancient Society of College Youths remains male-only. This is about being admitted into a group or community.

Sense 5: "admit into a group or community" with synonyms admit, take, take on, and examples "accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member" fits best.

Women are not accepted (admitted into the group/community of bell ringers) everywhere.

provider: Wafer


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: however
Target surface form: however
Context:
One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, <t>however</t>. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=however%4:02:00:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=nevertheless, withal, still, yet, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed
2. sense_key=however%4:02:04:: | definition=by contrast; on the other hand | examples=the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours
3. sense_key=however%4:02:02:: | definition=to whatever degree or extent | examples=The results, however general, are important; they have begun, however reluctantly, to acknowledge the legitimacy of some of the opposition's concerns
4. sense_key=however%4:02:01:: | definition=in whatever way or manner | examples=Victory, however it was brought about, was sweet; however he did it, it was very clever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
Looking at the context, the paragraph presents a positive development (women entering bell-ringing) and then introduces a contrasting, qualifying statement: "They are not accepted everywhere, however." This "however" signals a contrast between the progress described and the limitation that follows, similar to "the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours."

{"sense_index": 2}

reasoning_content:
The target word is "however" in the context: "They are not accepted everywhere, however."

Let me analyze the context:
- The paragraph discusses how women have entered the bell-ringing field.
- "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women."
- "They are not accepted everywhere, however."
- "The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only..."

So the sentence is saying: Women have entered the field (positive), BUT they are not accepted everywhere (contrasting/negative point).

This is a contrastive use - "however" is being used to introduce a contrast or qualification to the positive statement that preceded it.

Sense 1: "despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)" - This is the "nevertheless" sense, used after a concession. Example: "although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it"

Sense 2: "by contrast; on the other hand" - Example: "the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours"

The context here is: there's a positive development (women entering the field), and then a contrasting statement (but they're not accepted everywhere). This seems like a contrast/qualification.

Sense 1 (nevertheless/despite anything to the contrary) is used when there's a concession and you're saying "despite that, X is still true."

Sense 2 (by contrast; on the other hand) is used when presenting a contrasting point.

In this context: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered... They are not accepted everywhere, however."

The "however" here is introducing a contrast to the positive development. It's like saying "on the other hand" or "but." This seems more like sense 2 (by contrast; on the other hand).

Wait, let me reconsider. Sense 1 says "despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)." The examples show: "although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it" - here the concession is "I'm afraid" and despite that, I'd like to try.

In our context: "women have entered the field" (positive) → "They are not accepted everywhere, however" - this is a contrast, not a "despite" situation. It's not saying "despite women entering the field, they are still not accepted" in a concessive way. Rather, it's saying "women have entered the field, but/however, they are not accepted everywhere" - presenting a contrasting fact.

Actually, I think I need to think more carefully.

Sense 1 (nevertheless): Used when you concede something but then assert something that might seem to contradict it. "It was raining. Nevertheless, we went out." The structure is: Fact A (that might suggest B won't happen) → nevertheless → B happens anyway.

Sense 2 (by contrast/on the other hand): Used to present a contrasting point. "The first part was easy; the second, however, took hours."

In our context: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field" → positive statement about women's progress. Then: "They are not accepted everywhere, however." → This is a contrasting/qualifying point that shows the progress isn't complete.

This feels like sense 2 (by contrast; on the other hand) because it's presenting a contrasting fact rather than saying "despite X, Y is still true."

But actually, I can see how it could be sense 1 too. "Despite the progress (concession), they are not accepted everywhere (the contrary point)." Hmm, but the structure doesn't quite match. In sense 1, "however" comes after a concession and introduces the main point that holds despite the concession.

Let me re-read the context flow:
- "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women." - This is a positive development.
- "They are not accepted everywhere, however." - This qualifies/contrasts with the positive development.

I think this is sense 2 (by contrast; on the other hand). The "however" is introducing a contrasting point to the positive statement. It's similar to "The first part was easy; the second, however, took hours" - one positive, one negative, presented in contrast.

Actually, let me reconsider once more. The word "however" here is at the end of the sentence, set off by commas. "They are not accepted everywhere, however." This is a very common construction where "however" means "nevertheless" or "but" - introducing a qualification or contrast.

Looking at the examples more carefully:
- Sense 1: "although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it" - concession + despite
- Sense 2: "the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours" - contrast

Our context: "women have entered the field [positive]; they are not accepted everywhere, however [contrast/qualification]."

This matches sense 2 better. The structure is: Statement A → contrasting Statement B with "however."

But wait, I should also consider that sense 1's "despite anything to the contrary" could apply. The positive development (women entering) is one thing, and despite this, they're not accepted everywhere. But I think the key difference is:
- Sense 1: "despite [obstacle/concession], [main point holds]"
- Sense 2: "[Point A]; however, [contrasting Point B]"

In our case, it's more like sense 2 because we have two contrasting points being presented, not a concession + main point.

Actually, I'm now leaning back toward sense 1. Let me think again.

The paragraph structure:
1. Women have entered the field (concession/positive development)
2. They are not accepted everywhere, however (the main point, which holds despite the concession)

Hmm, but is the first part really a "concession"? A concession is usually when you admit something that goes against your argument. Here, the first part is a positive development, and the second part is a limitation of that development.

I think sense 2 is the better fit. "By contrast; on the other hand" - the sentence is presenting a contrasting point to the positive development mentioned before. The "however" at the end of the sentence is a common way to introduce such contrasts.

Let me also look at the sentence structure: "They are not accepted everywhere, however." The "however" at the end, set off by a comma, is a very typical construction for the contrastive/contrast sense.

I'll go with sense 2.

Wait, actually I want to reconsider one more time. Let me look at how "however" is commonly used:

1. "Nevertheless" sense (sense 1): "It was raining. However, we still went for a walk." (Despite the rain, we went)
2. "On the other hand/by contrast" sense (sense 2): "The food was good. The service, however, was terrible." (Contrasting two aspects)

In our context: "Women have entered the field [good]. They are not accepted everywhere, however [bad/limiting]."

This could be either:
- "Despite women entering the field, they are not accepted everywhere" (sense 1 - but this doesn't quite work because entering the field isn't an obstacle)
- "Women have entered the field, but by contrast, they're not accepted everywhere" (sense 2 - this works as a contrast)

I think sense 2 is the better fit. The sentence is contrasting the positive development with a negative limitation, similar to "The first part was easy; the second, however, took hours."

Final answer: sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell_ringing
Target surface form: bell-ringing
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest <t>bell-ringing</t> group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell_ringing%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of someone playing a set of bells
2. sense_key=bell_ringing%1:10:00:: | definition=persuasion of voters in a political campaign | synonyms=electioneering, canvassing
3. sense_key=bell_ringing%1:04:00:: | definition=playing a set of bells that are (usually) hung in a tower | synonyms=carillon, carillon playing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about "bell-ringing group" - referring to people who ring bells, specifically in churches, towers, etc. The text mentions ringers, parishes, churches, St. Paul's Cathedral, Westminster Abbey, "The Ringing World" newspaper for ringers.

Sense 1: "the sound of someone playing a set of bells" - this is about the sound itself
Sense 2: "persuasion of voters in a political campaign" - electioneering, canvassing - definitely not this
Sense 3: "playing a set of bells that are (usually) hung in a tower | synonyms=carillon, carillon playing" - this is about the activity/practice of ringing bells in towers

The context refers to "bell-ringing group" - a group of people who practice bell ringing as an activity. This matches sense 3 - the activity/practice of playing bells hung in towers.

Sense 1 is about the sound, but the context is about the activity and the people who do it (ringers, groups, societies). Sense 3 is the better match as it refers to the activity itself.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: group
Target surface form: group
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing <t>group</t> in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=group%1:03:00:: | definition=any number of entities (members) considered as a unit | synonyms=grouping
2. sense_key=group%1:27:00:: | definition=(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule | synonyms=radical, chemical group
3. sense_key=group%1:09:00:: | definition=a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse | synonyms=mathematical group

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The target word "group" in context refers to "The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths." This is a collection of people (ringers) considered as a unit. Sense 1 fits: "any number of entities (members) considered as a unit."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: country
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the <t>country</t>, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context mentions "the oldest bell-ringing group in the country" and then refers to "Britain's most prestigious churches". This suggests "country" refers to a nation or territory, specifically Britain.

Between sense 1 (politically organized body of people under a single government), sense 2 (territory occupied by a nation), and sense 3 (the people who live in a nation or country), the context refers to "in the country" which indicates a geographical/political entity. The group is "in the country" meaning within the nation's boundaries.

Sense 2 seems most appropriate: "the territory occupied by a nation" with examples "he visited several European countries". The group is located in the country (Britain).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: found
Target surface form: founded
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, <t>founded</t> in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=found%2:41:00:: | definition=set up or found | synonyms=establish, set up, launch | examples=She set up a literacy program
2. sense_key=found%2:36:00:: | definition=set up or lay the groundwork for | synonyms=establish, plant, constitute, institute | examples=establish a new department
3. sense_key=found%2:31:00:: | definition=use as a basis for; found on | synonyms=establish, base, ground | examples=base a claim on some observation
4. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=find, happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
5. sense_key=detect%2:39:00:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, find, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
6. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=find, regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
7. sense_key=determine%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
8. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=find, feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
9. sense_key=witness%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
10. sense_key=line_up%2:40:00:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up, find | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
11. sense_key=discover%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover, find | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
12. sense_key=discover%2:31:00:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover, find | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
13. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | synonyms=find | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
14. sense_key=rule%2:32:00:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule, find | examples=find someone guilty
15. sense_key=receive%2:30:01:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, find, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
16. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | synonyms=find | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
17. sense_key=recover%2:40:00:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, find, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
18. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | synonyms=find | examples=The arrow found its mark
19. sense_key=find_oneself%2:30:00:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself, find | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "founded" in the context: "the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only"

This means the society was established or set up in 1637.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. found%2:41:00:: | set up or found | synonyms=establish, set up, launch | examples=She set up a literacy program
2. found%2:36:00:: | set up or lay the groundwork for | synonyms=establish, plant, constitute, institute | examples=establish a new department

Both 1 and 2 seem relevant. Let me distinguish:
- Sense 1 is about setting up or founding something (like an organization)
- Sense 2 is about setting up or laying the groundwork for something

"founded in 1637" refers to the establishment of the society. Sense 1 seems most appropriate with "set up or found" and examples like "She set up a literacy program" which is about creating an organization/program.

Sense 2 has "establish a new department" which could also work, but the definition "set up or lay the groundwork for" is more about laying groundwork.

I think sense 1 is the best fit here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: remain
Target surface form: remains
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, <t>remains</t> male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=remain%2:30:00:: | definition=stay the same; remain in a certain state | synonyms=stay, rest | examples=The dress remained wet after repeated attempts to dry it; rest assured
2. sense_key=remain%2:42:03:: | definition=continue in a place, position, or situation | synonyms=stay, stay on, continue | examples=After graduation, she stayed on in Cambridge as a student adviser; Stay with me, please
3. sense_key=remain%2:42:05:: | definition=be left; of persons, questions, problems, results, evidence, etc. | examples=There remains the question of who pulled the trigger; Carter remains the only President in recent history under whose Presidency the U.S. did not fight a war
4. sense_key=remain%2:42:01:: | definition=stay behind | synonyms=persist, stay | examples=The smell stayed in the room; The hostility remained long after they made up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "remain" with surface form "remains".
Context: "...the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, <t>remains</t> male-only..."
This means the society continues to be male-only. It stays in a certain state (male-only).
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=remain%2:30:00:: | definition=stay the same; remain in a certain state | synonyms=stay, rest | examples=The dress remained wet after repeated attempts to dry it; rest assured
2. sense_key=remain%2:42:03:: | definition=continue in a place, position, or situation | synonyms=stay, stay on, continue | examples=After graduation, she stayed on in Cambridge as a student adviser; Stay with me, please
3. sense_key=remain%2:42:05:: | definition=be left; of persons, questions, problems, results, evidence, etc. | examples=There remains the question of who pulled the trigger; Carter remains the only President in recent history under whose Presidency the U.S. did not fight a war
4. sense_key=remain%2:42:01:: | definition=stay behind | synonyms=persist, stay | examples=The smell stayed in the room; The hostility remained long after they made up

"remains male-only" means it stays in the state of being male-only.
Sense 1 fits "stay the same; remain in a certain state".
Wait, could it be Sense 3: "be left; of persons, questions, problems, results, evidence, etc."? Example: "Carter remains the only President in recent history under whose Presidency the U.S. did not fight a war"
Let's check the syntax. "remains male-only" -> "male-only" is an adjective phrase acting as a subject complement.
Sense 1: "The dress remained wet" -> adjective complement.
Sense 3: "Carter remains the only President" -> noun phrase complement.
Wait, "remains male-only" is an adjectival complement, similar to "The dress remained wet".
Sense 3's example "Carter remains the only President" is also a complement, but it's a noun phrase.
Wait, "remain%2:42:05::" is often used for "be left" (e.g., "There remains the question").
"remain%2:30:00::" is "stay the same; remain in a certain state", synonyms "stay, rest". This fits "remains male-only" (state).

Let's look closely at Sense 1 and Sense 3.
"remains male-only" implies the group continues to be male-only.
"male-only" describes a state.
Sense 1: stay the same; remain in a certain state. Example: The dress remained wet...
Sense 3: be left; of persons, questions, problems, results, evidence, etc. Example: Carter remains the only President...
If it means "be left", it's like "only X is left". The society remains male-only -> it continues to be male-only.
Sense 1 is clearly "stay in a certain state" (adjective complement).

Let's confirm the sense indices.
1: remain%2:30:00::
2: remain%2:42:03::
3: remain%2:42:05::
4: remain%2:42:01::

If I select 1: "stay the same; remain in a certain state". The group remains male-only.
Is it 2:42:05? "be left; of persons..." "Carter remains the only President..." In this example, "remains" means "continues to be". In WordNet, "remain%2:42:05::" is often used for "be left" or "continue to be".
Wait, let's look at the WordNet definitions.
remain%2:30:00:: - stay the same; remain in a certain state; "The dress remained wet after repeated attempts to dry it"; "rest assured"
remain%2:42:01:: - stay behind; "The smell stayed in the room"; "The hostility remained long after they made up"
remain%2:42:03:: - continue in a place, position, or situation; "After graduation, she stayed on in Cambridge as a student adviser"; "Stay with me, please"; "The student remained for the rest of the year"
remain%2:42:05:: - be left; of persons, questions, problems, results, evidence, etc.; "There remains the question of who pulled the trigger"; "Carter remains the only President in recent history under whose Presidency the U.S. did not fight a war"

"remain%2:30:00::" is about staying in a state (copular verb with adjectival complement).
"remain%2:42:05::" is about being left. "Carter remains the only President" - he is the only one left.
"The oldest bell-ringing group... remains male-only" - the group stays in a certain state. So it should be remain%2:30:00::.
Let's check "male-only". It is an adjective. The group stays in a state of being male-only.
Yes, Sense 1.

Let's double check if there are other interpretations. "continue to be male-only" = "remain in a certain state".
Sense 1 seems perfect.

Sense 3's example "Carter remains the only President" uses a noun phrase, and the definition is "be left" - it's about the remnant, the remaining entity. "The group remains male-only" is not about being left, it's about the state not changing.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a <t>fact</t> that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "fact" in the context: "...remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women..."

Let me look at the context. The Ancient Society of College Youths remains male-only. This is a "fact" — it's a circumstance that exists, a piece of information about circumstances that exist.

Let me analyze the candidate senses:

1. fact%1:09:01:: - "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred" - example: "first you must collect all the facts of the case"
2. fact%1:10:01:: - "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened" - example: "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts"
3. fact%1:26:01:: - "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed" - example: "your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell"
4. fact%1:09:02:: - "a concept whose truth can be proved" - example: "scientific hypotheses are not facts"

The context: "remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women"

This "fact" refers to the circumstance that the society remains male-only. It's a piece of information about circumstances that exist. This fits sense 1 best.

Sense 2 is about a statement or assertion — this is more about presenting facts as evidence in an argument.
Sense 3 is about an event known to have happened or something known to have existed — this is more about historical facts versus fiction.
Sense 4 is about a concept whose truth can be proved — more scientific/analytical.

The "fact" here is that the society remains male-only. This is a circumstance that exists — a piece of information about existing circumstances. This aligns with sense 1.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: particularly
Target surface form: particularly
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's <t>particularly</t> galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=particularly%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=peculiarly, especially, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=particularly%4:02:02:: | definition=specifically or especially distinguished from others | synonyms=in particular | examples=loves Bach, particularly his partitas; recommended one book in particular
3. sense_key=particularly%4:02:01:: | definition=uniquely or characteristically; ; ; - John Knowles | synonyms=peculiarly | examples=these peculiarly cinematic elements; a peculiarly French phenomenon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "particularly" in the context: "a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches."

Let me analyze the senses:

1. "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common" - examples: "he was particularly fussy about spelling", "a particularly gruesome attack"
2. "specifically or especially distinguished from others" - examples: "loves Bach, particularly his partitas", "recommended one book in particular"
3. "uniquely or characteristically" - examples: "these peculiarly cinematic elements", "a peculiarly French phenomenon"

In the context, "particularly galling" means the fact is especially galling, to a greater degree than might be expected. This is modifying an adjective "galling" to indicate a greater degree.

Sense 1 fits best: "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common" - "particularly galling" means the fact is galling to a greater degree, which aligns with "he was particularly fussy" (fussy to a greater degree) and "a particularly gruesome attack" (gruesome to a greater degree).

Sense 2 is about distinguishing something specifically from others, like "loves Bach, particularly his partitas" (specifically the partitas among Bach's works).

Sense 3 is about unique characteristics, like "a peculiarly French phenomenon."

The context "particularly galling" is modifying an adjective to indicate greater degree, so sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to <t>women</t> because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "women" in the context: "a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches..."

The context discusses women as a group entering the bell-ringing field, and being excluded from a male-only society. The sentence says "galling to women" referring to women as a class or collective group.

Let me analyze the senses:
1. woman%1:18:00:: - an adult female person (as opposed to a man) - singular adult female
2. woman%1:18:01:: - a female person who plays a significant role in the life of a particular man - wife/mistress/girlfriend
3. woman%1:18:02:: - a human female employed to do housework - cleaning woman
4. woman%1:14:00:: - women as a class - womanhood, fair sex

The context uses "women" referring to women as a group/class. The phrase "galling to women" refers to women collectively. However, looking more carefully, "women" here could refer to adult female persons generally.

Sense 4 is "women as a class" with examples like "it's an insult to American womanhood" and "woman is the glory of creation." This seems more abstract/collective.

The context here is about women as adult female persons who are being excluded from bell-ringing. It's about adult female individuals collectively.

Looking at the context more carefully: "a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field" and "galling to women" - this is referring to women as adult female persons. The first sense is "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)" and the context clearly contrasts women with men (male-dominated, male-only).

But wait - sense 4 is "women as a class" - and the target is "women" (plural), used to refer to the group. The example for sense 4 is "it's an insult to American womanhood" which is similar to "galling to women" - both expressing something offensive to women as a group.

However, sense 1's example uses singular "the woman" while the target is plural "women" referring to adult female persons. Sense 4 specifically addresses "women as a class."

Let me reconsider. The context is about women as individuals who ring bells, who are adult females. "galling to women" - this refers to the group of women (adult female persons).

Sense 4 is about "women as a class" - womanhood. The example "it's an insult to American womanhood" suggests a more abstract collective concept. But "galling to women" in this context seems to refer to the actual women who are being excluded, not women as an abstract class.

I think sense 1 is the best fit - adult female person (as opposed to a man). The context is about adult female persons entering a male-dominated field, and the contrast is explicitly between women and men.

Actually, let me reconsider again. The target word is "women" (plural). Sense 1 is about "an adult female person" (singular). Sense 4 is "women as a class."

In the context "galling to women" - it's referring to women as a collective group. But it's also referring to adult female persons.

I think the key distinction is whether this is referring to women as individuals (sense 1) or women as an abstract class/concept (sense 4). In this context, "galling to women" refers to the women who are actually affected by this exclusion - they are adult female persons. It's not an abstract concept of womanhood; it's actual women who want to ring bells at St. Paul's and Westminster Abbey.

I'll go with sense 1 - adult female person (as opposed to a man). The context is about individual adult female persons, contrasted with men, in a practical real-world situation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: group
Target surface form: group
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the <t>group</t> is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=group%1:03:00:: | definition=any number of entities (members) considered as a unit | synonyms=grouping
2. sense_key=group%1:27:00:: | definition=(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule | synonyms=radical, chemical group
3. sense_key=group%1:09:00:: | definition=a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse | synonyms=mathematical group

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "group" in the context: "The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only... the group is the sole source of ringers..."
Here, "group" refers to a collection of people (ringers/members) considered as a unit. This matches sense 1: "any number of entities (members) considered as a unit".

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of <t>ringers</t> for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about people who ring church bells. The text discusses "ringers" in the context of church bells, parishes, churches, St. Paul's Cathedral, Westminster Abbey, bell-ringing groups, and a newspaper called "The Ringing World."

Sense 1: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" - synonyms: toller, bell ringer. This matches perfectly.

Sense 2: "a person who is almost identical to another" - synonyms: dead ringer, clone. Not relevant.

Sense 3: "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses" - Not relevant.

Sense 4: "(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg" - Not relevant.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: most
Target surface form: most
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's <t>most</t> prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the superlative | synonyms=to the highest degree | examples=the king cobra is the most dangerous snake
2. sense_key=most%4:02:01:: | definition=very | examples=a most welcome relief
3. sense_key=most%4:02:02:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=about, almost, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "most" in the sentence: "the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's <t>most</t> prestigious churches"
"most prestigious" means "to the highest degree prestigious" or "the most prestigious" (superlative).
Sense 1: used to form the superlative. Example: "the king cobra is the most dangerous snake".
"Britain's most prestigious churches" fits Sense 1 perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: churches
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious <t>churches</t>, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses "small, rural parishes and inner-city churches" and "Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey." These are physical places/buildings where bells are rung and worship happens. The best sense is sense 2: "a place for public (especially Christian) worship" with synonyms "church building".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: woman
Context:
But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no <t>woman</t> has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses women entering the field of bell-ringing, a traditionally male-dominated activity. The sentence "no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit" refers to an individual adult female person, as opposed to a man. The broader context discusses "women" as a group, but the specific target instance "no woman has filed" refers to an individual adult female person.

Sense 1: "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)" - This fits the context where "no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit" refers to an adult female person.

Sense 4: "women as a class" - This could also fit since the broader discussion is about women as a group facing discrimination. However, the specific instance "no woman has filed" is referring to an individual woman, not women as a class.

The target is "no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit" - this is referring to an individual adult female person. So sense 1 is the best fit.

provider: Ionstream


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: file
Target surface form: filed
Context:
But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has <t>filed</t> an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=file%2:32:02:: | definition=record in a public office or in a court of law | synonyms=register | examples=file for divorce; file a complaint
2. sense_key=file%2:35:00:: | definition=smooth with a file | examples=file one's fingernails
3. sense_key=file%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed in line | examples=The students filed into the classroom
4. sense_key=file%2:32:01:: | definition=file a formal charge against | synonyms=charge, lodge | examples=The suspect was charged with murdering his wife
5. sense_key=file%2:32:00:: | definition=place in a container for keeping records | synonyms=file away | examples=File these bills, please

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit"
The target word "filed" is used in the phrase "filed an equal-opportunity suit".
Looking at the senses:
1. file%2:32:02:: | definition=record in a public office or in a court of law | examples=file for divorce; file a complaint
4. file%2:32:01:: | definition=file a formal charge against | examples=The suspect was charged with murdering his wife

"filed an equal-opportunity suit" fits "file a complaint" or "record in a public office or in a court of law".
Let's see if "suit" fits "charge against" or "complaint".
A "suit" is a lawsuit. You "file a lawsuit" or "file a suit".
Sense 1 explicitly has the example "file a complaint", which aligns closely with "file a suit".
Therefore, sense 1 is the best choice.