[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: difference
Target surface form: difference
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the <t>difference</t> between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=difference%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being unlike or dissimilar | examples=there are many differences between jazz and rock
2. sense_key=difference%1:11:00:: | definition=a variation that deviates from the standard or norm | synonyms=deviation, divergence, departure | examples=the deviation from the mean
3. sense_key=difference%1:10:00:: | definition=a disagreement or argument about something important | synonyms=dispute, difference of opinion, conflict | examples=he had a dispute with his wife; there were irreconcilable differences
4. sense_key=difference%1:24:00:: | definition=a significant change | examples=the difference in her is amazing; his support made a real difference
5. sense_key=difference%1:23:00:: | definition=the number that remains after subtraction; the number that when added to the subtrahend gives the minuend | synonyms=remainder

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
Looking at the context: "the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates... turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state."

Here, "difference" refers to the gap/divergence between two vote totals — specifically, how the popular votes for Republican presidential candidates differ from those for Republican senatorial candidates. The phrase "difference between X and Y" is the key construction, indicating a comparison of dissimilarity between two things. While the votes are numerical, the word is used in its general comparative sense (how they are unlike each other), not specifically as an arithmetic subtraction operation. The broader context is political analysis comparing voting patterns, not a mathematical calculation.

{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state."

This is talking about the difference (as in a numerical/quantitative distinction) between two sets of votes. This could be sense 1 (the quality of being unlike or dissimilar) or sense 5 (the number that remains after subtraction).

Actually, looking more closely, "the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates" - this seems to be referring to the mathematical difference (subtraction result) between the vote counts. However, it could also be interpreted as the general dissimilarity/variation between the two.

The sentence says "the difference between popular votes... turns out to be a positive function of..." - this suggests a quantitative measure, like a numerical difference (subtraction). But "difference between" is commonly used to mean the quality of being unlike as well.

Looking at sense 1: "the quality of being unlike or dissimilar" - examples: "there are many differences between jazz and rock"
Looking at sense 5: "the number that remains after subtraction" - this is specifically mathematical

The context mentions "popular votes" which are numbers, and the difference being a "positive function" suggests a quantitative relationship. This leans toward sense 5 (mathematical difference). But actually, the phrase "difference between popular votes" could mean the difference in vote shares/percentages, which is a subtraction.

However, looking at the broader context, this is comparing the support levels (votes) for two types of candidates. The "difference" here is the gap or divergence between two quantities - the votes for presidential candidates vs. senatorial candidates.

Sense 2: "a variation that deviates from the standard or norm" - synonyms: deviation, divergence, departure - example: "the deviation from the mean"

This could fit if we think of the difference as a deviation/divergence between expected and actual voting patterns.

But I think the most straightforward interpretation is sense 1 - the quality of being unlike or dissimilar - the difference between the votes for the two candidates. This is the most general sense of "difference between X and Y."

Actually, let me reconsider. The phrase "the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates... turns out to be a positive function" - this is definitely talking about a numerical difference (a mathematical subtraction result) that is being modeled as a function. The votes are numbers, and the difference is a number that's a positive function of tax burden.

So sense 5 (the number that remains after subtraction) seems most appropriate here.

But wait - sense 5 is specifically about arithmetic subtraction (minuend, subtrahend). The "difference between popular votes" is indeed a subtraction operation - taking the vote for one candidate and subtracting the vote for another.

However, I'm also considering that "difference" in common usage often refers to sense 1 even when comparing numbers. "The difference between 5 and 3" uses sense 1 conceptually but involves subtraction.

Given that the context is clearly about a quantitative comparison (votes as numbers, positive function), and the difference is being computed between two numerical values, sense 5 seems most precise.

But actually, re-reading sense 1: "the quality of being unlike or dissimilar" - this is very general and could apply to any comparison, including numerical ones. The example "there are many differences between jazz and rock" shows it's used for qualitative comparisons, but it could also apply to quantitative ones.

I think the key question is: is "difference" here specifically the mathematical result of subtraction (sense 5), or is it the general concept of dissimilarity between two things that happen to be numbers (sense 1)?

The phrase "the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates" is comparing two vote totals. In common usage, this would be understood as the mathematical difference (how many more votes one got than the other). And the fact that it's "a positive function of" something suggests it's a number being modeled.

I'll go with sense 5, as the context clearly involves a quantitative/numerical difference between two vote counts that is being expressed as a mathematical function.

Wait, but I should reconsider. Sense 5 is quite specific to arithmetic: "the number that remains after subtraction; the number that when added to the subtrahend gives the minuend." This is the strict mathematical definition.

In the context, "the difference between popular votes" - this could be the mathematical difference, but it's also commonly understood as "the gap" or "the variation" between the two.

Looking at sense 2: "a variation that deviates from the standard or norm" - synonyms: deviation, divergence, departure - this could fit if we think of one candidate's votes deviating from the other's (as a baseline).

Hmm, but "difference between A and B" is more naturally sense 1 (the quality of being unlike) or sense 5 (mathematical difference).

I think I'll go with sense 1, as it's the most general and common usage of "difference between X and Y," even when X and Y are numbers. The mathematical sense 5 is more specifically about the arithmetic operation.

Actually, let me think about this more carefully. The sentence says "the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state."

This is describing a relationship where the gap/difference between votes for two types of candidates increases as tax burden increases. The "difference" here is clearly a numerical quantity (the gap between two vote counts). This is most naturally understood as the mathematical difference (sense 5).

But the WordNet definition for sense 5 is very specifically about arithmetic: "the number that remains after subtraction; the number that when added to the subtrahend gives the minuend." This is the strict mathematical definition of difference.

In common usage, when we say "the difference between X and Y," even for numbers, we often mean sense 1 (the quality of being unlike or dissimilar). For example, "the difference between 5 and 8 is 3" - here "difference" is sense 5, but "there's a big difference between 5 and 8" could be sense 1.

In this context, "the difference... turns out to be a positive function" - this is clearly treating the difference as a number, which supports sense 5. But the phrase "difference between" is also commonly used with sense 1.

I think I'll go with sense 1, as it's the more general and common usage, and the mathematical sense 5 is specifically about the arithmetic operation itself. The context is using "difference" to refer to the gap/divergence between two quantities, which is covered by sense 1.

Hmm, but actually, let me reconsider one more time. The WordNet sense 5 says "the number that remains after subtraction" - this is exactly what "the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates" refers to: the number you get when you subtract one vote total from the other.

And the fact that this difference "turns out to be a positive function" of something confirms it's a number being discussed.

I'll go with sense 5.

Wait, but I need to be more careful. Let me re-read the context:

"the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state"

So we're looking at:
- Vote for Republican presidential candidate
- Vote for Republican senatorial candidate
- The difference between these two votes

And this difference is a positive function of tax burden.

This is clearly a numerical comparison - the difference is a number (likely percentage points or vote counts) that varies with tax burden.

Sense 5 (the number that remains after subtraction) seems most appropriate.

But wait - I should also consider sense 2: "a variation that deviates from the standard or norm" with synonyms deviation, divergence, departure. The example is "the deviation from the mean."

In this context, the "difference" could be seen as a deviation - how much the presidential vote deviates from the senatorial vote (or vice versa). But this sense seems to be about deviation from a standard or norm, not deviation from another value.

I think sense 5 is the best fit. The context is clearly about a numerical difference (the result of subtracting one vote total from another) that is being modeled as a function of tax burden.

Let me finalize: sense 5.

Actually, I want to reconsider one more time. Sense 1 is "the quality of being unlike or dissimilar" with the example "there are many differences between jazz and rock." This is the most general sense and is used for any kind of comparison.

In the context, "the difference between popular votes" - this is comparing two vote totals and noting how they differ. While the votes are numbers, the "difference" here could be understood as the general concept of dissimilarity (sense 1) rather than specifically the arithmetic result (sense 5).

However, the fact that the difference "turns out to be a positive function" strongly suggests it's being treated as a numerical quantity, which supports sense 5.

I think the key question is: does "difference between A and B" where A and B are numbers automatically mean sense 5? Or can it still be sense 1?

In common usage, "the difference between 5 and 8" is typically understood as the mathematical difference (3), which is sense 5. But "the difference between these two approaches" is sense 1.

In this context, the "difference" is between two vote totals (numbers), and it's being treated as a numerical quantity (positive function). So sense 5 seems most appropriate.

Final answer: sense 5.

Hmm, but actually I realize I should think about this differently. The "popular votes" here aren't just numbers - they're votes cast for candidates. The "difference between popular votes" is comparing the support levels for two different candidates. While votes are countable, the "difference" here is more about the comparison/dissimilarity between two political phenomena.

Also, sense 5 is very specifically defined in mathematical terms: "the number that remains after subtraction; the number that when added to the subtrahend gives the minuend." This is the strict arithmetic definition, and the context is not specifically about arithmetic.

I think sense 1 (the quality of being unlike or dissimilar) is the more appropriate choice, as it covers the general concept of difference between two things, even when those things happen to be numerical.

Let me reconsider the context one more time:

"the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates... turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state"

This is saying that the gap between votes for presidential vs. senatorial candidates varies with tax burden. The "difference" is the gap/disparity between two vote totals.

I think this could be either sense 1 or sense 5. But given that:
1. The context is about comparing political support (votes), not just numbers
2. Sense 5 is specifically about the arithmetic operation
3. Sense 1 is the more general and common usage

I'll go with sense 1.

No wait, I keep going back and forth. Let me think about this more systematically.

The word "difference" in "the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates" is referring to a specific numerical quantity - the result of comparing (subtracting) two vote totals. This quantity is then modeled as a function of tax burden.

In WordNet:
- Sense 1: "the quality of being unlike or dissimilar" - this is a qualitative concept
- Sense 5: "the number that remains after subtraction" - this is a quantitative/mathematical concept

Since the context is clearly about a numerical quantity (a difference that is a "positive function" of something), sense 5 seems more appropriate.

But I also need to consider that "difference between X and Y" is a common phrase that often uses sense 1, even when X and Y are numbers. For example, "the difference between his score and hers" could be sense 1 or sense 5 depending on context.

In this case, the difference is being quantified and modeled as a function, which strongly suggests sense 5 (the numerical result of subtraction).

Final answer: sense 5.

Actually, you know what, I just realized something. The context says "the difference between popular votes" - not "the difference in popular votes." The use of "between" suggests a comparison between two things (presidential votes and senatorial votes), which is more aligned with sense 1 (the quality of being unlike or dissimilar).

Also, sense 5's definition is very specific to arithmetic: "the number that remains after subtraction; the number that when added to the subtrahend gives the minuend." The context is not about arithmetic per se, but about political analysis.

I think I need to go with sense 1. The "difference between" two things is the most common usage of sense 1, and while the things being compared are numerical (votes), the context is analytical/political rather than purely mathematical.

OK, final answer: sense 1.

Hmm, but I'm still not confident. Let me look at the examples again:

Sense 1: "there are many differences between jazz and rock" - qualitative comparison
Sense 5: "the number that remains after subtraction" - mathematical operation

The context: "the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates... turns out to be a positive function"

This is clearly a numerical difference being modeled mathematically. The "positive function" part confirms it's a number.

But the phrase "difference between" is more commonly associated with sense 1.

I think the deciding factor is that the difference is being treated as a numerical quantity (positive function of something), which aligns with sense 5 (the number that remains after subtraction).

Final answer: sense 5.

No, wait. I think I'm overcomplicating this. Let me step back.

"the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates"

This is simply asking: how do the votes for presidential candidates differ from the votes for senatorial candidates? The "difference" is the gap between these two vote totals.

In common usage, this is sense 1 (the quality of being unlike or dissimilar) - the votes are unlike/dissimilar, and the "difference" captures how much they differ.

While the votes are numbers, the "difference" here is not specifically about the arithmetic operation of subtraction (sense 5). It's about the comparison between two sets of votes.

Also, looking at the broader context, this is a political science paper discussing how voting patterns differ. The "difference" is used in a general comparative sense, not a strictly mathematical one.

I'll go with sense 1.

OK, I need to make a decision and stick with it. Let me consider the key factors:

1. The context uses "difference between" - common with sense 1
2. The difference is "a positive function" of something - suggests numerical quantity, supports sense 5
3. The things being compared are votes (numbers) - could support either sense
4. The broader context is political analysis, not arithmetic - supports sense 1
5. Sense 5 is specifically about arithmetic subtraction - the context is not about arithmetic per se

I think the weight of evidence supports sense 1. The "difference between" construction, the political/analytical context, and the fact that sense 5 is specifically about arithmetic all point to sense 1.

Final answer: sense 1.

Hmm, but actually, I realize that sense 1 is defined as "the quality of being unlike or dissimilar" - this is a qualitative concept. The context is clearly about a quantitative difference (a numerical gap between vote totals that can be expressed as a function).

Let me reconsider sense 5 one more time. "The number that remains after subtraction" - if we subtract the senatorial vote from the presidential vote (or vice versa), we get a number. This number is the "difference" that is a "positive function" of tax burden.

This seems to fit sense 5 quite well.

But then again, "difference between" is a common phrase that often uses sense 1, even for numerical comparisons.

OK, I think the key insight is this: the context is using "difference" to refer to a specific numerical quantity (the result of comparing two vote totals). This numerical quantity is then modeled as a function. This is most naturally understood as the mathematical difference (sense 5).

While "difference between" is common with sense 1, the fact that the difference is being treated as a numerical quantity (positive function) suggests sense 5.

Final answer: sense 5.

Ugh, I keep going back and forth. Let me try a different approach.

If I replace "difference" with each sense's definition, which one makes the most sense?

Sense 1: "the quality of being unlike or dissimilar between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates turns out to be a positive function of..."
- This doesn't quite work grammatically. "The quality of being unlike" is not typically "a positive function" of something.

Sense 5: "the number that remains after subtraction between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates turns out to be a positive function of..."
- This is awkwardly phrased but conceptually makes sense. The numerical difference between the two vote totals is a positive function of tax burden.

Actually, neither substitution works perfectly. But sense 5's concept (a numerical result of comparison) fits better with "a positive function" than sense 1's concept (a qualitative quality of being unlike).

I'll go with sense 5.

Wait, but sense 1 can also apply to quantitative differences. "The difference between 5 and 8 is 3" - here, "difference" is sense 1 conceptually (the way in which 5 and 8 are unlike), even though it involves a numerical result.

Hmm, but in that example, I would argue "difference" is actually sense 5 (the mathematical difference).

OK, I think the context is clearly about a numerical quantity (the difference between two vote totals) that is being modeled as a function. This is sense 5.

But I also recognize that "difference between" is commonly used with sense 1, and the broader context is political analysis rather than pure mathematics.

Let me make a final decision: I'll go with sense 1, because:
1. "Difference between" is most commonly associated with sense 1
2. The context is political analysis, not arithmetic
3. Sense 5 is specifically about the arithmetic operation, which is not the focus here
4. Sense 1 can encompass quantitative differences as well as qualitative ones

Final answer: sense 1.

Actually, no. I think I need to be more precise. Let me re-read the context one more time:

"the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state"

This is saying: (presidential vote) - (senatorial vote) = f(tax burden)

The "difference" is clearly a numerical quantity resulting from comparing two vote totals. This is the mathematical difference (sense 5).

While "difference between" is common with sense 1, the specific context here - where the difference is a numerical quantity being modeled as a function - points to sense 5.

Final answer: sense 5.

OK wait, I just want to double-check by looking at the senses one more time:

1. difference%1:07:00:: - the quality of being unlike or dissimilar
2. difference%1:11:00:: - a variation that deviates from the standard or norm
3. difference%1:10:00:: - a disagreement or argument about something important
4. difference%1:24:00:: - a significant change
5. difference%1:23:00:: - the number that remains after subtraction

The context: "the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates... turns out to be a positive function of..."

This is about the numerical difference between two vote totals. Sense 5 (the number that remains after subtraction) is the most precise fit.

But I also want to consider sense 2 (a variation that deviates from the standard or norm). The "difference" could be seen as a deviation of presidential votes from senatorial votes (or vice versa). However, sense 2 seems to be about deviation from a standard or norm, not deviation from another value.

I'll stick with sense 5.

Hmm, but actually, let me reconsider sense 1 one more time. The definition is "the quality of being unlike or dissimilar." In the context, the "difference" between the two vote totals is the way in which they are unlike - specifically, the numerical gap between them.

While sense 5 is about the arithmetic result, sense 1 is about the concept of dissimilarity. The context could be using "difference" in the conceptual sense (sense 1) rather than the arithmetic sense (sense 5).

But the fact that the difference is "a positive function" of something suggests it's being treated as a numerical quantity, not just a conceptual dissimilarity.

I think I need to go with sense 1. Here's my reasoning:

1. "Difference between X and Y" is the most common construction for sense 1
2. While the difference is numerical, the context is about understanding political phenomena, not performing arithmetic
3. Sense 5 is specifically about the arithmetic operation, which is too narrow for this context
4. Sense 1 can encompass both qualitative and quantitative differences

Final answer: sense 1.

No, actually, I think I've been overthinking this. The context is clearly about a numerical difference - the result of subtracting one vote total from another. This is sense 5.

The fact that it's in a political science context doesn't change the nature of the "difference" - it's still a numerical quantity resulting from subtraction.

And the fact that "difference between" is common with sense 1 doesn't mean it can't be used with sense 5. "The difference between 5 and 8 is 3" uses "difference between" but is clearly sense 5.

Final answer: sense 5.

OK, I really need to commit to an answer. Let me think about this one final time.

The context: "the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates... turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state"

Key observations:
1. The "difference" is between two numerical quantities (vote totals)
2. This difference is "a positive function" of something - it's being treated as a numerical quantity
3. The phrase "difference between" is used

Now, which sense fits best?

Sense 1 (the quality of being unlike or dissimilar):
- This is the most general sense
- "Difference between" is commonly used with this sense
- But this sense is typically qualitative, not quantitative

Sense 5 (the number that remains after subtraction):
- This is specifically about numerical differences
- The context is clearly about a numerical quantity
- But this sense is specifically about arithmetic, which might be too narrow

I think the context is about a numerical difference between two vote totals. While "difference between" is common with sense 1, the numerical nature of the context points to sense 5.

But I also recognize that sense 1 can apply to quantitative differences. "The difference between his height and hers is 10 cm" - this could be sense 1 (the way they are unlike) even though it involves a numerical value.

Hmm, in that example, I would actually say "difference" is sense 5 (the numerical result of subtraction).

OK, I think the context is clearly about a numerical difference (the result of comparing two vote totals), which is sense 5. The fact that it's in a political science context doesn't change the nature of the difference.

Final answer: sense 5.

No wait. I just realized something important. Sense 5 is defined as "the number that remains after subtraction; the number that when added to the subtrahend gives the minuend." This is specifically about the arithmetic operation of subtraction.

In the context, "the difference between popular votes" is not specifically about subtraction - it's about the comparison/gap between two vote totals. While this gap can be computed by subtraction, the concept is broader than just the arithmetic operation.

I think sense 1 (the quality of being unlike or dissimilar) is more appropriate, as it captures the general concept of difference/comparison between two things.

Also, looking at the WordNet hierarchy:
- Sense 1 is under "difference" (general concept)
- Sense 5 is under "number" (specifically mathematical)

The context is using "difference" in the general comparative sense, not specifically as a mathematical term.

Final answer: sense 1.

OK, I really need to commit. Let me think about what "difference" means in this specific context:

"the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates"

This is asking: how do the votes for presidential candidates differ from the votes for senatorial candidates?

The "difference" is the gap/disparity between these two vote totals. While this gap is numerical (and can be computed by subtraction), the concept is about comparison/dissimilarity, not specifically about the arithmetic operation.

I think sense 1 (the quality of being unlike or dissimilar) captures this concept better than sense 5 (the number that remains after subtraction).

Also, the broader context is political analysis, where "difference" is used in a comparative/analytical sense, not a strictly mathematical one.

Final answer: sense 1.

Alright, I'm going with sense 1. The "difference between" construction, the political/analytical context, and the fact that sense 1 is the more general and common usage all support this choice.

Actually, let me reconsider one final time. I've been assuming that sense 1 is only for qualitative differences, but that's not necessarily true. "The difference between 5 and 8" could be sense 1 (the way in which 5 and 8 are unlike) even though it involves numbers.

But in this context, the "difference" is specifically being treated as a numerical quantity (a positive function of something). This suggests it's the mathematical difference (sense 5), not just the general concept of dissimilarity (sense 1).

Hmm, but "the quality of being unlike or dissimilar" can also be quantified. "The difference between 5 and 8 is 3" - here, the "difference" (the quality of being unlike) is quantified as 3.

I think both senses could work, but I'll go with sense 1 because:
1. "Difference between" is most commonly associated with sense 1
2. The context is analytical/political, not purely mathematical
3. Sense 1 is the more general and common usage

Final answer: sense 1.

OK I need to just commit. Let me go with sense 1. The phrase "the difference between" is most naturally sense 1, and while the context involves numerical quantities, the "difference" is being used in a comparative/analytical sense rather than a strictly arithmetic one.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: popular
Target surface form: popular
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between <t>popular</t> votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=popular%3:00:00:: | definition=regarded with great favor, approval, or affection especially by the general public | examples=a popular tourist attraction; a popular girl
2. sense_key=popular%5:00:00:democratic:00 | definition=carried on by or for the people (or citizens) at large | examples=the popular vote; popular representation
3. sense_key=popular%5:00:01:common:01 | definition=representing or appealing to or adapted for the benefit of the people at large | synonyms=democratic | examples=democratic art forms; a democratic or popular movement
4. sense_key=popular%5:00:00:nonclassical:00 | definition=(of music or art) new and of general appeal (especially among young people) | synonyms=pop

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word "popular" appears in the phrase "popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates." This refers to the "popular vote," which is the vote carried out by the people at large (as opposed to an electoral vote or other indirect voting mechanism).

Sense 2: "carried on by or for the people (or citizens) at large" with example "the popular vote; popular representation" - this matches perfectly.

Sense 1 is about being well-liked, which doesn't fit "popular votes."
Sense 3 is about appealing to the people at large, like democratic art forms.
Sense 4 is about pop music/art.

The answer is sense 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vote
Target surface form: votes
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular <t>votes</t> for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vote%1:04:00:: | definition=a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative | synonyms=ballot, voting, balloting | examples=there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person
2. sense_key=vote%1:04:01:: | definition=the opinion of a group as determined by voting | examples=they put the question to a vote
3. sense_key=vote%1:07:00:: | definition=a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment | synonyms=right to vote, suffrage | examples=American women got the vote in 1920
4. sense_key=vote%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of voters who have the same interests | examples=he failed to get the Black vote
5. sense_key=vote%1:09:00:: | definition=the total number of voters who participated | synonyms=voter turnout | examples=they are expecting a large vote

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "votes" in the context: "the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election"

Here, "popular votes" refers to the actual votes cast by people - the choices made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative. It's about the count of votes received by candidates.

Sense 1: "a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative" - examples: "there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person"

This fits well. "Popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates" refers to the votes (choices/count) that people made for those candidates.

Sense 2: "the opinion of a group as determined by voting" - doesn't fit as well, as this is about individual votes counted.

Sense 4: "a body of voters who have the same interests" - this is about a voting bloc, not individual votes.

The phrase "popular votes" refers to the total number of votes cast by the general public (as opposed to electoral votes). This aligns best with sense 1 - the choices made by counting people in favor of each alternative.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republican
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for <t>Republican</t> presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to or belonging to the Republican Party | examples=a Republican senator; Republican party politics
2. sense_key=republican%5:00:00:democratic:00 | definition=having the supreme power lying in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them or characteristic of such government; - United States Constitution; ; - Philip Marsh; -Nathaniel Hawthorne | examples=the United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government; a very republican notion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Republican" in the context: "GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate..."

This clearly refers to the Republican Party (GOP). Sense 1 fits: "relating to or belonging to the Republican Party."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: presidential
Target surface form: presidential
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican <t>presidential</t> and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=presidential%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to a president or presidency | examples=presidential aides; presidential veto
2. sense_key=presidential%3:00:00:: | definition=befitting a president | examples=criticized the candidate for not looking presidential

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The target word is "presidential" in the context "Republican presidential and senatorial candidates." Here, "presidential" refers to candidates running for president, which relates to a president or presidency. This matches sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: candidate
Target surface form: candidates
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial <t>candidates</t> in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=candidate%1:18:01:: | definition=a politician who is running for public office | synonyms=campaigner, nominee
2. sense_key=candidate%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who is considered for something (for an office or prize or honor etc.) | synonyms=prospect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "candidates" in the context: "popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates" and "GOP candidates for president".

The context is about politicians running for public office (president, senator). They are actively campaigning for votes.

Sense 1: a politician who is running for public office (synonyms: campaigner, nominee)
Sense 2: someone who is considered for something (for an office or prize or honor etc.) (synonyms: prospect)

The context clearly refers to politicians running for public office (president and senator). The text talks about "popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates" - these are people actively running for office and receiving votes.

Sense 1 is the best fit because it specifically mentions "a politician who is running for public office" and the synonyms "campaigner" and "nominee" fit well with the context of people receiving popular votes in an election.

Sense 2 is more general - "someone who is considered for something" - which could apply to candidates for a prize or honor, not necessarily political office or an election.

The answer is sense 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: states
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in <t>states</t> conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%1:15:01:: | definition=the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation | synonyms=province | examples=his state is in the deep south
2. sense_key=state%1:03:00:: | definition=the way something is with respect to its main attributes | examples=the current state of knowledge; his state of health
3. sense_key=state%1:14:01:: | definition=the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state | examples=the state has lowered its income tax
4. sense_key=state%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=nation, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
5. sense_key=state%1:26:02:: | definition=(chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container) | synonyms=state of matter | examples=the solid state of water is called ice
6. sense_key=state%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of depression or agitation | examples=he was in such a state you just couldn't reason with him
7. sense_key=state%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=country, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
8. sense_key=state%1:14:02:: | definition=the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies | synonyms=Department of State, United States Department of State, State Department, DoS | examples=the Department of State was created in 1789

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "states" in the context: "the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state"

Here, "states" refers to the constituent administrative districts of the United States - i.e., the 50 states. This matches sense 1: "the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation" with synonyms "province" and example "his state is in the deep south".

Sense 4 is about a nation/country, but here "states" clearly refers to the sub-national units (U.S. states) that conduct Senate elections, not nations.

Sense 7 is about the territory of a nation, which doesn't fit.

So the answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: conduct
Target surface form: conducting
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states <t>conducting</t> a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=conduct%2:41:00:: | definition=direct the course of; manage or control | synonyms=carry on, deal | examples=You cannot conduct business like this
2. sense_key=conduct%2:36:00:: | definition=lead, as in the performance of a composition | synonyms=lead, direct | examples=conduct an orchestra; Barenboim conducted the Chicago symphony for years
3. sense_key=conduct%2:41:01:: | definition=behave in a certain manner | synonyms=behave, acquit, bear, deport, comport, carry | examples=She carried herself well; he bore himself with dignity
4. sense_key=conduct%2:38:01:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, take, direct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
5. sense_key=conduct%2:38:00:: | definition=transmit or serve as the medium for transmission | synonyms=impart, transmit, convey, carry, channel | examples=Sound carries well over water; The airwaves carry the sound
6. sense_key=conduct%2:36:04:: | definition=lead musicians in the performance of | examples=Bernstein conducted Mahler like no other conductor; she cannot conduct modern pieces

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "conducting" in the context: "states conducting a Senate election".

Here, "conducting" means carrying out, managing, or directing the course of an election. The states are conducting (holding, managing, carrying out) a Senate election.

Sense 1: "direct the course of; manage or control" with synonyms "carry on, deal" and example "You cannot conduct business like this" — this fits well with "states conducting a Senate election" meaning states are managing/carrying out the election process.

Sense 2: leading a musical performance — doesn't fit.
Sense 3: behaving in a certain manner — doesn't fit.
Sense 4: taking somebody somewhere — doesn't fit.
Sense 5: transmitting — doesn't fit.
Sense 6: leading musicians — doesn't fit.

Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: election
Target surface form: election
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate <t>election</t> turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=election%1:04:01:: | definition=a vote to select the winner of a position or political office | examples=the results of the election will be announced tonight
2. sense_key=election%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of selecting someone or something; the exercise of deliberate choice | examples=her election of medicine as a profession
3. sense_key=election%1:26:00:: | definition=the status or fact of being elected | examples=they celebrated his election
4. sense_key=election%1:09:00:: | definition=the predestination of some individuals as objects of divine mercy (especially as conceived by Calvinists)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about a Senate election, where popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election are discussed. This refers to the political event of voting to select a winner of a political office.

Sense 1: "a vote to select the winner of a position or political office" - fits perfectly.
Sense 2: "the act of selecting someone or something; the exercise of deliberate choice" - too general.
Sense 3: "the status or fact of being elected" - refers to the status, not the event.
Sense 4: theological concept - irrelevant.

Sense 1 is the best fit.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn_out
Target surface form: turns out
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election <t>turns out</t> to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=prove, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
2. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:01:: | definition=prove to be in the result or end | examples=It turns out that he was right
3. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:01:: | definition=produce quickly or regularly, usually with machinery | examples=This factory turns out saws
4. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:02:: | definition=result or end | synonyms=come out | examples=How will the game turn out?
5. sense_key=turn_out%2:30:00:: | definition=come, usually in answer to an invitation or summons | examples=How many people turned out that evening?
6. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=bear | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
7. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:00:: | definition=put out or expel from a place | synonyms=eject, chuck out, exclude, turf out, boot out | examples=The unruly student was excluded from the game
8. sense_key=turn_out%2:41:03:: | definition=come and gather for a public event | examples=Hundreds of thousands turned out for the anti-war rally in New York
9. sense_key=turn_out%2:40:03:: | definition=outfit or equip, as with accessories | examples=The actors were turned out lavishly
10. sense_key=turn_out%2:38:00:: | definition=turn outward | synonyms=splay, spread out, rotate | examples=These birds can splay out their toes; ballet dancers can rotate their legs out by 90 degrees
11. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to stop operating by disengaging a switch | synonyms=switch off, cut, turn off | examples=Turn off the stereo, please; cut the engine
12. sense_key=turn_out%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, arise, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The sentence is: "the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state"

Here "turns out" means "is shown to be" or "proves to be in the result".
Let's look at the senses:
1. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=prove, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
2. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:01:: | definition=prove to be in the result or end | examples=It turns out that he was right

Both sense 1 and 2 fit, but the phrase is "turns out to be a positive function of...". Sense 1 examples: "She proved to be right", "The medicine turned out to save her life". Sense 1 fits perfectly with the structure "turns out to be...". Sense 2 uses "It turns out that...".
Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: positive
Target surface form: positive
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a <t>positive</t> function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=positive%3:00:01:: | definition=characterized by or displaying affirmation or acceptance or certainty etc. | examples=a positive attitude; the reviews were all positive
2. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:certain:02 | definition=persuaded of; very sure | synonyms=convinced, confident | examples=were convinced that it would be to their advantage to join; I am positive he is lying
3. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=involving advantage or good | synonyms=plus | examples=a plus (or positive) factor
4. sense_key=positive%3:00:04:: | definition=indicating existence or presence of a suspected condition or pathogen | synonyms=confirming | examples=a positive pregnancy test
5. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:formal:01 | definition=formally laid down or imposed | synonyms=prescribed | examples=positive laws
6. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:undeniable:00 | definition=impossible to deny or disprove | synonyms=incontrovertible, irrefutable | examples=incontrovertible proof of the defendant's innocence; proof positive
7. sense_key=positive%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to positivism | synonyms=positivist, positivistic | examples=positivist thinkers; positivist doctrine
8. sense_key=positive%3:00:05:: | definition=reckoned, situated or tending in the direction which naturally or arbitrarily is taken to indicate increase or progress or onward motion | examples=positive increase in graduating students
9. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:plus:00 | definition=greater than zero | examples=positive numbers
10. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:charged:00 | definition=having a positive charge | synonyms=electropositive, positively charged | examples=protons are positive
11. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:confident:00 | definition=marked by excessive confidence | synonyms=cocksure, overconfident | examples=an arrogant and cocksure materialist; so overconfident and impudent as to speak to the queen

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context says: "the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state". A "positive function" here means that as one variable increases, the other increases. This relates to the mathematical sense of positive - tending in the direction of increase. Sense 8: "reckoned, situated or tending in the direction which naturally or arbitrarily is taken to indicate increase or progress or onward Motion" with example "positive increase in graduating students". This seems the best fit for "positive function" meaning an increasing/direct relationship.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: function
Target surface form: function
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive <t>function</t> of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=function%1:24:00:: | definition=(mathematics) a mathematical relation such that each element of a given set (the domain of the function) is associated with an element of another set (the range of the function) | synonyms=mathematical function, single-valued function, map, mapping
2. sense_key=function%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=purpose, role, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
3. sense_key=function%1:04:00:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=office, part, role | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
4. sense_key=function%1:24:01:: | definition=a relation such that one thing is dependent on another | examples=height is a function of age; price is a function of supply and demand
5. sense_key=function%1:14:00:: | definition=a formal or official social gathering or ceremony | examples=it was a black-tie function
6. sense_key=function%1:11:00:: | definition=a vaguely specified social event | synonyms=affair, occasion, social occasion, social function | examples=the party was quite an affair; an occasion arranged to honor the president
7. sense_key=function%1:10:00:: | definition=a set sequence of steps, part of larger computer program | synonyms=routine, subroutine, subprogram, procedure

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context says "the difference between popular votes... turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state." This uses "function" in the sense of "a relation such that one thing is dependent on another" — sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: burden
Target surface form: burden
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax <t>burden</t> is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=burden%1:09:01:: | definition=an onerous or difficult concern | synonyms=load, encumbrance, incumbrance, onus | examples=the burden of responsibility; that's a load off my mind
2. sense_key=burden%1:06:01:: | definition=weight to be borne or conveyed | synonyms=load, loading
3. sense_key=burden%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=effect, essence, core, gist
4. sense_key=burden%1:09:00:: | definition=the central idea that is expanded in a document or discourse

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "tax burden" - "how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state". The word "onerous" appears in the context, and the definition of sense 1 is "an onerous or difficult concern". The tax burden here refers to the heavy/difficult concern of taxes. Sense 2 is about physical weight being conveyed, which doesn't fit as well as the metaphorical burden of taxes. Sense 1 seems best - it's an onerous or difficult concern, matching the "onerous" used in the context.

Sense 1: burden%1:09:01:: - an onerous or difficult concern


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: state
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per <t>state</t> -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%1:15:01:: | definition=the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation | synonyms=province | examples=his state is in the deep south
2. sense_key=state%1:03:00:: | definition=the way something is with respect to its main attributes | examples=the current state of knowledge; his state of health
3. sense_key=state%1:14:01:: | definition=the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state | examples=the state has lowered its income tax
4. sense_key=state%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=nation, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
5. sense_key=state%1:26:02:: | definition=(chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container) | synonyms=state of matter | examples=the solid state of water is called ice
6. sense_key=state%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of depression or agitation | examples=he was in such a state you just couldn't reason with him
7. sense_key=state%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=country, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
8. sense_key=state%1:14:02:: | definition=the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies | synonyms=Department of State, United States Department of State, State Department, DoS | examples=the Department of State was created in 1789

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "state" in the context: "the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state"

Here, "state" refers to one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation (the United States). The context talks about "states conducting a Senate election" and "higher-income states." This is referring to U.S. states, which are constituent administrative districts of the nation.

Sense 1: "the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation" with example "his state is in the deep south" - this fits perfectly.

Sense 4: "a politically organized body of people under a single government" - this refers to a nation/country, not a sub-national unit.

So the answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: progressive
Target surface form: progressive
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a <t>progressive</t> tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=progressive%3:00:01:: | definition=favoring or promoting progress | examples=progressive schools
2. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:liberal:00 | definition=favoring or promoting reform (often by government action) | synonyms=reformist, reform-minded
3. sense_key=progressive%3:00:02:: | definition=(of taxes) adjusted so that the rate increases as the amount of income increases
4. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:increasing:00 | definition=gradually advancing in extent
5. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:ordered:00 | definition=(of a card game or a dance) involving a series of sections for which the participants successively change place or relative position | examples=progressive euchre; progressive tournaments
6. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:active:02 | definition=advancing in severity | examples=progressive paralysis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context clearly discusses tax rates: "a progressive tax rate hits higher-income states harder." This matches sense 3: "(of taxes) adjusted so that the rate increases as the amount of income increases."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hit
Target surface form: hits
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate <t>hits</t> higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hit%2:35:03:: | definition=cause to move by striking | examples=hit a ball
2. sense_key=hit%2:35:01:: | definition=hit against; come into sudden contact with | synonyms=strike, impinge on, run into, collide with | examples=The car hit a tree; He struck the table with his elbow
3. sense_key=hit%2:35:00:: | definition=deal a blow to, either with the hand or with an instrument | examples=He hit her hard in the face
4. sense_key=hit%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, make, attain, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
5. sense_key=hit%2:35:05:: | definition=affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely | synonyms=strike | examples=We were hit by really bad weather; He was stricken with cancer when he was still a teenager
6. sense_key=hit%2:33:01:: | definition=hit with a missile from a weapon | synonyms=shoot, pip
7. sense_key=hit%2:40:05:: | definition=encounter by chance | synonyms=stumble | examples=I stumbled across a long-lost cousin last night in a restaurant
8. sense_key=hit%2:33:02:: | definition=gain points in a game | synonyms=score, tally, rack up | examples=The home team scored many times; He hit a home run
9. sense_key=hit%2:39:00:: | definition=cause to experience suddenly | synonyms=strike, come to | examples=Panic struck me; An interesting idea hit her
10. sense_key=hit%2:33:00:: | definition=make a strategic, offensive, assault against an enemy, opponent, or a target | synonyms=strike | examples=The Germans struck Poland on Sept. 1, 1939; We must strike the enemy's oil fields
11. sense_key=hit%2:41:00:: | definition=kill intentionally and with premeditation | synonyms=murder, slay, dispatch, bump off, off, polish off | examples=The mafia boss ordered his enemies murdered
12. sense_key=hit%2:38:02:: | definition=drive something violently into a location | synonyms=strike | examples=he hit his fist on the table; she struck her head on the low ceiling
13. sense_key=hit%2:38:07:: | definition=reach a point in time, or a certain state or level | synonyms=reach, attain | examples=The thermometer hit 100 degrees; This car can reach a speed of 140 miles per hour
14. sense_key=hit%2:35:02:: | definition=produce by manipulating keys or strings of musical instruments, also metaphorically | synonyms=strike | examples=The pianist strikes a middle C; strike `z' on the keyboard
15. sense_key=hit%2:34:00:: | definition=consume to excess | examples=hit the bottle
16. sense_key=hit%2:33:03:: | definition=hit the intended target or goal
17. sense_key=hit%2:32:12:: | definition=pay unsolicited and usually unwanted sexual attention to | examples=He tries to hit on women in bars

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context says: "a progressive tax rate hits higher-income states harder"

This means the tax rate affects higher-income states adversely. Let me look at the senses:

1. cause to move by striking - no
2. hit against; come into sudden contact with - no
3. deal a blow to - no
4. reach a destination - no
5. affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely - "We were hit by really bad weather" - this fits! A tax rate hits states harder = affects them adversely
6. hit with a missile - no
7. encounter by chance - no
8. gain points - no
9. cause to experience suddenly - "Panic struck me" - possible but less fitting
10. make a strategic assault - no
11. kill intentionally - no
12. drive something violently - no
13. reach a point in time - no
14. produce by manipulating keys - no
15. consume to excess - no
16. hit the intended target - no
17. pay unsolicited sexual attention - no

Sense 5 "affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely" with synonyms "strike" and examples "We were hit by really bad weather" fits best. A progressive tax rate hits (affects adversely) higher-income states harder.

Sense 9 "cause to experience suddenly" with examples "Panic struck me; An interesting idea hit her" - this is more about sudden mental experience.

Sense 5 is the best fit.

provider: BaseTen


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: high
Target surface form: higher
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits <t>higher</t> - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=high%3:00:02:: | definition=greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount | examples=a high temperature; a high price
2. sense_key=high%3:00:01:: | definition=(literal meaning) being at or having a relatively great or specific elevation or upward extension (sometimes used in combinations like `knee-high') | examples=a high mountain; high ceilings
3. sense_key=high%5:00:00:superior:01 | definition=standing above others in quality or position | synonyms=eminent | examples=people in high places; the high priest
4. sense_key=high%3:00:03:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency | synonyms=high-pitched
5. sense_key=high%5:00:00:elated:00 | definition=happy and excited and energetic | synonyms=in high spirits
6. sense_key=high%5:00:00:malodorous:00 | definition=(used of the smell of meat) smelling spoiled or tainted | synonyms=gamey, gamy
7. sense_key=high%5:00:00:intoxicated:00 | definition=slightly and pleasantly intoxicated from alcohol or a drug (especially marijuana) | synonyms=mellow

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "higher" in the phrase "higher-income states". The context is about income levels being greater. "higher-income" means a greater amount of income.

Sense 1: "greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount" - this fits "higher income" meaning a greater amount of income.

Sense 2: literal elevation - doesn't fit.

Sense 3: superior in quality or position - not quite right.

Sense 4: high pitch - no.

Senses 5-7: irrelevant.

So sense 1 is the best fit.