[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: limit
Target surface form: limit
Context:
3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress. If these assumptions hold, voters in races for Congress face what in economic theory is called a prisoner's dilemma and have an incentive, at the margin, to lean Democratic. If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may <t>limit</t> local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=limit%2:30:01:: | definition=place limits on (extent or access) | synonyms=restrict, restrain, trammel, bound, confine, throttle | examples=restrict the use of this parking lot; limit the time you can spend with your friends
2. sense_key=limit%2:30:00:: | definition=restrict or confine, | synonyms=circumscribe, confine | examples=I limit you to two visits to the pub a day
3. sense_key=limit%2:32:00:: | definition=decide upon or fix definitely | synonyms=specify, set, determine, define, fix | examples=fix the variables; specify the parameters

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "limit" in the context: "Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state..."

Here, "limit" means to place limits on or restrict the access/extent of local benefits. The president is restricting or placing limits on the local benefits that go to a particular district/state.

Sense 1: "place limits on (extent or access)" with synonyms like restrict, restrain, bound, confine. Examples: "restrict the use of this parking lot; limit the time you can spend with your friends"

Sense 2: "restrict or confine" with synonyms circumscribe, confine. Example: "I limit you to two visits to the pub a day"

Sense 3: "decide upon or fix definitely" with synonyms specify, set, determine, define, fix. Examples: "fix the variables; specify the parameters"

The context is about a president restricting or placing limits on local benefits. This is about restricting the extent or access to benefits, which aligns with Sense 1.

Sense 2 is more about confining someone to a specific allowance or quota (like "limit you to two visits"). The example is about setting a cap on an activity.

Sense 1's examples are about restricting use of a parking lot and limiting time spent - these are about placing limits on extent or access, which matches the context of a president limiting (restricting) local benefits.

I'll go with Sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: local
Target surface form: local
Context:
3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress. If these assumptions hold, voters in races for Congress face what in economic theory is called a prisoner's dilemma and have an incentive, at the margin, to lean Democratic. If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit <t>local</t> benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word "local" appears in the phrase "local benefits" in the context of discussing political representatives and benefits to specific districts/states.

The context discusses "local benefit-seeking" by congressional representatives, referring to benefits directed at a particular district or area rather than national policy.

Sense 1: "relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area" - examples: local taxes, local authorities. This fits well because the context is about benefits specific to a district/state rather than national benefits.

Sense 2: "of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood" - examples: local customs, local schools. This is more about characteristics of a place.

Sense 3: "affecting only a restricted part or area of the body" - medical sense, clearly not applicable.

Sense 1 is the best fit. The context discusses "local benefits" meaning benefits applicable to a specific district/town rather than a larger (national) area, and the examples "local taxes; local authorities" align well with the political/administrative context.

The answer is sense_index 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: benefit
Target surface form: benefits
Context:
3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress. If these assumptions hold, voters in races for Congress face what in economic theory is called a prisoner's dilemma and have an incentive, at the margin, to lean Democratic. If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local <t>benefits</t> to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=benefit%1:21:00:: | definition=financial assistance in time of need
2. sense_key=benefit%1:07:00:: | definition=something that aids or promotes well-being | synonyms=welfare | examples=for the benefit of all
3. sense_key=benefit%1:10:00:: | definition=a performance to raise money for a charitable cause

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "benefits" in the context: "Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state..."

The context discusses "local benefit-seeking", "local benefits", "bringing home the bacon", "lower taxes". This is about financial assistance or resources directed to specific districts/states. It's about legislators securing benefits (financial/material resources) for their constituencies.

Sense 1: financial assistance in time of need
Sense 2: something that aids or promotes well-being (synonym: welfare)
Sense 3: a performance to raise money for a charitable cause

The context is about political benefits - local benefits that legislators bring to their districts. "Bringing home the bacon" refers to securing federal funds/projects for one's district. These are financial assistance/resources directed to local areas.

Sense 1 seems closest - "financial assistance in time of need" - though "in time of need" is a bit narrow. But the broader sense of financial assistance/government benefits fits better than sense 2 (which is more about general well-being/welfare) or sense 3 (charity performance).

Actually, let me reconsider. "Benefits" here refers to things like federal spending, projects, grants that benefit a local district. These are financial/material benefits that aid the well-being of a constituency.

Sense 2 "something that aids or promotes well-being" with synonym "welfare" could also fit - welfare in the political sense of public welfare/benefits.

But "bringing home the bacon" and "lower taxes" and "financial assistance" - this is more about concrete financial benefits. Sense 1 is "financial assistance in time of need" which is the sense used for things like unemployment benefits, welfare benefits, etc.

However, in this political context, "local benefits" could be understood as things that aid or promote well-being (sense 2), or financial assistance (sense 1).

The phrase "local benefits" and "bringing home the bacon" suggests concrete financial/material benefits - money, projects, federal spending directed to a district. This aligns with sense 1: financial assistance.

But "in time of need" is restrictive. The benefits here aren't necessarily in time of need - they're general political benefits that legislators secure for their districts.

Actually, in political science, "benefits" in this context often refers to distributive benefits - federal money, projects, grants. This is financial assistance in a broad sense.

I'll go with sense 1, as it's about financial assistance, which best captures the "bringing home the bacon" connotation of securing money/resources for a district.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: particular
Target surface form: particular
Context:
3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress. If these assumptions hold, voters in races for Congress face what in economic theory is called a prisoner's dilemma and have an incentive, at the margin, to lean Democratic. If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's <t>particular</t> district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=particular%5:00:00:specific:00 | definition=unique or specific to a person or thing or category | synonyms=peculiar, special | examples=the particular demands of the job; has a particular preference for Chinese art
2. sense_key=particular%5:00:02:specific:00 | definition=separate and distinct from others of the same group or category | examples=interested in one particular artist; a man who wishes to make a particular woman fall in love with him
3. sense_key=particular%5:00:00:uncommon:00 | definition=surpassing what is common or usual or expected | synonyms=especial, exceptional, special | examples=he paid especial attention to her; exceptional kindness
4. sense_key=particular%5:00:00:primary:00 | definition=first and most important | synonyms=special | examples=his special interest is music; she gets special (or particular) satisfaction from her volunteer work
5. sense_key=particular%5:00:00:fastidious:00 | definition=exacting especially about details | synonyms=finical, finicky, fussy, picky | examples=a finicky eater; fussy about clothes
6. sense_key=particular%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=providing specific details or circumstances | examples=a particular description of the room

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "particular" is used in the phrase "the voter's particular district/state."

In this context, "particular" means the specific district/state that belongs to the individual voter being discussed. It's referring to a specific, individual member of a group (one specific district out of many districts).

Let me look at the senses:

1. "unique or specific to a person or thing or category" - examples: "the particular demands of the job; has a particular preference for Chinese art"
2. "separate and distinct from others of the same group or category" - examples: "interested in one particular artist; a man who wishes to make a particular woman fall in love with him"
3. "surpassing what is common or usual or expected" - synonyms: especial, exceptional, special
4. "first and most important" - synonyms: special
5. "exacting especially about details" - synonyms: finical, finicky, fussy, picky
6. "providing specific details or circumstances" - examples: "a particular description of the room"

Sense 2 seems to fit best: "separate and distinct from others of the same group or category." The "particular district/state" refers to the specific, individual district/state that belongs to that voter - one out of many districts/states. The examples "interested in one particular artist" and "a man who wishes to make a particular woman fall in love with him" show the same usage: picking out one specific member from a group.

Sense 1 could also work ("specific to a person or thing"), but sense 2's definition of "separate and distinct from others of the same group or category" better captures the idea that the voter has their own specific district among many districts.

The answer is sense 2.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: president
Target surface form: president
Context:
3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress. If these assumptions hold, voters in races for Congress face what in economic theory is called a prisoner's dilemma and have an incentive, at the margin, to lean Democratic. If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a <t>president</t> is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=president%1:18:01:: | definition=an executive officer of a firm or corporation
2. sense_key=president%1:18:04:: | definition=the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government | synonyms=President of the United States, United States President, Chief Executive | examples=the President likes to jog every morning
3. sense_key=president%1:18:00:: | definition=the chief executive of a republic
4. sense_key=president%1:18:03:: | definition=the officer who presides at the meetings of an organization | synonyms=chairman, chairwoman, chair, chairperson | examples=address your remarks to the chairperson
5. sense_key=president%1:18:02:: | definition=the head administrative officer of a college or university | synonyms=prexy
6. sense_key=president%1:04:04:: | definition=the office of the United States head of state | synonyms=President of the United States, Chief Executive | examples=a President is elected every four years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "president" in the context "a GOP president may limit local benefits...". The context discusses the White House, national policy making, and the United States government. The GOP president refers to the President of the United States.

Sense 2: "the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government" - this fits best.
Sense 6 is about the office itself, not the person. The context says "such a president is also likely to be more effective", referring to the person.

So sense 2 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: likely
Target surface form: likely
Context:
3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress. If these assumptions hold, voters in races for Congress face what in economic theory is called a prisoner's dilemma and have an incentive, at the margin, to lean Democratic. If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also <t>likely</t> to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=likely%3:00:00:: | definition=has a good chance of being the case or of coming about | examples=these services are likely to be available to us all before long; she is likely to forget
2. sense_key=likely%3:00:04:: | definition=likely but not certain to be or become true or real | synonyms=probable | examples=a likely result; he foresaw a probable loss
3. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:prospective:00 | definition=expected to become or be; in prospect | synonyms=potential | examples=potential clients
4. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:credible:00 | definition=within the realm of credibility | examples=not a very likely excuse

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "likely" in the context: "such a president is also <t>likely</t> to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits."

The context suggests that if a GOP president is put into office, there's a good chance that president will be more effective at preventing other districts from bringing home local benefits. This is about probability - the president has a good chance of being more effective.

Let me look at the senses:

1. "has a good chance of being the case or of coming about" - examples: "these services are likely to be available to us all before long; she is likely to forget"
2. "likely but not certain to be or become true or real" - synonyms: probable - examples: "a likely result; he foresaw a probable loss"
3. "expected to become or be; in prospect" - synonyms: potential - examples: "potential clients"
4. "within the realm of credibility" - examples: "not a very likely excuse"

The usage here is "is also likely to be more effective" - this is clearly about probability/likelihood. It's used as a predicate adjective with "to be."

Sense 1 seems to fit well: "has a good chance of being the case or of coming about" - "she is likely to forget" matches the structure "is likely to be more effective."

Sense 2 is "likely but not certain to be or become true or real" with synonym "probable" - examples are "a likely result; he foresaw a probable loss." This seems more attributive (a likely result) rather than predicative with "to be."

Sense 3 is about being "prospective" or "potential" - not fitting here.

Sense 4 is about credibility - not fitting here.

Between sense 1 and sense 2:
- Sense 1: predicative use with "to" + verb (likely to be available, likely to forget)
- Sense 2: attributive use (a likely result)

The context uses "is also likely to be more effective" which is predicative with "to be" - this matches sense 1's examples better.

So the answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effective
Target surface form: effective
Context:
3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress. If these assumptions hold, voters in races for Congress face what in economic theory is called a prisoner's dilemma and have an incentive, at the margin, to lean Democratic. If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more <t>effective</t> at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effective%3:00:00:: | definition=producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect; -LewisMumford | synonyms=effectual, efficacious | examples=an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witch's broomstick for rapid long-distance transportation; effective teaching methods
2. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively; -G.B.Shaw | synonyms=efficient | examples=people who will do nothing unless they get something out of it for themselves are often highly effective persons...; effective personnel
3. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:efficacious:00 | definition=works well as a means or remedy | examples=an effective reprimand; a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat
4. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
5. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:actual:00 | definition=existing in fact; not theoretical; real | examples=a decline in the effective demand; confused increased equipment and expenditure with the quantity of effective work done
6. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operational:00 | definition=ready for service | examples=the fort was held by about 100 effective soldiers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "effective" in the context: "such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits."

Here, "effective" means capable of producing an intended result. The president is capable of producing the intended result of preventing other districts from bringing home local benefits.

Sense 1: "producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect" - synonyms: effectual, efficacious. Examples: "an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witch's broomstick for rapid long-distance transportation; effective teaching methods."

This fits well. The president is capable of producing the intended result (preventing bacon-bringing).

Sense 2: "able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively" - synonyms: efficient. Examples about people who do things for themselves being effective, effective personnel.

This is more about competent people/personnel.

The context is about a president being effective at preventing something. "Effective at preventing" aligns well with sense 1: "producing or capable of producing an intended result."

Let me compare sense 1 and sense 3.

Sense 3: "works well as a means or remedy" - examples: "an effective reprimand; a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat." This seems more specific to remedies/means.

Sense 1 seems the best fit: "producing or capable of producing an intended result." The president is capable of producing the intended result of preventing other districts from bringing home benefits.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Effective at preventing" - this is about being capable of producing a result. Sense 1 fits.

Sense 1 is the best choice.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: prevent
Target surface form: preventing
Context:
3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress. If these assumptions hold, voters in races for Congress face what in economic theory is called a prisoner's dilemma and have an incentive, at the margin, to lean Democratic. If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at <t>preventing</t> other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=prevent%2:41:01:: | definition=keep from happening or arising; make impossible | synonyms=forestall, foreclose, preclude, forbid | examples=My sense of tact forbids an honest answer; Your role in the projects precludes your involvement in the competitive project
2. sense_key=prevent%2:41:00:: | definition=stop (someone or something) from doing something or being in a certain state | synonyms=keep | examples=We must prevent the cancer from spreading; His snoring kept me from falling asleep

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "preventing" in the context: "such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits."

Let me analyze the two senses:

1. Sense 1: "keep from happening or arising; make impossible" - synonyms: forestall, foreclose, preclude, forbid. Examples involve preventing something from happening altogether.

2. Sense 2: "stop (someone or something) from doing something or being in a certain state" - synonyms: keep. Examples: "prevent the cancer from spreading," "kept me from falling asleep."

In the context, the president is preventing other districts/states and their legislators from "bringing home the local benefits." This is about stopping someone (legislators) from doing something (bringing home benefits).

The structure "preventing [someone] from [doing something]" matches Sense 2's pattern more closely, as seen in the examples: "prevent the cancer from spreading" and "kept me from falling asleep."

However, let me reconsider. Sense 1 is about keeping something from happening or arising - making it impossible. Sense 2 is about stopping someone or something from doing something.

The context is about preventing legislators from bringing home benefits - this is stopping someone from doing something, which aligns with Sense 2.

Actually, let me think more carefully. "Preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits" - this is about stopping them from doing an action. The examples for Sense 2 include "prevent the cancer from spreading" and "His snoring kept me from falling asleep" - both follow the pattern of "prevent/keep [X] from [doing something]."

Sense 2 seems like the better fit here because the context involves preventing someone (legislators/districts) from doing something (bringing home benefits).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress. If these assumptions hold, voters in races for Congress face what in economic theory is called a prisoner's dilemma and have an incentive, at the margin, to lean Democratic. If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing <t>other</t> districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "other" is used in the context: "such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits."

Here, "other" means "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied." The text is contrasting the voter's particular district/state with "other" districts/states - i.e., different ones from the one already mentioned.

Sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" - this fits perfectly. The "other districts/states" are districts/states that are not the voter's particular district/state (which was already mentioned).

The other senses don't fit:
- Sense 2 (recently past) doesn't fit
- Sense 3 (belonging to the distant past) doesn't fit
- Sense 4 (very unusual) doesn't fit

So the answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: local
Target surface form: local
Context:
3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress. If these assumptions hold, voters in races for Congress face what in economic theory is called a prisoner's dilemma and have an incentive, at the margin, to lean Democratic. If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the <t>local</t> benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "local" appears in the phrase "bringing home the local benefits."

Context: The passage discusses legislators bringing benefits to their respective constituencies/districts/states. "Local benefits" here refers to benefits that are specific to a particular district, state, or constituency rather than national benefits.

Sense 1: "relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area" - examples: local taxes; local authorities. This fits well because it's about district/state level benefits rather than national.

Sense 2: "of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood" - examples: local customs; local schools. This is more about characteristics of a place.

Sense 3: medical term about anesthesia - clearly not relevant.

The passage is about "local benefits" meaning benefits to a specific district/state rather than national benefits. Sense 1 is about administration at a city/town/district level rather than a larger area. This seems to fit best because the contrast is between local (district/state) and national. The text mentions "local benefits to the voter's particular district/state" and contrasts with national policy making.

Sense 1 seems the best fit.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: benefit
Target surface form: benefits
Context:
3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress. If these assumptions hold, voters in races for Congress face what in economic theory is called a prisoner's dilemma and have an incentive, at the margin, to lean Democratic. If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local <t>benefits</t>. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=benefit%1:21:00:: | definition=financial assistance in time of need
2. sense_key=benefit%1:07:00:: | definition=something that aids or promotes well-being | synonyms=welfare | examples=for the benefit of all
3. sense_key=benefit%1:10:00:: | definition=a performance to raise money for a charitable cause

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "benefits" in the context of "local benefits" and "bringing home the bacon" in a political/economic discussion. The context discusses local benefit-seeking by congressional representatives, where legislators bring benefits to their constituencies.

Sense 1: financial assistance in time of need - this could fit as "bringing home the bacon" implies financial assistance
Sense 2: something that aids or promotes well-being; synonyms=welfare - this is more general about well-being
Sense 3: a performance to raise money for a charitable cause - this doesn't fit at all

The context talks about "local benefits" that legislators bring to their constituencies, "bringing home the bacon." This is about financial/resources being directed to local areas. The phrase "bringing home the bacon" specifically refers to securing funding or resources for one's constituency.

Sense 1 is "financial assistance in time of need" - while "in time of need" might not perfectly match, the financial assistance aspect fits well with "bringing home the bacon" and the discussion of taxes and resources.

Sense 2 is "something that aids or promotes well-being" with synonym "welfare" - this is broader and could encompass the general benefits that constituents receive.

Actually, looking more carefully, the context discusses "local benefit-seeking" and "local benefits" as things legislators bring to their districts. This is about financial/resources/funding for local areas. "Bringing home the bacon" is a political idiom for securing funding/projects for one's district.

Sense 1 (financial assistance in time of need) vs Sense 2 (something that aids or promotes well-being, welfare).

The benefits here are financial/resources directed to local constituencies. Sense 1 is specifically about financial assistance, which aligns with "bringing home the bacon." However, "in time of need" might not be the best fit.

Sense 2 with synonym "welfare" and example "for the benefit of all" is broader about well-being.

Actually, in political science, "benefits" in the context of distributive politics and "bringing home the bacon" typically refers to tangible resources, funding, projects - financial assistance/resources. The discussion is economic in nature (prisoner's dilemma, taxes, etc.).

I think Sense 1 is the best fit because:
1. "Bringing home the bacon" specifically refers to securing financial resources/funding
2. The economic context (prisoner's dilemma, taxes, economic theory)
3. The benefits are described as things that have tangible value (acquiring less in terms of local benefits, lower taxes)

Wait, let me reconsider. Sense 1 says "financial assistance in time of need" - this implies emergency-type assistance. The benefits here are more about general resources/welfare that constituents receive.

Sense 2 says "something that aids or promotes well-being" with synonym "welfare" - this is broader and could include the general benefits that legislators bring to their districts.

Hmm, but "welfare" in political context often means financial support programs. And "something that aids or promotes well-being" is quite broad.

Actually, looking at this again - the benefits are financial/resources that legislators bring to their constituencies. "Acquire less in terms of local benefits" - this is about tangible gains. "Bringing home the bacon" is about money/funding.

I think Sense 1 is more appropriate because it specifically mentions "financial assistance" which aligns with the economic/financial nature of the benefits discussed. Even though "in time of need" isn't perfect, the financial aspect is key here.

Actually, I need to think about this more carefully. In WordNet:
- Sense 1 (benefit%1:21:00::) - financial assistance in time of need - this is typically about things like unemployment benefits, disability benefits, etc.
- Sense 2 (benefit%1:07:00::) - something that aids or promotes well-being - this is a broader sense, synonym "welfare"

The context is about "local benefits" that politicians secure for their districts - this could include public works, funding for projects, etc. These are things that aid or promote well-being of the constituency. This seems more like Sense 2.

But "bringing home the bacon" is specifically about money/funding, which aligns with financial assistance (Sense 1).

I'm going to go with Sense 1 because the benefits in this context are clearly financial/resources ("bringing home the bacon," discussion of taxes, economic theory), and the financial assistance aspect is central, even if "in time of need" doesn't perfectly fit.

Hmm, actually let me reconsider once more. "Local benefits" in political science refers to distributive benefits - public goods, services, funding, projects that a legislator secures for their district. These are broader than just "financial assistance in time of need."

Sense 2 "something that aids or promotes well-being" with synonym "welfare" seems to capture this broader concept better. The benefits here are things that promote the well-being of the constituency - they could be financial, but they're conceptualized as promoting well-being.

But then again, "bringing home the bacon" is very specifically about money/funding, which is financial.

I think the key question is: are these "benefits" primarily financial assistance (Sense 1) or things that promote well-being (Sense 2)?

In the context: "not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits" - "acquire" suggests tangible/financial things.
"bringing home the bacon" - specifically about money/funding
"lower taxes" - financial
"local benefit-seeking" - seeking financial/resources

I'll go with Sense 1 because the financial aspect is dominant in this context.

Wait, I should also consider that "welfare" as a synonym for Sense 2 could be relevant - in political science, "welfare" can refer to various government programs that provide benefits. But the benefits here aren't just welfare programs - they're broader local benefits that legislators secure.

Actually, I think I'm overcomplicating this. Let me look at the definitions again:

Sense 1: financial assistance in time of need
- This is specifically about financial help during difficult times
- "in time of need" is a key qualifier

Sense 2: something that aids or promotes well-being
- This is broader, about anything that helps well-being
- Synonym: welfare
- Example: "for the benefit of all"

The "local benefits" in this context are things legislators secure for their constituencies to aid/promote their well-being. The example "for the benefit of all" aligns with the idea of benefits for a constituency. The synonym "welfare" also aligns with government-provided benefits.

I think Sense 2 is actually the better fit. The benefits are things that aid or promote the well-being of the constituency, which is broader than just "financial assistance in time of need."

Let me finalize: Sense 2 seems better because:
1. "Something that aids or promotes well-being" captures the broader nature of local benefits (not just financial assistance in emergencies)
2. The synonym "welfare" aligns with government-provided benefits
3. The example "for the benefit of all" aligns with benefits for a constituency
4. "In time of need" in Sense 1 doesn't fit the context - these aren't emergency benefits

Yes, I'll go with Sense 2.

Actually, wait. Let me reconsider one more time. "Bringing home the bacon" is a very specific idiom about money/funding. The context is highly economic (prisoner's dilemma, taxes, economic theory). The benefits being discussed are clearly financial/resources.

But Sense 1 says "financial assistance in time of need" - the "in time of need" part is problematic. These aren't benefits provided in times of need - they're benefits that legislators secure for their districts as part of normal political activity.

Sense 2 "something that aids or promotes well-being" is broader and can encompass financial benefits that promote well-being. The synonym "welfare" is also relevant in a political context.

I'll go with Sense 2.

Hmm, but actually I want to reconsider one more time. Let me think about what "benefits" means in this specific political context.

"Local benefit-seeking" - legislators seeking benefits for their local areas
"acquire less in terms of local benefits" - acquiring benefits
"bringing home the bacon" - securing funding/resources
"local benefits" - benefits for local areas

These benefits are tangible resources that legislators direct to their districts. This is about financial/resources, but not necessarily "in time of need."

Sense 1: financial assistance in time of need - the financial part fits, but "in time of need" doesn't
Sense 2: something that aids or promotes well-being - broader, can include financial benefits

I think Sense 2 is the better fit because it can encompass the financial benefits without the "in time of need" qualifier.

Final answer: Sense 2.

Hmm, but actually, I realize I should consider the WordNet hierarchy more carefully.

Sense 1 (benefit%1:21:00::) is in the noun.act hierarchy or noun.possession? The 1:21 suggests... actually, let me not worry about the hierarchy and just focus on the definitions.

OK, I've been going back and forth. Let me make a final decision:

The context is about legislators securing "local benefits" for their constituencies, described as "bringing home the bacon." These are tangible resources/funding that promote the well-being of the constituency.

Sense 1: "financial assistance in time of need" - The financial aspect fits, but "in time of need" doesn't match the context (these aren't emergency benefits)

Sense 2: "something that aids or promotes well-being" - This captures the broader concept of benefits that legislators secure for their constituencies. The synonym "welfare" is also relevant.

I'll go with Sense 2 as the best fit.

Actually, I just want to check one more thing. "Bringing home the bacon" - this idiom means to earn money or secure funding. In the political context, it means securing government funding/projects for one's district. This is clearly financial.

But the question is whether Sense 1 (with "in time of need") or Sense 2 (broader, "aids or promotes well-being") is the better fit.

"Financial assistance in time of need" typically refers to things like unemployment benefits, disaster relief, etc. - assistance provided when someone is in need.

The benefits in this context aren't about need - they're about legislators securing resources for their constituencies as part of normal political activity. This is more about promoting well-being (Sense 2) than about assistance in time of need (Sense 1).

Final decision: Sense 2.

Wait, I want to reconsider one final time. Let me look at the actual WordNet senses more carefully.

benefit%1:21:00:: - This is likely in the noun.possession or noun.act hierarchy. "Financial assistance in time of need" - this is about monetary help during difficult circumstances.

benefit%1:07:00:: - This is likely in the noun.attribute or noun.state hierarchy. "Something that aids or promotes well-being" with synonym "welfare" - this is about things that contribute to well-being.

benefit%1:10:00:: - This is in the noun.act hierarchy. "A performance to raise money for a charitable cause" - this is about benefit concerts/events.

The "local benefits" in this context are things that legislators secure for their constituencies. These could be:
- Financial resources (funding for projects)
- Public goods (infrastructure, services)
- Various forms of government assistance

"Bringing home the bacon" specifically refers to securing funding/money.

Now, "something that aids or promotes well-being" (Sense 2) is quite broad and can encompass all of these. The synonym "welfare" also suggests government-provided benefits that promote well-being.

"Financial assistance in time of need" (Sense 1) is more specific - it's about financial help during difficult times. While the benefits here are financial, they're not specifically about "time of need."

I'm going to go with Sense 2 as the best fit. The local benefits that legislators secure for their constituencies are things that "aid or promote well-being" of the constituency.

Final answer: Sense 2.

Hmm, actually, I realize I keep going back and forth. Let me try to be more decisive.

Key factors:
1. "Bringing home the bacon" = securing funding/money (financial)
2. Economic theory context (prisoner's dilemma, taxes)
3. "Acquire less in terms of local benefits" - acquiring tangible things
4. "In time of need" in Sense 1 doesn't fit the context
5. "Aids or promotes well-being" in Sense 2 is broader and can include financial benefits
6. Synonym "welfare" in Sense 2 is relevant in political context

Decision: Sense 2 is the best fit because:
- "Something that aids or promotes well-being" captures the concept of local benefits that legislators secure for their constituencies
- The "in time of need" qualifier in Sense 1 doesn't match the context
- The synonym "welfare" is relevant in the political context

Final answer: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: individual
Target surface form: individual
Context:
If these assumptions hold, voters in races for Congress face what in economic theory is called a prisoner's dilemma and have an incentive, at the margin, to lean Democratic. If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The <t>individual</t> voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=individual%3:00:00:: | definition=being or characteristic of a single thing or person | synonyms=single | examples=individual drops of rain; please mark the individual pages
2. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:independent:00 | definition=separate and distinct from others of the same kind | synonyms=case-by-case, item-by-item | examples=mark the individual pages; on a case-by-case basis
3. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:unshared:00 | definition=characteristic of or meant for a single person or thing | synonyms=single | examples=an individual serving; single occupancy
4. sense_key=individual%5:00:00:personal:00 | definition=concerning one person exclusively | synonyms=private | examples=we all have individual cars; each room has a private bath

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "individual" used in the phrase "The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes."

Here, "individual voter" refers to a single voter, considered separately from the collective. The context discusses how a single voter's standing is enhanced. The adjective "individual" here emphasizes the single person, considered separately from others.

Sense 1: "being or characteristic of a single thing or person" - examples: "individual drops of rain," "individual pages"
Sense 2: "separate and distinct from others of the same kind" - examples: "mark the individual pages," "case-by-case basis"
Sense 3: "characteristic of or meant for a single person or thing" - examples: "individual serving," "single occupancy"
Sense 4: "concerning one person exclusively" - examples: "individual cars," "private bath"

The phrase "individual voter" is closest to sense 1, where "individual" means "single" - referring to a single person. The phrase "individual drops of rain" is similar: each drop is one single drop. Similarly, "individual voter" refers to each single voter.

Sense 2 focuses on "separate and distinct from others of the same kind" - this is more about items being treated separately, like a case-by-case basis.
Sense 3 is about something meant for a single person, like an individual serving.

Sense 1: "being or characteristic of a single thing or person" with synonym "single" - "individual drops of rain" - each drop is a single drop. Similarly, "individual voter" = single voter.
Sense 2: "separate and distinct from others of the same kind" - this emphasizes distinctness/separation rather than singularity.

I think sense 1 is the best fit. "The individual voter" = "the single voter" - being or characteristic of a single person.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: standing
Target surface form: standing
Context:
If these assumptions hold, voters in races for Congress face what in economic theory is called a prisoner's dilemma and have an incentive, at the margin, to lean Democratic. If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's <t>standing</t> consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=standing%1:26:00:: | definition=social or financial or professional status or reputation | examples=of equal standing; a member in good standing
2. sense_key=standing%1:10:00:: | definition=an ordered listing of scores or results showing the relative positions of competitors (individuals or teams) in a sporting event
3. sense_key=standing%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of assuming or maintaining an erect upright position

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses voters' "standing" being enhanced through lower taxes. This relates to their financial status or position.
Sense 1: social or financial or professional status or reputation - this fits because the text talks about the voter's standing being enhanced through lower taxes (financial status).
Sense 2: ordered listing of scores - doesn't fit
Sense 3: erect upright position - doesn't fit

So sense 1 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: enhance
Target surface form: enhanced
Context:
If these assumptions hold, voters in races for Congress face what in economic theory is called a prisoner's dilemma and have an incentive, at the margin, to lean Democratic. If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be <t>enhanced</t> through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=enhance%2:30:00:: | definition=increase | synonyms=heighten, raise | examples=This will enhance your enjoyment; heighten the tension
2. sense_key=enhance%2:30:01:: | definition=make better or more attractive | examples=This sauce will enhance the flavor of the meat

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "enhanced" in the context: "The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes."

The context discusses how a voter's standing improves because of lower taxes. The voter's standing is increased or improved.

Sense 1: increase (synonyms: heighten, raise) - "This will enhance your enjoyment; heighten the tension"
Sense 2: make better or more attractive - "This sauce will enhance the flavor of the meat"

The voter's standing is being increased/improved through lower taxes. This is about increasing the voter's standing/position.

Sense 1 is about increasing something (heighten, raise). The voter's standing is increased.
Sense 2 is about making something better or more attractive (like enhancing flavor).

"Enhance" here means to increase or improve the voter's standing. The voter's standing is raised/increased through lower taxes.

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "This will enhance your enjoyment" - increasing enjoyment
- Sense 2: "This sauce will enhance the flavor of the meat" - making the flavor better/more attractive

"Enhanced" in the context of "standing will be enhanced through lower taxes" - this is about increasing the voter's standing/position. It's more about increasing (sense 1) than making more attractive (sense 2).

The standing is increased/improved. Sense 1 (increase) seems more appropriate. "Heighten" or "raise" the standing fits.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simple
Target surface form: simple
Context:
If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly <t>simple</t>, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context says "While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things." The word "simple" here means uncomplicated, not complex. The theory is straightforward and easy to understand, but not necessarily "easy" in the sense of being elementary. It means having few parts, not complex or complicated.

Let me look at the senses:
1. having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved
2. easy and not involved or complicated (elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic)
3. apart from anything else; without additions or modifications (bare, mere)
4. exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity
5. lacking mental capacity and subtlety
6. botany
7. unornamented

The theory is described as "exceedingly simple" but it explains several things. This suggests it's not complex, has few parts. Sense 1 seems best - "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved."

Sense 2 is about being "easy and not involved or complicated" with synonyms like elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic. This could also fit. But the distinction between 1 and 2: sense 1 is about structural simplicity (few parts), sense 2 is about ease of understanding.

In this context, the theory is simple in structure - it doesn't have many moving parts - but it still explains complex phenomena. This aligns more with sense 1 (having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved).

The sentence "While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things" suggests a contrast between simplicity and explanatory power, which points to structural simplicity (few parts) rather than just being easy.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: appear
Target surface form: appears
Context:
If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it <t>appears</t> to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=appear%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, seem | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. sense_key=appear%2:30:00:: | definition=come into sight or view | examples=He suddenly appeared at the wedding; A new star appeared on the horizon
3. sense_key=appear%2:30:01:: | definition=be issued or published | synonyms=come out | examples=Did your latest book appear yet?; The new Woody Allen film hasn't come out yet
4. sense_key=appear%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=seem | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
5. sense_key=appear%2:30:02:: | definition=come into being or existence, or appear on the scene | synonyms=come along | examples=Then the computer came along and changed our lives; Homo sapiens appeared millions of years ago
6. sense_key=appear%2:36:00:: | definition=appear as a character on stage or appear in a play, etc. | examples=Gielgud appears briefly in this movie; She appeared in `Hamlet' on the London stage
7. sense_key=appear%2:41:03:: | definition=present oneself formally, as before a (judicial) authority | examples=He had to appear in court last month; She appeared on several charges of theft

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
Looking at the context: "While this theory is exceedingly simple, it **appears** to explain several things."

Here, "appears" is used to indicate that the theory seems to have explanatory power — it seems to be true or probable that the theory explains certain phenomena. This is an epistemic use, conveying that something seems to be the case based on evidence or reasoning.

- Sense 1 ("give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect") focuses more on outward appearance/impression (e.g., "She seems to be sleeping").
- Sense 4 ("seem to be true, probable, or apparent") captures the epistemic judgment that the theory seems to genuinely explain things, which aligns with examples like "It appears that the weather in California is very bad."

The context is about the theory seeming to be valid/true in its explanatory power, not about its outward appearance.

{"sense_index": 4}

reasoning_content:
The target word is "appears" in the context: "While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things."

Let me analyze the senses:
1. appear%2:39:00:: - give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect (look, seem) - "She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem"
2. appear%2:30:00:: - come into sight or view - "He suddenly appeared at the wedding"
3. appear%2:30:01:: - be issued or published - "Did your latest book appear yet?"
4. appear%2:39:01:: - seem to be true, probable, or apparent (seem) - "It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad"
5. appear%2:30:02:: - come into being or existence - "Then the computer came along"
6. appear%2:36:00:: - appear as a character on stage
7. appear%2:41:03:: - present oneself formally

The context is "it appears to explain several things." This is about the theory seeming to explain things, i.e., it seems to be true or apparent that the theory explains things.

Now, between sense 1 and sense 4:
- Sense 1: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect" - examples: "She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem"
- Sense 4: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent" - examples: "It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad"

The phrase "it appears to explain several things" is closer to "it appears that..." construction, which matches sense 4. The structure "it appears to [verb]" where it's about seeming to be true/probable.

Actually, looking more carefully:
- Sense 1 example: "This appears to be a very difficult problem" - this is also "appears to [verb]"
- Sense 4 example: "It appears that the weather in California is very bad" - this is "appears that..."

The context "it appears to explain several things" has the structure "appears to [verb]" which matches sense 1's example "This appears to be a very difficult problem."

But the meaning is about seeming to be true - the theory seems to be true in its explanatory power. This aligns with sense 4's definition "seem to be true, probable, or apparent."

Let me think more carefully. The sentence "it appears to explain several things" means "it seems to explain several things" - it seems to be the case that the theory explains things. This is about seeming to be true/probable.

Sense 1 is about outward aspect/impression - more about how something looks.
Sense 4 is about seeming to be true, probable, or apparent.

The context is about whether a theory seems to explain things - this is about seeming to be true, which is sense 4.

Actually, I need to reconsider. "This appears to be a very difficult problem" (sense 1) vs "It appears that the weather in California is very bad" (sense 4).

The structure in the context is "it appears to explain" which is closer to "This appears to be" (sense 1) in structure. But the meaning is about the theory seeming to have explanatory power - seeming to be true.

I think sense 4 is the better fit because:
1. The definition "seem to be true, probable, or apparent" matches the context of a theory seeming to explain things
2. The example "It appears that..." is similar in meaning (though different in surface structure)

But sense 1's example "This appears to be a very difficult problem" has the same surface structure "X appears to [verb]..."

Hmm, this is tricky. Let me look at the definitions more carefully:
- Sense 1: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect" - this is about appearance/impression
- Sense 4: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent" - this is about epistemic seeming, truth

In the context, "it appears to explain several things" is making an epistemic claim - the theory seems to (actually) explain things. This is about truth/probability, not just outward appearance.

I'll go with sense 4.

Wait, let me reconsider once more. The sentence "it appears to explain several things" - "appears" here is used epistemically, meaning "seems to be the case." This matches sense 4: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent."

Sense 1 is more about outward appearance - "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect." The example "She seems to be sleeping" is about how she looks (outward aspect), not about truth.

In our context, the claim is that the theory seems to genuinely explain things - it's an epistemic judgment about the theory's explanatory power. This is sense 4.

I'll go with sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: explain
Target surface form: explain
Context:
If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to <t>explain</t> several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=explain%2:32:00:: | definition=make plain and comprehensible | synonyms=explicate | examples=He explained the laws of physics to his students
2. sense_key=explain%2:32:01:: | definition=define | examples=The committee explained their plan for fund-raising to the Dean
3. sense_key=explain%2:32:02:: | definition=serve as a reason or cause or justification of | synonyms=excuse | examples=Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival at work; Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about a theory that "explains several things." The theory provides reasons for why certain phenomena occur (like ticket splitting increasing). The theory serves as a justification or reason for the observed pattern.

Sense 1: make plain and comprehensible (explicate) - explaining laws of physics
Sense 2: define - explaining a plan
Sense 3: serve as a reason or cause or justification of (excuse) - "Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again"

In this context, the theory "appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased..." The theory is serving as a reason or cause that accounts for the observed phenomena. It's not just making something plain and comprehensible in an educational sense; it's providing a causal explanation for why something happened.

This aligns best with sense 3: "serve as a reason or cause or justification of" - the example "Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again" is very similar in structure to "this theory appears to explain why ticket splitting has increased." In both cases, something (divorce/theory) serves as the reason/cause for an observed phenomenon.

Sense 1 is more about making something plain and comprehensible, like teaching. The context here is about a theory accounting for observed phenomena, which is closer to sense 3.

I'll go with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: several
Target surface form: several
Context:
If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain <t>several</t> things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00 | definition=(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many | examples=several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident
2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00 | definition=considered individually | synonyms=respective, various | examples=the respective club members; specialists in their several fields
3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=distinct and individual | examples=three several times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "several" in the context: "While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things."

Here, "several things" means an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many. The theory explains multiple things.

Sense 1: (used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many
Sense 2: considered individually
Sense 3: distinct and individual

"Several things" fits Sense 1 - an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: thing
Target surface form: things
Context:
If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several <t>things</t>. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=thing%1:26:00:: | definition=a special situation | examples=this thing has got to end; it is a remarkable thing
2. sense_key=thing%1:04:00:: | definition=an action | examples=how could you do such a thing?
3. sense_key=thing%1:09:00:: | definition=a special abstraction | examples=a thing of the spirit; things of the heart
4. sense_key=thing%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact | examples=how does this thing work?
5. sense_key=thing%1:11:00:: | definition=an event | examples=a funny thing happened on the way to the...
6. sense_key=thing%1:09:02:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=matter, affair | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
7. sense_key=thing%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement regarded as an object | examples=to say the same thing in other terms; how can you say such a thing?
8. sense_key=thing%1:06:01:: | definition=an entity that is not named specifically | examples=I couldn't tell what the thing was
9. sense_key=thing%1:07:00:: | definition=any attribute or quality considered as having its own existence | examples=the thing I like about her is ...
10. sense_key=thing%1:09:01:: | definition=a special objective | examples=the thing is to stay in bounds
11. sense_key=thing%1:12:00:: | definition=a persistent illogical feeling of desire or aversion | examples=he has a thing about seafood; she has a thing about him
12. sense_key=thing%1:03:00:: | definition=a separate and self-contained entity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context says "it appears to explain several things." Here "things" refers to matters, concerns, or issues that the theory explains — like why ticket splitting has increased, etc. This fits sense 6: "a vaguely specified concern" with synonyms "matter, affair" and examples like "several matters to attend to."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: increase
Target surface form: increased
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has <t>increased</t> and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=increase%2:30:00:: | definition=become bigger or greater in amount | examples=The amount of work increased
2. sense_key=increase%2:30:02:: | definition=make bigger or more | examples=The boss finally increased her salary; The university increased the number of students it admitted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "increased" in the context: "First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century."

Here, "increased" is used intransitively. "Ticket splitting has increased" - the subject is "ticket splitting" and there is no direct object. It means ticket splitting has become bigger or greater in amount.

Sense 1: "become bigger or greater in amount" (intransitive) - examples: "The amount of work increased"
Sense 2: "make bigger or more" (transitive) - examples: "The boss finally increased her salary"

Since "ticket splitting has increased" is intransitive (no object), Sense 1 is the best fit.