[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: recent
Target surface form: recent
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a <t>recent</t> math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "recent" in the context: "Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard)".

This means Caleb Nelson recently graduated as a math major, or is a recent graduate in math.

Sense 1: definition=new, examples="recent graduates; a recent addition to the house"
Sense 2: definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time, synonyms=late, examples="a late development; their late quarrel"

The phrase "a recent math major at Harvard" means someone who recently was a math major / recently graduated as a math major. This aligns with "recent graduates" from sense 1.

Sense 1 is the best fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: major
Target surface form: major
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math <t>major</t> at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=major%1:18:00:: | definition=a commissioned military officer in the United States Army or Air Force or Marines; below lieutenant colonel and above captain
2. sense_key=major%1:18:02:: | definition=British statesman who was prime minister from 1990 until 1997 (born in 1943) | synonyms=John Major, John R. Major, John Roy Major
3. sense_key=major%1:18:01:: | definition=a university student who is studying a particular field as the principal subject | examples=she is a linguistics major
4. sense_key=major%1:09:00:: | definition=the principal field of study of a student at a university | examples=her major is linguistics

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The context says "Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard)". "math major" refers to a university student studying a particular field as their principal subject.
Sense 3: "a university student who is studying a particular field as the principal subject"
Example: "she is a linguistics major"
This perfectly matches "math major at Harvard".

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Parasail

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: most
Target surface form: Most
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- <t>Most</t> important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the superlative | synonyms=to the highest degree | examples=the king cobra is the most dangerous snake
2. sense_key=most%4:02:01:: | definition=very | examples=a most welcome relief
3. sense_key=most%4:02:02:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=about, almost, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Most" in the context: "Most important of all, schools should have principals..."
"Most important of all" means "the most important thing" or "very important" or "above all".

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. used to form the superlative ("the most dangerous snake")
2. very ("a most welcome relief")
3. slightly short of / almost ("about done")

In the context "Most important of all", it is modifying "important".
Is it forming the superlative? "Most important of all" -> "the most important of all things". This fits the superlative sense. Wait, "most" can also mean "very" in "a most welcome relief". However, "most important of all" acts like "the most important of all". Is it sense 1 or 2?

Let's check "most important of all".
"most" used to form the superlative: "most important".
Sense 2: "very" -> "a most welcome relief" (often with a singular noun phrase, intensifying an adjective).
"Most important of all" is an established phrase meaning "above all" or "most importantly", which is an absolute superlative. Actually, it literally forms the superlative of "important": among all the reasons, this is the most important. So sense 1 seems to fit perfectly ("used to form the superlative").
Wait, could it be sense 2 ("very")? "A most important matter" means "a very important matter". "Most important of all" means "the most important of all".
I will choose sense 1.

Let's double check.
"Most important of all, schools should have principals..."
Does "most" here form a superlative? Yes, "most important" (superlative of important).
Therefore, sense 1 fits.
Sense 2: "a most welcome relief" means "a very welcome relief". If it were "a most important thing", it would be sense 2. But "Most important of all" implies the superlative degree.

So the sense_index is 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: important
Target surface form: important
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most <t>important</t> of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day
2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution
3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner
5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "important" in the phrase "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority..."

The context is listing recommendations for improving schools. "Most important of all" introduces the most significant or valuable point. Let's look at the senses:

1. important%3:00:00:: - of great significance or value
2. important%3:00:04:: - important in effect or meaning
3. important%3:00:02:: - of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis
4. important%5:00:00:influential:00 - having authority or ascendancy or influence
5. important%5:00:00:immodest:02 - having or suggesting a consciousness of high position

"Most important of all" means the most significant point. Sense 1 (of great significance or value) fits well. Sense 3 (vital to resolution of a crisis) is more extreme. Sense 2 (important in effect or meaning) with synonym "significant" is also possible.

"Most important of all" is a common phrase meaning "above all" or "most significantly." This is about significance or value. Sense 1 seems most appropriate. Sense 2 is also about significance but specifically "in effect or meaning."

Let me think about which is better. The phrase "most important of all" is ranking by importance - significance or value. Sense 1's definition "of great significance or value" and examples "important people; the important questions of the day" suggest a general sense of importance. Sense 2 with synonym "significant" and examples about changes in laws/constitution is more about meaningfulness in effect.

The context is about prioritizing recommendations - which is most important. This is about significance/value, so sense 1 seems right.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, <t>schools</t> should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "schools" in the context: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."

Here, "schools" refers to educational institutions that have principals, faculty, curriculum, and student discipline.

Sense 1: "an educational institution" - fits well. Schools have principals, faculty, curriculum.
Sense 2: "a building where young people receive education" - less likely, as the context discusses authority over faculty and curriculum, which is more about the institution than the building.
Sense 6: "an educational institution's faculty and students" - possible, but the context mentions "principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty" - if "schools" meant the faculty and students, it would be odd to say schools should have principals with authority over the faculty (which would be part of the school). The text says "schools should have principals" - this implies the school is an institution that has a principal.

Sense 1 seems best. The schools are institutions that have principals, faculty, curriculum, and student discipline.

Let me verify: "schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline." Yes, this is about educational institutions.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: principal
Target surface form: principals
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have <t>principals</t> with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=principal%1:21:01:: | definition=the original amount of a debt on which interest is calculated
2. sense_key=principal%1:18:00:: | definition=the educator who has executive authority for a school | synonyms=school principal, head teacher, head | examples=she sent unruly pupils to see the principal
3. sense_key=principal%1:18:01:: | definition=an actor who plays a principal role | synonyms=star, lead
4. sense_key=principal%1:21:02:: | definition=capital as contrasted with the income derived from it | synonyms=corpus, principal sum
5. sense_key=principal%1:18:03:: | definition=(criminal law) any person involved in a criminal offense, regardless of whether the person profits from such involvement
6. sense_key=principal%1:18:02:: | definition=the major party to a financial transaction at a stock exchange; buys and sells for his own account | synonyms=dealer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses schools and their leadership: "schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."

This clearly refers to school principals - the educators who have executive authority for a school. The context mentions "faculty," "curriculum," and "student discipline," all of which are school-related. The sentence also mentions "a powerful head" at the end, which is a synonym for sense 2.

Sense 2: principal%1:18:00:: - the educator who has executive authority for a school - synonyms: school principal, head teacher, head - examples: she sent unruly pupils to see the principal

This is clearly the correct sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: measure
Target surface form: measure
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large <t>measure</t> of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=measure%1:04:01:: | definition=any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal | synonyms=step | examples=the situation called for strong measures; the police took steps to reduce crime
2. sense_key=measure%1:03:00:: | definition=how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify | synonyms=quantity, amount
3. sense_key=measure%1:10:02:: | definition=a statute in draft before it becomes law | synonyms=bill | examples=they held a public hearing on the bill
4. sense_key=measure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule | synonyms=measurement, measuring, mensuration | examples=the measurements were carefully done; his mental measurings proved remarkably accurate
5. sense_key=measure%1:10:03:: | definition=a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated | synonyms=standard, criterion, touchstone | examples=the schools comply with federal standards; they set the measure for all subsequent work
6. sense_key=measure%1:10:01:: | definition=(prosody) the accent in a metrical foot of verse | synonyms=meter, metre, beat, cadence
7. sense_key=measure%1:10:00:: | definition=musical notation for a repeating pattern of musical beats | synonyms=bar | examples=the orchestra omitted the last twelve bars of the song
8. sense_key=measure%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument having a sequence of marks at regular intervals; used as a reference in making measurements | synonyms=measuring stick, measuring rod
9. sense_key=measure%1:06:01:: | definition=a container of some standard capacity that is used to obtain fixed amounts of a substance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "schools should have principals with a large <t>measure</t> of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."

Here, "a large measure of authority" means a large amount or quantity of authority.

Sense 2: "how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify" | synonyms=quantity, amount

This fits perfectly. "A large measure of authority" = "a large amount of authority".

Sense 1 is about a maneuver/step toward a goal. Not quite right here.
Sense 5 is about a basis for comparison/standard. Could be close in some contexts ("a measure of" can mean a standard), but here it's clearly about amount/quantity.

Let me reconsider. "A large measure of authority" - this is an idiomatic expression meaning "a large amount of authority." So sense 2 fits best.

Let me double-check: "a measure of" can mean:
1. An amount of (quantity)
2. A degree of (extent)

In WordNet, sense 2 is "how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify" with synonyms "quantity, amount". This fits "a large measure of authority."

So the answer is sense_index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: authority
Target surface form: authority
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of <t>authority</t> over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=authority%1:07:00:: | definition=the power or right to give orders or make decisions | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, potency, dominance, say-so | examples=he has the authority to issue warrants; deputies are given authorization to make arrests
2. sense_key=authority%1:18:01:: | definition=(usually plural) persons who exercise (administrative) control over others | examples=the authorities have issued a curfew
3. sense_key=authority%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert whose views are taken as definitive | examples=he is an authority on corporate law
4. sense_key=authority%1:09:00:: | definition=freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities | synonyms=assurance, self-assurance, confidence, self-confidence, sureness | examples=his assurance in his superiority did not make him popular; after that failure he lost his confidence
5. sense_key=authority%1:14:00:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, office | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
6. sense_key=authority%1:07:02:: | definition=official permission or approval | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, sanction | examples=authority for the program was renewed several times
7. sense_key=authority%1:10:00:: | definition=an authoritative written work | examples=this book is the final authority on the life of Milton

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context says "schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline." This refers to the power or right to give orders or make decisions, which is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: faculty
Target surface form: faculty
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the <t>faculty</t>, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=faculty%1:09:00:: | definition=one of the inherent cognitive or perceptual powers of the mind | synonyms=mental faculty, module
2. sense_key=faculty%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of teachers and administrators at a school | synonyms=staff | examples=the dean addressed the letter to the entire staff of the university

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "faculty" appears in the context: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."

Here, "faculty" refers to the teachers and administrators at a school. The principal has authority over the faculty (teaching staff), curriculum, and student discipline.

Sense 2: "the body of teachers and administrators at a school" with synonyms "staff" and example "the dean addressed the letter to the entire staff of the university" matches perfectly.

Sense 1 refers to cognitive/perceptual powers of the mind, which doesn't fit here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: matter
Target surface form: matters
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all <t>matters</t> of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=matter%1:09:01:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=affair, thing | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
2. sense_key=matter%1:09:00:: | definition=some situation or event that is thought about | synonyms=topic, subject, issue | examples=he kept drifting off the topic; he had been thinking about the subject for several years
3. sense_key=matter%1:03:00:: | definition=that which has mass and occupies space | examples=physicists study both the nature of matter and the forces which govern it
4. sense_key=matter%1:09:02:: | definition=a problem | examples=is anything the matter?
5. sense_key=matter%1:07:00:: | definition=(used with negation) having consequence | examples=they were friends and it was no matter who won the games
6. sense_key=matter%1:10:00:: | definition=written works (especially in books or magazines) | examples=he always took some reading matter with him on the plane

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "all matters of student discipline"

Here, "matters" refers to concerns, affairs, or things that need to be dealt with. The phrase "all matters of student discipline" means all affairs/things related to student discipline.

Sense 1: "a vaguely specified concern" with synonyms affair, thing, and examples "several matters to attend to" - this fits well. "Matters of student discipline" = affairs/concerns related to student discipline.

Sense 2: "some situation or event that is thought about" with synonyms topic, subject, issue - this is more about topics of discussion or thought.

The phrase "all matters of student discipline" refers to various concerns/affairs related to discipline, not topics of thought. Sense 1 seems like the best fit.

Let me double-check: "principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline." This means principals have authority over various affairs/concerns related to student discipline. This aligns with sense 1 - "a vaguely specified concern."

Sense 1 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: student
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of <t>student</t> discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "student" in the context of "all matters of student discipline".
The sentence is "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."
The context discusses schools, principals, faculty, curriculum, and American students doing poorly in math tests compared to other students.
The target "student" refers to "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution" (student%1:18:00::).
Sense 2 refers to a learned person (scholar, bookman).
The context clearly points to sense 1, as it's talking about schools, principals, faculty, and discipline of the learners enrolled in the school.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: Study
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. <t>Study</t> after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Study" in the phrase "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

The context is about a report from the Brookings Institution.
"Study after study" means multiple reports.
"the most recent from the Brookings Institution" implies a written document describing findings.

Let's check the candidate senses:
1. a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. applying the mind to learning...
3. a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. a state of deep mental absorption
5. a room used for reading...
6. a branch of knowledge...
7. preliminary drawing...
8. attentive consideration and meditation
9. someone who memorizes quickly...
10. a composition intended to develop one aspect...

Sense 3 matches perfectly: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group". The Brookings Institution produces written reports/studies.
Also, the example for sense 3 is "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale", which matches "the most recent from the Brookings Institution".

Therefore, sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: study
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after <t>study</t> -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context says "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

The Brookings Institution produces reports/written documents describing findings. "Study after study tells us" - these are reports/research findings. Sense 3: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" with synonyms report, written report, and example "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" - this matches well.

Sense 1 "a detailed critical inspection" with synonym "survey" could also fit, but the mention of Brookings Institution producing these studies suggests written reports.

Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: most
Target surface form: most
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the <t>most</t> recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the superlative | synonyms=to the highest degree | examples=the king cobra is the most dangerous snake
2. sense_key=most%4:02:01:: | definition=very | examples=a most welcome relief
3. sense_key=most%4:02:02:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=about, almost, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "most" in the context "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that..."

Here, "most recent" uses "most" to form the superlative of "recent" - i.e., the most recent study. This matches sense 1: "used to form the superlative."

Sense 2 ("very") would be like "a most welcome relief" where "most" intensifies an adjective without forming a true superlative. But here "the most recent" is clearly a superlative construction - out of all the studies, this is the most recent one.

Sense 3 is about "almost/nearly" which doesn't fit here.

So the answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tell
Target surface form: tells
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- <t>tells</t> us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tell%2:32:04:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, say | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=tell%2:32:00:: | definition=let something be known | examples=Tell them that you will be late
3. sense_key=tell%2:32:01:: | definition=narrate or give a detailed account of | synonyms=narrate, recount, recite | examples=Tell what happened; The father told a story to his child
4. sense_key=tell%2:32:02:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, enjoin, say | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
5. sense_key=tell%2:31:00:: | definition=discern or comprehend | examples=He could tell that she was unhappy
6. sense_key=tell%2:32:08:: | definition=inform positively and with certainty and confidence | synonyms=assure | examples=I tell you that man is a crook!
7. sense_key=tell%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence | synonyms=evidence | examples=he was telling on all his former colleague
8. sense_key=tell%2:31:01:: | definition=mark as different | synonyms=distinguish, separate, differentiate, secern, secernate, severalize | examples=We distinguish several kinds of maple

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "tells" in the context: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

Here, "tells us" means the studies convey information to us, letting us know something. It's not narrating a story, not ordering, not discerning, not giving evidence against someone, not assuring with confidence, not marking as different.

Between sense 1 (express in words / state, say) and sense 2 (let something be known), sense 2 seems most fitting. "Study after study tells us that..." means the studies let it be known that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference. This is about conveying information, letting something be known.

Sense 1 is "express in words" with examples like "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you." This is more about expressing something in words.

Sense 2 is "let something be known" with example "Tell them that you will be late." This is about conveying information.

"Study after study tells us that..." - this is letting us know something, conveying information. Sense 2 fits well.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: best
Target surface form: best
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the <t>best</t> schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=best%3:00:00:: | definition=(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities | examples=the best film of the year; the best solution
2. sense_key=best%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=better | examples=it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond
3. sense_key=good%3:00:01:: | definition=having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified | synonyms=good | examples=good news from the hospital; a good report card
4. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=full, good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
5. sense_key=good%3:00:02:: | definition=morally admirable | synonyms=good
6. sense_key=estimable%5:00:00:reputable:00 | definition=deserving of esteem and respect | synonyms=estimable, good, honorable, respectable | examples=all respectable companies give guarantees; ruined the family's good name
7. sense_key=beneficial%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=promoting or enhancing well-being | synonyms=beneficial, good | examples=an arms limitation agreement beneficial to all countries; the beneficial effects of a temperate climate
8. sense_key=good%5:00:00:nice:00 | definition=agreeable or pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=we all had a good time; good manners
9. sense_key=good%5:00:00:righteous:00 | definition=of moral excellence | synonyms=good, just, upright | examples=a genuinely good person; a just cause
10. sense_key=adept%5:00:00:skilled:00 | definition=having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude | synonyms=adept, expert, good, practiced, proficient, skillful | examples=adept in handicrafts; an adept juggler
11. sense_key=good%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=thorough | synonyms=good | examples=had a good workout; gave the house a good cleaning
12. sense_key=dear%5:00:00:close:02 | definition=with or in a close or intimate relationship | synonyms=dear, good, near | examples=a good friend; my sisters and brothers are near and dear
13. sense_key=dependable%5:00:00:sound:00 | definition=financially sound | synonyms=dependable, good, safe, secure | examples=a good investment; a secure investment
14. sense_key=good%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=good, right, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
15. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=good, well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
16. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=effective, good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
17. sense_key=good%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=capable of pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=good looks
18. sense_key=good%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=good, serious | examples=good music; a serious book
19. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=in excellent physical condition | synonyms=good, sound | examples=good teeth; I still have one good leg
20. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthful:00 | definition=tending to promote physical well-being; beneficial to health | synonyms=good, salutary | examples=beneficial effects of a balanced diet; a good night's sleep
21. sense_key=good%5:00:00:genuine:00 | definition=not forged | synonyms=good, honest | examples=a good dollar bill
22. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=not left to spoil | synonyms=good, undecomposed, unspoiled, unspoilt | examples=the meat is still good
23. sense_key=good%5:00:00:discriminating:00 | definition=generally admired | synonyms=good | examples=good taste

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "best" in the sentence: "the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

Here, "best" is the superlative of "good" and means having the most positive qualities. It refers to schools that are the highest quality or most effective.

Candidate sense 1: "(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities" - examples: "the best film of the year", "the best solution"

Candidate sense 2: "(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable" - examples: "it would be better to speak to him", "the White House thought it best not to respond"

In context, "the best schools" means the schools with the most positive qualities (highest quality, most effective). This fits sense 1.

Sense 2 would be more like "it would be best to..." which is not the usage here.

So sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best <t>schools</t> are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "schools" in terms of having principals, authority over faculty, curriculum, student discipline, and being free of outside interference. The sentence: "the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

This refers to schools as educational institutions, not buildings (schoolhouse), not the process of schooling, not a school of thought/art, not the time period, not the faculty and students collectively, and not a school of fish.

The text mentions: "schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."

This refers to the institution itself, which would encompass the building, the people, and the organization, but primarily the institution. Sense 1 is "an educational institution" which fits best here.

Sense 6 is "an educational institution's faculty and students" - but the context talks about principals having authority "over the faculty" - so schools here include the faculty as part of it, meaning school is the institution that contains the faculty, not the faculty itself.

So sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: outside
Target surface form: outside
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of <t>outside</t> interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=outside%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or being on or near the outer side or limit | examples=an outside margin
2. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:extrinsic:00 | definition=coming from the outside | synonyms=external, extraneous | examples=extraneous light in the camera spoiled the photograph; relying upon an extraneous income
3. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:external:00 | definition=originating or belonging beyond some bounds: | examples=the outside world; outside interests
4. sense_key=outside%3:00:04:: | definition=located, suited for, or taking place in the open air | synonyms=outdoor, out-of-door | examples=outdoor clothes; badminton and other outdoor games
5. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:extramural:00 | definition=functioning outside the boundaries or precincts of an organized unit | examples=extramural hospital care and treatment; extramural studies
6. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:exterior:00 | definition=leading to or from the outside | examples=an outside door
7. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:foreign:02 | definition=from or between other countries | synonyms=external, international | examples=external commerce; international trade
8. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=very unlikely | synonyms=remote | examples=an outside chance; a remote possibility
9. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:outer:00 | definition=on or toward an outer edge | examples=an outer lane; the outside lane
10. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:inaccurate:00 | definition=(of a baseball pitch) on the far side of home plate from the batter | synonyms=away | examples=the pitch was away (or wide); an outside pitch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "outside" in the phrase "outside interference".
The context discusses schools being free of interference coming from external sources (not from within the school itself).
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. outside%3:00:00:: - relating to or being on or near the outer side or limit
2. outside%5:00:00:extrinsic:00 - coming from the outside (synonyms: external, extraneous)
3. outside%5:00:00:external:00 - originating or belonging beyond some bounds (examples: the outside world; outside interests)
4. outside%3:00:04:: - located, suited for, or taking place in the open air
5. outside%5:00:00:extramural:00 - functioning outside the boundaries or precincts of an organized unit
6. outside%5:00:00:exterior:00 - leading to or from the outside
7. outside%5:00:00:foreign:02 - from or between other countries
8. outside%5:00:00:unlikely:00 - very unlikely
9. outside%5:00:00:outer:00 - on or toward an outer edge
10. outside%5:00:00:inaccurate:00 - baseball pitch

"Outside interference" means interference coming from the outside (i.e., not from within the school).
Sense 2 defines "coming from the outside", synonyms: external, extraneous. Example: "extraneous light in the camera spoiled the photograph".
Sense 3 defines "originating or belonging beyond some bounds". Examples: "the outside world; outside interests".
Sense 2 seems very fitting for "outside interference", as it specifically means "coming from the outside" (extrinsic), which matches "outside interference" where the interference comes from external sources. Wait, Sense 2 is "outside%5:00:00:extrinsic:00", defined as "coming from the outside".
Let's check Sense 3: "originating or belonging beyond some bounds".
Is "outside interference" extraneous or external? "extraneous" means "coming from the outside".
Sense 2 specifically says "coming from the outside". Interference that comes from the outside is exactly "outside interference".
Let's check Sense 2: "extraneous light in the camera spoiled the photograph". Light coming from the outside. "Outside interference" fits perfectly.
Let's evaluate Sense 2 vs Sense 3. Sense 3 has examples "the outside world" and "outside interests". Sense 2 has synonyms "external, extraneous". Interference from the outside is definitely extraneous/external. I will bet on Sense 2 or 3. Often "outside interference" means "external interference" or "extraneous interference". Sense 2 explicitly defines "coming from the outside" and has synonyms "external, extraneous". Let's choose Sense 2.

Wait, let's look at the definitions again.
Sense 2: coming from the outside | synonyms=external, extraneous | examples=extraneous light in the camera spoiled the photograph; relying upon an extraneous income
Sense 3: originating or belonging beyond some bounds: | examples=the outside world; outside interests

Actually, let's think about "outside interference". Is it sense 2 or 3?
Sense 2: extrinsic: coming from the outside.
Sense 3: external: originating or belonging beyond some bounds.

"Outside interference" = interference originating beyond the bounds (of the school).
Let's search my memory for the exact WordNet synsets.
outside%5:00:00:extrinsic:00 (extrinsic) - coming from the outside
outside%5:00:00:external:00 (external) - originating or belonging beyond some bounds
Both are adjectives. "Outside interference" seems to fit "coming from the outside" (Sense 2) very well. Interference is something that comes from the outside.

Let's consider Sense 3: "originating or belonging beyond some bounds". The bounds here are the bounds of the school. "The outside world" fits Sense 3. "Outside interests" fits Sense 3. What about "outside interference"? It originates beyond the bounds.
But Sense 2 is specifically "coming from the outside". Let's lean towards Sense 2 because "interference" is an action (coming from).
Actually, "outside interference" is a common collocation. Interference from external sources.
I will choose 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: interference
Target surface form: interference
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside <t>interference</t> and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=interference%1:10:00:: | definition=a policy of intervening in the affairs of other countries | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=interference%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding | synonyms=hindrance, hinderance
3. sense_key=interference%1:11:00:: | definition=electrical or acoustic activity that can disturb communication | synonyms=noise, disturbance
4. sense_key=interference%1:04:01:: | definition=(American football) blocking a player's path with your body | examples=he ran interference for the quarterback
5. sense_key=interference%1:06:00:: | definition=any obstruction that impedes or is burdensome | synonyms=hindrance, hinderance, hitch, preventive, preventative, encumbrance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about schools being free of "outside interference" and being governed by a powerful head. This is about outside parties intervening in or hindering the operations of schools.

Sense 1: a policy of intervening in the affairs of other countries - this is about countries, not relevant here.

Sense 2: the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding - this could fit, as outside interference hinders school operations.

Sense 3: electrical or acoustic activity - not relevant.

Sense 4: American football - not relevant.

Sense 5: any obstruction that impedes or is burdensome - this is more about a physical obstruction or hindrance.

Sense 2 seems to be the best fit - "the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding" - outside interference in the sense of people/organizations obstructing or impeding the school's autonomy.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: govern
Target surface form: governed
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are <t>governed</t> by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=govern%2:41:02:: | definition=bring into conformity with rules or principles or usage; impose regulations | synonyms=regulate, regularize, regularise, order | examples=We cannot regulate the way people dress; This town likes to regulate
2. sense_key=govern%2:41:01:: | definition=direct or strongly influence the behavior of | examples=His belief in God governs his conduct
3. sense_key=govern%2:41:00:: | definition=exercise authority over; as of nations | synonyms=rule | examples=Who is governing the country now?
4. sense_key=govern%2:42:00:: | definition=require to be in a certain grammatical case, voice, or mood | examples=most transitive verbs govern the accusative case in German

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "governed" in the context: "...the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

Let me analyze the senses:

1. Sense 1: bring into conformity with rules or principles; impose regulations (regulate, regularize)
2. Sense 2: direct or strongly influence the behavior of
3. Sense 3: exercise authority over; as of nations (rule)
4. Sense 4: require to be in a certain grammatical case (linguistics)

Sense 4 is clearly wrong - it's about grammar.

Sense 1 is about imposing regulations/rules - not quite fitting here.

The context talks about schools being "governed by a powerful head" - where the head has "a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline." This is about exercising authority and control, directing the school.

Sense 3 is "exercise authority over; as of nations" with synonym "rule" and example "Who is governing the country now?" - This is specifically about nations/countries.

Sense 2 is "direct or strongly influence the behavior of" - this is more general.

The context is about a school principal/head exercising authority over the school. It's not about a nation, so sense 3 might be too narrow (it says "as of nations"). But sense 2's definition "direct or strongly influence the behavior of" doesn't quite capture the authority aspect as well.

Actually, looking more carefully at sense 3: "exercise authority over; as of nations" - the "as of nations" is just an example, and the synonym is "rule." The context explicitly mentions "authority" - "principals with a large measure of authority" and "With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability." The school is "governed by a powerful head" who has authority over it.

I think sense 3 is the best fit because it's about exercising authority over something (ruling), which matches the context of a powerful head governing/exercising authority over a school.

Wait, but sense 3 says "as of nations" which suggests it's specifically about governing countries. Let me reconsider.

Sense 2: "direct or strongly influence the behavior of" - example "His belief in God governs his conduct"

Hmm, the context is about a head/principal exercising authority over a school - this is closer to "ruling" or "exercising authority over" than "directing or strongly influencing behavior."

I think sense 3 is the best match despite the "as of nations" qualifier, because the core meaning is "exercise authority over" and the context is explicitly about authority. The "as of nations" is just an example domain, and the synonym "rule" fits well with "governed by a powerful head."

Actually, let me reconsider once more. The sentence says schools "are governed by a powerful head" - meaning the head governs/rules the school. This is about exercising authority, which is sense 3.

I'll go with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: powerful
Target surface form: powerful
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a <t>powerful</t> head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=powerful%3:00:00:: | definition=having great power or force or potency or effect | examples=the most powerful government in western Europe; his powerful arms
2. sense_key=powerful%5:00:02:strong:00 | definition=strong enough to knock down or overwhelm | synonyms=knock-down | examples=a knock-down blow
3. sense_key=powerful%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having great influence | synonyms=potent
4. sense_key=powerful%5:00:01:strong:00 | definition=(of a person) possessing physical strength and weight; rugged and powerful | synonyms=brawny, hefty, muscular, sinewy | examples=a hefty athlete; a muscular boxer
5. sense_key=powerful%5:00:00:superhuman:00 | definition=displaying superhuman strength or power | synonyms=herculean | examples=herculean exertions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses school principals with authority over faculty, curriculum, and discipline. A "powerful head" means a head with great influence and authority.

Sense 3: "having great influence" with synonym "potent" fits best. A powerful head of school is an influential head.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: head
Target surface form: head
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful <t>head</t>. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=head%1:08:00:: | definition=the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains | synonyms=caput | examples=he stuck his head out the window
2. sense_key=head%1:05:00:: | definition=a single domestic animal | examples=200 head of cattle
3. sense_key=head%1:09:00:: | definition=that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason | synonyms=mind, brain, psyche, nous | examples=his mind wandered; I couldn't get his words out of my head
4. sense_key=head%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who is in charge | synonyms=chief, top dog | examples=the head of the whole operation
5. sense_key=head%1:14:00:: | definition=the front of a military formation or procession | examples=the head of the column advanced boldly; they were at the head of the attack
6. sense_key=head%1:19:00:: | definition=the pressure exerted by a fluid | examples=a head of steam
7. sense_key=head%1:15:00:: | definition=the top of something | examples=the head of the stairs; the head of the page
8. sense_key=head%1:15:01:: | definition=the source of water from which a stream arises | synonyms=fountainhead, headspring | examples=they tracked him back toward the head of the stream
9. sense_key=head%1:10:03:: | definition=(grammar) the word in a grammatical constituent that plays the same grammatical role as the whole constituent | synonyms=head word
10. sense_key=head%1:26:00:: | definition=the tip of an abscess (where the pus accumulates)
11. sense_key=head%1:23:00:: | definition=the length or height based on the size of a human or animal head | examples=he is two heads taller than his little sister; his horse won by a head
12. sense_key=head%1:20:00:: | definition=a dense cluster of flowers or foliage | synonyms=capitulum | examples=a head of cauliflower; a head of lettuce
13. sense_key=head%1:18:01:: | definition=the educator who has executive authority for a school | synonyms=principal, school principal, head teacher | examples=she sent unruly pupils to see the principal
14. sense_key=head%1:18:03:: | definition=an individual person | examples=tickets are $5 per head
15. sense_key=head%1:18:02:: | definition=a user of (usually soft) drugs | examples=the office was full of secret heads
16. sense_key=head%1:17:02:: | definition=a natural elevation (especially a rocky one that juts out into the sea) | synonyms=promontory, headland, foreland
17. sense_key=head%1:17:01:: | definition=a rounded compact mass | examples=the head of a comet
18. sense_key=head%1:17:00:: | definition=the foam or froth that accumulates at the top when you pour an effervescent liquid into a container | examples=the beer had a large head of foam
19. sense_key=head%1:15:02:: | definition=the part in the front or nearest the viewer | synonyms=forefront | examples=he was in the forefront; he was at the head of the column
20. sense_key=head%1:11:01:: | definition=a difficult juncture | synonyms=pass, straits | examples=a pretty pass; matters came to a head yesterday
21. sense_key=head%1:11:00:: | definition=forward movement | synonyms=headway | examples=the ship made little headway against the gale
22. sense_key=head%1:10:01:: | definition=a V-shaped mark at one end of an arrow pointer | synonyms=point | examples=the point of the arrow was due north
23. sense_key=head%1:10:02:: | definition=the subject matter at issue | synonyms=question | examples=the question of disease merits serious discussion; under the head of minor Roman poets
24. sense_key=head%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of text serving to indicate what the passage below it is about | synonyms=heading, header | examples=the heading seemed to have little to do with the text
25. sense_key=head%1:08:01:: | definition=the rounded end of a bone that fits into a rounded cavity in another bone to form a joint | examples=the head of the humerus
26. sense_key=head%1:08:02:: | definition=that part of a skeletal muscle that is away from the bone that it moves
27. sense_key=head%1:06:05:: | definition=(computer science) a tiny electromagnetic coil and metal pole used to write and read magnetic patterns on a disk | synonyms=read/write head
28. sense_key=head%1:06:04:: | definition=(usually plural) the obverse side of a coin that usually bears the representation of a person's head | examples=call heads or tails!
29. sense_key=head%1:06:03:: | definition=the striking part of a tool | examples=the head of the hammer
30. sense_key=head%1:06:02:: | definition=(nautical) a toilet on board a boat or ship
31. sense_key=head%1:06:00:: | definition=a projection out from one end; , | examples=the head of the nail; a pinhead is the head of a pin
32. sense_key=head%1:06:01:: | definition=a membrane that is stretched taut over a drum | synonyms=drumhead
33. sense_key=head%1:04:00:: | definition=oral stimulation of the genitals | synonyms=oral sex | examples=they say he gives good head

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about schools being governed by a powerful "head". The passage discusses principals with authority over faculty, curriculum, and student discipline. So "head" here refers to the person in charge of a school - the principal.

Looking at the candidate senses:
- Sense 4: "a person who is in charge" - examples: "the head of the whole operation"
- Sense 13: "the educator who has executive authority for a school" - synonyms: principal, school principal, head teacher

Sense 13 is more specific and fits perfectly since the context is about schools and principals. The passage explicitly mentions "schools should have principals" and then refers to being "governed by a powerful head."

Sense 13 is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: authority
Target surface form: authority
Context:
They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that <t>authority</t>, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=authority%1:07:00:: | definition=the power or right to give orders or make decisions | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, potency, dominance, say-so | examples=he has the authority to issue warrants; deputies are given authorization to make arrests
2. sense_key=authority%1:18:01:: | definition=(usually plural) persons who exercise (administrative) control over others | examples=the authorities have issued a curfew
3. sense_key=authority%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert whose views are taken as definitive | examples=he is an authority on corporate law
4. sense_key=authority%1:09:00:: | definition=freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities | synonyms=assurance, self-assurance, confidence, self-confidence, sureness | examples=his assurance in his superiority did not make him popular; after that failure he lost his confidence
5. sense_key=authority%1:14:00:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, office | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
6. sense_key=authority%1:07:02:: | definition=official permission or approval | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, sanction | examples=authority for the program was renewed several times
7. sense_key=authority%1:10:00:: | definition=an authoritative written work | examples=this book is the final authority on the life of Milton

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "authority" is used in the context: "With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability."

The passage discusses principals who should have "a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline." It talks about schools being "governed by a powerful head" and being "free of outside interference."

The phrase "With that authority" refers to the power or right that the principal/head has to make decisions and give orders. This aligns with sense 1: "the power or right to give orders or make decisions."

Sense 2 refers to persons who exercise control (usually plural) - "the authorities." Not applicable here.
Sense 3 refers to an expert - not applicable.
Sense 4 refers to self-confidence - not applicable.
Sense 5 refers to an administrative unit of government - not applicable.
Sense 6 refers to official permission or approval - not applicable.
Sense 7 refers to an authoritative written work - not applicable.

The best sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: go_with
Target surface form: goes
Context:
They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, <t>goes</t> an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=go_with%2:42:01:: | definition=be present or associated with an event or entity | synonyms=attach to, accompany, come with | examples=French fries come with the hamburger; heart attacks are accompanied by distruction of heart tissue
2. sense_key=go_with%2:42:00:: | definition=go or occur together | synonyms=collocate with, construe with, cooccur with | examples=The word 'hot' tends to cooccur with 'cold'

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "goes" used as "go_with" in the context: "With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability."

The sentence means that authority and accountability are associated together - where there is authority, there is also accountability.

Sense 1: "be present or associated with an event or entity" - synonyms: attach to, accompany, come with - examples: French fries come with the hamburger; heart attacks are accompanied by destruction of heart tissue

Sense 2: "go or occur together" - synonyms: collocate with, construe with, cooccur with - examples: The word 'hot' tends to cooccur with 'cold'

The context is about authority being associated with accountability - they go together. Sense 1 seems more appropriate because it's about being present or associated with an entity. The authority and accountability are associated with each other - accountability accompanies authority.

Sense 2 seems more about linguistic co-occurrence (collocate, construe) based on the examples and synonyms.

So Sense 1 is the best choice.