[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene <t>involved</t> with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "involved" in the context: "another gene involved with some types of colon cancer".
This means the gene is connected by participation or association with colon cancer.
Sense 1: connected by participation or association or use. This fits perfectly. The gene is associated with colon cancer.
Sense 2: entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire. Doesn't fit.
Sense 3: emotionally involved. Doesn't fit.
Sense 4: highly complex or intricate. Doesn't fit.
Sense 5: enveloped. Doesn't fit.

So the best sense is 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: type
Target surface form: types
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some <t>types</t> of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=type%1:09:00:: | definition=a subdivision of a particular kind of thing | examples=what type of sculpture do you prefer?
2. sense_key=type%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, case | examples=a real character; a strange character
3. sense_key=type%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon
4. sense_key=type%1:10:01:: | definition=printed characters | examples=small type is hard to read
5. sense_key=type%1:10:00:: | definition=all of the tokens of the same symbol | examples=the word `element' contains five different types of character
6. sense_key=type%1:06:00:: | definition=a small metal block bearing a raised character on one end; produces a printed character when inked and pressed on paper | examples=he dropped a case of type, so they made him pick them up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "types" in the context "some types of colon cancer".
The context discusses "types" of colon cancer.
"types" here refers to different kinds or subdivisions of colon cancer.
Sense 1: "a subdivision of a particular kind of thing" (example: "what type of sculpture do you prefer?"). This matches "types of colon cancer".

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believes
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna <t>believes</t> people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "believes" in the sentence: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."

Let's analyze the context. Dr. Minna is a scientist who has a scientific opinion or hypothesis about the relationship between a defective gene and lung cancer. He "believes" something to be true based on his research or scientific judgment.

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. accept as true; take to be true (e.g., "I believed his report")
2. judge or regard; look upon; judge (synonyms: think, consider, conceive; e.g., "I believe her to be very smart")
3. be confident about something (synonyms: trust; e.g., "I believe that he will come back from the war")
4. follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer
5. credit with veracity (e.g., "You cannot believe this man")

In the context, Dr. Minna holds a scientific view or opinion. "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene... are especially prone to lung cancer." This is him thinking or considering this to be the case. It's a scientific judgment or opinion.

Sense 1 is "accept as true". While this is possible, sense 2 "judge or regard; look upon; judge" with synonyms "think, consider, conceive" seems to fit the scientific context better. The example "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart" aligns with forming an opinion or judgment about something.

Wait, let's distinguish between 1 and 2.
Sense 1: accept as true. (I believed his report).
Sense 2: judge or regard. (I believe her to be very smart).
Sense 3: be confident about something. (I believe that he will come back).

"Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene... are especially prone to lung cancer."
Here, he is expressing a scientific judgment or hypothesis. He thinks/considers that this is the case.
Does "Dr. Minna believes [that] people... are prone to lung cancer" fit sense 1 or 2 better?
"I believe that he will come back from the war" is sense 3.
"We didn't believe his stories from the War" is sense 1.
"I believe her to be very smart" is sense 2.

"Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene... are especially prone to lung cancer." The clause "people who inherit... are especially prone..." is the content of his belief. It's equivalent to "Dr. Minna thinks that people...".
Sense 2 has synonyms "think, consider, conceive". This fits very well with a scientist forming a hypothesis or judgment.

Let's check the exact wording of the context. "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."
This is a proposition he holds to be true based on his scientific judgment.
Often, "believe [that] X is Y" maps to sense 1 or 2. Sense 2 specifically involves judgment or regard. "I believe her to be very smart" -> "I believe people... to be prone to lung cancer". Wait, the sentence says "believes people who inherit... are especially prone", not "believes people who inherit... to be especially prone".
If it's "believes [that] X are Y", it might be sense 1 ("accept as true").
Let's look at the synonyms for sense 2: think, consider, conceive.
"Dr. Minna believes [that] people... are especially prone..." -> "Dr. Minna thinks [that] people... are especially prone...". "Think" fits perfectly here.

Let's compare sense 1 and sense 2.
Sense 1: "I believed his report" - believing a statement or a person.
Sense 2: "I believe her to be very smart" - believing a proposition about someone. "I think he is very smart".
Sense 3: "I believe that he will come back from the war" - confidence about a future event.

The context "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene... are especially prone..." matches "I think he is very smart" or "I believe that he will come back from the war" in terms of syntax (believe + that-clause).
Actually, WordNet 3.0:
believe%2:31:00:: accept as true; take to be true
believe%2:31:01:: judge or regard; look upon; judge
believe%2:31:02:: be confident about something
believe%2:31:03:: follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer
believe%2:31:04:: credit with veracity

Wait, the prompt provides:
1. believe%2:31:00:: accept as true; take to be true
2. believe%2:31:04:: judge or regard; look upon; judge (synonyms=think, consider, conceive) - Wait, the sense key is believe%2:31:04::
Let me re-read the prompt's indices.
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | accept as true
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | judge or regard
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | be confident about something
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | follow a credo
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | credit with veracity

So my choice is between 1, 2, and 3.
The context is a scientist expressing a scientific opinion. "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit... are prone to lung cancer."
Sense 2 synonyms are "think, consider, conceive". This aligns well with a scientist's considered opinion. "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart."
Sense 1 is "accept as true". "I believed his report."
Sense 3 is "be confident about something". "I believe that he will come back from the war."

Does "believe [that] clause" mean accept as true (1) or judge/regard (2)?
"Dr. Minna believes people... are especially prone to lung cancer."
This is his scientific judgment. Synonyms "think, consider" fit perfectly. "Dr. Minna thinks people... are especially prone to lung cancer."
Therefore, sense 2 is the most appropriate, as it captures the cognitive act of judging or considering a proposition to be true, particularly in an academic/scientific context where it's a hypothesis.

Let's double check. If I say "I believe the Earth is round", is it sense 1 or 2?
If it's a fact, maybe 1. If it's an opinion, maybe 2. "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene... are especially prone to lung cancer." This is a hypothesis, a scientific judgment. "think, consider, conceive" are the synonyms.
I will choose sense 2.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: people
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes <t>people</t> who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "people" in the sentence: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."

Here, "people" refers to any group of human beings collectively - individuals who inherit a defective gene. It's not about citizens of a country (sense 2), family line (sense 3), or the common people/masses (sense 4). It's just referring to human beings in general who have a certain genetic condition.

Sense 1: "(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively" - This fits. "people who inherit a defective gene" refers to individuals/human beings collectively.

The answer is sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherit
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who <t>inherit</t> a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses genetics, genes, chromosomes, and inheriting defective genes that predispose people to cancer. This clearly refers to receiving genetic material from one's parents.

Sense 3: "receive by genetic transmission" with example "I inherited my good eyesight from my mother" is the best fit.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two <t>copies</t> of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "copies" referring to the two copies of chromosome 3 that a person has.
 "copies" here means "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" - in biology, chromosomes come in pairs (two copies). This fits the definition of sense 2.
 Sense 2: a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing. Example: the clone was a copy of its ancestor.
 The biological context of having two "copies" of a chromosome fits this sense best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: especially
Target surface form: especially
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are <t>especially</t> prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "especially" in the context: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

In the context, "especially prone to lung cancer" means they are prone to lung cancer to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common. This fits perfectly with sense 1 ("to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common"). It is an intensifier meaning "particularly".

Sense 2 means "in a special manner", like "a specially arranged dinner".

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: reported
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others <t>reported</t> that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%2:32:00:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
2. sense_key=report%2:32:04:: | definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research
3. sense_key=report%2:32:03:: | definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock
4. sense_key=report%2:32:01:: | definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal
5. sense_key=report%2:32:13:: | definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City
6. sense_key=report%2:32:02:: | definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "reported" in the context: "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too."

This is about scientists reporting findings from their research. Let me look at the senses:

1. report%2:32:00:: - to give an account or representation of in words - "Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental"
2. report%2:32:04:: - announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding - "Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research"
3. report%2:32:03:: - announce one's presence - "I report to work every day at 9 o'clock"
4. report%2:32:01:: - make known to the authorities - "One student reported the other to the principal"
5. report%2:32:13:: - be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism - "Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City"
6. report%2:32:02:: - complain about; make a charge against - "I reported her to the supervisor"

The context is about scientists reporting findings from their research - "he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers." This is clearly about announcing results of investigation/finding. Sense 2 fits perfectly with the example "The team reported significant advances in their research."

The answer is sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be <t>involved</t> in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "involved" in the context: "the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers".
Here, "involved" means connected by participation or association.
Sense 1: connected by participation or association or use. Examples: "the large number of people involved", "the problems involved".
Sense 1 fits perfectly. The gene is connected by participation or association in some lung cancers.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several <t>other</t> more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "other" in the context: "as well as several other more common cancers, too."
The context means "cancers" that are "not the same ones already mentioned" (lung cancers were just mentioned, retinoblastoma suppressor gene, etc.).
Sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied"
Example: "the construction of highways and other public works"
This matches the context perfectly. "several other more common cancers" means cancers besides the ones already mentioned.

Sense 2: recently past - "the other evening"
Sense 3: distant past - early, former
Sense 4: very unusual

Sense 1 is clearly the right choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other <t>more</t> common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "more" in the context: "several other more common cancers".
Here, "more" modifies the adjective "common".
Sense 1: used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs. Examples: more interesting; more beautiful.
Sense 2: comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent. Examples: he works more now; they eat more than they should.

"more common" fits Sense 1, as it's forming the comparative of the adjective "common".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more <t>common</t> cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "several other more common cancers." Here, "common" means cancers that are more frequently encountered, more prevalent, or more usual. The phrase "more common cancers" refers to cancers that occur more frequently in the population.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. common%3:00:02:: - belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public - doesn't fit
2. common%3:00:01:: - having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual - this could fit but the definition emphasizes "average or ordinary"
3. common%5:00:00:shared:00 - common to or shared by two or more parties - doesn't fit
4. common%5:00:00:familiar:02 - commonly encountered; synonyms=usual - this fits well, as "common cancers" are those commonly encountered
5. common%5:00:00:informal:02 - being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language - doesn't fit
6. common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 - of or associated with the great masses of people - doesn't fit
7. common%5:00:00:inferior:02 - of low or inferior quality or value - doesn't fit
8. common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 - lacking refinement or cultivation or taste - doesn't fit
9. common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 - to be expected; standard - could fit but less precise

The best fit is sense 4, which is "commonly encountered" with synonyms like "usual." In the context, "more common cancers" means cancers that are more commonly encountered/frequent. The example "a common (or familiar) complaint" aligns with how "common cancers" would be understood - cancers that are commonly/frequently encountered.

However, let me also consider sense 2: "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual." This also mentions "commonly encountered" but adds "average or ordinary or usual." The example "the common man" and "a common sailor" suggest ordinariness. In medical contexts, "common" typically means frequently occurring, not necessarily "ordinary" or "average."

Sense 4 (common%5:00:00:familiar:02) with definition "commonly encountered" and synonyms "usual" seems most appropriate. The example "a common (or familiar) complaint" is quite similar to "common cancers" - both refer to medical conditions that are frequently encountered.

I'll go with sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common <t>cancers</t>, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about tumors, genes, and diseases like lung cancer, colon cancer, etc. The target word "cancers" refers to malignant growths or tumors.

Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division" - this fits perfectly.

Senses 2-5 are about astrology, zodiac, or genus - not relevant here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discoveries
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these <t>discoveries</t> will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "discoveries" in the context: "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate."

The discoveries refer to the finding of tumor-suppressor genes, defective genes, etc.
These are things that have been discovered (the genes, the genetic links to cancer).

Sense 1: the act of discovering something (synonyms: find, uncovering)
Sense 2: something that is discovered
Sense 3: a productive insight (synonyms: breakthrough, find)
Sense 4: legal discovery

The text talks about "these discoveries" - referring to the specific findings of genes involved in cancer. "Where these discoveries will lead" - meaning where these found things (the genes, the knowledge about them) will lead. "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests" - turning the discovered things into tests.

Is it the act (sense 1) or the thing discovered (sense 2) or a productive insight/breakthrough (sense 3)?

"Where these discoveries will lead" - discoveries here are the things discovered (the genes, the genetic mechanisms). "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests" - this suggests the discoveries are tangible things that can be turned into tests. This aligns with sense 2: something that is discovered.

However, sense 3 (breakthrough, find) could also apply. A "productive insight" - the discoveries are scientific breakthroughs. "cascade of discoveries" - a cascade of breakthroughs.

Let's distinguish between sense 2 and sense 3.
Sense 2 is "something that is discovered" - a factual finding, an object found.
Sense 3 is "a productive insight" - a breakthrough.

In WordNet 3.0:
discovery%1:10:00:: (something that is discovered) - hyponyms include annotation, detection, finding, identification, rediscovery, spying, unearthing. Wait, no, that's the act. Let me check.

Actually, looking at WordNet structure:
discovery%1:09:00:: (a productive insight) - synonyms: breakthrough, find. This is under cognition/psychological_feature. Example: "it was a great discovery" or "a flash of cognition".
discovery%1:10:00:: (something that is discovered) - this is under communication/abstraction. Wait.

Let me re-evaluate based on the provided definitions.
1. the act of discovering something
2. something that is discovered
3. a productive insight
4. (law) compulsory pretrial disclosure...

In the context of scientific research, finding genes and their involvement in cancer:
"turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests" -> the discoveries are the things discovered (the genes, the mutations), which are then turned into predictive tests. Or the discoveries are breakthroughs.

"Where these discoveries will lead" -> Where these discovered things will lead.
If it's sense 2, it means the specific things found (like the retinoblastoma suppressor gene, the gene on chromosome 18).
If it's sense 3, it means the scientific breakthroughs.

Often in scientific literature, "discovery" meaning a breakthrough is sense 3. But here, "something that is discovered" is very fitting because they are discovering specific genes. "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests" implies turning the discovered objects (genes) into tests.

Let's look at sense 2 examples in WordNet if possible, or similar words. "something that is discovered". Example: "he made a discovery" or "the discovery of a new planet".
Sense 3: "a productive insight" (synonyms: breakthrough, find). Example: "Pavlov's discovery led to a new theory of learning".

In the context: "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate... turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."
These are concrete findings (genes, mutations) that can be turned into tests. This points to sense 2: something that is discovered.

Let's consider if "discovery" in "turn discoveries into tests" refers to the act or the result. The result of discovery (the genes) is turned into tests. The act of discovery cannot be turned into a test. The breakthrough (insight) might lead to a test, but "turned into predictive tests" strongly implies the discoveries are the genetic findings themselves, which are "something that is discovered" (sense 2).

Let's double check sense 3. "A productive insight". An insight can lead to tests, but turning an insight into a test is slightly less direct than turning a discovered gene into a test. "Cascade of discoveries" -> cascade of found genes.

I will go with sense 2.

Wait, let me rethink. Is it sense 3? "breakthrough, find". In many WSD tasks, scientific discoveries are tagged as sense 3. Let's look closely at the difference between "something that is discovered" and "a productive insight".
"a productive insight" is a psychological feature / cognition.
"something that is discovered" is an entity / abstraction.

"Where these discoveries will lead..." -> leads from discoveries. This implies discoveries are events or insights that have consequences. "a cascade of discoveries" -> a cascade of breakthroughs.
But "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests" -> discoveries are transformed into tests. If the discoveries are genes, they are transformed into tests. If they are insights, they are applied to make tests.

Let's look at the WordNet examples for these senses (from my internal knowledge):
Sense 1 (act): "the discovery of the child's body in the river"
Sense 2 (something discovered): "he made a strange discovery", "what a remarkable discovery"
Sense 3 (productive insight): "Pavlov's discovery" -> wait, Pavlov's discovery might be the theory of conditioning.

Actually, in WordNet 3.1:
discovery%1:09:00:: (a productive insight) has synonyms `breakthrough`, `find`. It's a kind of `insight`.
discovery%1:10:00:: (something that is discovered) is a kind of `artefact`? No, `event`? No. It's under `psychological_feature` or `communication`?
Wait, `discovery%1:11:00::` might be something else.

Let's trust the definitions provided:
2. something that is discovered
3. a productive insight

The context talks about "these discoveries", referring back to finding the tumor-suppressor genes, isolating a gene, finding another gene, reporting the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may be involved.
"turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests"
Here, "discoveries" refers to the genes found and their roles. These are "something that is discovered". Sense 2 seems very solid.

Let me reconsider sense 3. If it meant "breakthroughs", the phrase "turn breakthroughs into predictive tests" makes sense. "turn discoveries into predictive tests" makes sense with either.
However, "Where these discoveries will lead" - usually we say "Where this will lead" about a finding or an event.
But "something that is discovered" (sense 2) fits perfectly for the concrete genetic findings that can be "turned into predictive tests".
Let's choose sense 2.

Let's review the text again. "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies." A cascade of genes? No, a cascade of findings. Findings are things discovered.

I'll go with sense 2.

Wait, let's think if it could be sense 1. "the act of discovering something". No, "turn the act of discovering into predictive tests" makes no sense. So not sense 1.
Could it be sense 3? "a productive insight". Are genes "productive insights"? The discovery of a gene is a finding. Is the gene the discovery, or is the realization that it's involved in cancer the discovery? Both are "something that is discovered". I will choose sense 2.

Let's double check if there's any ambiguity. "discovery" as "something that is discovered" (sense 2) vs "a productive insight" (sense 3).
Usually, in medical/scientific contexts, "discovery" meaning a new finding (like a gene) is "something that is discovered".
I will output 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can <t>only</t> speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The sentence is: "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate."

Here "only" modifies "speculate". The meaning is that scientists can do nothing more than speculate - they can merely/just/simply speculate. This fits sense 1: "and nothing more" with synonyms "merely, simply, just, but".

Let me check the other senses:
- Sense 2: "without any others being included or involved" - this is about exclusivity, like "solely" or "alone." This could potentially fit ("scientists can solely speculate") but the nuance here is more about limitation - they can do nothing more than speculate, which is sense 1.
- Sense 3: "with nevertheless the final result" - doesn't fit.
- Sense 4: "in the final outcome" - doesn't fit.
- Sense 5: "except that" - doesn't fit.
- Sense 6: "never except when" - doesn't fit.
- Sense 7: "as recently as" - doesn't fit.

Between sense 1 and sense 2: "scientists can only speculate" means scientists can do nothing more than speculate - they are limited to speculating. This is the "merely/just" meaning (sense 1), indicating limitation. "Scientists can merely speculate" or "scientists can just speculate."

Sense 2 would be more like "scientists can exclusively speculate" which has a slightly different connotation - it's about being the only ones or doing nothing else. But the primary meaning here is "and nothing more" - they can do nothing more than speculate. This is sense 1.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Scientists can only speculate" - this means the only thing scientists can do is speculate. This could be interpreted as exclusivity (sense 2: solely/alone) or as limitation (sense 1: merely/just).

The phrase "can only speculate" is a common idiom meaning "can do nothing more than speculate" or "is limited to speculating." The emphasis is on the limitation - they would like to do more (know, predict), but they can merely speculate. This fits sense 1 better.

Sense 1: "and nothing more" - they can speculate and nothing more. This fits perfectly.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: speculate
Target surface form: speculate
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only <t>speculate</t>. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=speculate%2:31:01:: | definition=to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds | synonyms=theorize, theorise, conjecture, hypothesize, hypothesise, hypothecate | examples=Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps
2. sense_key=speculate%2:32:00:: | definition=talk over conjecturally, or review in an idle or casual way and with an element of doubt or without sufficient reason to reach a conclusion | examples=We were speculating whether the President had to resign after the scandal
3. sense_key=speculate%2:31:00:: | definition=reflect deeply on a subject | synonyms=chew over, think over, meditate, ponder, excogitate, contemplate | examples=I mulled over the events of the afternoon; philosophers have speculated on the question of God for thousands of years
4. sense_key=speculate%2:40:00:: | definition=invest at a risk | synonyms=job | examples=I bought this house not because I want to live in it but to sell it later at a good price, so I am speculating

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context: "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate."
The scientists are thinking about where the discoveries will lead. They are considering what might happen in the future based on these discoveries.
Sense 1: "to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds" - Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps.
Sense 2: "talk over conjecturally, or review in an idle or casual way and with an element of doubt or without sufficient reason to reach a conclusion" - We were speculating whether the President had to resign.
Sense 3: "reflect deeply on a subject" - philosophers have speculated on the question of God for thousands of years.
Sense 4: "invest at a risk" - not relevant.

Between sense 1 and 3:
"Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate." This implies forming conjectures or hypotheses about the future implications of the discoveries.
Sense 3 includes "philosophers have speculated on the question of God". This involves pondering and reflecting deeply.
Sense 1 includes "Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps". This involves forming a hypothesis based on uncertain grounds.

Here, "speculate" about where discoveries will lead implies thinking about future applications (like the predictive tests and therapies mentioned afterwards). It's a bit of both 1 and 3.
But sense 3 is "reflect deeply on a subject", and its synonyms are "chew over, think over, meditate, ponder, excogitate, contemplate".
Sense 1 is "to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds" and its synonyms are "theorize, conjecture, hypothesize".

"Scientists can only speculate" about where discoveries will lead. They are conjecturing or theorizing about the future. It's less about "reflecting deeply" and more about making conjectures or hypotheses. Wait, "speculate" in "speculate on the question of God" is sense 3. Is "speculate" about future leads closer to sense 1 or 3?
"Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate." They are making educated guesses.
Wait, WordNet sense 1 is about believing on uncertain grounds (hypothesize).
WordNet sense 3 is about reflecting deeply (ponder).
Usually, "where this will lead, one can only speculate" means "one can only guess / form conjectures". Guessing aligns with sense 1 (conjecture, theorize) or sense 2 (talk over conjecturally). But it's not "talk over" (sense 2) because it's not necessarily conversational, it's more of a mental formulation. Or maybe it is sense 3?
Let's look closely at the examples for sense 1: "Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps". This is forming a hypothesis about the past based on evidence.
Example for sense 3: "philosophers have speculated on the question of God for thousands of years". This is reflecting on a subject.
But "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate" - does it mean they form hypotheses, or they reflect deeply?
Actually, if you search for "where this will lead, one can only speculate", it usually matches the definition of "to conjecture" or "to guess", which fits sense 1.
Wait, let's re-examine WordNet 3.0:
speculate%2:31:01:: = to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds; "Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps" [syn: speculate, theorize, theorise, conjecture, hypothesize, hypothesise, hypothecate]
speculate%2:31:00:: = reflect deeply on a subject; "I mulled over the events of the afternoon"; "philosophers have speculated on the question of God for thousands of years"; "the author is speculating on the question of God" [syn: chew over, think over, meditate, ponder, excogitate, contemplate, speculate]
Actually, wait. "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate." They are conjecturing about the future. The first sense often captures "guess" or "conjecture" about the future.
Let's check the synonyms. Theorize, conjecture, hypothesize.
Sense 3's synonyms: chew over, think over, meditate, ponder, excogitate, contemplate.

Is "where discoveries will lead" something they "conjecture" (sense 1) or "ponder" (sense 3)?
When we say "one can only speculate", it often means "one can only guess". "Guess" is closer to sense 1 (conjecture, theorize).
Let's consider "to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds". Is speculating about where discoveries will lead "believing" on uncertain grounds? Or is it "reflecting deeply"? It's conjecturing.

Let's consider the sentence: "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate."
I will choose sense 1, as it deals with making tentative conclusions or theories about future events, aligning with "theorize" and "conjecture". Sense 3 is more about meditation and pondering, like the question of God. Sense 2 is idle talk. So Sense 1 is the best choice.
Wait, is it Sense 1 or 3? In another corpus, "speculate" on future leads. "Scientists speculate" usually means they hypothesize. Sense 1 example: "Scientists supposed...". It fits the scientific context perfectly. Let's go with Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: major
Target surface form: major
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two <t>major</t> pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=major%3:00:06:: | definition=of greater importance or stature or rank | examples=a major artist; a major role
2. sense_key=major%3:00:02:: | definition=greater in scope or effect | examples=a major contribution; a major improvement
3. sense_key=major%3:00:01:: | definition=greater in number or size or amount | examples=a major portion (a majority) of the population; Ursa Major
4. sense_key=major%3:00:05:: | definition=of the field of academic study in which one concentrates or specializes | examples=his major field was mathematics
5. sense_key=major%3:00:04:: | definition=of a scale or mode | examples=major scales; the key of D major
6. sense_key=major%3:00:07:: | definition=of greater seriousness or danger | examples=a major earthquake; a major hurricane
7. sense_key=major%3:00:03:: | definition=of full legal age
8. sense_key=major%5:00:00:senior:00 | definition=of the elder of two boys with the same family name | examples=Jones major

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "major" in the context: "Already two major pharmaceutical companies..."
"Major" here describes pharmaceutical companies.
The options are:
1. of greater importance or stature or rank
2. greater in scope or effect
3. greater in number or size or amount
4. of the field of academic study...
5. of a scale or mode...
6. of greater seriousness or danger...
7. of full legal age...
8. of the elder of two boys...

"Major pharmaceutical companies" means companies of great importance, stature, or rank in their industry (i.e., large, prominent companies).
Let's look at sense 1: "of greater importance or stature or rank | examples=a major artist; a major role". This fits "major pharmaceutical companies" perfectly.
Sense 3: "greater in number or size or amount" could also apply to companies (major = large), but "importance or stature or rank" is typically used for entities like companies, artists, roles. Wait, "major" applied to companies usually means they are large and important. However, "importance or stature or rank" fits "major artist", "major role", "major pharmaceutical companies". Let's check WordNet senses for major (adjective).
Sense 1: major(a) -- (of greater importance or stature or rank; "a major artist"; "a major role"; "major highways")
Sense 2: major(a) -- (greater in scope or effect; "a major contribution"; "a major improvement"; "a major change")
Sense 3: major(a) -- (greater in number or size or amount; "a major portion (a majority) of the population"; "Ursa Major")
Sense 4: major(a) -- (of the field of academic study in which one concentrates or specializes; "his major field was mathematics")
Sense 5: major(a) -- (of a scale or mode; "major scales"; "the key of D major")
Sense 6: major(a) -- (of greater seriousness or danger; "a major earthquake"; "a major hurricane"; "a major illness")
Sense 7: major(a) -- (of full legal age)
Sense 8: major(a) -- (of the elder of two boys with the same family name)

In "two major pharmaceutical companies", "major" means prominent, important, of high stature. Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unit
Target surface form: unit
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb <t>unit</t> of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unit%1:23:00:: | definition=any division of quantity accepted as a standard of measurement or exchange | synonyms=unit of measurement | examples=the dollar is the United States unit of currency; a unit of wheat is a bushel
2. sense_key=unit%1:24:00:: | definition=an individual or group or structure or other entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole | examples=the reduced the number of units and installations; the word is a basic linguistic unit
3. sense_key=unit%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization regarded as part of a larger social group | synonyms=social unit | examples=the coach said the offensive unit did a good job; after the battle the soldier had trouble rejoining his unit
4. sense_key=unit%1:09:00:: | definition=a single undivided whole | examples=an idea is not a unit that can be moved from one brain to another
5. sense_key=unit%1:17:00:: | definition=a single undivided natural thing occurring in the composition of something else | synonyms=building block | examples=units of nucleic acids
6. sense_key=unit%1:03:00:: | definition=an assemblage of parts that is regarded as a single entity | synonyms=whole | examples=how big is that part compared to the whole?; the team is a unit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context says "the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co." This refers to a division/subsidiary of a larger company. Sense 3 is "an organization regarded as part of a larger social group" with examples like "the coach said the offensive unit did a good job." This fits well—a corporate unit being part of a larger company.

Sense 6 "an assemblage of parts regarded as a single entity" doesn't fit as well as sense 3 specifically for organizations.

Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: collaborate
Target surface form: collaborating
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are <t>collaborating</t> with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=collaborate%2:41:00:: | definition=work together on a common enterprise of project | synonyms=join forces, cooperate, get together | examples=The soprano and the pianist did not get together very well; We joined forces with another research group
2. sense_key=collaborate%2:41:01:: | definition=cooperate as a traitor | examples=he collaborated with the Nazis when they occupied Paris

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context describes pharmaceutical companies collaborating with gene hunters to turn discoveries into predictive tests and therapies. This is about working together on a common enterprise or project, not cooperating as a traitor.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hunter
Target surface form: hunters
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene <t>hunters</t> to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hunter%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who hunts game | synonyms=huntsman
2. sense_key=hunter%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who searches for something | examples=a treasure hunter
3. sense_key=hunter%1:17:00:: | definition=a constellation on the equator to the east of Taurus; contains Betelgeuse and Rigel | synonyms=Orion
4. sense_key=hunter%1:06:00:: | definition=a watch with a hinged metal lid to protect the crystal | synonyms=hunting watch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about scientists and pharmaceutical companies collaborating with "gene hunters" to turn discoveries into predictive tests and therapies. "Gene hunters" here refers to people who search for genes, not people who hunt game. The best sense is sense 2: "a person who searches for something."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to <t>turn</t> the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "Already two major pharmaceutical companies... are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."

The phrase is "turn X into Y" - meaning to transform or convert discoveries into tests and therapies.

This is about causing a transformation - turning discoveries into tests/therapies.

Sense 16: "cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics" with examples "The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold"

This fits perfectly - "turn discoveries into predictive tests and new therapies" is about causing something to change into something different, just like turning lead into gold or turning a frog into a prince.

Sense 3 is "undergo a change or development" (intransitive), but here "turn" is transitive - they are turning discoveries into tests.

Sense 16 is the causative version - "cause to change or turn into something different." This matches "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests."

The answer is sense 16.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discoveries
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of <t>discoveries</t> into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "discoveries" in the phrase "anticipated cascade of discoveries".
Context: researchers are finding genes involved in cancer. The "discoveries" refer to the things being discovered (the genes, the proteins, etc.), not the act of discovering.
Wait, sense 1: the act of discovering something.
Sense 2: something that is discovered.
Sense 3: a productive insight (breakthrough).
Sense 4: (law) compulsory pretrial disclosure.
Here, "cascade of discoveries" refers to the findings themselves (e.g., genes, suppressor proteins). "something that is discovered" fits perfectly. Sense 2.
Let's double check.
"a cascade of discoveries" -> discoveries are the objects/things being discovered.
"turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests" -> turning the things discovered into tests.
Yes, sense 2 is "something that is discovered".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, <t>new</t> therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about researchers discovering genes involved in cancer, and pharmaceutical companies collaborating to turn these discoveries into predictive tests and "new" therapies. The target word is "new" modifying "therapies".

Let's analyze the candidate senses:
1. not of long duration; having just come into being or been made or acquired or discovered. "a new law; new cars"
2. original and of a kind not seen before. "the computer produced a completely novel proof..."
3. lacking training or experience.
4. having no previous example or precedent or parallel.
5. other than the former one(s); different. "my new car is four years old..."
6. unaffected by use or exposure.
7. gratuitously new (newfangled).
8. in use after medieval times.
9. used of a living language...
10. (of crops) harvested at an early stage...
11. unfamiliar.

The context talks about "new therapies" resulting from a "cascade of discoveries". These therapies will be based on new genetic understandings, so they will be therapies of a kind not seen before, or just recently made/discovered.
Let's look closely at sense 1 ("not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered") and sense 2 ("original and of a kind not seen before").

Wait, therapies based on these new discoveries would be "new therapies". Are they just recently acquired/made (sense 1) or original and of a kind not seen before (sense 2)?
Let's consider the difference between "a new law" (sense 1) and "a novel proof" (sense 2).
In the context of "new therapies" for cancer, it means therapies that didn't exist before, stemming from these discoveries. "new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins..."
The discoveries are leading to therapies. These therapies are newly developed. Sense 1 is about things that just came into being. "new therapies" usually means therapies that have recently been created or developed.
Let's check if there's a better fit. Sense 1 includes "having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made". This is the standard meaning of "new" for objects like therapies or drugs that are invented/made. "new cars" in sense 1 means recently manufactured cars.
Sense 2 emphasizes "original and of a kind not seen before".
Wait, Sense 1 applies to "new therapies" as therapies that have recently been made. "Recently, he and others reported... Already two major pharmaceutical companies... are collaborating... to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."
"new" here means therapies that have recently come into being.
Is there a better distinction? WordNet 3.0:
new%3:00:00:: - not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered.
new%5:00:00:original:00 - original and of a kind not seen before.

The "cascade of discoveries" leads to therapies that didn't exist before. Since they are anticipated, they are going to be made soon. So they will have just come into being.
Sense 1 fits "new therapies" because it refers to therapies that are recently made. "new cars" (recently made), "new law" (recently enacted).

Let's check the SemCor corpus for "new" with similar context. Usually "new" as in "new therapies" is sense 1.
Sense 1 is the most common sense of "new" referring to newly created things.

Let's re-read the context. "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."
Sense 1 fits best.

Sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered"

I will choose sense 1.