[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: alone
Target surface form: alone
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, <t>alone</t> or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=alone%4:02:00:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, only | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
2. sense_key=alone%4:02:01:: | definition=without anybody else or anything else | synonyms=solo, unaccompanied | examples=the child stayed home alone; the pillar stood alone, supporting nothing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "alone" in the context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer..."

The phrase is "alone or in combination". This means the inactivation of these genes either happens by itself (without any others being included or involved) or in combination with other factors.

Sense 1: "without any others being included or involved" - synonyms: entirely, exclusively, solely, only. This fits "alone" meaning "solely" or "exclusively".
Sense 2: "without anybody else or anything else" - synonyms: solo, unaccompanied. Examples: "the child stayed home alone"; "the pillar stood alone, supporting nothing".

In the context "alone or in combination", "alone" contrasts with "in combination". "Alone" here means "without any others being included or involved" (i.e., just by itself, exclusively), which aligns with Sense 1. If the genes are inactivated alone, it means without other genes being involved. If in combination, then multiple genes are involved.

Wait, let me reconsider. Sense 2 says "without anybody else or anything else". The example "the pillar stood alone, supporting nothing" suggests physical solitude. But the child staying home alone means without companions.

"Alone or in combination" - here "alone" means the inactivation happens without any other inactivations being involved. This seems to fit Sense 1 better: "without any others being included or involved".

Actually, let me think again. Sense 2 is "without anybody else or anything else" which could also fit "alone" meaning just by itself without anything else. But the synonyms for Sense 1 (entirely, exclusively, solely, only) seem more adverbial, focusing on exclusivity. The context here is "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination" - this means the inactivation either happens solely/exclusively (alone) or together with other factors (in combination).

I think Sense 1 fits better here because "alone" is being used to mean "without any others being included or involved" - i.e., the inactivation happens without other inactivations being involved, which contrasts with "in combination" where multiple things are involved.

Wait, but Sense 2 could also work: "without anything else" - the inactivation happens without anything else. Let me look at the examples more carefully.

Sense 1 examples: "was entirely to blame" - here "entirely" means exclusively/solely. "a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children" - exclusively.
Sense 2 examples: "the child stayed home alone" - without companions. "the pillar stood alone, supporting nothing" - by itself, without anything else.

The phrase "alone or in combination" is a common scientific phrase meaning "by itself or together with other things." The word "alone" here means "by itself" or "without anything else being involved." This is closer to Sense 2's meaning of "without anything else."

But actually, looking at this more carefully:
- Sense 1: "without any others being included or involved" - this means exclusively, only, solely
- Sense 2: "without anybody else or anything else" - this means solo, unaccompanied, by itself

The context "alone or in combination" suggests that "alone" means "by itself" (not in combination). This is the meaning of "without anything else" or "without any others being included or involved."

Hmm, both senses could potentially work. But the key distinction seems to be:
- Sense 1 is more about exclusivity (only, solely) - adverbial
- Sense 2 is more about solitude/isolation (solo, unaccompanied) - can be adjectival or adverbial

In "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination," the word "alone" is used to mean "by itself" - the inactivation happens by itself or in combination. This is more about being without other things, which aligns with Sense 2.

But wait - "without any others being included or involved" (Sense 1) also means the same thing - no others are involved.

Let me think about the synonyms more carefully:
- Sense 1: entirely, exclusively, solely, only - these are adverbs meaning "to the exclusion of others"
- Sense 2: solo, unaccompanied - these mean "by oneself, without others"

The phrase "alone or in combination" is contrasting doing something by itself vs. doing it with others. "Alone" here = "by itself" = "without anything else."

I think Sense 2 fits better because "alone" here means "by itself" (like the pillar standing alone), not "exclusively" or "solely" (which would be more about restriction/exclusivity). The contrast is between being solo vs. being in combination, which maps to Sense 2's "solo, unaccompanied."

Actually, I need to reconsider. Let me look at this from a different angle.

"Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial..."

This means: the inactivation of these genes, whether it occurs by itself (alone) or together with other events (in combination), appears crucial.

"Alone" here = "by itself" = "without any others being included or involved" (Sense 1) OR "without anybody else or anything else" (Sense 2).

The distinction is subtle. Sense 1 focuses on "without any others being included or involved" which is about exclusion - no other factors are involved. Sense 2 focuses on "without anybody else or anything else" which is about being solo/unaccompanied.

In scientific writing, "alone or in combination" typically means "by itself or together with other things." The "alone" here is more like "solely" or "exclusively" - without other factors being involved. This seems to align with Sense 1.

But "alone" meaning "by itself" also aligns with Sense 2's "solo."

Let me think about which sense better captures "alone" in "alone or in combination":

The phrase "X alone or in combination" means "X by itself or X together with other things." The word "alone" is being used to mean "by itself" which is essentially "without anything else."

Sense 2: "without anybody else or anything else" with synonyms "solo, unaccompanied" and example "the pillar stood alone, supporting nothing" - this captures "by itself."

Sense 1: "without any others being included or involved" with synonyms "entirely, exclusively, solely, only" - this is more about exclusivity in an adverbial sense.

I think Sense 1 is actually the better fit here because "alone" is modifying "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes" in an adverbial way, meaning "exclusively" or "solely" - the inactivation occurs solely (without other inactivations) or in combination (with other inactivations).

Hmm, but actually "alone" here is more adjectival, describing the state of the inactivation. "The inactivation... alone" = "the inactivation by itself."

Let me reconsider once more. The phrase structure is:
"the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination"

Here "alone" is an adjective/adverb modifying "inactivation." It means the inactivation happens "by itself" or "solo" - which is Sense 2.

But Sense 1 says "without any others being included or involved" which also means "by itself" essentially.

I think the key differentiator is the synonyms:
- Sense 1: entirely, exclusively, solely, only
- Sense 2: solo, unaccompanied

"Alone or in combination" - can we substitute?
- "exclusively or in combination" - doesn't sound quite right
- "solely or in combination" - this works
- "solo or in combination" - this also works
- "unaccompanied or in combination" - this works too

Both could work, but I think Sense 1's "solely" fits better in this scientific context. "The inactivation occurs solely or in combination" makes sense.

Actually, wait. Let me reconsider the meaning more carefully.

"Alone" in "alone or in combination" means "by itself" - the inactivation occurs by itself. This is the basic meaning of "alone" - without others, by itself.

Sense 2: "without anybody else or anything else" - this is the basic meaning of "alone" = by itself
Sense 1: "without any others being included or involved" - this is more like "exclusively" or "only"

The examples help:
- Sense 1: "was entirely to blame" (exclusively), "a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children" (exclusively)
- Sense 2: "the child stayed home alone" (by himself), "the pillar stood alone, supporting nothing" (by itself)

In our context, "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination" - the inactivation happens by itself or together with other things. This is more like Sense 2 where "alone" means "by itself" without other things.

But I can also see how Sense 1 works: "without any others being included or involved" = the inactivation occurs without other inactivations being involved.

I think I need to make a decision. Let me go with Sense 1 because:
1. The context is about whether the inactivation occurs "without any others being included or involved" (alone) or with others (in combination)
2. The synonyms "solely" and "exclusively" fit well: "solely or in combination"
3. This is an adverbial use of "alone" meaning "exclusively/only"

Actually, I'm now leaning towards Sense 2. Here's why:

The phrase "alone or in combination" is a very common collocation. "Alone" here means "by itself" - not "exclusively" or "solely." The contrast is:
- Alone = by itself (one thing acting)
- In combination = together with others (multiple things acting)

This maps to Sense 2: "without anybody else or anything else" - the inactivation occurs without anything else (alone) or with something else (in combination).

Sense 1's examples ("was entirely to blame," "a school devoted entirely to the needs") suggest a different usage - "alone" meaning "entirely/exclusively" in the sense of "completely" or "to the exclusion of all else." This is not quite the same as "by itself."

I'll go with Sense 2.

Wait, actually, let me reconsider one more time.

Sense 1: "without any others being included or involved"
- This means: no others are included or involved
- In context: the inactivation occurs without other inactivations being involved
- Synonyms: entirely, exclusively, solely, only

Sense 2: "without anybody else or anything else"
- This means: by itself, without companions
- In context: the inactivation occurs by itself
- Synonyms: solo, unaccompanied

The phrase "alone or in combination" - "alone" means "by itself" which is essentially "without anything else." Both senses capture this, but Sense 2 is more directly about "by itself" (solo, unaccompanied), while Sense 1 is about "without others being involved" (exclusively, solely).

In the scientific context, "the inactivation occurs alone or in combination" means the inactivation happens by itself or together with other factors. The word "alone" here is best captured by "by itself" which is Sense 2.

But actually, "solely or in combination" also works and might even be more natural in scientific writing. "Solely" means "only, without others involved."

I think the distinction is:
- Sense 1: "alone" = "solely/exclusively" - emphasizing that ONLY this happens, nothing else
- Sense 2: "alone" = "by itself/solo" - emphasizing that it happens without companions

In "alone or in combination," the emphasis is on whether the inactivation happens by itself or with others. This is more about "by itself" (Sense 2) than "exclusively" (Sense 1).

Final answer: Sense 2.

Hmm, but I'm still not 100% sure. Let me think about this differently.

If I replace "alone" with each sense's synonyms:
- Sense 1: "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, solely/exclusively/entirely/only or in combination"
  - "solely or in combination" ✓ (sounds okay)
  - "exclusively or in combination" ✓ (sounds okay)
  - "entirely or in combination" ✗ (doesn't sound right)
  - "only or in combination" ✓ (sounds okay)

- Sense 2: "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, solo/unaccompanied or in combination"
  - "solo or in combination" ✓ (sounds okay, though informal)
  - "unaccompanied or in combination" ✓ (sounds okay)

Both work to some extent, but "solely or in combination" (Sense 1) sounds more natural in scientific writing than "solo or in combination" (Sense 2).

On the other hand, the definition of Sense 1 says "without any others being included or involved" which is exactly what "alone" means in "alone or in combination" - the inactivation occurs without any others being included (alone) or with others being included (in combination).

I think I'll go with Sense 1 after all, because:
1. "Without any others being included or involved" directly contrasts with "in combination" (where others ARE included/involved)
2. The synonym "solely" works well: "solely or in combination"
3. In scientific writing, "alone" in "alone or in combination" often means "exclusively/solely"

Final answer: Sense 1.

Actually, you know what, let me think about this one final time.

The phrase "X alone or in combination" is extremely common in scientific and medical literature. It means "X by itself or X together with other things."

The word "alone" here is being used to mean "by itself" - the inactivation occurs by itself. This is the most basic, literal meaning of "alone."

Sense 2: "without anybody else or anything else" = by itself = without anything else
- Example: "the pillar stood alone" = the pillar stood by itself

Sense 1: "without any others being included or involved" = exclusively, solely
- Example: "was entirely to blame" = was exclusively to blame

The key question is: does "alone" in "alone or in combination" mean "by itself" (Sense 2) or "exclusively/solely" (Sense 1)?

I think it means "by itself" - the inactivation happens by itself (alone) or with other inactivations (in combination). This is Sense 2.

But "without any others being included or involved" (Sense 1) also means "by itself" in a way - no others are involved.

The difference is subtle:
- Sense 1: "alone" = without others being involved (adverbial, about exclusion)
- Sense 2: "alone" = by itself, without companions (more about physical/conceptual solitude)

In "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination," the word "alone" is describing how the inactivation occurs - it occurs by itself or in combination. This is about whether other things are involved or not.

I think Sense 1 is actually the better fit because:
- "Without any others being included or involved" directly captures the meaning: no other inactivations are involved (alone) vs. other inactivations are involved (in combination)
- The contrast between "alone" and "in combination" is about whether others are "included or involved"

Sense 2 is more about physical solitude ("the child stayed home alone," "the pillar stood alone") which doesn't quite fit the abstract scientific context.

OK, final answer: Sense 1.

Wait, I want to reconsider one more time. Let me look at this from the perspective of WordNet sense distinctions.

In WordNet, "alone" as an adverb has these senses:
1. "without any others being included or involved" (entirely, exclusively, solely, only)
2. "without anybody else or anything else" (solo, unaccompanied)

The context: "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial"

"Alone" here means "by itself" - the inactivation can happen by itself. The contrast with "in combination" suggests that "alone" means "without others" - specifically, without other genetic changes being involved.

Sense 1: "without any others being included or involved" - this means no others are included/involved
Sense 2: "without anybody else or anything else" - this means by itself, without companions

Both could work, but I think Sense 1 is more precise because:
- "Without any others being included or involved" specifically refers to whether others are involved
- "In combination" means others ARE involved
- So "alone" = "without others being involved" = Sense 1

Sense 2's "without anybody else or anything else" is more about solitude/isolation, which is a slightly different nuance.

I'll go with Sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: combination
Target surface form: combination
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in <t>combination</t>, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=combination%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities
2. sense_key=combination%1:14:04:: | definition=a coordinated sequence of chess moves
3. sense_key=combination%1:14:02:: | definition=a sequence of numbers or letters that opens a combination lock | examples=he forgot the combination to the safe
4. sense_key=combination%1:14:01:: | definition=a group of people (often temporary) having a common purpose | examples=they were a winning combination
5. sense_key=combination%1:14:03:: | definition=an alliance of people or corporations or countries for a special purpose (formerly to achieve some antisocial end but now for general political or economic purposes)
6. sense_key=combination%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of arranging elements into specified groups without regard to order
7. sense_key=combination%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of combining things to form a new whole | synonyms=combining, compounding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
Looking at the context: "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges..."

Here, "in combination" refers to the act of combining multiple gene inactivations together (as opposed to "alone"). The phrase "alone or in combination" contrasts a single action with the act of combining things to form a new whole — that is, multiple tumor-suppressor genes being inactivated together, producing a combined effect crucial to cancer development.

{"sense_index": 7}

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "combination" in the context: "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges..."

Here, "in combination" refers to the act of combining things (genes being inactivated together) to form a new whole effect. The phrase "alone or in combination" suggests that the inactivation of these genes can happen individually or combined together.

Let's look at the senses:
1. a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities
7. the act of combining things to form a new whole

The phrase "alone or in combination" - here "combination" refers to the state or act of being combined. When genes are inactivated "in combination," it means multiple genes are inactivated together, their effects combined.

Sense 1 is "a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities" - this is about the result, a collection.
Sense 7 is "the act of combining things to form a new whole" - this is about the act/process.

"in combination" - this phrase suggests the state of being combined or the act of combining. The context is about tumor-suppressor genes being inactivated either alone or together (in combination).

I think sense 7 fits better here because "in combination" refers to the act or process of combining the inactivation of multiple genes. The phrase "alone or in combination" contrasts doing something singly versus combining it with other things.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Alone or in combination" - when we say genes are inactivated "in combination," we mean they are inactivated together as a group/collection. This could be sense 1 (a collection of things that have been combined).

But sense 7 says "the act of combining things to form a new whole." The inactivation of genes in combination means the combined effect of inactivating multiple genes. This is about the act of combining.

Hmm, let me think about this more carefully. "Alone or in combination" is a common phrase. It means either by itself or together with other things.

Sense 1: "a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities" - This could work because when genes are inactivated "in combination," it refers to a collection of inactivated genes.

Sense 7: "the act of combining things to form a new whole" - This is about the act itself.

The phrase "in combination" here refers to the state of being combined, which is closer to sense 1 (a collection of things that have been combined) or sense 7 (the act of combining).

Actually, I think sense 7 is more appropriate. "In combination" refers to the act of combining the inactivation of multiple genes - the combining of these inactivations to form a new whole (cancer development). The context is about how the inactivation of genes, whether done alone or in combination (combined together), leads to cancer.

Wait, but "in combination" is more about the state than the act. Let me reconsider sense 1: "a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities." When we say "alone or in combination," "combination" refers to the combined set of genes being inactivated - a collection of things that have been combined.

I think I'll go with sense 7 because "combination" here refers to the act of combining - the inactivation of multiple genes combined together. The phrase "alone or in combination" contrasts individual action with combined action.

Actually, let me reconsider once more. The sentence says "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination." Here, "in combination" modifies how the inactivation occurs - it's about whether the inactivation happens to one gene alone or to multiple genes in combination.

"in combination" = in a combined manner = the act or state of being combined

Sense 1 focuses on the result - a collection of combined things.
Sense 7 focuses on the act - combining things to form a new whole.

I think sense 7 is better because "in combination" here refers to the act of combining the inactivation of multiple genes, which forms a new whole (the combined effect leading to cancer).

Let me go with sense 7.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: appear
Target surface form: appears
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, <t>appears</t> crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=appear%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, seem | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. sense_key=appear%2:30:00:: | definition=come into sight or view | examples=He suddenly appeared at the wedding; A new star appeared on the horizon
3. sense_key=appear%2:30:01:: | definition=be issued or published | synonyms=come out | examples=Did your latest book appear yet?; The new Woody Allen film hasn't come out yet
4. sense_key=appear%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=seem | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
5. sense_key=appear%2:30:02:: | definition=come into being or existence, or appear on the scene | synonyms=come along | examples=Then the computer came along and changed our lives; Homo sapiens appeared millions of years ago
6. sense_key=appear%2:36:00:: | definition=appear as a character on stage or appear in a play, etc. | examples=Gielgud appears briefly in this movie; She appeared in `Hamlet' on the London stage
7. sense_key=appear%2:41:03:: | definition=present oneself formally, as before a (judicial) authority | examples=He had to appear in court last month; She appeared on several charges of theft

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "appears" in the context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, <t>appears</t> crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."

Let's analyze the context. "The inactivation... appears crucial..." This means "seems to be crucial". It is about giving an impression or seeming to be true.
Looking at the senses:
1. appear%2:39:00:: - give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect (synonyms: look, seem). Example: "This appears to be a very difficult problem"
4. appear%2:39:01:: - seem to be true, probable, or apparent (synonyms: seem). Example: "It appears that the weather in California is very bad"

In the context, "appears crucial" fits "seem to be true, probable, or apparent". It is an impersonal or semi-impersonal use indicating likelihood. "The inactivation... appears crucial" means "It appears that the inactivation... is crucial".
Sense 4 has the definition "seem to be true, probable, or apparent". This is closer to the truth/probability of a scientific finding. Let's look closely at Sense 1 vs Sense 4.
Sense 1: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect" -> outward aspect. "looks a certain way".
Sense 4: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent" -> epistemic modality, probability.
Here, researchers are saying something is crucial based on evidence. It's about truth/probability.
Let's check "appears crucial".
"This appears to be a very difficult problem" (Sense 1).
"It appears that the weather is bad" (Sense 4).
The sentence is "The inactivation... appears crucial..."
It's comparable to "The inactivation... seems crucial..." or "It appears that the inactivation... is crucial."
Sense 4 fits "seem to be true, probable, or apparent". Let's choose 4.

Let's re-read Sense 1: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect". "She seems to be sleeping."
Sense 4: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent".
The context: "Researchers say the inactivation... appears crucial to the development..." This is based on scientific evidence, indicating that it is probable or true. Sense 4 is the best match.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: crucial
Target surface form: crucial
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears <t>crucial</t> to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=crucial%3:00:00:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=important | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
2. sense_key=crucial%5:00:00:material:02 | definition=having crucial relevance | examples=crucial to the case; relevant testimony
3. sense_key=crucial%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=of the greatest importance | synonyms=all-important, essential, of the essence | examples=the all-important subject of disarmament; crucial information

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "crucial" in the context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer..."

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. crucial%3:00:00:: - of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis. (examples: a crucial moment in his career, a crucial election)
2. crucial%5:00:00:material:02 - having crucial relevance. (examples: crucial to the case, relevant testimony)
3. crucial%5:00:00:important:00 - of the greatest importance. (synonyms: all-important, essential, of the essence. examples: the all-important subject of disarmament, crucial information)

In the text, "crucial to the development of..." means it is essential or of the greatest importance to the development of these cancers. There is no specific "crisis" being resolved, so sense 1 is less appropriate. While "crucial to the development" matches the pattern "crucial to the case", the context emphasizes that this inactivation is fundamentally necessary (essential) for the cancer to develop, matching "of the greatest importance" / "essential" / "all-important".

Wait, looking closely at Sense 2: "crucial to the case" fits the syntactic pattern "crucial to [noun phrase]". However, the meaning here is "essential" or "of the greatest importance". "Essential" is a synonym for Sense 3.
Sense 3 synonyms: all-important, essential, of the essence.
The inactivation appears "crucial" (essential) to the development of cancer.

Therefore, Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the <t>development</t> of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses the "development" of cancer. The sentence says: "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."

This refers to a biological process where something (cancer) passes by degrees to a different stage, or it could refer to the biological process of an organism growing/changing. Let me consider the senses.

Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)" - this is a general process of evolution/change.
Sense 3: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level" - this is specifically about organism growth.

The "development of cancer" - cancer is a disease process. The development of cancer refers to the process by which cancer forms and progresses. This is a biological process but it's about a disease, not an organism growing.

Sense 2 talks about a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage. The development of cancer would fit this - cancer developing is a process where cells pass to a different (more advanced/diseased) stage. The synonym is "evolution."

Sense 3 is specifically about an individual organism growing organically from simple to complex. Cancer development isn't really about an organism growing; it's about a disease process.

I think sense 2 is the best fit here - "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage" - the development of cancer is exactly this, a process where the disease develops/evolves.

Let me double-check. The context is about cancer development - how cancer develops from normal cells through gene mutations. This is a gradual process where something passes by degrees to a different stage. Sense 2 with the synonym "evolution" fits well.

Sense 3 is about ontogeny - the development of an organism from embryo to adult. That's not what this is about.

So the answer should be sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scourge
Target surface form: scourges
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such <t>scourges</t> as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scourge%1:06:00:: | definition=a whip used to inflict punishment (often used for pedantic humor) | synonyms=flagellum
2. sense_key=scourge%1:26:00:: | definition=something causing misery or death | synonyms=bane, curse, nemesis | examples=the bane of my life
3. sense_key=scourge%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who inspires fear or dread | synonyms=terror, threat | examples=he was the terror of the neighborhood

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "scourges" in the context of cancers (brain, skin, kidney, prostate, cervix). These are diseases causing misery and death.

Sense 1: a whip - not relevant
Sense 2: something causing misery or death - fits, cancers cause misery and death
Sense 3: a person who inspires fear - not relevant, these are diseases not people

The best sense is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as <t>cancer</t> of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses cancer as a disease involving tumors, genes, cell division, and spreading to other parts of the body. This matches sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream."

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: brain
Target surface form: brain
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the <t>brain</t>, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=brain%1:08:00:: | definition=that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord | synonyms=encephalon
2. sense_key=brain%1:09:00:: | definition=mental ability | synonyms=brainpower, learning ability, mental capacity, mentality, wit | examples=he's got plenty of brains but no common sense
3. sense_key=brain%1:09:01:: | definition=that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason | synonyms=mind, head, psyche, nous | examples=his mind wandered; I couldn't get his words out of my head
4. sense_key=brain%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality | synonyms=genius, mastermind, brainiac, Einstein | examples=Mozart was a child genius; he's smart but he's no Einstein
5. sense_key=brain%1:13:00:: | definition=the brain of certain animals used as meat

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "brain" in the context: "cancer of the brain".
The context discusses cancer of various organs: brain, skin, kidney, prostate, cervix.
Therefore, "brain" refers to the anatomical organ.
Sense 1: "that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord | synonyms=encephalon"
This matches the anatomical organ.

Sense 2: mental ability
Sense 3: mind, head
Sense 4: genius
Sense 5: animal meat

Thus, Sense 1 is the correct choice.
Index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: skin
Target surface form: skin
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the <t>skin</t>, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=skin%1:08:00:: | definition=a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch | synonyms=tegument, cutis | examples=your skin is the largest organ of your body
2. sense_key=skin%1:06:01:: | definition=an outer surface (usually thin) | examples=the skin of an airplane
3. sense_key=skin%1:05:01:: | definition=body covering of a living animal | synonyms=hide, pelt
4. sense_key=skin%1:26:00:: | definition=a person's skin regarded as their life | examples=he tried to save his skin
5. sense_key=skin%1:13:00:: | definition=the rind of a fruit or vegetable | synonyms=peel
6. sense_key=skin%1:06:02:: | definition=a bag serving as a container for liquids; it is made from the hide of an animal

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix.
The target word "skin" refers to the organ of the body.
Sense 1: a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch (examples=your skin is the largest organ of your body).
Sense 3: body covering of a living animal (synonyms=hide, pelt).
Since it's about human cancer ("cancer of the brain, the skin..."), Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cervix
Target surface form: cervix
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and <t>cervix</t>. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cervix%1:08:01:: | definition=the part of an organism (human or animal) that connects the head to the rest of the body | synonyms=neck | examples=he admired her long graceful neck; the horse won by a neck
2. sense_key=cervix%1:08:02:: | definition=necklike opening to the uterus | synonyms=uterine cervix, cervix uteri

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about cancer of the cervix. In medical contexts, "cancer of the cervix" refers to cervical cancer, which affects the cervix uteri (the necklike opening to the uterus). So sense 2 is the correct one.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: evidence
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is <t>evidence</t> that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about scientific research and medical findings. The sentence is "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer..."

Sense 1: "your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief" - synonyms=grounds - examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
Sense 2: "an indication that makes something evident" - examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
Sense 3: "(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved"

The context is scientific/medical research, similar to the example in sense 1: "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling." This is about scientific evidence serving as a basis for belief.

Sense 2 is about an indication or symptom that makes something evident, like a physical manifestation.

In the context, "There is evidence that..." refers to scientific findings that serve as a basis for belief. This aligns well with sense 1.

Let me compare sense 1 and sense 2 more carefully:
- Sense 1 is about basis for belief, knowledge on which to base belief. The example about smoking causing lung cancer is very close to this medical context about cancer genes.
- Sense 2 is about an indication that makes something evident. The example is about trembling being evidence of fear.

The context "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer" is talking about scientific findings as a basis for belief. This matches sense 1.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: people
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if <t>people</t> inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "people" in the context: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer..."

Here, "people" refers to any group of human beings collectively, or more specifically, human beings in general. It's not referring to citizens of a specific country, nor members of a family line, nor the common people/masses. It's referring to individuals/human beings in a general sense.

Sense 1: "(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively" - examples: "old people", "200 people in the audience"
Sense 2: "the body of citizens of a state or country" - synonyms: citizenry
Sense 3: "members of a family line" - examples: "his people have been farmers"
Sense 4: "the common people generally" - synonyms: multitude, masses

In the context "if people inherit defective versions of these genes," the word "people" refers to human beings in general, not specifically the masses or common people, not citizens of a particular country, and not members of a family line. It's referring to any human beings.

Sense 1 seems to be the best fit, as it refers to "any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively."

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherit
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people <t>inherit</t> defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses inheriting defective versions of genes, which relates to genetic transmission.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: version
Target surface form: versions
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective <t>versions</t> of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=version%1:10:01:: | definition=an interpretation of a matter from a particular viewpoint | examples=his version of the fight was different from mine
2. sense_key=version%1:09:01:: | definition=something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=variant, variation, edition | examples=an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word
3. sense_key=version%1:10:02:: | definition=a written work (as a novel) that has been recast in a new form | synonyms=adaptation | examples=the play is an adaptation of a short novel
4. sense_key=version%1:10:00:: | definition=a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language | synonyms=translation, interlingual rendition, rendering
5. sense_key=version%1:09:00:: | definition=a mental representation of the meaning or significance of something | synonyms=interpretation, reading
6. sense_key=version%1:04:00:: | definition=manual turning of a fetus in the uterus (usually to aid delivery)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "versions" in the context: "if people inherit defective versions of these genes".

Here, "versions" refers to different forms or variants of the genes. People inherit different copies/variants of these genes, and if those variants are defective, they are prone to cancer.

Sense 2: "something a little different from others of the same type" with synonyms "variant, variation, edition" fits perfectly. The defective versions of genes are variants of those genes.

Sense 1 is about interpretation from a particular viewpoint - doesn't fit.
Sense 3 is about a written work recast in a new form - doesn't fit.
Sense 4 is about translation - doesn't fit.
Sense 5 is about mental representation - doesn't fit.
Sense 6 is about turning a fetus - doesn't fit.

So sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: especially
Target surface form: especially
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are <t>especially</t> prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "especially" in the context: "they are especially prone to cancer".
Sense 1: "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common" - examples: "he was particularly fussy about spelling"
Sense 2: "in a special manner" - examples: "a specially arranged dinner"

In the context, "they are especially prone to cancer" means they are prone to cancer to a greater degree than is common. This fits Sense 1.

Sense 2 is about something being arranged or done in a special manner. "Especially arranged dinner" - this doesn't fit the context of being prone to something to a greater extent.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to <t>cancer</t>, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about cancer as a disease, specifically tumor-suppressor genes, lung cancer, breast cancer, and genetic defects causing cancer. This matches sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division".

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: explain
Target surface form: explaining
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps <t>explaining</t>, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=explain%2:32:00:: | definition=make plain and comprehensible | synonyms=explicate | examples=He explained the laws of physics to his students
2. sense_key=explain%2:32:01:: | definition=define | examples=The committee explained their plan for fund-raising to the Dean
3. sense_key=explain%2:32:02:: | definition=serve as a reason or cause or justification of | synonyms=excuse | examples=Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival at work; Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "explaining" in the context: "...perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."

Let's analyze the context. The sentence says that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, "perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."

Here, "explaining" means serving as a reason or cause for why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The evidence about inheriting defective genes provides a justification or reason for the phenomenon of cancers haunting certain families.

Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. make plain and comprehensible (synonyms: explicate) - Example: "He explained the laws of physics to his students"
2. define - Example: "The committee explained their plan for fund-raising to the Dean"
3. serve as a reason or cause or justification of (synonyms: excuse) - Example: "Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival at work; Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again"

Sense 3 fits best here. The defective genes serve as a reason or cause for why cancers haunt certain families. This is similar to the example "Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again" where something serves as a reason/cause for something else.

So the answer is sense_index 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: finally
Target surface form: finally
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, <t>finally</t>, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=finally%4:02:02:: | definition=after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay | synonyms=eventually
2. sense_key=finally%4:02:00:: | definition=as the end result of a succession or process | synonyms=ultimately, in the end, at last, at long last | examples=ultimately he had to give in; at long last the winter was over
3. sense_key=finally%4:02:03:: | definition=the item at the end | synonyms=last, lastly, in conclusion | examples=last, I'll discuss family values

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "finally" in the context: "perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
Here, the sentence is introducing a final point or conclusion in a list of explanations/evidence.
Let's look at the senses:
1. after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay (eventually)
2. as the end result of a succession or process (ultimately, in the end, at last, at long last)
3. the item at the end (last, lastly, in conclusion)

Wait, the context says: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
Does "finally" mean "eventually" (time), "ultimately" (process), or "lastly" (last in a list)?
Actually, it might mean "ultimately" - as the end result of the preceding process of inheritance and inactivation of genes. Or maybe "eventually" - after an unspecified period of time?
Wait! "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
If we substitute "ultimately": "perhaps explaining, ultimately, why..."
If we substitute "at last": "perhaps explaining, at last, why..."
If we substitute "eventually": "perhaps explaining, eventually, why..."
Wait, if it's a news article, it's explaining the reason for a phenomenon. "finally" here means "at last" or "ultimately" - as the end result of the investigation/succession of findings. It suggests that this explanation is the culmination of the preceding research.
Sense 2 is "as the end result of a succession or process | synonyms=ultimately, in the end, at last, at long last | examples=ultimately he had to give in; at long last the winter was over"
Sense 1 is "after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay | synonyms=eventually"

Wait, look at "perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
This usage is very similar to "at last" - after a long period of not knowing why cancers haunt certain families, this discovery finally explains it. "At last" or "at long last" fits perfectly here. It implies a long delay in understanding, which the research finally explains.
"perhaps explaining, at last, why some cancers..."
Let's see. Is it Sense 1 or Sense 2?
Sense 1: after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay (eventually)
Sense 2: as the end result of a succession or process (ultimately, in the end, at last, at long last)

Sense 2 has synonyms "at last, at long last", and its examples are "ultimately he had to give in", "at long last the winter was over".
Sense 1 has synonym "eventually".
Here, "explaining, finally, why" means providing the explanation that was previously lacking. It relates to the resolution of a mystery. This maps to "at last" or "at long last", which are in Sense 2.
Let's check the exact wording. "as the end result of a succession or process".
Wait, if a mystery is solved, you say "This finally explains why..." which means "at last".
Let's see if "finally" as "at last" is sense 2. WordNet 3.0:
finally%4:02:02:: after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay
finally%4:02:00:: as the end result of a succession or process
finally%4:02:03:: the item at the end

Is "finally" = "at last" sense 1 or 2?
In WordNet, "eventually" is often synonymous with "finally" in the temporal sense.
"at last" is synonymous with "finally" in the sense of concluding a process.
Wait, "finally" in "explaining, finally, why..."
Could it be 2? "as the end result of a succession or process" - the succession of research.
"ultimately he had to give in" -> this is sense 2.
Let's search for "finally%4:02:00::". It is the most common sense of "finally".
Let's consider sense 1: after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay. Synonym: eventually.
"Finally" in "perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
If I replace it with "eventually", it sounds wrong: "perhaps explaining, eventually, why..." -> no, "eventually" would mean after some time they explain it. "Finally" means "at last". "At last" is a synonym for Sense 2.
Actually, let's look closely at WordNet.
Sense 1: eventually, finally -- (after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay; "at last he returned"; "eventually, the weather cleared up"; "finally, I will discuss..." wait, no.)
Let's check WordNet 3.0 entries for finally:
1. eventually, finally, in time -- (after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay; "at last he returned"; "eventually, the weather cleared up"; "finally, I will discuss...")
Wait! In WordNet, "at last" is actually in Sense 1? No, let me verify.
Let's check WordNet 3.0 online.
finally
adv 1: after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay; "at last he returned"; "eventually, the weather cleared up"; "finally, I will discuss..." (no, maybe finally is not here)
Wait. If I look up finally in WordNet:
finally%4:02:00:: as the end result of a succession or process; "ultimately he had to give in"; "at long last the winter was over"
finally%4:02:01:: (this might be something else?)
finally%4:02:02:: after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay
finally%4:02:03:: the item at the end; "last, I'll discuss family values"

Wait, WordNet often has:
finally adv
1: eventually, finally, in time (after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay) -> wait, "at last" is not in the synonyms for eventually?
Let's look at the given candidate senses:
1. sense_key=finally%4:02:02:: | definition=after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay | synonyms=eventually
2. sense_key=finally%4:02:00:: | definition=as the end result of a succession or process | synonyms=ultimately, in the end, at last, at long last | examples=ultimately he had to give in; at long last the winter was over
3. sense_key=finally%4:02:03:: | definition=the item at the end | synonyms=last, lastly, in conclusion | examples=last, I'll discuss family values

So Sense 2 has synonyms: ultimately, in the end, at last, at long last.
Sense 1 has synonyms: eventually.

Does "finally" here mean "at last" or "eventually"?
"There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
Does it mean "at last" (after a long time of not knowing) or "as the end result of a succession or process" (the end result of inheriting these genes)?
Actually, "perhaps explaining, at last, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families" is a very natural phrasing. "At last" here means the mystery is finally solved. This aligns with Sense 2.
Let's read carefully: "perhaps explaining, at last, why..."
In WordNet, "at long last the winter was over" is Sense 2.
"ultimately he had to give in" is Sense 2.
Could it be Sense 2? Yes, "finally" as "at last" is definitely sense 2 based on the synonyms provided.
Let's consider Sense 1: eventually. "perhaps explaining, eventually, why..." implies that over time, it will explain why. But the text says "perhaps explaining, finally, why...", meaning this current discovery is what explains it, bringing the mystery to an end. So "at last" or "ultimately" is the correct meaning.
Is it Sense 3? "lastly" in a list. The text isn't a list of explanations, it's a culmination of the discussion about tumor-suppressing genes. But "perhaps explaining, finally, why..." is a bit like "lastly". However, Sense 3 examples are "last, I'll discuss family values" which is enumerating points in a speech. Here it is explaining a mystery, "finally" meaning "at last". Sense 2 fits better.

Let's double check if there's any reason to pick 2 over 1.
"finally" meaning "at last" is an adverb. Sense 2 has "at last" and "at long last" as synonyms.
Sense 1 is just "eventually".
"explaining, finally, why..."
"at last he returned" -> wait, in WordNet 3.0, "at last he returned" is an example for "eventually"?
Let's check.
Actually, in WordNet 3.0:
eventually, finally, in_time
  AFTER AN UNSPECIFIED PERIOD OF TIME OR AN ESPECIALLY LONG DELAY
  examples: "at last he returned"; "eventually, the weather cleared up"
Wait! If "at last he returned" is an example for eventually, then maybe the WordNet 3.0 synset for eventually includes "at last" in the example!
Let's check the given candidate senses:
1. sense_key=finally%4:02:02:: | definition=after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay | synonyms=eventually
Wait, the candidate sense 1 provided does NOT have "at last" in the examples, and its only synonym is "eventually".
Candidate sense 2: synonyms=ultimately, in the end, at last, at long last | examples=ultimately he had to give in; at long last the winter was over
So "at last" is explicitly a synonym for sense 2.
"explaining, at last, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families" -> this makes perfect sense. The mystery has haunted families, and at last we have an explanation.
Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.

Let's do a sanity check on Sense 1: eventually. "Perhaps explaining, eventually, why..." If it meant eventually, it would mean "in the future, this will explain why". But the sentence is saying the evidence *currently* explains it, bringing a long-standing question to a close. Thus, Sense 2 is correct.

Let's check if there is any ambiguity.
"perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
Is it possible that it means "as the end result of a succession or process"? Yes, the end result of the genetic inheritance process.
Or is it simply "at last"?
Either way, both "at last" and "as the end result..." point to Sense 2.

Sense 3: "lastly" - is it the last item in a list? The paragraph lists:
- two other research teams uncovered evidence...
- Right now about a dozen laboratories...
- Researchers say the inactivation...
- There is evidence that if people inherit...
- perhaps explaining, finally...
It's not a clear enumerated list like "first, second, finally". It's more of a concluding realization ("at last"). So Sense 2 is better than Sense 3.

I will go with Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some <t>cancers</t> seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The target word "cancers" refers to the disease in this context, specifically various forms of cancer affecting different tissues.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: seem
Target surface form: seem
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers <t>seem</t> to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=seem%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, appear | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. sense_key=seem%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=appear | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
3. sense_key=seem%2:42:00:: | definition=appear to exist | examples=There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now
4. sense_key=seem%2:39:02:: | definition=appear to one's own mind or opinion | examples=I seem to be misunderstood by everyone; I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "seem" appears in the sentence: "why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."

The sentence is about why some cancers appear to run in families. This is about something seeming to be true or apparent - the observation that cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Let me analyze the senses:

1. seem%2:39:00:: - "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect" - examples: "She seems to be sleeping", "This appears to be a very difficult problem"

2. seem%2:39:01:: - "seem to be true, probable, or apparent" - examples: "It seems that he is very gifted", "It appears that the weather in California is very bad"

3. seem%2:42:00:: - "appear to exist" - examples: "There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now"

4. seem%2:39:02:: - "appear to one's own mind or opinion" - examples: "I seem to be misunderstood by everyone", "I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters"

The context is about cancers appearing to haunt certain families. This is about something seeming to be true or apparent - an observation about reality. The cancers seem to haunt families, meaning it appears to be the case that they do.

Sense 2 seems most appropriate: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent" with examples like "It seems that he is very gifted" and "It appears that the weather in California is very bad."

The sentence "why some cancers seem to haunt certain families" is about an observed pattern - the cancers appear to run in families, which is something that seems to be true based on evidence.

This fits sense 2: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent"

The answer should be sense_index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: certain
Target surface form: certain
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt <t>certain</t> families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=definite but not specified or identified | examples=set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree
2. sense_key=certain%3:00:02:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=sure | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
3. sense_key=certain%3:00:01:: | definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known | examples=what is certain is that every effect must have a cause; it is certain that they were on the bus
4. sense_key=certain%3:00:03:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable; ; ; - Benjamin Franklin | synonyms=sure | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain
5. sense_key=certain%3:00:05:: | definition=established irrevocably | synonyms=sealed | examples=his fate is sealed
6. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=sure | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two
7. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=sure | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "certain" in the phrase "haunt certain families".
Context: "...perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
Meaning of "certain" here: "definite but not specified or identified" (some particular families, but not named). "Set aside a certain sum each week", "to a certain degree".
Sense 1: "definite but not specified or identified" - matches "certain families" (meaning *some* particular families).
Sense 2: "having or feeling no doubt" - no
Sense 3: "established beyond doubt" - no
Let's look closely at Sense 1.
Examples: "set aside a certain sum each week", "to a certain degree".
Synonyms: some?
"why some cancers seem to haunt certain families" -> certain families = some particular families.
This aligns perfectly with sense 1.

Sense index 1.