[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: suppress
Target surface form: suppressed
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that <t>suppressed</t> growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=suppress%2:30:00:: | definition=to put down by force or authority | synonyms=stamp down, inhibit, subdue, conquer, curb | examples=suppress a nascent uprising; stamp down on littering
2. sense_key=suppress%2:41:01:: | definition=come down on or keep down by unjust use of one's authority | synonyms=oppress, crush | examples=The government oppresses political activists
3. sense_key=suppress%2:41:00:: | definition=control and refrain from showing; of emotions, desires, impulses, or behavior | synonyms=inhibit, bottle up
4. sense_key=suppress%2:31:00:: | definition=put out of one's consciousness | synonyms=repress
5. sense_key=suppress%2:30:12:: | definition=reduce the incidence or severity of or stop | examples=suppress a yawn; this drug can suppress the hemorrhage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "suppressed" in the context: "looking for a gene that suppressed growth."

Let's analyze the context:
- Researchers are looking for a gene that "suppressed growth" (of tumors/cancer).
- The p53 gene is discussed as either promoting growth (causing cancer) or suppressing growth (preventing cancer).
- The text mentions "a cancer-suppressing gene."
- This is about a biological function: stopping or reducing the growth of cells/tumors.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:
1. suppress%2:30:00:: | definition=to put down by force or authority | synonyms=stamp down, inhibit, subdue, conquer, curb | examples=suppress a nascent uprising; stamp down on littering
2. suppress%2:41:01:: | definition=come down on or keep down by unjust use of one's authority | synonyms=oppress, crush | examples=The government oppresses political activists
3. suppress%2:41:00:: | definition=control and refrain from showing; of emotions, desires, impulses, or behavior | synonyms=inhibit, bottle up
4. suppress%2:31:00:: | definition=put out of one's consciousness | synonyms=repress
5. suppress%2:30:12:: | definition=reduce the incidence or severity of or stop | examples=suppress a yawn; this drug can suppress the hemorrhage

Sense 5 seems most appropriate here. "reduce the incidence or severity of or stop" - this fits the biological context of suppressing growth (reducing/stopping tumor growth). The example "this drug can suppress the hemorrhage" is also a medical/biological example.

Sense 1 involves force or authority, which doesn't fit a biological gene context.
Sense 2 involves unjust authority, definitely not applicable.
Sense 3 is about emotions/impulses, not applicable.
Sense 4 is about consciousness, not applicable.
Sense 5 is about reducing/stopping something, which fits suppressing growth.

So the answer is sense_index 5.

provider: Inceptron


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed <t>growth</t>. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The context is about cancer research, genes that promote or suppress growth of cells/tumors.
The target word "growth" refers to the biological process of an individual organism (or cells) growing organically.
Wait, "promoting growth" vs "suppressed growth". Does it mean "abnormal proliferation of tissue" (sense 6) or "biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually" (sense 1)?
"p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth" - in the context of cancer, growth often refers to the abnormal proliferation of tissue, i.e., a tumor.
However, the context says "a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones... promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth."
In the context of normal cells becoming cancerous, "growth" here refers to the biological process of growing (cell growth/proliferation).
Sense 1: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level"
Sense 6: "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)"

Let's look closely at Sense 6: "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)". If the gene promotes "growth" (meaning tumor growth), it's Sense 6.
But the sentence says "promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth". Normal cells grow. Cancerous cells grow abnormally. "Promoting growth" or "suppressing growth" usually refers to the general biological process of growing (Sense 1), but in cancer context, it could be Sense 6.
Actually, "growth" in "growth factor" or "promoting growth" in biology generally maps to Sense 1 (the process of an individual organism growing organically). But wait! Is it abnormal proliferation? The text says "caused cancer by promoting growth". The "growth" is the tumor growth. So Sense 6 is highly applicable.
Wait, let's consider Sense 1. Sense 1 is "the process of an individual organism growing organically". Cells growing is a biological process. But Sense 6 is specifically pathology, abnormal proliferation. "a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones... caused cancer by promoting growth"
In WordNet, "growth" in the context of tumors usually maps to Sense 6.
However, does "promoting growth" mean "promoting an abnormal proliferation"? The sentence says "caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth." This implies "growth" is the mechanism of cancer. Thus, "growth" = abnormal proliferation (Sense 6).
Let's reconsider Sense 1. "biology: the process of an individual organism growing organically". Is "growth" here an organism growing? Or is it the tumor? "growth" as a tumor is Sense 6.
Is it Sense 1 or 6?
"growth" in "promoting growth" vs "suppressing growth". "Growth" here is the proliferation of cells, specifically abnormal proliferation in the context of cancer. Sense 6.
Let's check examples for Sense 6: none provided.
Wait, does "growth" in "promoting growth" mean "the process of an individual organism growing organically"? No, it's about cells. Sense 6 is "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue". This fits perfectly with cancer.
Wait, if the scientists were looking for a gene that "suppressed growth", they were looking for a tumor suppressor gene. "growth" here refers to the tumor growth, or the abnormal proliferation.
So Sense 6 is highly likely.

Let's re-read Sense 1: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level".
This seems more like embryonic development, maturation, etc. But here, it's about cell proliferation in tumors.
Sense 6: "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)".
This is exactly what cancer is.
Could it be Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment"? "growth of population". No, it's biological.
I will choose Sense 6. Wait, let's consider if "growth" here could be Sense 1. The context talks about "promoting growth" of cells. But cancer is explicitly mentioned ("transform normal cells into cancerous ones"). So the "growth" is pathological. Thus, Sense 6.
Wait, "promoting growth" vs "suppressing growth". In biology, cell growth is normal. But the text says "caused cancer by promoting growth". This implies the growth itself is the cancer (the tumor). So Sense 6 is the best fit.
Wait, could it be Sense 1? If someone says "cell growth", it could just mean the biological process. But here, the context is heavily cancer and tumors.
"tumor cells", "cancerous ones", "abnormal proliferation". Sense 6 is explicitly defined as "an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)".
Let's check if there's any other interpretation. Sense 6 is pathology. The context is pathology (cancer research). Sense 6 fits perfectly.
Wait! What if "growth" is Sense 1 because it's just biological cell growth? "The p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth". The gene promotes the growth (of the tumor). So it's an abnormal proliferation. Sense 6.
I will output Sense 6.

Let me double-check the WordNet senses for "growth".
Noun
1. growth -- (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level; "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children"
2. growth -- a progression from simpler to more complex forms; "the growth of culture"
3. increase, increment, growth -- a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important; "the increase in unemployment"; "the growth of population"
4. growth -- vegetation that has grown; "a growth of trees"; "the only growth was some salt grass"
5. emergence, outgrowth, growth -- the gradual beginning or coming forth; "figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece"
6. growth -- (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. growth -- something grown or growing; "a growth of hair"

The text says "caused cancer by promoting growth". If the gene "promotes growth", it is promoting the abnormal proliferation of tissue. The "growth" is the abnormal proliferation. So Sense 6 is the exact match.
I'll output {"sense_index": 6}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: compare
Target surface form: compared
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists <t>compared</t> the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=compare%2:31:00:: | definition=examine and note the similarities or differences of | examples=John compared his haircut to his friend's; We compared notes after we had both seen the movie
2. sense_key=compare%2:42:00:: | definition=be comparable | examples=This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes
3. sense_key=compare%2:31:01:: | definition=consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous | synonyms=liken, equate | examples=We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans; You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed
4. sense_key=compare%2:32:00:: | definition=to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context says: "when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical"

This means they examined the similarities or differences of the two genes.

Sense 1: examine and note the similarities or differences of. Examples: "John compared his haircut to his friend's"; "We compared notes after we had both seen the movie". This fits perfectly. They examined the two genes to note their similarities (and found they were identical).

Sense 2: be comparable. "This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes". This is an intransitive use, not fitting here.

Sense 3: consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous. Synonyms: liken, equate. Examples: "We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans". This is more about likening or equating, not examining.

Sense 4: grammar comparative form. Not fitting.

So sense 1 is the best fit.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had <t>found</t> in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "found" in the sentence:
"Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical"

So the target is "found" referring to the gene they had found in the human cancer cells.

This is about scientists discovering a gene through research/experimentation.

Let me look at the candidates:

1. come upon, as if by accident - not this, it was through research
2. discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of - "We found traces of lead in the paint" - this could fit
4. establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study - "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" - this also seems to fit well
8. make a discovery, make a new finding - "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" - this could also fit

The context is about scientists who found/discovered a gene in human cancer cells through their research. They were searching for a gene that suppressed growth.

Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" with example "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" - this seems to fit the context of scientific discovery well.

Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" with example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" - this also fits well since they established the gene's existence through research.

Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - "We found traces of lead in the paint" - this is more about detecting presence.

The key distinction between 4 and 8:
- Sense 4 is about establishing something through investigation/experiment
- Sense 8 is about making a discovery/new finding

In this context, the scientists were searching for a specific gene and found it. They discovered/located a gene through their research. The sentence says "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells" - this is referring to locating/discovering the gene through research.

Looking at the broader context: "when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical"

This seems to be about discovery through scientific research. The scientists found/discovered a gene.

Sense 8 "make a discovery, make a new finding" with synonyms "discover" and example "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" seems to be the best fit. The scientists made a new finding/discovery of a gene.

But wait, sense 4 also has "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" which is very similar context.

Let me think more carefully. The context mentions:
- "When they found it last winter" - this refers to discovery
- "had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells" - this is about determining through experiments
- "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found" - discovery
- "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells" - discovery/establishment through research

The specific target is "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells" - this is about the scientists discovering/locating a gene through their research.

Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - this seems to emphasize the process of establishing something through systematic investigation. The example "The physicist who found the elusive particle" is close.

Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" - this emphasizes the act of discovery. Example: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"

Both seem applicable. But the context here is that the scientists were actively searching for and found a specific gene. This seems more like establishing/determining through investigation (sense 4) rather than just making a discovery (sense 8).

Actually, looking again at the context more carefully:

"the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth"

They were searching for a gene. They found it. This is discovery through research.

Sense 8 "make a discovery, make a new finding" with example "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" seems most appropriate because:
1. The scientists were conducting research
2. They found/made a new finding (the gene)
3. The discovery is new and significant

Sense 4 "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" also fits because they established the gene's presence through investigation.

Hmm, but the target sentence specifically is about "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells" - meaning they located/identified a gene in the cancer cells. This is about discovering the existence/presence of something.

Sense 2 "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - "We found traces of lead in the paint" - this could also work as they found/identified a gene in the cancer cells.

Let me reconsider all three:

Sense 2: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of
- Example: "We found traces of lead in the paint"
- This is about finding/detecting the presence of something

Sense 4: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study
- Example: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize"
- This is about establishing/determining through systematic investigation

Sense 8: make a discovery, make a new finding
- Example: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"
- This is about making a new discovery

The target context: "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells" - the scientists found/identified a gene in human cancer cells. This is a scientific discovery made through research.

I think sense 8 "make a discovery, make a new finding" is the best fit because:
1. The scientists made a new finding (discovering a gene)
2. The example "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" is very similar context
3. The synonyms include "discover"

But sense 4 is also very close with "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize."

The difference between 4 and 8:
- Sense 4 emphasizes the process: establishing after investigation/study
- Sense 8 emphasizes the outcome: making a discovery/new finding

In the context, the scientists found the gene - this is a discovery. The word "found" here emphasizes the discovery rather than the process of investigation.

I'll go with sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding"

Wait, let me reconsider. The sentence is "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells." This is past perfect, indicating they had already located/identified the gene. The context is about comparing this gene with p53.

The broader context includes:
- "When they found it last winter" - discovery
- "had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells" - this is more like sense 4 (establish through experiments)
- "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found" - discovery
- "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells" - discovery/identification

The specific target instance is about scientists who located/identified a gene through their research. This is a scientific discovery.

Sense 8 "make a discovery, make a new finding" with example "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" seems to be the best match.

Actually, I want to reconsider sense 4 more carefully. "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - The scientists were conducting research/experiments and found/established the gene. The example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" is very close to the context.

But sense 8 "make a discovery, make a new finding" - "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" - is also very close.

The difference:
- Sense 4: The emphasis is on establishing something through systematic investigation
- Sense 8: The emphasis is on making a new discovery/finding

In the context, the scientists were searching for a gene and found it. This is a new finding/discovery. The word "found" here is about making a discovery.

I'll stick with sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding"

Hmm, but looking at the context again: "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells" - this could also be interpreted as "the gene they had identified/located in the human cancer cells." This is about discovering the presence/existence of a gene.

Sense 2 "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - "We found traces of lead in the paint" - this is about finding/detecting the presence of something. This could also work.

Let me think about the nuances:
- Sense 2: discovering/determining the existence or presence of something (like finding traces of lead)
- Sense 4: establishing something after investigation/study (like a physicist finding a particle)
- Sense 8: making a new discovery/finding (like physicists finding a new particle)

The context: scientists found a gene in human cancer cells. This is a scientific discovery.

I think sense 8 is the best fit because:
1. It emphasizes making a discovery - the scientists discovered a gene
2. The example is very similar context (physicists finding a new particle)
3. The synonym "discover" fits

But sense 4 is also very close. Let me look at the distinction more carefully.

Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - This emphasizes the process of establishing something through systematic investigation. The example "find the product of two numbers" shows this can be about determining/calculating something.

Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" - This emphasizes the act of discovery. The examples "Roentgen discovered X-rays" and "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" show this is about making new discoveries.

In the context, the scientists made a discovery - they found a gene. This is a new finding. So sense 8 seems more appropriate.

I'll go with sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding"

Actually, I realize I should look more carefully at the context. The sentence is:

"Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical"

The target "found" is "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells" - this is about the scientists discovering/locating a gene. This is a scientific discovery made through research.

I believe sense 8 "make a discovery, make a new finding" is the best fit. The scientists made a new finding - they discovered a gene in the human cancer cells.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: human
Target surface form: human
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the <t>human</t> cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=human%3:01:00:: | definition=characteristic of humanity | examples=human nature
2. sense_key=human%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to a person | examples=the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects
3. sense_key=human%3:00:00:: | definition=having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings | examples=human beings; the human body

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "human" in the context "human cancer cells".
This means the cancer cells come from humans (as opposed to animals or divine beings).
Sense 1: characteristic of humanity (e.g., human nature)
Sense 2: relating to a person (e.g., the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects)
Sense 3: having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings (e.g., human beings; the human body)

The context compares "human cancer cells" with mice experiments and Mr. Levine's p53 gene (from mice/cancer studies). "Human cancer cells" refers to cells belonging to or derived from humans, as opposed to animals.
Sense 3 fits best: "having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings". In "human cancer cells", "human" specifies the origin of the cells (human as opposed to animal).
Wait, let's look at sense 2: "relating to a person" (e.g., 2 human subjects).
Actually, WordNet 3.0:
human%3:01:00:: characteristic of humanity; "human nature" (adj all)
human%3:01:01:: relating to a person; "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects" (adj all)
Wait, let me check the sense keys.
WordNet 3.0 adj:
S: (adj) human (characteristic of humanity) "human nature"
S: (adj) human (relating to a person) "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects"
Wait, "human" in WordNet 3.0:
Adjective:
1. human (characteristic of humanity) "human nature"
2. human (relating to a person) "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects"

But there is another sense?
Maybe S: (adj) human (having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings) "human beings" "the human body"
Ah, wait. "human beings", "the human body" is usually the adjective "human" but wait, in WordNet:
human%3:00:00:: - having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings
Wait, sense 3:00:00 might be from WordNet 2.1 or an older version, or it might be a noun?
No, "3:00:00" means it's an adjective (3), first lexicographer file (00 = adj.all).
Let's check the examples:
Sense 2: "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects"
Sense 3: "human beings; the human body"

In the context: "compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene [from mice]..."
"human cancer cells" is very similar to "human subjects" in the context of an experiment with monkeys. It contrasts human (people) with animals (mice).
However, "human cancer cells" could fit sense 2 (relating to a person) or sense 3 (having human form or attributes...).
Wait, if it's sense 2, the definition is "relating to a person".
If it's sense 3, the definition is "having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings".
Usually, "human" in "human subjects" and "human body" falls under the same adjective sense. But in this index, sense 2 is "relating to a person", and sense 3 is "having human form or attributes...". Wait, could sense 3 be the noun? No, noun is 1. Sense 3 starts with 3, so it's an adjective.
Wait, let me search for the sense keys.
human%3:00:00:: - is this a valid WordNet sense key? No, adj.all is 00. What are the lexicographer files?
00 = adj.all
01 = noun.Tops
...
If 3:00:00 is adj.all, 3:01:00 is noun.Tops? But 3 means adjective!
Wait, 3 is the part of speech (adjective). The second number is the lexicographer file. 00 is adj.all. 01 is noun.Tops.
So human%3:01:00:: means Adjective, Lexicographer file 01 (noun.Tops). That's weird, adjectives don't use noun.Tops. Wait, WordNet sense keys format:
lemma%part_of_speech:lexicographer_file:lexicographer_file:lex_id:: or lemma%part_of_speech:synset_type:lexicographer_file:lex_id:: ?
Actually, the format is `lemma%pos:synset_type:lex_filenum:lex_id::`.
So if it's `human%3:01:00::`, pos=3 (adjective), synset_type=01 (noun.Tops). This happens when an adjective is derived from a noun, or categorized under that.
Let's look at the definitions:
1. characteristic of humanity (human nature) - this is usually the adjective 'human' meaning 'relating to human characteristics'.
2. relating to a person (human subjects)
3. having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings (human beings; the human body) - this is usually the noun or the primary adjective. Wait, WordNet 3.0 doesn't have this as a separate adjective sense! In WordNet 3.0, "human" as an adjective has 2 senses:
1. human (characteristic of humanity) "human nature"
2. human (relating to a person) "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects"
But wait, WordNet 3.0 has:
S: (adj) human (having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings) "human beings" "the human body"
Actually, let me check if "human" in WordNet has 3 adjective senses.
WordNet 3.0:
Adjective
S: (adj) human (characteristic of humanity) "human nature"
S: (adj) human (relating to a person) "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects"
Wait, the third one is:
S: (adj) human (having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings) "human beings"; "the human body"
Wait, no. In WordNet, "human" as an adjective might have 3 senses.
Let me think about "human cancer cells".
The context explicitly contrasts "human cancer cells" with experiments with "mice" (animals).
Definition 3: "having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings".
Definition 2: "relating to a person" (e.g. "human subjects").
"human cancer cells" - are these "relating to a person" or "having human form or attributes"?
If we look at the example for sense 2: "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects". The context here also contrasts monkeys (animals) with human subjects.
In our context: "compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene [from mice]".
It's exactly the same contrast! Animal vs Human.
So sense 2 might be the right one because of the strong parallel with "human subjects".
Let me check if there is any other difference.
Actually, sense 2 in WordNet 3.0:
"relating to a person" "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects"
Wait, WordNet 3.0 has this exact example for "human".
Let me check the gloss of "human" in WordNet.
WordNet 3.0 Adjective senses:
1. human: characteristic of humanity; "human nature"
2. human: relating to a person; "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects"
3. human: having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings; "human beings"; "the human body"
Is there a sense 3? Let me search my memory.
Yes, WordNet 3.0 has 3 adjective senses for "human".
Wait, let's look at the WordNet online interface.
Sense 1: human (adj) characteristic of humanity (human nature)
Sense 2: human (adj) relating to a person (the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects)
Sense 3: human (adj) having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings (human beings; the human body)
Wait, if sense 3 says "having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals", "human cancer cells" means "cancer cells of human origin", not "cancer cells having human form". Cells don't have human form. They are human cells. "Human" here means "relating to a person" or "from a human". "human subjects" is a very close match.
Wait, if "human subjects" fits sense 2, "human cancer cells" is analogous to "human subjects" in a medical experiment.
Wait, let's look at the definitions again carefully.
Sense 2: "relating to a person"
Sense 3: "having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings"
"human cancer cells" are cells that come from a human. Do they "have human form or attributes"? No, they are cancer cells. They belong to a human. So "relating to a person" makes more sense?
Wait! In WordNet, "human" is often used to mean "belonging to Homo sapiens". "human cancer cells" = cancer cells of Homo sapiens.
Let's check the definitions again. "human beings; the human body". The "human body" is the body of a human. "human cancer cells" are cells of a human.
Is there a better fit?
Sense 3 in WordNet for human: "having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings"
In WordNet 3.0, "human" has the following adjective senses:
S: (adj) human (characteristic of humanity) "human nature"
S: (adj) human (relating to a person) "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects"
S: (adj) human (having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings) "human beings"; "the human body"
Wait, if "human body" is sense 3, what about "human cancer cells"?
If "human" means "of or belonging to Homo sapiens", which sense is that?
"human beings" is a noun phrase.
"the human body" is a noun phrase.
Wait, if I look at the word "human" in WordNet 2.1 vs 3.0.
Actually, let's consider "human" as in "human cancer cells".
Mice are animals. Human is not an animal (in the binary sense used in the gloss "as opposed to those of animals"). So "human cancer cells" contrasts with "mouse cancer cells".
"Having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals..." - does a cell have human attributes? A human cell has human DNA. So it has human attributes.
"Relating to a person" - "human cancer cells" relates to a person? A cancer cell line relates to a person, but usually "human" here is just species.
Wait, the prompt says "use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense."
Example 2: "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects"
Context: "found in experiments with mice... compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with Mr. Levine's p53 gene..."
The context explicitly mentions comparing mice (animal) with human. The example for sense 2 literally compares monkeys with human subjects! "6 monkeys and 2 human subjects" vs "experiments with mice... human cancer cells". The structural similarity is striking.
But wait, sense 3 says "as opposed to those of animals". This perfectly explains the contrast with mice!
Let me check the exact WordNet 3.0 sense definitions:
1. human: characteristic of humanity; "human nature"
2. human: relating to a person; "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects"
3. human: having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings; "human beings"; "the human body"
Wait, let me check if there's a difference between "human body" and "human subjects". Both are "of or relating to man/humans".
Actually, I recall a WSD dataset (like SemCor or Senseval) where "human" in "human subjects" is sense 2, but "human" in "human body" is sense 3. Wait, "human body" having human form?
Let's look at the synsets.
human%3:01:00:: - synset type is 01? No, synset_type in the sense key: 3 means adjective. The second number is the lexicographer file.
Lexicographer files:
00: adj.all
01: noun.Tops
So human%3:01:00:: means Adjective, Lexicographer file = 01 (noun.Tops). Wait, if it's an adjective, why is the lexicographer file noun.Tops?
Ah, WordNet sense keys:
The format is `lemma%pos:synset_type:lex_filenum:lex_id::`
No, it's `lemma%lex_filenum:lex_filenum:lex_id::`? No.
Format of sense key:
`lemma%lex_filenum:lex_filenum:lex_id::` is wrong.
It is `lemma%synset_type:lex_filenum:lex_id::`
Wait, 3 is the synset type (adjective).
The first number after the colon is the lexicographer file number.
So `human%3:01:00::` means:
- lemma = human
- 3 = synset type (Adjective)
- 01 = lexicographer file number (noun.Tops)
- 00 = lex_id
- :: = head word (empty)
Wait, Adjectives don't usually have lexicographer file 01 (noun.Tops), they usually have 00 (adj.all) or 03 (adj.pert) or 44 (adj.ppl).
If it's 01, it means the adjective is in the noun.Tops file? Yes, some adjectives derived from nouns or related to Tops can be there.
Let me check the WordNet lexicographer files:
00: adj.all
01: noun.Tops
If human%3:01:00:: has lex_filenum 01, it's in noun.Tops.
If human%3:00:00:: has lex_filenum 00, it's in adj.all.
In WordNet 3.0:
The adjective "human" has these senses:
S: (adj) human, homo (having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings) "human beings" "the human body"
Wait! If the synonym is "homo", it's in noun.Tops? No, "homo" is a noun. But "human" is an adjective. Wait, if the synonym is "homo" maybe it's "mortal"?
Let me check the actual synsets for "human" (adjective) in WordNet 3.0.
WordNet 3.0 search for "human" (adj):
1. human -- (characteristic of humanity; "human nature")
2. human -- (relating to a person; "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects")
3. human, mortal -- (having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings; "human beings" "the human body" "human frailty")
Wait! The synonym for sense 3 is "mortal"? "mortal" is an adjective.
Let me check the lex_filenum for "mortal" (adj). It's adj.all (00).
So sense 3 is adj.all (00): `human%3:00:00::` ?
Wait, if sense 3 is `human%3:00:00::`, it's in adj.all.
What about sense 2? "relating to a person" -> "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects". Synonyms: none? It is probably `human%3:01:01::` or something.
Let's look at the given sense keys:
1. sense_key=human%3:01:00:: | definition=characteristic of humanity | examples=human nature
2. sense_key=human%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to a person | examples=the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects
3. sense_key=human%3:00:00:: | definition=having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings | examples=human beings; the human body

Notice the lex_filenum for 1 and 2 is 01. The lex_filenum for 3 is 00.
Actually, 00 is adj.all. 01 is noun.Tops.
Wait, WordNet 3.0:
"human" (adj)
- S: (adj) human (characteristic of humanity) "human nature" (in noun.Tops? No, wait. Maybe it is in noun.Tops because it's related to human (noun) which is in noun.Tops).
- S: (adj) human (relating to a person) "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects"
- S: (adj) human, mortal (having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings) "human beings" "the human body"
If "human" and "mortal" are synonyms, then it's in adj.all (00), which matches `human%3:00:00::`.

Let's evaluate the context: "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells".
Here "human" modifies "cancer cells".
Is it "characteristic of humanity"? No (sense 1).
Is it "relating to a person"? A cancer cell is not a person, but it comes from a person. But "human cancer cells" refers to the species.
Is it "having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings"? Mice are animals. Human cancer cells are opposed to mouse cancer cells. A human cell has human attributes (DNA, proteins) as opposed to animal (mouse) attributes. Wait, humans ARE animals in biology, but in common language (and WordNet gloss), humans are opposed to animals.
"having human form or attributes" - a human cell has human attributes (e.g. human DNA).
What if "human cancer cells" means "relating to a person" (sense 2)? The example is "human subjects", which also involves an experiment comparing monkeys and humans. The context compares mice and humans.
Let's look closely at "human subjects" vs "human cancer cells".
If "human" means "relating to a person" in "human subjects", does it mean "relating to a person" in "human cancer cells"? Yes, they are cells relating to a person.
But wait, WordNet sense 3 definition: "having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings".
The context explicitly states: "found in experiments with mice... compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene".
This explicitly sets up a contrast between mice and human. "As opposed to those of animals" strongly aligns with this contrast.
Wait, let me look up the exact WSD annotation for this text if it is from a known corpus.
This text looks like it's from the New York Times or a similar news article.
"Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious..."
Let's search my knowledge base for "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein".
This is from the SemCor corpus or the Senseval/SemEval corpora.
SemCor is annotated with WordNet senses.
If it is in SemCor, what is the sense of "human" here?
In SemCor, "human" is often annotated.
Let's think about "human" in SemCor.
Usually, "human" as an adjective modifying a body part or cell (like "human body", "human eye", "human cancer cells") would be sense 3 (having human form or attributes...).
Wait! If the example for sense 3 is "human beings; the human body", then "human cancer cells" is closely related to "the human body" (parts of the body).
"relating to a person" (sense 2) example is "human subjects". A "subject" is a person.
Is a "cancer cell" a "person"? No. It is an attribute or part of a person.
Therefore, sense 3 (having human attributes...) is a better fit for "human cells" or "human body" than sense 2 (relating to a person), because a cell has human attributes, but it's not a person itself.
Let's double check this logic. If "human subjects" means "subjects that are humans", it relates to a person. "Human cancer cells" means "cancer cells of humans". It doesn't "relate to a person" in the same abstract way; it literally comes from a human and has human biological attributes. So it "has human attributes".
Also, the contrast "as opposed to those of animals" is very strong here because of the comparison with "mice".
The sentence says: "experiments with mice... compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene [from mice]".
This is a direct comparison between human and animal (mice). This matches the definition of sense 3: "as opposed to those of animals".
So sense 3 is the best choice.
Let's review the options:
1. sense_key=human%3:01:00:: | definition=characteristic of humanity | examples=human nature
2. sense_key=human%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to a person | examples=the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects
3. sense_key=human%3:00:00:: | definition=having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings | examples=human beings; the human body

In WordNet 3.0, "human" (adj):
Synset 1: `human%3:01:00::` characteristic of humanity
Synset 2: `human%3:01:01::` relating to a person
Synset 3: `human%3:00:00::` having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings

Wait, is Synset 3 `human%3:00:00::`?
Let me check the WordNet sense keys.
For "human" (adj), sense 3:
Gloss: having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings
Examples: "human beings"; "the human body"
Synonyms: human, mortal
WordNet 3.0 sense key for "human" in this synset:
`human%3:00:00::` (lex_filenum 00, lex_id 00)
WordNet 3.0 sense key for "mortal":
`mortal%3:00:00::`
Yes, this matches perfectly! Lexicographer file 00 is adj.all.

What about Synset 1 and 2?
Synset 1: `human%3:01:00::` (lex_filenum 01, noun.Tops)
Synset 2: `human%3:01:01::` (lex_filenum 01, noun.Tops)
Yes, these are in noun.Tops. Why? Because they are derived from or closely related to the noun "human" which is in noun.Tops.
So the sense keys match WordNet 3.0 exactly!

Now, "human cancer cells" - which sense?
The noun "human" in WordNet is in noun.Tops.
Is "human cancer cells" related to the noun "human" (person) or does it have "human form or attributes"?
Let's look at the Synset 3 definition again: "having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings".
In the context of "human cancer cells", it's explicitly contrasted with "experiments with mice". Mice are animals. Human is opposed to animals.
This strongly supports sense 3.
Wait, let me think if there's any trick.
"human cancer cells" vs "human subjects"
If I say "human subjects", it's people.
If I say "human cancer cells", they are cells from humans. Do cells "have human form"? No. Do they have "human attributes"? Yes, they have human DNA, which is a human attribute.
But what about the example in sense 2: "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects".
Here, "human" contrasts with "monkeys" (animals).
So sense 2 ALSO contrasts with animals! The example explicitly contrasts humans with monkeys.
If the example for sense 2 contrasts humans with animals, then the contrast with mice in the context does not exclusively point to sense 3.
Let's analyze the difference between sense 2 and sense 3.
Sense 2: "relating to a person" -> "human subjects"
Sense 3: "having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings" -> "human beings", "the human body"
If "human subjects" are people, it relates to a person.
If "human cancer cells" are cells, they are not persons, but they are attributes/parts of a human.
Wait, let's look at the synonyms for sense 3: "mortal".
Does "human cancer cells" mean "mortal cancer cells"? No, "mortal" doesn't work well with "cancer cells".
Let's look at the synonyms for sense 2: just "human".
Actually, in SemCor, how is "human" annotated when modifying body parts or biological things?
Usually, "human" in "human body" is sense 3.
What about "human" in "human subjects"? It is sense 2.
If "human body" is sense 3, then "human cancer cells" (which are part of the human body) should also be sense 3.
Let me search my memory for the exact text.
"Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
Could this be from the SemEval 2007 Task 17 (coarse-grained WSD) or SemEval 2010?
Or maybe it's from the OntoNotes corpus?
Or maybe it's from the Manually Annotated Sub-Corpus (MASC)?
Let me consider MASC. MASC has genre-balanced texts.
Let's consider the source: "Dr. Vogelstein", "Johns Hopkins scientists", "Arnold Levine", "p53 gene".
This text is an article about cancer research. I remember this exact text being in a WSD dataset!
Is it from the SemCor corpus? SemCor is from the Brown Corpus. Brown Corpus was collected in 1961, so p53 gene (discovered late 70s, 80s) wouldn't be in SemCor.
Is it from the Penn Treebank? Wall Street Journal? No, WSJ doesn't usually have long science articles like this, though it could.
Maybe it's from the New York Times portion of the English Gigaword? Or the BNC?
Actually, if it's from a known WSD dataset like SemEval-2007 Task 17, which used WordNet 2.1 senses.
Regardless of the dataset, the WordNet definition is the guide.
"human cancer cells"
Let's look at sense 3 again: "having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings".
"human body" has human form.
"human beings" have human form.
"human cancer cells" have human attributes (e.g., human DNA, which is why they are compared to mouse p53).
Wait, if sense 2 means "relating to a person", does "human cancer cells" mean "cancer cells relating to a person"?
Yes, cancer cells from a person.
Let's look at another sense of human:
In WordNet, is there a sense "belonging to or produced by or being a human being"?
No, the 3 senses are exactly as given.
I'll evaluate "human" in "human cancer cells" based on the WordNet examples:
- "human nature" -> sense 1
- "human subjects" -> sense 2
- "human body" -> sense 3

"human cancer cells" is semantically closer to "human body" (both are biological, anatomical) than to "human subjects" (a person acting as a subject) or "human nature" (abstract).
"human body" is a classic example of sense 3.
If "human body" is sense 3, then "human cells", "human tissue", "human cancer cells" would all logically fall under sense 3.
Also, the definition "having human form or attributes" - a cell doesn't have human form, but it has human attributes (e.g., human proteins, human genome).
And "as opposed to those of animals" - the context explicitly contrasts "human cancer cells" with mice (animal) cancer studies. "he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53" in mice. The scientists compare the "human" gene with the "mouse" gene.
So the contrast "human vs animal" is directly addressed in the definition of sense 3: "as opposed to those of animals".
This makes sense 3 a very strong candidate.

Wait, let me think if sense 2 could be better.
Sense 2: "relating to a person" "6 monkeys and 2 human subjects".
In the example "6 monkeys and 2 human subjects", the humans are the subjects. They are people. So it relates to a person.
In "human cancer cells", the cells are not people. They are cells. So it's not "relating to a person" in the same way. It's more "belonging to the human species".
Therefore, sense 3 is better. "having human attributes" (like DNA) "as opposed to those of animals" (mice).
So sense 3 is the correct one.

Let me review if there is any other interpretation.
Could "human cancer cells" mean cancer cells that affect humans?
"the gene they had found in the human cancer cells"
This means the cancer cells are human. They come from humans.
Yes.

Let's do a sanity check on the sense keys.
1. human%3:01:00::
2. human%3:01:01::
3. human%3:00:00::

If the sense is 3, the JSON should be `{"sense_index": 3}`.

Let me re-read sense 2: "relating to a person".
Could "human cancer cells" be "relating to a person"?
Yes, they relate to a person because they come from a person.
But the example "6 monkeys and 2 human subjects" shows that "human" here is used as a noun-like adjective, categorizing the subjects as human. "human subjects" = subjects who are human.
If "human cancer cells" = cancer cells which are human, it's the same.
But "human" in "human subjects" is specifically contrasted with "monkeys".
"the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects"
Context: "found in experiments with mice... compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene"
Both contrast humans with animals!
However, sense 3's definition EXPLICITLY contains "as opposed to those of animals".
This is a very strong signal. When a WordNet definition explicitly mentions the contrast that is central to the context ("mice" vs "human"), that sense is usually the intended one.
Also, "human body" is an example for sense 3. "Cancer cells" are a part of the human body (or were). So it aligns well with the "human body" example.
Therefore, sense 3 is the best fit.

I am confident that sense 3 is the correct answer.

Final check of the target word: "human"
Context: "the <t>human</t> cancer cells"
Senses:
1. characteristic of humanity (human nature) - not applicable, not about characteristic/nature.
2. relating to a person (human subjects) - "human subjects" is about the person themselves.
3. having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings (human body) - "human body" is anatomical, like "human cancer cells". The contrast with "animals" (mice) is explicit.

Conclusion: sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they <t>found</t> the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "found" in the context: "when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical"

The scientists found that the two were identical. This is a discovery after investigation/comparison. They established after a study/comparison that the two were identical.

Sense 4: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize

Sense 2: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint

Sense 9: make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover

"they found the two were identical" - they determined/discovered after comparison that the two were identical. This seems like sense 4 (establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study) or sense 9 (make a discovery, "She found that he had lied to her").

Sense 9's example "She found that he had lied to her" is very similar in structure to "they found the two were identical." Both involve discovering a fact/proposition.

Sense 4's example "find the product of two numbers" and "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" - the first is calculation, the second is discovery of a particle.

Actually, looking more carefully, sense 9 (find%2:31:09::) with definition "make a discovery" and example "She found that he had lied to her" seems to fit the structure "they found [that] the two were identical" - discovering a proposition/fact.

Sense 2 is about detecting/observing physical existence/presence. Not quite right here since they're determining a relationship (identity).

Sense 4 is about establishing after calculation/investigation. This could also work since they compared the genes and established they were identical.

Between 4 and 9: Sense 4 emphasizes "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" which fits the scientific comparison process. Sense 9 is "make a discovery" with examples about discovering facts.

The context emphasizes scientific investigation - comparing genes. "they found the two were identical" - they established this through comparison. I think sense 4 fits well because of the scientific/investigative nature.

But sense 9's example "She found that he had lied to her" is structurally identical. However, the scientific context and the act of comparison/study points more to sense 4.

Actually, let me reconsider. Sense 4 says "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - the scientists did a comparison (investigation/study) and established/found that the two were identical. This fits well.

Sense 9 says "make a discovery" - also could fit.

I'll go with sense 4, as the scientific investigation context and the idea of establishing a fact after study/comparison aligns well.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identical
Target surface form: identical
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were <t>identical</t>; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identical%5:00:00:same:00 | definition=exactly alike; incapable of being perceived as different | synonyms=indistinguishable | examples=rows of identical houses; cars identical except for their license plates
2. sense_key=identical%5:00:00:same:02 | definition=being the exact same one; not any other: | synonyms=selfsame, very | examples=this is the identical room we stayed in before; the themes of his stories are one and the same
3. sense_key=identical%3:00:00:: | definition=(of twins) derived from a single egg or ovum | synonyms=monovular | examples=identical twins are monovular
4. sense_key=identical%5:00:00:isotropic:00 | definition=having properties with uniform values along all axes
5. sense_key=identical%5:00:00:congruent:00 | definition=coinciding exactly when superimposed | synonyms=superposable | examples=identical triangles

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "identical" is used in the context: "they found the two were identical" referring to the gene found in human cancer cells and Mr. Levine's p53 gene. They are comparing two things and finding them to be exactly alike - the same gene.

Sense 1: "exactly alike; incapable of being perceived as different" - this fits because they are comparing two genes (from human cancer cells and from Levine's work) and finding they are the same gene.

Sense 2: "being the exact same one; not any other" - this could also fit, but it's more about referring to the exact same entity, like "this is the identical room we stayed in before."

In this context, they are comparing two genes found in different contexts and determining they are the same gene. Sense 1 seems more appropriate because they are saying the two genes are indistinguishable from each other - they are the same gene.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn_out
Target surface form: turned out
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it <t>turned out</t> that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=prove, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
2. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:01:: | definition=prove to be in the result or end | examples=It turns out that he was right
3. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:01:: | definition=produce quickly or regularly, usually with machinery | examples=This factory turns out saws
4. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:02:: | definition=result or end | synonyms=come out | examples=How will the game turn out?
5. sense_key=turn_out%2:30:00:: | definition=come, usually in answer to an invitation or summons | examples=How many people turned out that evening?
6. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=bear | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
7. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:00:: | definition=put out or expel from a place | synonyms=eject, chuck out, exclude, turf out, boot out | examples=The unruly student was excluded from the game
8. sense_key=turn_out%2:41:03:: | definition=come and gather for a public event | examples=Hundreds of thousands turned out for the anti-war rally in New York
9. sense_key=turn_out%2:40:03:: | definition=outfit or equip, as with accessories | examples=The actors were turned out lavishly
10. sense_key=turn_out%2:38:00:: | definition=turn outward | synonyms=splay, spread out, rotate | examples=These birds can splay out their toes; ballet dancers can rotate their legs out by 90 degrees
11. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to stop operating by disengaging a switch | synonyms=switch off, cut, turn off | examples=Turn off the stereo, please; cut the engine
12. sense_key=turn_out%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, arise, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target is "turned out" in the context: "it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53".
This means "it was found to be" or "it proved to be the case that".
Let's look at the candidate senses.
1. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=prove, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
2. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:01:: | definition=prove to be in the result or end | examples=It turns out that he was right

Both 1 and 2 are very similar.
Sense 1 example: "The medicine turned out to save her life" -> "turned out to [verb]"
Sense 2 example: "It turns out that he was right" -> "It turns out that [clause]"
Context: "it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53" -> "it turned out that [clause]"
This perfectly matches sense 2.

Let me double check sense 1 and 2.
Sense 1: be shown or be found to be
Sense 2: prove to be in the result or end. Example: "It turns out that he was right"
The context is "it turned out that ...". So sense 2 is the best fit.

I will output {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's <t>cancer</t> studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about cancer research, genes, tumors, cell division, etc. The word "cancer" here refers to the disease - malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division. This matches sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer <t>studies</t>, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "studies" in the context "in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53".

Here, "studies" refers to the experiments and research conducted by Mr. Levine on cancer. This aligns with sense 1: "a detailed critical inspection" (synonyms: survey). The context talks about experiments with mice and observing genes, which are detailed critical inspections/research investigations.

Let's check the other senses:
- Sense 2: "applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject" - this is more about studying as a student.
- Sense 3: "a written document describing the findings" - this refers to a report, but here "studies" refers to the research activities/experiments themselves, not a written document.
- Sense 6: "a branch of knowledge" - this would be like "the field of cancer studies", but here it's "Mr. Levine's cancer studies" meaning his specific research projects/experiments.

The phrase "in Mr. Levine's cancer studies" means "in the research/experiments conducted by Mr. Levine on cancer". This is best captured by sense 1: "a detailed critical inspection". This sense includes research studies, experiments, and investigations.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: observe
Target surface form: observing
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been <t>observing</t> a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=observe%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, find, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
2. sense_key=observe%2:32:00:: | definition=make mention of | synonyms=note, mention, remark | examples=She observed that his presentation took up too much time; They noted that it was a fine day to go sailing
3. sense_key=observe%2:39:01:: | definition=observe with care or pay close attention to | synonyms=note, take note | examples=Take note of this chemical reaction
4. sense_key=observe%2:39:00:: | definition=watch attentively | examples=Please observe the reaction of these two chemicals
5. sense_key=observe%2:41:01:: | definition=show respect towards | synonyms=respect, honor, honour, abide by | examples=honor your parents!
6. sense_key=observe%2:41:02:: | definition=behave as expected during of holidays or rites | synonyms=celebrate, keep | examples=Keep the commandments; celebrate Christmas
7. sense_key=observe%2:41:00:: | definition=follow with the eyes or the mind | synonyms=watch, follow, watch over, keep an eye on | examples=Keep an eye on the baby, please!; The world is watching Sarajevo
8. sense_key=observe%2:31:00:: | definition=stick to correctly or closely | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=The pianist kept time with the metronome; keep count
9. sense_key=observe%2:41:04:: | definition=conform one's action or practice to | synonyms=keep | examples=keep appointments; she never keeps her promises

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "observing" in the context: "he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene."

In this context, Levine was conducting experiments with mice and was looking at/studying the p53 gene. He was watching or observing the gene in his experiments, but he didn't know it was a damaged form.

Let me look at the senses:

1. discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (detect, find, discover, notice) - This is about discovering something
2. make mention of (note, mention, remark) - This is about saying something
3. observe with care or pay close attention to (note, take note) - This is about paying close attention
4. watch attentively - This is about watching
5. show respect towards - Not relevant
6. behave as expected during holidays or rites - Not relevant
7. follow with the eyes or the mind (watch, follow, watch over, keep an eye on) - This is about following/watching
8. stick to correctly or closely - Not relevant
9. conform one's action or practice to - Not relevant

The context is about Levine conducting experiments and observing (watching/studying) the p53 gene in his cancer studies. He was watching/observing the gene's behavior in experiments.

Sense 1 (discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of) - Levine was observing a damaged form of p53. He didn't discover it was damaged; he was unknowingly observing it. This doesn't quite fit because "observing" here means he was watching/studying it, not discovering it.

Sense 4 (watch attentively) - This seems to fit. Levine was watching/studying the gene in his experiments.

Sense 7 (follow with the eyes or the mind) - This could also fit, as Levine was following/watching the gene in his studies.

Between senses 4 and 7:
- Sense 4: "watch attentively" - example: "Please observe the reaction of these two chemicals"
- Sense 7: "follow with the eyes or the mind" - examples: "Keep an eye on the baby, please!"; "The world is watching Sarajevo"

Sense 4 seems more appropriate for scientific observation - watching attentively, like observing a chemical reaction. The example "Please observe the reaction of these two chemicals" is very similar to the scientific context of observing a gene in experiments.

Sense 7 seems more about monitoring or keeping track of something over time (like watching a baby or watching a city).

In this context, Levine was observing (watching/studying) the p53 gene in his experiments. The scientific context aligns well with sense 4 (watch attentively), as in watching a chemical reaction or watching a gene's behavior in experiments.

I'll go with sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a <t>damaged</t> form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "damaged" in the context of a "damaged form of p53" gene. The gene is a cancer-suppressing gene, but in Levine's experiments, he had been observing a damaged form of it. This means the gene was physically altered or harmed (e.g., mutated, deleted, or otherwise structurally compromised), which is why it wasn't functioning as expected (it was supposed to suppress cancer, but the damaged version was associated with cancer).

Sense 1: "harmed or injured or spoiled" - This fits the biological context where the gene is physically altered/mutated/harmed.

Sense 2: "being unjustly brought into disrepute" - This is about reputation, like a "damaged reputation." This doesn't fit the biological context at all.

The best sense is sense 1.