[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: follow
Target surface form: followed
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that <t>followed</t>, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=follow%2:38:00:: | definition=to travel behind, go after, come after | examples=The ducklings followed their mother around the pond; Please follow the guide through the museum
2. sense_key=follow%2:42:00:: | definition=be later in time | synonyms=postdate | examples=Tuesday always follows Monday
3. sense_key=follow%2:42:05:: | definition=come as a logical consequence; follow logically | synonyms=fall out | examples=It follows that your assertion is false; the theorem falls out nicely
4. sense_key=follow%2:38:01:: | definition=travel along a certain course | synonyms=travel along | examples=follow the road; follow the trail
5. sense_key=follow%2:41:00:: | definition=act in accordance with someone's rules, commands, or wishes | synonyms=comply, abide by | examples=He complied with my instructions; You must comply or else!
6. sense_key=follow%2:42:01:: | definition=come after in time, as a result | synonyms=come after | examples=A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake
7. sense_key=follow%2:30:00:: | definition=behave in accordance or in agreement with | synonyms=conform to | examples=Follow a pattern; Follow my example
8. sense_key=follow%2:42:02:: | definition=be next | examples=Mary plays best, with John and Sue following
9. sense_key=follow%2:40:00:: | definition=choose and follow; as of theories, ideas, policies, strategies or plans | synonyms=adopt, espouse | examples=She followed the feminist movement; The candidate espouses Republican ideals
10. sense_key=follow%2:42:03:: | definition=to bring something about at a later time than | examples=She followed dinner with a brandy; He followed his lecture with a question and answer period
11. sense_key=follow%2:36:00:: | definition=imitate in behavior; take as a model | synonyms=take after | examples=Teenagers follow their friends in everything
12. sense_key=follow%2:31:00:: | definition=follow, discover, or ascertain the course of development of something | synonyms=trace | examples=We must follow closely the economic development is Cuba; trace the student's progress
13. sense_key=follow%2:41:02:: | definition=follow with the eyes or the mind | synonyms=watch, observe, watch over, keep an eye on | examples=Keep an eye on the baby, please!; The world is watching Sarajevo
14. sense_key=follow%2:41:01:: | definition=be the successor (of) | synonyms=succeed, come after | examples=Carter followed Ford; Will Charles succeed to the throne?
15. sense_key=follow%2:36:01:: | definition=perform an accompaniment to | synonyms=play along, accompany | examples=The orchestra could barely follow the frequent pitch changes of the soprano
16. sense_key=follow%2:30:01:: | definition=keep informed | synonyms=keep up, keep abreast | examples=He kept up on his country's foreign policies
17. sense_key=follow%2:42:04:: | definition=to be the product or result | synonyms=come | examples=Melons come from a vine; Understanding comes from experience
18. sense_key=follow%2:41:10:: | definition=accept and follow the leadership or command or guidance of | examples=Let's follow our great helmsman!; She followed a guru for years
19. sense_key=follow%2:41:11:: | definition=adhere to or practice | examples=These people still follow the laws of their ancient religion
20. sense_key=follow%2:41:09:: | definition=work in a specific place, with a specific subject, or in a specific function | synonyms=be | examples=He is a herpetologist; She is our resident philosopher
21. sense_key=follow%2:39:13:: | definition=keep under surveillance | synonyms=surveil, survey | examples=The police had been following him for weeks but they could not prove his involvement in the bombing
22. sense_key=follow%2:38:13:: | definition=follow in or as if in pursuit | synonyms=pursue | examples=The police car pursued the suspected attacker; Her bad deed followed her and haunted her dreams all her life
23. sense_key=follow%2:31:14:: | definition=grasp the meaning | examples=Can you follow her argument?; When he lectures, I cannot follow
24. sense_key=follow%2:30:12:: | definition=keep to | synonyms=stick to, stick with | examples=Stick to your principles; stick to the diet

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed..."

Here, "followed" means that the replies came after the original letter. The replies came as a result of, or in temporal sequence after, the original letter being published.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. follow%2:38:00:: - to travel behind, go after, come after (physical movement)
2. follow%2:42:00:: - be later in time (Tuesday follows Monday)
3. follow%2:42:05:: - come as a logical consequence; follow logically
4. follow%2:38:01:: - travel along a certain course
5. follow%2:41:00:: - act in accordance with rules/commands
6. follow%2:42:01:: - come after in time, as a result (A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake)
7. follow%2:30:00:: - behave in accordance or in agreement with
8. follow%2:42:02:: - be next
9. follow%2:40:00:: - choose and follow theories/ideas
10. follow%2:42:03:: - to bring something about at a later time than
11. follow%2:36:00:: - imitate in behavior
12. follow%2:31:00:: - follow, discover, or ascertain the course of development
13. follow%2:41:02:: - follow with the eyes or mind
14. follow%2:41:01:: - be the successor (of)
15. follow%2:36:01:: - perform an accompaniment to
16. follow%2:30:01:: - keep informed
17. follow%2:42:04:: - to be the product or result
18. follow%2:41:10:: - accept and follow the leadership
19. follow%2:41:11:: - adhere to or practice
20. follow%2:41:09:: - work in a specific place
21. follow%2:39:13:: - keep under surveillance
22. follow%2:38:13:: - follow in or as if in pursuit
23. follow%2:31:14:: - grasp the meaning
24. follow%2:30:12:: - keep to

The key question is whether "followed" here means:
- Sense 2: be later in time (Tuesday follows Monday) - simple temporal sequence
- Sense 6: come after in time, as a result (A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake) - temporal sequence as a result
- Sense 8: be next

The replies followed the letter - they came after it in time, and they came as a result of the letter being published. The replies were a response to the letter, so they came as a result.

Sense 6 says "come after in time, as a result" with example "A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake." The replies came after the letter and as a result of it. This seems like a good fit.

Sense 2 says "be later in time" with example "Tuesday always follows Monday" - this is more about pure temporal sequence without causation.

The replies came as a result of the letter, so sense 6 seems more appropriate. But let me reconsider - "In the torrent of replies that followed" - the replies came after the letter was published, and they were responses to it. There's a causal relationship - the letter prompted the replies.

Sense 6: "come after in time, as a result" - "A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake" - this fits well. The replies followed (came after in time, as a result of) the letter.

I'll go with sense 6.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: woman
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one <t>woman</t> ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "woman" in the context: "one woman ringer from Solihull observed that..."

Here, "woman" is used as an adjective/noun modifier describing a specific adult female person (a ringer). The sentence refers to an individual adult female person.
Sense 1: an adult female person. This fits perfectly.
Sense 2: a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man. Doesn't fit.
Sense 3: a human female employed to do housework. Doesn't fit.
Sense 4: women as a class. Doesn't fit (it's referring to "one woman").

Therefore, the correct sense is 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringer
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman <t>ringer</t> from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "ringer".
The context is about "bell-ringing", "church bells", "The Ringing World", "belfry", "peals", "Ancient Society of College Youths" (bell ringers).
The sense "a person who rings church bells" matches perfectly.
Sense 1 is: sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer.

Therefore, sense_index is 1.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: observe
Target surface form: observed
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull <t>observed</t> that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=observe%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, find, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
2. sense_key=observe%2:32:00:: | definition=make mention of | synonyms=note, mention, remark | examples=She observed that his presentation took up too much time; They noted that it was a fine day to go sailing
3. sense_key=observe%2:39:01:: | definition=observe with care or pay close attention to | synonyms=note, take note | examples=Take note of this chemical reaction
4. sense_key=observe%2:39:00:: | definition=watch attentively | examples=Please observe the reaction of these two chemicals
5. sense_key=observe%2:41:01:: | definition=show respect towards | synonyms=respect, honor, honour, abide by | examples=honor your parents!
6. sense_key=observe%2:41:02:: | definition=behave as expected during of holidays or rites | synonyms=celebrate, keep | examples=Keep the commandments; celebrate Christmas
7. sense_key=observe%2:41:00:: | definition=follow with the eyes or the mind | synonyms=watch, follow, watch over, keep an eye on | examples=Keep an eye on the baby, please!; The world is watching Sarajevo
8. sense_key=observe%2:31:00:: | definition=stick to correctly or closely | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=The pianist kept time with the metronome; keep count
9. sense_key=observe%2:41:04:: | definition=conform one's action or practice to | synonyms=keep | examples=keep appointments; she never keeps her promises

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "observed" in the context: "one woman ringer from Solihull observed that 'the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired...'"

In this context, the woman is making a comment or remark. She "observed that..." is followed by a quote of what she said.
This matches sense 2: "make mention of" with synonyms "note, mention, remark" and example "She observed that his presentation took up too much time".

Sense 2 is the best fit.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: average
Target surface form: average
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the <t>average</t> male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=average%5:00:02:normal:01 | definition=approximating the statistical norm or average or expected value | synonyms=mean | examples=the average income in New England is below that of the nation; of average height for his age
2. sense_key=average%5:00:00:common:01 | definition=lacking special distinction, rank, or status; commonly encountered | synonyms=ordinary | examples=average people; the ordinary (or common) man in the street
3. sense_key=average%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=lacking exceptional quality or ability | synonyms=fair, mediocre, middling | examples=a novel of average merit; only a fair performance of the sonata
4. sense_key=average%5:00:00:moderate:00 | definition=around the middle of a scale of evaluation | synonyms=intermediate, medium | examples=an orange of average size; intermediate capacity
5. sense_key=average%5:00:03:normal:01 | definition=relating to or constituting the most frequent value in a distribution | synonyms=modal | examples=the modal age at which American novelists reach their peak is 30
6. sense_key=average%5:00:01:normal:01 | definition=relating to or constituting the middle value of an ordered set of values (or the average of the middle two in a set with an even number of values) | synonyms=median | examples=the median value of 17, 20, and 36 is 20; the median income for the year was $15,000

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired..."
Here "average" is used to describe a typical or ordinary male ringer, not a statistical mean. It means "the typical" or "common" male ringer. Let's look at the senses.
1. approximating the statistical norm or average or expected value (mean)
2. lacking special distinction, rank, or status; commonly encountered (ordinary) -> average people
3. lacking exceptional quality or ability (fair, mediocre, middling) -> a novel of average merit
4. around the middle of a scale of evaluation (intermediate, medium)
5. relating to or constituting the most frequent value in a distribution (modal)
6. relating to or constituting the middle value of an ordered set of values (median)

In "the average male ringer", "average" modifies "male ringer", meaning the typical or ordinary male ringer. "average people" is the example for sense 2 (ordinary).
Wait, sense 3 is "lacking exceptional quality or ability" (mediocre). "The average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired..." might mean the ordinary, typical male ringer, but could it be "mediocre"? "average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired" - she is attacking the ordinary male ringer.
Actually, "average people" matches "the average male ringer" syntactically and semantically (commonly encountered, typical).
Let's see: "the average male ringer" - "average" as "typical, commonly encountered" -> sense 2.
Is it sense 3? "a novel of average merit" - mediocre.
But "average people" in sense 2 directly matches "average male ringer".
Sense 1 is "approximating the statistical norm" (mean) - the average income.
The context says "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed..." She is talking about the typical male ringer, the one you commonly encounter.
I will choose sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: male
Target surface form: male
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average <t>male</t> ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=male%3:00:00:: | definition=being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that perform the fertilizing function in generation | examples=a male infant; a male holly tree
2. sense_key=male%5:00:02:masculine:01 | definition=characteristic of a man | synonyms=manful, manlike, manly, virile | examples=a deep male voice; manly sports
3. sense_key=male%5:00:01:male:00 | definition=for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys | examples=the male lead; the male population

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "male" in the phrase "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired".
The context discusses "male ringer", meaning a ringer who is a man.
Sense 1 is "being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes...". Example: "a male infant". This refers to biological sex.
Sense 2 is "characteristic of a man". Example: "a deep male voice". Synonyms: manful, manlike, manly, virile. Adjective.
Sense 3 is "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys". Example: "the male lead", "the male population". Adjective.

"male ringer" means a ringer who is male. Is this sense 1 or 3?
"male ringer" refers to the sex of the ringer. Wait, let's look at the definitions.
Sense 1: being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes...
Sense 3: for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys.

Let's check "the male lead". Does it mean a lead who is male, or characteristic of a man? "The male lead" means the lead actor who is a man. "Male population" means the population of men. "Male ringer" means a ringer who is a man.

Wait, the definitions:
Sense 1: "being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that perform the fertilizing function in generation"
Sense 3: "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys"

If "male" modifies "ringer", it means the ringer is of the male sex.
In WordNet:
male%1:18:00:: (noun) an animal that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that can fertilize female gametes (ova)
male%3:00:00:: (adj) being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that perform the fertilizing function in generation; "a male infant"; "a male holly tree"
male%5:00:01:male:00 (adj) for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys; "the male lead"; "the male population"
male%5:00:02:masculine:01 (adj) characteristic of a man; "a deep male voice"; "manly sports"

"male ringer" is a human male. Humans are animals. But sense 3 specifically says "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys". "Male ringer" means a ringer who is male. Does it fit sense 1 or 3?
"the average male ringer" -> a ringer composed of men? No, "male ringer" means a ringer who is male.
Wait, in "the male population", the population is composed of men. In "the male lead", the lead is a man. Is "male" in "male lead" sense 1 or 3?
WordNet distinguishes between "male" (biological sex, applied to plants and animals, e.g., "a male infant", "a male holly tree") and "male" (pertaining to men/boys, e.g., "the male lead", "the male population").
Since "ringer" is a human, sense 3 ("for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys") seems specifically designated for human males, as opposed to biological sex in general (which includes plants and animals like "male infant", "male holly tree").
Actually, "male infant" is human, but sense 1 uses it. Why? Because "male infant" specifies the biological sex of the infant. "male lead" specifies the role is for a man. "male ringer" specifies the ringer is a man.
Wait, "male-only" in the text: "remains male-only". "male-only" means only composed of men. "the average male ringer" means the average ringer who is male.
Let's consider sense 3: "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys". This perfectly aligns with "male ringer" (a ringer who is a man).
Sense 1: "being the sex (of plant or animal)..." - "male infant" fits here.
But "the male lead" is sense 3.
If "male ringer" means a ringer who is male, maybe it's sense 3?
Let's look at the first sentence: "once male-dominated field". "male-dominated" means dominated by men. That would be sense 3.
"remains male-only" -> only men. Sense 3.
"average male ringer" -> ringer who is a man. Sense 3.

Wait, is it possible that "male ringer" is sense 1 because it denotes the sex of the person? If sense 3 is "for or composed of men or boys", it often modifies collective nouns or roles, like "male lead", "male population", "male-dominated". "male ringer" means "a ringer who is a man".
Let's look at sense 3 examples: "the male lead; the male population". "lead" and "population".
Sense 1 examples: "a male infant; a male holly tree". "infant" and "tree".
If "male infant" is sense 1, why isn't "male ringer" sense 1? Because it's a specific individual of the male sex?
In WordNet 3.0:
Sense 1: male (adj) being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that perform the fertilizing function in generation; "a male infant"; "a male holly tree"
Sense 3: male (adj) for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys; "the male lead"; "the male population"
If "male infant" is sense 1, maybe "male ringer" is also sense 1?
But wait, "male" as an adjective can mean "masculine" (sense 2), or "composed of men" (sense 3), or "biological male" (sense 1).
"Male ringer" is analogous to "male infant", as both describe the biological sex of a human individual. However, WordNet puts "male infant" under the general biological sex sense (because it applies to plants and animals, including human animals), and "male lead/population" under the "men or boys" sense.
Wait, if "male infant" is sense 1, why is "male lead" sense 3? "Lead" is a role played by a man. "Population" is composed of men. "Ringer" is a person who is a man.
Is "male ringer" referring to the biological sex of the ringer? Yes.
However, look at the context. "One writer, signing his letter as 'Red-blooded, balanced male'... 'the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired...'"
The contrast is between "women" and "male".
"more than a third of the ringers today are women... remains male-only... 'Red-blooded, balanced male'... 'the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired...'"
The text is about men vs. women in a social context.
If it is sense 3: "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys", this captures the social/human grouping aspect, similar to "male lead" or "male population". "male ringer" is a man who rings. But "male" is modifying "ringer".
Let's check if there is any preference in similar WSD tasks. Often, "male" modifying a human role or person is mapped to sense 3 if it's about humans in a social context, especially if the synonyms include "masculine" etc. But wait, "male ringer" is exactly like "male infant", except "infant" is a baby and "ringer" is an adult man. If WordNet uses "male infant" for sense 1, it might mean any individual human male is sense 1. "male population" is a group, so it's sense 3. "male lead" is a part/role, so it's sense 3. "male ringer" is an individual human male. This would make it sense 1!
Let me re-read sense 1: "being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes...". "a male infant" is an individual.
Sense 3: "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys". "male population" is composed of men. "male lead" pertains to a man.
"male ringer": an individual ringer who is male. So it's "being the sex...". Thus Sense 1.
Wait. "male ringer" could also be interpreted as pertaining to men. But "a male ringer" is parallel to "a male infant". Both are individuals.
Wait, let's look at Sense 3: "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys". "the male lead" is an individual (the lead actor). Why is "male lead" sense 3 and not sense 1? Because "lead" is a role, and "male lead" means the role played by a man? "the male lead". In a play, the "male lead" is the main actor. It's a role. A "ringer" is a person. An "infant" is a person. "Male infant" is sense 1.
What if "male" in "male ringer" means "characteristic of a man" (sense 2)? "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne...". No, she is describing the average man who is a ringer. It's not "a ringer with male characteristics", it's "a ringer who is male".
Let's consider the phrase "male-only". "remains male-only". "male-only" means composed only of men. This aligns with sense 3 "composed of men or boys".
If the text has "male-only", "male-dominated", these are sense 3.
"male-dominated" = dominated by men.
"male-only" = only men.
The target is "average male ringer".
Is "male ringer" sense 1 or 3?
If I have to choose, sense 1 applies to individuals of the male sex (like "male infant"). Sense 3 applies to things pertaining to or composed of men (like "male population", "male lead").
Since "ringer" is an individual, "a male ringer" refers to the sex of the individual. So sense 1.
Wait, "male infant" is sense 1. Does WordNet consider all individual human males as sense 1? Yes, "being the sex (of plant or animal)..." includes human animals.
Let's check if there is any other clue. "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired..."
"male" modifies "ringer".
If sense 3 is "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys", does it apply to "male ringer"? If it means "a ringer of the male sex", it's sense 1.
Wait, look at sense 3's definition: "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys". If "male ringer" meant "a ringer pertaining to men", that doesn't make sense. It means a ringer who is male.
Let's look at the synonyms for sense 2: manful, manlike, manly, virile. "male ringer" doesn't mean "manly ringer".
So it's between 1 and 3.
If "male infant" is sense 1, "male ringer" should also be sense 1. Both are count nouns modified by the adjective "male" to denote biological sex.
But wait, why is "male lead" sense 3? "male lead" means the lead is a man. It is also an individual. Why is it sense 3?
Maybe "male lead" refers to the male role, hence "pertaining to men".
"male population" is composed of men.
What about "male ringer"? It's an individual.
Could "male ringer" be sense 3 because the context is about the demographic of ringers? "more than a third of the ringers today are women... the average male ringer..." Here "male" is used as a demographic category, like "male population". "women" vs "male".
In sociological or demographic contexts, "male" as an adjective modifying a person often falls under "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys" (sense 3) because it refers to the male gender as a social group, whereas sense 1 is strictly biological sex (like a male holly tree, or a male infant where biological sex is the focus).
Let me search my knowledge base for WordNet sense distinctions of "male".
male%3:00:00:: (adj) being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that perform the fertilizing function in generation
male%5:00:01:male:00 (adj) for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys
male%5:00:02:masculine:01 (adj) characteristic of a man

Let's look at the example for sense 3: "the male lead". The lead is an individual. So sense 3 is not exclusively for groups ("population"). "Male lead" means the lead character/actor who is male. Why is this sense 3 and not sense 1?
Perhaps because "male lead" is a standard term for a role, and "male" refers to the male gender role?
Or maybe "male" modifying adult humans is sense 3, while "male infant" is sense 1 because infants are sometimes treated more biologically? That's a stretch.
Actually, if you look at WordNet, "male" (sense 3) is "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys". "Men or boys" specifically refers to human males. Sense 1 refers to the sex of any plant or animal. If "male" is used for human males, it often maps to sense 3, even though "male infant" is listed under sense 1. Wait, why is "male infant" under sense 1? Because "infant" can be animal or human? No, "infant" usually means human baby. But maybe WordNet just gave "a male infant" as an example of biological sex.
Wait, if "male" refers to adult men, does it map to sense 3? "Men or boys" are human males. "Ringer" is an adult human. It might map to sense 3.
Let's consider the phrase "male-only" and "male-dominated". These are in the context. They clearly mean "composed of men" (sense 3) and "dominated by men" (sense 3).
The writer is discussing the conflict between women and men in this field. "male ringer" refers to a man who is a ringer. This fits the demographic/social group sense (sense 3).
Also, consider the sarcastic tone: "badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent". This describes stereotypical male traits, but the word "male" itself just means "man". "Average male ringer" = "average man ringer". Sense 3 specifically mentions "men or boys".
Let's compare "male infant" (sense 1) and "male lead" (sense 3). Is there a difference? "Infant" is a biological term for a baby. "Lead" is a social/role term.
"Ringer" is a hobbyist, a person with a social role.
Wait, if "male ringer" is sense 1, why wouldn't it be? Let's assume "male ringer" is sense 1 because it describes the sex of the individual ringer.
Let me check SemCor. In SemCor, "male" as an adjective:
"male child" -> male%3:00:00:: (sense 1)
"male body" -> male%3:00:00:: (sense 1)
"male offspring" -> male%3:00:00:: (sense 1)
What about sense 3?
"male chauvinist" -> male%5:00:01:: (sense 3)
"male bonding" -> male%5:00:01:: (sense 3)
"male population" -> male%5:00:01:: (sense 3)
If "male child" is sense 1, "male ringer" is likely sense 1, because it describes the biological sex of an individual noun. "Male lead" might be sense 3 because it's a specific role (the male lead).
Wait, "male ringer" is also a specific demographic.
But "male child" and "male infant" are sense 1.
What if "male ringer" is sense 1?
"the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired..."
I will guess Sense 1 is intended if it follows the pattern of "male [individual]".
Wait, let's look at the definitions again.
1: being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes...
3: for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys
If "male ringer" means "a ringer who is of the male sex", it fits sense 1. "being the sex..."
Sense 3: "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys". Does "male ringer" mean "for men" or "composed of men"? No, it's an individual. So it must be sense 1.
Why is "male lead" sense 3? Maybe because "lead" implies "the male lead role", which is "for men"? Or maybe WordNet tagged it as sense 3 because it's a standard collocation. "male lead", "male population".
"male ringer" is just a ringer who is male. So sense 1.
Let me double check if "male" modifying an individual human is always sense 1.
"male infant" -> sense 1
"male child" -> sense 1
So "male ringer" -> sense 1.
Wait, "Red-blooded, balanced male" -> here "male" is a noun.
But the target is "average male ringer" -> "male" is an adjective.
Let me consider if there is any reason to choose sense 3. "male-only", "male-dominated" are sense 3. The context is heavily focused on the male demographic. But the target word is "male ringer".
Let's look at sense 3 examples: "the male lead", "the male population". Both are about the male demographic in a field. "Male lead" is the male actor. "Male ringer" is the male bell ringer. They are parallel. "Male population" is the demographic.
I'll choose sense 1 because "ringer" is an individual, just like "infant" and "child".
Actually, let's think about "male" as an adjective meaning "masculine" (sense 2). Could "average male ringer" mean "average masculine ringer"? No, the contrast is with "women" who faint. "I have never known a lady to faint". So "male ringer" just means a ringer who is not a woman. It denotes sex.
Is there any chance it's sense 3? Sense 3 specifically uses "men or boys". Since "ringer" is a man (or boy), does that make it sense 3?
Sense 1 says "plant or animal". Humans are animals. So "male ringer" fits sense 1.
If I have to choose between 1 and 3: "male ringer" = a ringer who is male.
Sense 1: "being the sex..." -> a male ringer is a ringer being the male sex.
Sense 3: "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys" -> a male ringer is a ringer pertaining to men? No.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the most accurate grammatically and semantically for an individual.
I'll choose Sense 1.
Wait! Let me re-read sense 3: "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys". If "male" is an adjective modifying "ringer", it means the ringer is a man. Does it mean "composed of men"? No, a ringer is one person.
Could "male" be a noun acting as an adjective? Like "male ringer" = "ringer who is a male"? If "male" is a noun, it wouldn't be in these adjective senses. But the target surface form is "male", and the senses are adjectives.
What if "male ringer" means "ringer of the male sex"? Then Sense 1.
Let me rethink "male lead". Why is it sense 3? "the male lead" -> the lead actor who is male. Maybe WordNet considers "male lead" as a role for a man, so "for men"?
I will select Sense 1.
Wait, let's look at the sentence again. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.""
The contrast is between women/ladies and men/males.
"the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."
This is a description of the physical traits of these men.
Sense 1 applies to the biological sex.
Sense 3 applies to the demographic or social category. Since "male" is used here as a demographic category (the male ringers vs the female ringers), could it be sense 3?
"male population" is a demographic category. "male ringer" is a demographic category.
But "male infant" is also a demographic category (male infants vs female infants).
If "male infant" is sense 1, "male ringer" should be sense 1.
Let me check if there is any reason to choose 3. I'll stick with 1.

Wait, let's look at the definition of Sense 1: "being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that perform the fertilizing function in generation"
This is strictly biological.
Sense 3: "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys"
This is social/demographic.
Since "male ringer" refers to a human, and the context is a social debate about inclusion of women in a social group (bell ringers), the word "male" here is functioning socially, not purely biologically (like gametes). The ringers are referred to as "men" and "women" throughout the text. "men" and "women" are social terms, while "male" and "female" can be biological, but "male" here is used synonymously with "men".
"more than a third of the ringers today are women... remains male-only... 'Red-blooded, balanced male'... 'the average male ringer...' Another women wrote... a lady to faint"
The text explicitly says "men" and "women". The writer uses "male" to mean "man".
Sense 3 explicitly mentions "men or boys".
In WordNet, if "male" is used to mean "man" (as opposed to gamete-producing sex), it maps to sense 3.
Why is "male infant" sense 1? Because "infant" is a baby, and the sex of a baby is strictly biological (they don't have social gender roles yet). Adults have social roles. So "male" for adults maps to sense 3 ("men or boys").
This makes a lot of sense! "Male infant" -> biological sex (sense 1). "Male lead/population/ringer" -> pertaining to men (sense 3).
Let's consider this logic. WordNet sense 3 specifically restricts to "men or boys", while sense 1 is the general biological sex for "plant or animal". If a text uses "male" for humans in a social context, sense 3 is often preferred because "men or boys" specifically targets the human social category. The text contrasts "male" with "women" and "lady", and the ringers are adult humans.
Also, "male-only" and "male-dominated" are definitely sense 3. The target "male ringer" is part of the same semantic field.
I will bet on Sense 3. The restriction "men or boys" in sense 3 fits the human, adult context perfectly, distinguishing it from the biological "plant or animal" sense which is typically used for animals, plants, or infants where biological sex is the focus.
Let's confirm: "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."
This describes an adult man. Sense 3.
I will go with Sense 3.

Let me review Sense 1 vs Sense 3 one more time.
Sense 1: "being the sex (of plant or animal)..." examples: "a male infant", "a male holly tree"
Sense 3: "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys" examples: "the male lead", "the male population"

If "male ringer" is Sense 1, it means "a ringer being the sex...".
If "male ringer" is Sense 3, it means "a ringer pertaining to men".
"the male lead" means the lead role for a man. "the male population" means the population of men. "the average male ringer" means the average ringer who is a man.
I think Sense 1 is actually the most direct meaning: the ringer is male.
But let's look at it from the perspective of a lexicographer. Sense 1 is the sex. Sense 3 is for or pertaining to men.
If I say "a male doctor", is it sense 1 or 3?
If I say "a male doctor", it means a doctor who is male.
Let's look at the gloss for 3 again: "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys".
If "male" modifies a noun denoting a person, it means the person is a man. "male doctor", "male ringer", "male infant". Why would "male infant" be sense 1 and "male doctor" be sense 3? Maybe it wouldn't. Maybe all individual human males are sense 1, and "male lead/population" are sense 3 because "lead" and "population" are not inherently biological entities. A "population" is composed of men. A "lead" is a role. A "ringer" is a person. So "male ringer" should be sense 1.
Yes! "infant", "ringer", "doctor" are people. "population" is a group. "lead" is a role.
When "male" modifies a person, it denotes their sex -> Sense 1.
When it modifies a group or role, it denotes composition or pertinence -> Sense 3.
Therefore, "male ringer" is Sense 1.

Let me think if this is a solid distinction.
"male infant" (person) -> sense 1.
"male population" (group) -> sense 3.
"male lead" (role) -> sense 3.
"male ringer" (person) -> sense 1.
This distinction is very clean and explains the examples perfectly.
"ringer" is a person. So "male ringer" is sense 1.

Wait, what about "male-only" and "male-dominated"? "male-only" modifies a group (the Society), so it's "composed of men" -> sense 3. "male-dominated" modifies a field, so it's "pertaining to men" -> sense 3.
This perfectly separates the instances in the text!
"once male-dominated field" -> sense 3.
"remains male-only" -> sense 3.
"average male ringer" -> sense 1.

Let me double check this hypothesis. Does "male" as an adjective modifying a person always fall under sense 1?
"male child" -> sense 1.
"male infant" -> sense 1.
If "male" modifies "ringer", it is a person.
So it should be sense 1.

I am confident in Sense 1 based on the noun type (person vs. group/role).
Let me re-read the definition of Sense 3. "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys".
If "male" modifies a person, does it mean "pertaining to men"? No, it means "being a man". So it falls under Sense 1 ("being the sex...").
Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringer
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male <t>ringer</t> leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about bell ringing, specifically church bell ringers. The text mentions "bell-ringing group," "ringing in peals," "belfry," and "The Ringing World" newspaper. The target word "ringer" refers to a person who rings church bells.

Sense 1: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" - synonyms: toller, bell ringer. This matches perfectly.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: badly
Target surface form: badly
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: <t>badly</t> dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=badly%4:02:02:: | definition=to a severe or serious degree | synonyms=severely, gravely, seriously | examples=fingers so badly frozen they had to be amputated; badly injured
2. sense_key=badly%4:02:00:: | definition=(`ill' is often used as a combining form) in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well | synonyms=ill, poorly | examples=he was ill prepared; it ill befits a man to betray old friends
3. sense_key=badly%4:02:06:: | definition=evilly or wickedly | examples=treated his parents badly; to steal is to act badly
4. sense_key=badly%4:02:05:: | definition=in a disobedient or naughty way | synonyms=mischievously, naughtily | examples=he behaved badly in school; he mischievously looked for a chance to embarrass his sister
5. sense_key=badly%4:02:04:: | definition=with great intensity (`bad' is a nonstandard variant for `badly') | synonyms=bad | examples=the injury hurt badly; the buildings were badly shaken
6. sense_key=badly%4:02:03:: | definition=very much; strongly | synonyms=bad | examples=I wanted it badly enough to work hard for it; the cables had sagged badly
7. sense_key=badly%4:02:12:: | definition=without skill or in a displeasing manner | examples=she writes badly; I think he paints very badly
8. sense_key=badly%4:02:10:: | definition=in a disadvantageous way; to someone's disadvantage | synonyms=disadvantageously | examples=the venture turned out badly for the investors; angry that the case was settled disadvantageously for them
9. sense_key=badly%4:02:07:: | definition=unfavorably or with disapproval | synonyms=ill | examples=tried not to speak ill of the dead; thought badly of him for his lack of concern
10. sense_key=badly%4:02:08:: | definition=with unusual distress or resentment or regret or emotional display | examples=they took their defeat badly; took her father's death badly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "badly" in the context: "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."

Here, "badly dressed" means dressed in a poor, unsatisfactory, or unpleasing manner.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. to a severe or serious degree
2. (`ill' is often used as a combining form) in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well. Example: "ill prepared"
3. evilly or wickedly
4. in a disobedient or naughty way
5. with great intensity
6. very much; strongly
7. without skill or in a displeasing manner. Example: "she writes badly; I think he paints very badly"
8. in a disadvantageous way
9. unfavorably or with disapproval
10. with unusual distress...

"badly dressed" implies dressed poorly or in an unsatisfactory manner.
Sense 2 has synonyms "ill, poorly". Example: "ill prepared".
Sense 7 has examples "she writes badly; I think he paints very badly", meaning without skill or in a displeasing manner. "badly dressed" could fall under this, but sense 2's definition "in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well" with synonyms "ill, poorly" fits "badly dressed" perfectly (i.e., poorly dressed).

Wait, "badly dressed" is very common. Let's see sense 2 vs sense 7.
Sense 2: (`ill' is often used as a combining form) in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well | synonyms=ill, poorly. "poorly dressed" is a direct parallel to "badly dressed".
Sense 7: without skill or in a displeasing manner. "she writes badly".

Actually, "badly dressed" is often used as "poorly dressed". Synonyms for sense 2 include "poorly". Let's see if "badly dressed" aligns better with sense 2 or 7.
In WordNet, "badly" r2: (`ill' is often used as a combining form) in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well. (e.g., "it ill befits a man...")
And r7: without skill or in a displeasing manner (e.g., "she writes badly").
But wait, "badly dressed" could be considered "in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner".
Let's look at the examples:
Sense 2: "he was ill prepared; it ill befits a man to betray old friends"
Sense 7: "she writes badly; I think he paints very badly"

"badly dressed" is similar to "writes badly" or "paints badly", in that it modifies a past participle acting as an adjective. Wait, "dressed" is a past participle. "writes" and "paints" are verbs. "prepared" is a past participle. So "badly prepared" would be sense 2? "ill prepared" is in sense 2.
If "badly prepared" is sense 2, then "badly dressed" is likely sense 2. Let's think if "poorly dressed" is a synonym. "poorly" is a synonym for sense 2.

Let's consider sense 2: definition "in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well". This perfectly describes "badly dressed".

Let me double check WordNet senses for "badly".
Sense 1: badly -- (badly, severely, gravely, seriously) -- to a severe or serious degree; "fingers so badly frozen they had to be amputated"; "badly injured"
Sense 2: badly, ill, poorly -- (badly, poorly, ill) -- (`ill' is often used as a combining form) in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well; "he was ill prepared"; "it ill befits a man to betray old friends"
Sense 3: badly, mischievously, naughtily -- in a disobedient or naughty way
Sense 4: badly, evilly, wickedly -- evilly or wickedly
Sense 5: badly, disadvantageously -- in a disadvantageous way
Sense 6: badly, ill, unfavorably -- unfavorably or with disapproval
Sense 7: badly -- without skill or in a displeasing manner; "she writes badly"; "I think he paints very badly"
Sense 8: badly, bad -- with great intensity
Sense 9: badly, bad -- very much; strongly
Sense 10: badly -- with unusual distress or resentment or regret or emotional display
Sense 11: badly -- in a disadvantageous way; to someone's disadvantage

Actually, "badly dressed" in WordNet might be attached to sense 2 because of "poorly" and "ill". Wait, "badly dressed" could be "in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner".
Let's consider sense 7: "without skill or in a displeasing manner". Dressed in a displeasing manner?
"badly dressed" usually means poorly dressed, lacking good taste, unsatisfactory.
I will bet on sense 2, as "poorly" is a synonym and "in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner" matches "badly dressed" very well.

Wait, look at sense 7 examples: "she writes badly; I think he paints very badly". These are skills (writing, painting). Getting dressed isn't necessarily a skill, but rather the state of being poorly dressed.
Sense 2 examples: "he was ill prepared". "prepared" is a state.
So "badly dressed" fits "in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner" (sense 2).

Let me verify. Sense 2 index is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dressed
Target surface form: dressed
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly <t>dressed</t>, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:clothed:00 | definition=dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination | synonyms=appareled, attired, garbed, garmented, habilimented, robed | examples=the elegantly attired gentleman; neatly dressed workers
2. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:treated:02 | definition=treated with medications and protective covering
3. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:finished:02 | definition=(of lumber or stone) to trim and smooth | synonyms=polished
4. sense_key=dressed%5:00:02:clothed:00 | definition=dressed in fancy or formal clothing | synonyms=dressed-up, dressed to the nines, dressed to kill, dolled up, spruced up, spiffed up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about male bell ringers being described as "badly dressed". The phrase "badly dressed" means poorly clothed/attired. Let me look at the senses:

1. dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination - synonyms include appareled, attired, garbed, etc.
2. treated with medications and protective covering
3. (of lumber or stone) to trim and smooth
4. dressed in fancy or formal clothing - synonyms include dressed-up, dressed to the nines, etc.

Sense 4 is about fancy/formal clothing, which doesn't fit "badly dressed".
Sense 1 is about being clothed/attired, which fits the general meaning of "dressed" in "badly dressed". The "often used in combination" part is relevant here since "badly dressed" is a combination.
Sense 2 and 3 are clearly wrong.

Between 1 and 4: Sense 1 is more general about being clothed/attired. Sense 4 is specifically about fancy or formal clothing. "Badly dressed" means poorly clothed, not in fancy clothing. Sense 1 fits better.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: large
Target surface form: large
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a <t>large</t> beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=large%3:00:00:: | definition=above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=big | examples=a large city; set out for the big city
2. sense_key=large%5:00:00:significant:00 | definition=fairly large or important in effect; influential | examples=played a large role in the negotiations
3. sense_key=large%5:00:00:rhetorical:00 | definition=ostentatiously lofty in style | synonyms=bombastic, declamatory, orotund, tumid, turgid | examples=a man given to large talk; tumid political prose
4. sense_key=large%5:00:00:generous:02 | definition=generous and understanding and tolerant | synonyms=big, magnanimous | examples=a heart big enough to hold no grudges; that's very big of you to be so forgiving
5. sense_key=large%5:00:00:conspicuous:00 | definition=conspicuous in position or importance | synonyms=big, prominent | examples=a big figure in the movement; big man on campus
6. sense_key=large%5:00:00:comprehensive:00 | definition=having broad power and range and scope | examples=taking the large view; a large effect
7. sense_key=large%5:00:00:pregnant:00 | definition=in an advanced stage of pregnancy | synonyms=big, enceinte, expectant, gravid, great, heavy | examples=was big with child; was great with child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "large" in the context: "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly..."

Here, "large" modifies "beer-belly" - it's describing the size of the beer-belly. This is a straightforward physical size description.

Sense 1: "above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent" with synonyms like "big" and examples "a large city" - this fits perfectly for describing the physical size of a beer-belly.

The other senses are about:
- Sense 2: influential role
- Sense 3: lofty style
- Sense 4: generous/tolerant
- Sense 5: conspicuous position/importance
- Sense 6: broad scope
- Sense 7: pregnant

None of these fit. Sense 1 is clearly the right choice - it's about physical size, which is exactly what "a large beer-belly" means.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unwashed
Target surface form: unwashed
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently <t>unwashed</t> and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unwashed%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=common, plebeian, vulgar | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
2. sense_key=unwashed%5:00:00:dirty:01 | definition=not cleaned with or as if with soap and water | examples=a sink full of unwashed dishes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context describes the "average male ringer" as "badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."
Here, "unwashed" refers to personal hygiene - not being clean, not washed with soap and water.
Sense 1 is about "lowborn" or "common" people.
Sense 2 is about "not cleaned with or as if with soap and water".
In this context, it clearly means physically dirty or not clean, which aligns perfectly with sense 2.
Therefore, the correct sense index is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another <t>women</t> wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "women" in the context: "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say..."
Wait, let's look at the context closely: "Another <t>women</t> wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing..."
Actually, "Another women" seems grammatically incorrect (should be "woman"), but the target surface form is "women".
Looking at the context: "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing..." It refers to an adult female person who is a ringer.
Sense 1: an adult female person (as opposed to a man). This fits perfectly.
Sense 2: a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend). Not applicable here.
Sense 3: a human female employed to do housework. Not applicable.
Sense 4: women as a class. It says "Another women wrote", which refers to a specific individual (despite the plural surface form used in the text as a typo or otherwise, or maybe it's "Another woman" but the lemma is 'woman' and surface form is 'women'). Regardless, the context says "Another women wrote... in her 60 years", pointing to a single individual woman. Wait, if it says "her 60 years", it definitely refers to one person. "Another women" is likely a typo for "Another woman" in the text. Therefore, it refers to an adult female person.

Sense 1 is the right choice.
{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: write
Target surface form: wrote
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women <t>wrote</t> from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=write%2:36:00:: | definition=produce a literary work | synonyms=compose, pen, indite | examples=She composed a poem; He wrote four novels
2. sense_key=write%2:32:00:: | definition=communicate or express by writing | examples=Please write to me every week
3. sense_key=write%2:36:02:: | definition=have (one's written work) issued for publication | synonyms=publish | examples=How many books did Georges Simenon write?; She published 25 books during her long career
4. sense_key=write%2:32:08:: | definition=communicate (with) in writing | synonyms=drop a line | examples=Write her soon, please!
5. sense_key=write%2:32:01:: | definition=communicate by letter | examples=He wrote that he would be coming soon
6. sense_key=write%2:36:04:: | definition=write music | synonyms=compose | examples=Beethoven composed nine symphonies
7. sense_key=write%2:36:01:: | definition=mark or trace on a surface | examples=The artist wrote Chinese characters on a big piece of white paper; Russian is written with the Cyrillic alphabet
8. sense_key=write%2:32:03:: | definition=record data on a computer | synonyms=save | examples=boot-up instructions are written on the hard disk
9. sense_key=write%2:36:03:: | definition=write or name the letters that comprise the conventionally accepted form of (a word or part of a word) | synonyms=spell | examples=He spelled the word wrong in this letter
10. sense_key=write%2:36:10:: | definition=create code, write a computer program | examples=She writes code faster than anybody else

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about a woman who "wrote from Sheffield to say that..." - she wrote a letter to "The Ringing World" newspaper. This is communicating by letter or communicating in writing.

Sense 5: "communicate by letter" - "He wrote that he would be coming soon" - this fits well because she wrote a letter to the newspaper.

Sense 4: "communicate (with) in writing" - "Write her soon, please!" - this also fits but sense 5 seems more specific.

Sense 2: "communicate or express by writing" - "Please write to me every week"

The woman wrote a letter to the newspaper expressing her opinion. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that..." - she wrote a letter communicating information. Sense 5 seems most appropriate as she communicated by letter.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to <t>say</t> that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "say" in the context: "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing..."

The phrase "wrote from Sheffield to say that" means she wrote to express or state something in words. She is communicating information through her letter.

Looking at the senses:
1. express in words - state, tell - "He said that he wanted to marry her"
2. report or maintain - allege, aver - "He said it was too late to intervene"
3. express a supposition - suppose - "Let us say..."
4. have or contain a certain wording - read - "What does the law say?"
5. give instructions - order, tell - "I said to him to go home"
6. pronounce/utter in a certain way
7. communicate nonverbally
8. utter aloud - "She said 'Hello'"
9. state as opinion or judgement
10. recite fixed text
11. indicate - "The clock says noon"

The context is about someone writing a letter to communicate something. "wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing..." - she is expressing in words what she experienced.

Sense 1 (express in words) seems most appropriate. "wrote to say that..." means she wrote to express/state something in words.

Sense 2 (report or maintain) is about alleging something, which has a connotation of claiming something that may or may not be true. While there's a slight element of reporting, the primary meaning here is simply expressing information in words.

Sense 8 (utter aloud) doesn't fit because she wrote it, not spoke it aloud.

Sense 1 is the best fit: "express in words" - she wrote to express in words that in her 60 years of ringing, she had never known a lady to faint.

The example "He said that he wanted to marry her" matches well with "she wrote to say that in her 60 years of ringing..."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 <t>years</t> of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context says "in her 60 years of ringing" - meaning 60 years (periods of 365 days) during which she was ringing. This is the standard sense of year as a period of time containing 365 days.

Sense 1 is correct: a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: never
Target surface form: never
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have <t>never</t> known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=never%4:02:00:: | definition=not ever; at no time in the past or future | synonyms=ne'er | examples=I have never been to China; I shall never forget this day
2. sense_key=never%4:02:01:: | definition=not at all; certainly not; not in any circumstances | examples=never fear; bringing up children is never easy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "never" in the context: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry."
Sense 1: "not ever; at no time in the past or future" (e.g., "I have never been to China")
Sense 2: "not at all; certainly not; not in any circumstances" (e.g., "never fear")

The context says "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry." This means at no time in the past (60 years of ringing) has she known a lady to faint. This matches sense 1 perfectly.