[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: always
Target surface form: always
Context:
The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not <t>always</t> live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=always%4:02:00:: | definition=at all times; all the time and on every occasion | synonyms=ever, e'er | examples=I will always be there to help you; always arrives on time
2. sense_key=always%4:02:04:: | definition=without variation or change, in every case | synonyms=constantly, invariably | examples=constantly kind and gracious; he always arrives on time
3. sense_key=always%4:02:03:: | definition=without interruption | synonyms=constantly, forever, perpetually, incessantly | examples=the world is constantly changing
4. sense_key=always%4:02:02:: | definition=at any time or in any event | examples=you can always resign if you don't like it; you could always take a day off
5. sense_key=always%4:02:01:: | definition=forever; throughout all time | examples=we will always be friends; I shall treasure it always

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches."

Here, "always" means "at all times; all the time and on every occasion." The sentence says that ringers do not always (i.e., not on every occasion) live where bells need to be rung. This is about whether something happens in every case, but it's more naturally "at all times" or "in every case."

Let me look at the senses:

1. at all times; all the time and on every occasion
2. without variation or change, in every case
3. without interruption
4. at any time or in any event
5. forever; throughout all time

The sentence "ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung" means it's not the case that in every instance ringers live where bells need to be rung. This could be sense 1 or sense 2.

Sense 2: "without variation or change, in every case" - this is about consistency across cases. "do not always live" = it's not invariably the case that they live there.

Sense 1: "at all times; all the time and on every occasion" - this is more about temporal continuity.

"Ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung" - this is about whether, in every case/instance, ringers live where bells need ringing. It's not about continuous time, but about whether this holds true in every situation.

Sense 2 seems more fitting: "without variation or change, in every case" - "do not always live" = it's not the case that in every case they live there. The negation "do not always" suggests "not invariably."

Actually, let me reconsider. "Always" in "do not always live where the bells need to be rung" - this means that it's not true that every ringer lives where bells need to be rung. It's about every case/occasion.

Sense 1: "at all times; all the time and on every occasion" - "on every occasion" could work here.
Sense 2: "without variation or change, in every case" - "in every case" also works.

The distinction between sense 1 and sense 2 is subtle. Sense 1 emphasizes "at all times" and "on every occasion," while sense 2 emphasizes "without variation or change, in every case."

"Do not always live" - this is about a general state, not about specific occasions or times. It's about whether, in general/in every case, ringers live where bells need ringing. This seems more like sense 2 ("in every case, without variation").

But actually, "always" here is quite general and could fit either. Let me think about which is more standard.

"Ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung" = It is not invariably true that ringers live where the bells need to be rung. This is about general truth across cases, which aligns with sense 2: "without variation or change, in every case."

Actually, I think sense 1 is the more common, general sense of "always" meaning "at all times." The phrase "do not always" is a common construction meaning "not on every occasion" or "not every time."

Let me look at the examples more carefully:

Sense 1 examples: "I will always be there to help you; always arrives on time"
Sense 2 examples: "constantly kind and gracious; he always arrives on time"

Hmm, both have "always arrives on time." Sense 2's examples emphasize constancy and lack of variation.

In the context, "ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung" - this means it's not the case that every ringer lives where bells need ringing. It's about variation across cases - some ringers live in the right places, some don't. This suggests "without variation or change, in every case" (sense 2) is being negated.

I'll go with sense 2.

Wait, let me reconsider once more. The sentence is about a general fact: ringers don't always live where bells need to be rung. This is saying that it's not true in every case. The "always" here is about "in every case" rather than "at all times" (temporal).

Sense 2: "without variation or change, in every case" - negated: "not in every case" / "with variation" - meaning some ringers live where bells need ringing, some don't.

Sense 1: "at all times; all the time and on every occasion" - negated: "not at all times" / "not on every occasion" - meaning sometimes they do, sometimes they don't.

Both could work, but I think sense 2 is slightly better because the context is about whether a condition holds across different cases (different ringers, different locations), not about temporal occasions.

Actually, I'm overthinking this. "Always" in "do not always" is very common and generally means "not in every case" or "not every time." Looking at the senses:

Sense 1: "at all times; all the time and on every occasion" - includes "on every occasion"
Sense 2: "without variation or change, in every case" - includes "in every case"

The context "do not always live" is about a state of living, not about events/occasions. It's about whether, in every case, ringers live where bells need ringing. This is more about "in every case" (sense 2) than "on every occasion" (sense 1).

I'll go with sense 2.

Hmm, but actually, "at all times" in sense 1 could also apply to a state - "at all times, ringers live where bells need to be rung" (negated: "not at all times").

Let me think about the synonyms:
- Sense 1: ever, e'er
- Sense 2: constantly, invariably

"Do not always live" = "do not invariably live" - this sounds natural. "Do not constantly live" doesn't sound right. "Do not ever live" would change the meaning.

"invariably" fits well here: "ringers do not invariably live where the bells need to be rung."

Sense 2 it is.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: live
Target surface form: live
Context:
The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always <t>live</t> where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=live%2:42:08:: | definition=inhabit or live in; be an inhabitant of | synonyms=populate, dwell, inhabit | examples=People lived in Africa millions of years ago; The people inhabited the islands that are now deserted
2. sense_key=live%2:42:06:: | definition=lead a certain kind of life; live in a certain style | examples=we had to live frugally after the war
3. sense_key=live%2:42:04:: | definition=continue to live through hardship or adversity | synonyms=survive, last, live on, go, endure, hold up | examples=We went without water and food for 3 days; These superstitions survive in the backwaters of America
4. sense_key=live%2:42:01:: | definition=support oneself | synonyms=exist, survive, subsist | examples=he could barely exist on such a low wage; Can you live on $2000 a month in New York City?
5. sense_key=live%2:42:00:: | definition=have life, be alive | synonyms=be | examples=Our great leader is no more; My grandfather lived until the end of war
6. sense_key=live%2:31:00:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=know, experience | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
7. sense_key=live%2:42:07:: | definition=pursue a positive and satisfying existence | examples=You must accept yourself and others if you really want to live

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "live" in the context: "ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung".
The meaning here is "inhabit or live in; be an inhabitant of".
This matches sense 1: live%2:42:08:: | definition=inhabit or live in; be an inhabitant of | synonyms=populate, dwell, inhabit.
So the sense_index is 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the <t>bells</t> need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about church bell ringing, vicars, church life, ringers, etc. The target word "bells" refers to the physical bells in a church that are rung. Sense 1 is "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck." This fits perfectly with church bells. Sense 3 is about the sound of a bell, but here the bells are physical objects that "need to be rung" and are "in your care." So sense 1 is the best choice.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: need
Context:
The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells <t>need</t> to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "need" in the sentence: "Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches."

Let's analyze the context.
The bells are the subject, and they "need to be rung".
Is it "require as useful, just, or proper" (sense 1)?
Or "have need of" (sense 2)?
Or "have or feel a need for" (sense 3)?

Sense 1: "require as useful, just, or proper" (e.g., It takes nerve, success requires hard work). "The bells require to be rung" - this means it is necessary or proper for the bells to be rung.
Sense 2: "have need of" (e.g., This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner). "The bells have need of to be rung" - doesn't fit grammatically. "Want/require" + noun phrase. Here it is "need" + infinitive "to be rung".
Sense 3: "have or feel a need for" (e.g., always needing friends and money). "The bells have or feel a need for..." Bells don't feel needs.

Wait, "need to be rung" implies "it is necessary that the bells be rung".
Sense 1 synonyms: necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve. "The bells require to be rung".
Let's see: "the bells need to be rung"
"need" used as a verb with passive infinitive.
"Need" as a modal or semi-modal, or main verb.

Is it Sense 1? "require as useful, just, or proper".
In WordNet, need%2:42:00:: is "require as useful, just, or proper". It matches "The bells need to be rung" meaning "It is necessary that the bells are rung" or "The bells require being rung."
Wait, let's look at the synonyms and examples for sense 1: "It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work". These are transitive verb + noun phrase.
Sense 2: "have need of" - "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner". This is also transitive verb + noun phrase.
Sense 3: "have or feel a need for" - "always needing friends and money". Transitive + noun phrase.

Is there a sense for "need" + infinitive?
Let's check the WordNet entries.
need%2:42:00:: require as useful, just, or proper
need%2:34:00:: have need of
need%2:34:01:: have or feel a need for

Actually, "need to be rung" implies the bells are in need of being rung.
Wait, "where the bells need to be rung"
Could it be sense 1? "require as useful, just, or proper".
Let's consider Sense 1: "require". "The bells need to be rung" = "The bells require to be rung" / "It is required that the bells be rung".
What about Sense 2: "have need of"? "The bells have need of ringing"? Not exactly grammatically matching, but meaning-wise similar.
Let's look at the definitions.
"The bells need to be rung" means "It is necessary to ring the bells in those places."
This aligns with "require as useful, just, or proper" (Sense 1).

Wait, is "need to be rung" meaning "require being rung"?
Yes. "The job needs to be done." -> "The job requires being done."
Let's check if there's another sense of "need".
Maybe Sense 1 is the best fit for "require".
Let's examine the examples:
1. "It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work"
2. "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner"
3. "always needing friends and money"

"The bells need to be rung" -> "The bells require to be rung" (Sense 1). Bells are inanimate, so they don't "feel a need" (Sense 3).
Between Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 1 is "require as useful, just, or proper". Bells requiring to be rung fits this, as it is proper/necessary for bells to be rung.
Sense 2 is "have need of". Bells have a need of being rung? "Need of" usually takes a noun.
Actually, "The bells need to be rung" implies "There is a need for the bells to be rung (there)".
I will go with Sense 1.

Wait, what if it's Sense 1? "require as useful, just, or proper".
In many WSD datasets (like SemCor), "need" as in "need to be done" is tagged with sense 1. Let's think if there is a modal sense. Not in these options.
"require" fits perfectly.
Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ring
Target surface form: rung
Context:
The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be <t>rung</t> -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ring%2:39:00:: | definition=sound loudly and sonorously | synonyms=peal | examples=the bells rang
2. sense_key=ring%2:39:04:: | definition=ring or echo with sound | synonyms=resound, echo, reverberate | examples=the hall resounded with laughter
3. sense_key=ring%2:39:01:: | definition=make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification | synonyms=knell | examples=Ring the bells; My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church
4. sense_key=ring%2:32:00:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=call, telephone, call up, phone | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
5. sense_key=ring%2:35:03:: | definition=extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle | synonyms=surround, environ, skirt, border | examples=The forest surrounds my property
6. sense_key=ring%2:35:00:: | definition=attach a ring to the foot of, in order to identify | synonyms=band | examples=ring birds; band the geese to observe their migratory patterns

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The target word is "rung" in the context "where the bells need to be rung". This is a passive construction meaning the bells need to be rung (by ringers). The sense is about making bells ring. Sense 3 says "make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification" with examples "Ring the bells; My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church". This fits best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: small
Target surface form: small
Context:
The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in <t>small</t>, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=small%3:00:00:: | definition=limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=little | examples=a little dining room; a little house
2. sense_key=small%5:00:00:limited:00 | definition=limited in size or scope | synonyms=minor, modest, small-scale, pocket-size, pocket-sized | examples=a small business; a newspaper with a modest circulation
3. sense_key=small%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=(of children and animals) young, immature | synonyms=little | examples=what a big little boy you are; small children
4. sense_key=small%5:00:00:little:03 | definition=slight or limited; especially in degree or intensity or scope | examples=a series of death struggles with small time in between
5. sense_key=small%5:00:00:inferior:01 | definition=low or inferior in station or quality | synonyms=humble, low, lowly, modest | examples=a humble cottage; a lowly parish priest
6. sense_key=small%5:00:00:lowercase:00 | definition=lowercase | synonyms=little, minuscule | examples=little a; small a
7. sense_key=small%5:00:00:soft:04 | definition=(of a voice) faint | synonyms=little | examples=a little voice; a still small voice
8. sense_key=small%5:00:00:fine:00 | definition=have fine or very small constituent particles | examples=a small misty rain
9. sense_key=small%5:00:00:moderate:00 | definition=not large but sufficient in size or amount | synonyms=modest | examples=a modest salary; modest inflation
10. sense_key=small%5:00:00:decreased:00 | definition=made to seem smaller or less (especially in worth) | synonyms=belittled, diminished | examples=her comments made me feel small

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "small" in the context "small, rural parishes".
The phrase "small, rural parishes" refers to parishes that are limited in size or magnitude.
Looking at the candidate senses:
1. small%3:00:00:: - limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent (e.g., a little house)
2. small%5:00:00:limited:00 - limited in size or scope (e.g., a small business)
9. small%5:00:00:moderate:00 - not large but sufficient in size or amount (e.g., a modest salary)

The context says "small, rural parishes". It implies a small size or population, likely limited in magnitude or extent.
Sense 1's definition is "limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent". This is a very general sense for physical size or extent. "small house", "small parishes".
Sense 2's definition is "limited in size or scope". Synonyms: minor, modest, small-scale.
Sense 1 is usually used for physical size (a little dining room; a little house). Parishes are geographical/administrative entities, so "small" refers to their physical size, extent, or number of congregation.
Wait, "small" is modifying "parishes".
Sense 1 fits "below average in magnitude or extent".
Let's see if Sense 1 or Sense 2 is better.
Sense 1: "limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent" - "a little dining room; a little house"
Sense 2: "limited in size or scope" - "a small business; a newspaper with a modest circulation"

"small, rural parishes" - usually means parishes with a small geographical area or a small population. Sense 1 seems to be the most general and appropriate for physical size/extent.
Let's verify WordNet senses for "small".
WordNet 3.0:
Sense 1: small (limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent) "a little dining room"; "a little house"; "a small car"; "a small (or little) group"
Sense 2: minor, modest, small, small-scale, pocket-size, pocket-sized (limited in size or scope) "a small business"; "a newspaper with a modest circulation"; "small-scale plans"; "a pocket-size country"
Sense 3: little, small (young, immature) "what a big little boy you are"; "small children"
...

In the context "small, rural parishes", it contrasts with larger or more significant parishes. Parishes can be small in population, area, or importance.
"small, rural parishes" often means small in size, often with a small population.
Is it Sense 1 or Sense 2? Sense 1 is general physical size/extent/quantity. Sense 2 is "limited in size or scope".
Often "small town", "small village", "small parish" maps to Sense 1, because it's about magnitude/extent (e.g., small population/area).
Let's look at the examples. Sense 1: "a little dining room; a little house". Sense 2: "a small business; a newspaper with a modest circulation".
"small parishes" fits Sense 1 better, as it's a geographical/population entity, like a house or a town.

Wait, could it be Sense 2? "limited in size or scope". A parish is a geographic/administrative entity.
Actually, "small parishes" might be similar to "small town" or "small village". Usually, these go to Sense 1.
I will choose Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: council
Target surface form: council
Context:
It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the <t>council</t>'s program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=council%1:14:01:: | definition=a body serving in an administrative capacity | examples=student council
2. sense_key=council%1:14:02:: | definition=(Christianity) an assembly of theologians and bishops and other representatives of different churches or dioceses that is convened to regulate matters of discipline or doctrine
3. sense_key=council%1:14:00:: | definition=a meeting of people for consultation | examples=emergency council

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "council" in the context of bell ringing in churches.
The context mentions "theological colleges," "vicar," "church life," "rural parishes," and "inner-city churches."
"The council's program to attract and train ringers..."
Wait, is it an ecclesiastical council (sense 2) or an administrative body (sense 1)?
The text is about the Central Council of Church Bell Ringers (CCCCR) or something similar, but let's look at the WordNet senses.
Sense 1: a body serving in an administrative capacity
Sense 2: (Christianity) an assembly of theologians and bishops and other representatives of different churches or dioceses that is convened to regulate matters of discipline or doctrine
Sense 3: a meeting of people for consultation

The "council's program" is an ongoing administrative program, not a meeting (sense 3) or an assembly of theologians and bishops convened to regulate doctrine (sense 2). The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers acts as an administrative body for bell ringers.
Sense 1 fits best: "a body serving in an administrative capacity".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: program
Target surface form: program
Context:
It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's <t>program</t> to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=program%1:09:00:: | definition=a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished | synonyms=plan, programme | examples=they drew up a six-step plan; they discussed plans for a new bond issue
2. sense_key=program%1:09:01:: | definition=a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need | synonyms=programme | examples=he proposed an elaborate program of public works; working mothers rely on the day care program
3. sense_key=program%1:10:01:: | definition=a radio or television show | synonyms=broadcast, programme | examples=did you see his program last night?
4. sense_key=program%1:10:04:: | definition=a document stating the aims and principles of a political party | synonyms=platform, political platform, political program | examples=their candidate simply ignored the party platform; they won the election even though they offered no positive program
5. sense_key=program%1:10:00:: | definition=an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event | synonyms=programme | examples=you can't tell the players without a program
6. sense_key=program%1:10:05:: | definition=an integrated course of academic studies | synonyms=course of study, programme, curriculum, syllabus | examples=he was admitted to a new program at the university
7. sense_key=program%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute | synonyms=programme, computer program, computer programme | examples=the program required several hundred lines of code
8. sense_key=program%1:04:00:: | definition=a performance (or series of performances) at a public presentation | synonyms=programme | examples=the program lasted more than two hours

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "program" in the context: "But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin."

Let me analyze the context:
- It's about a council that has a "program" to attract and train bellringers.
- This involves steps/goals to be accomplished (attracting and training ringers).
- It could be sense 1 (a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished - plan, programme) or sense 2 (a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need - programme).

Let me compare:
- Sense 1: "a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished" - examples: "they drew up a six-step plan", "they discussed plans for a new bond issue"
- Sense 2: "a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need" - examples: "he proposed an elaborate program of public works", "working mothers rely on the day care program"

The council's program to attract and train ringers seems like it could fit either. However, this is a council (likely a public/organizational body) running a program to address a public need (lack of ringers for church bells). The program involves attracting and training ringers - this sounds like a system of projects/services intended to meet a need.

Sense 2 seems like a better fit because:
1. It's run by a council (an organization providing public services)
2. It's addressing a public need (lack of bellringers)
3. The example "he proposed an elaborate program of public works" is similar in structure to "the council's program to attract and train ringers"

Sense 1 is more about a plan with specific steps. While the program does have goals, the context suggests an ongoing organizational effort rather than just a plan.

I'll go with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attract
Target surface form: attract
Context:
It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to <t>attract</t> and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attract%2:35:00:: | definition=direct toward itself or oneself by means of some psychological power or physical attributes | synonyms=pull, pull in, draw, draw in | examples=Her good looks attract the stares of many men; The ad pulled in many potential customers
2. sense_key=attract%2:37:00:: | definition=be attractive to | synonyms=appeal | examples=The idea of a vacation appeals to me; The beautiful garden attracted many people
3. sense_key=attract%2:35:01:: | definition=exert a force on (a body) causing it to approach or prevent it from moving away | examples=the gravitational pull of a planet attracts other bodies

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "attract" in the context: "But the council's program to <t>attract</t> and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin."

The context is about a council's program to attract (recruit/get) people to become bell ringers.
They want to bring in new people to be ringers.

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attract%2:35:00:: | definition=direct toward itself or oneself by means of some psychological power or physical attributes | synonyms=pull, pull in, draw, draw in | examples=Her good looks attract the stares of many men; The ad pulled in many potential customers
2. sense_key=attract%2:37:00:: | definition=be attractive to | synonyms=appeal | examples=The idea of a vacation appeals to me; The beautiful garden attracted many people
3. sense_key=attract%2:35:01:: | definition=exert a force on (a body) causing it to approach or prevent it from moving away | examples=the gravitational pull of a planet attracts other bodies

The council's program to "attract" ringers means to pull in, draw in, or recruit new ringers.
Sense 1 fits this: "The ad pulled in many potential customers" is analogous to a program to pull in/attract ringers.
Sense 2 is more about appealing or being attractive. "The beautiful garden attracted many people." While related, Sense 1's "direct toward itself... by means of some psychological power... The ad pulled in many potential customers" perfectly fits a "program to attract ringers" (i.e., recruit/draw them in).

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best choice.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: train
Target surface form: train
Context:
It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and <t>train</t> ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=train%2:31:01:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=develop, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
2. sense_key=train%2:31:00:: | definition=undergo training or instruction in preparation for a particular role, function, or profession | synonyms=prepare | examples=She is training to be a teacher; He trained as a legal aid
3. sense_key=train%2:41:02:: | definition=develop (children's) behavior by instruction and practice; especially to teach self-control | synonyms=discipline, check, condition | examples=Parents must discipline their children; Is this dog trained?
4. sense_key=train%2:41:00:: | definition=educate for a future role or function | synonyms=prepare, groom | examples=He is grooming his son to become his successor; The prince was prepared to become King one day
5. sense_key=train%2:41:01:: | definition=teach or refine to be discriminative in taste or judgment | synonyms=educate, school, cultivate, civilize, civilise | examples=Cultivate your musical taste; Train your tastebuds
6. sense_key=train%2:33:00:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, take, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
7. sense_key=train%2:32:00:: | definition=teach and supervise (someone); act as a trainer or coach (to), as in sports | synonyms=coach | examples=He is training our Olympic team; She is coaching the crew
8. sense_key=train%2:29:00:: | definition=exercise in order to prepare for an event or competition | examples=She is training for the Olympics
9. sense_key=train%2:41:03:: | definition=cause to grow in a certain way by tying and pruning it | examples=train the vine
10. sense_key=train%2:38:00:: | definition=travel by rail or train | synonyms=rail | examples=They railed from Rome to Venice; She trained to Hamburg
11. sense_key=train%2:35:04:: | definition=drag loosely along a surface; allow to sweep the ground | synonyms=trail | examples=The toddler was trailing his pants; She trained her long scarf behind her

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about a program to "attract and train ringers" (bell ringers). The council's program aims to bring in new people and teach them how to be bell ringers. This is about creating people with a specific skill through training and teaching.

Let me look at the senses:
1. train%2:31:01:: - create by training and teaching - "The old master is training world-class violinists"
2. train%2:31:00:: - undergo training or instruction - "She is training to be a teacher" (intransitive)
3. train%2:41:02:: - develop behavior by instruction - "Parents must discipline their children"
4. train%2:41:00:: - educate for a future role or function - "He is grooming his son to become his successor"
5. train%2:41:01:: - teach or refine to be discriminative in taste - "Cultivate your musical taste"
6. train%2:33:00:: - aim - "He trained his gun"
7. train%2:32:00:: - coach in sports
8. train%2:29:00:: - exercise for competition - "She is training for the Olympics"
9. train%2:41:03:: - cause to grow in a certain way - "train the vine"
10. train%2:38:00:: - travel by rail
11. train%2:35:04:: - drag loosely

The context: "the council's program to attract and train ringers"
This is about teaching new people to become bell ringers. It's a program that creates new ringers through training and teaching.

Sense 1: "create by training and teaching" with example "The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future"
Sense 4: "educate for a future role or function" with example "He is grooming his son to become his successor"

Both 1 and 4 seem relevant. Sense 1 is about creating skilled people through training and teaching. Sense 4 is more about grooming someone for a specific future role (like succession).

The context is about training people to become bell ringers - creating new practitioners of a skill through teaching and training. Sense 1 fits well with "create by training and teaching" and the example about training violinists (a skilled activity, similar to bell ringing).

Sense 4 is more about preparing someone for a role, like grooming a successor. Bell ringing is more of a skill/activity that you train people in.

Also, "trained bellringers" mentioned earlier in the text refers to people who have been taught the skill. The program to "attract and train ringers" is about bringing in new people and teaching them the skill of bell ringing.

Sense 1 seems to be the best fit: "create by training and teaching" - the council's program aims to create new bell ringers by training and teaching them.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train <t>ringers</t> is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context is about bell ringing, church bells, vicars, bellringers, and training people to ring bells. The target word "ringers" refers to people who ring church bells.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is <t>only</t> partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "only" appears in the sentence: "But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin."

Here "only" means "merely" or "simply" - it's used to indicate that the program is just partially successful, nothing more than partly successful.

Sense 1: "and nothing more" with synonyms "merely, simply, just, but" and examples "I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time" - this fits well. "only partly successful" = "merely partly successful" = "simply partly successful"

Sense 2: "without any others being included or involved" with synonyms "entirely, exclusively, solely, alone" - this doesn't fit as well because "only partly successful" doesn't mean "exclusively partly successful."

The best sense is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, <t>says</t> Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "says" in the context: "But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin."

Let me analyze the context. Mr. Baldwin is being quoted. "Says Mr. Baldwin" is introducing a statement that Mr. Baldwin is making. This is a common journalistic construction where "says" introduces a direct quote or a reported statement.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you

This is the general sense of "say" meaning to express something in words, to state something.

2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war

This sense is about reporting or maintaining something, often with a connotation of asserting or alleging.

3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?

This is the "let's say" sense, which is not applicable here.

4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?

This is about texts having certain content, not applicable.

5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping

This is about giving orders, not applicable.

6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'

This is about pronunciation, not applicable.

7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?

This is about nonverbal communication, not applicable.

8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office

This is about uttering specific words aloud. Could be applicable, but this seems more about the act of uttering rather than the content of what's being said.

9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business

This is about stating an opinion or judgment.

10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'

This is about reciting fixed texts, not applicable.

11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

This is about indicating something, like a clock showing time, not applicable.

Now, looking at the context again: "But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin."

This is a journalistic construction where "says Mr. Baldwin" introduces a statement or claim made by Mr. Baldwin. He is stating something, expressing something in words.

The question is whether this is sense 1 (express in words) or sense 2 (report or maintain).

Sense 2 has synonyms "allege, aver" and the definition is "report or maintain." The examples are "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war." This sense has a connotation of asserting or claiming something that might be debatable or needs to be reported.

Sense 1 has synonyms "state, tell" and the definition is "express in words." The examples are "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you." This is the most general sense of "say."

In the context, Mr. Baldwin is making a statement about the council's program. He is expressing something in words. This seems like the most general sense, which would be sense 1.

However, I need to consider whether this is more like "reporting or maintaining" (sense 2). The context shows Mr. Baldwin is expressing his view or reporting on the situation. The construction "says Mr. Baldwin" is introducing a claim or statement he is making.

Looking at the broader context, there are multiple instances of "says":
- "Says Mr. Baldwin, 'We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience.'"
- "One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers..."
- "But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin."

In these instances, "says" is used to introduce statements or claims. The first and third are direct quotes from Mr. Baldwin, while the second is a survey report.

For the target instance, "says Mr. Baldwin" is introducing his statement. This is the general sense of "say" meaning to express in words, to state something.

I think sense 1 is the best fit here. "Says Mr. Baldwin" is simply introducing a statement he is making - he is expressing something in words. The definition "express in words" with synonyms "state, tell" fits well.

Sense 2 (report or maintain) has more of a connotation of alleging or asserting something that might be contentious, like "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime." While Mr. Baldwin is making a claim, it's more of a straightforward statement of his assessment rather than an allegation.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: right
Target surface form: Right
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "<t>Right</t> now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=right%4:02:04:: | definition=precisely, exactly | examples=stand right here!
2. sense_key=right%4:02:08:: | definition=immediately | examples=she called right after dinner
3. sense_key=right%4:02:09:: | definition=exactly | synonyms=flop | examples=he fell flop on his face
4. sense_key=right%4:02:03:: | definition=toward or on the right; also used figuratively | examples=he looked right and left; the party has moved right
5. sense_key=right%4:02:01:: | definition=in the right manner | synonyms=properly, decently, decent, in good order, the right way | examples=please do your job properly!; can't you carry me decent?
6. sense_key=right%4:02:00:: | definition=an interjection expressing agreement | synonyms=right on
7. sense_key=right%4:02:07:: | definition=completely | examples=she felt right at home; he fell right into the trap
8. sense_key=right%4:02:06:: | definition=(Southern regional intensive) very; to a great degree | synonyms=mighty, mightily, powerful | examples=the baby is mighty cute; he's mighty tired
9. sense_key=right%4:02:05:: | definition=in accordance with moral or social standards | synonyms=justly | examples=that serves him right; do right by him
10. sense_key=right%4:02:02:: | definition=in an accurate manner | synonyms=correctly, aright | examples=the flower had been correctly depicted by his son; he guessed right

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target is "Right now" in the context "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10."
The phrase "Right now" means "at this moment" or "currently".
Looking at the candidate senses:
1. precisely, exactly - stand right here!
2. immediately - she called right after dinner
3. exactly - he fell flop on his face
4. toward or on the right - he looked right and left
5. in the right manner - please do your job properly!
6. an interjection expressing agreement - right on
7. completely - she felt right at home
8. very; to a great degree - the baby is mighty cute
9. in accordance with moral or social standards - that serves him right
10. in an accurate manner - he guessed right

Wait, none of the senses explicitly says "at this moment" or "currently". Let's look at sense 2: "immediately" - she called right after dinner. "Right now" usually means "at the present time". Sense 2 is "immediately" or "right away".
Is there a sense for "right now" meaning "currently"?
Maybe sense 2 covers "right after" or "right now" as in "immediately"? "Right now" is more temporal. "Immediately" is the closest temporal one. Wait, "right now" = "at this very moment".
Let's reconsider sense 1: "precisely, exactly". "Right here", "right now".
Actually, "right now" means "at this exact moment" -> precisely, exactly. "Right now" = exactly now.
Sense 2: "immediately" - she called right after dinner. This means she called immediately after dinner.
Sense 1: "precisely, exactly" - stand right here! (exactly here). Could "Right now" be "exactly now"? Yes, "right" meaning "precisely".
But "Right now" in the sense of "currently".
Wait, let's look at WordNet 3.0 senses for right (adv):
1: precisely, exactly; "stand right here!"
2: immediately; "she called right after dinner"
3: exactly; "he fell flop on his face"
4: toward or on the right; also used figuratively; "he looked right and left"; "the party has moved right"
5: in the right manner; "please do your job properly!"; "can't you carry me decent?"
6: an interjection expressing agreement; "right on"
7: completely; "she felt right at home"; "he fell right into the trap"
8: (Southern regional intensive) very; to a great degree; "the baby is mighty cute"; "he's mighty tired"
9: in accordance with moral or social standards; "that serves him right"; "do right by him"
10: in an accurate manner; "the flower had been correctly depicted by his son"; "he guessed right"

Wait, does WordNet have a sense for "right" as in "right now" (at the present time)?
No, usually "right now" = "right now" is considered a phrase. If we look at "right" in "right now", it intensifies "now", meaning "exactly now". So it could be sense 1 (precisely, exactly).
Wait, another possible interpretation: "right" as "immediately" (sense 2). "Right now" -> immediately now? "Right away" is immediately. "Right now" is at this moment.
But "Right now" can also mean "currently".
If WordNet sense 1 is "precisely, exactly", "right now" fits "exactly now".
Let's look at sense 2. "immediately" - "she called right after dinner". "Right after" means immediately after.
Is there a "right" meaning "currently"? No, WordNet doesn't have it.
Let's think if sense 1 or 2 fits "right now" best.
Often, "right now" is annotated to sense 1 (precisely, exactly) because it means "precisely now".
Wait, "Right now" can be "at this moment".
Let me search my knowledge base for WordNet annotation of "right now".
In SemCor, "Right now" is often sense 1 (precisely, exactly)? No, wait.
Actually, "right now" might be sense 2 (immediately)? "Right now" means "at once" or "immediately".
Let's consider sense 2: "immediately". Example: "she called right after dinner".
Could "right now" mean "immediately"? "I need it right now" -> immediately.
But in "Right now, we're lucky if...", it means "currently" or "at present".
If we have to choose between "precisely, exactly" (sense 1) and "immediately" (sense 2).
"Right now" as an adverbial phrase meaning "at the present time" - "right" modifies "now". "Now" is the time. "Right" means "exactly". So "right now" = "exactly now" = "at this exact moment". So sense 1 fits.
Let me check if there's any other sense.
What about sense 7: "completely"? No.
Let's check WordNet 3.1:
right#2: precisely, exactly; "stand right here!"
right#3: immediately; "she called right after dinner"
right#4: exactly; "he fell flop on his face"
"Right now" = precisely now.
I will bet on sense 1. "precisely, exactly".
Let me double check SemCor or similar corpora for "Right now".
If I say "Right now", it means "at this moment".
Actually, let's consider sense 1 vs sense 2.
"Right now" -> precisely now. Sense 1.
"Right after" -> immediately after. Sense 2.
So for "Right now", it falls under precisely/exactly modifying now.
Let's choose 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: now
Target surface form: now
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right <t>now</t>, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "now" in the context: "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10".

The phrase "Right now" means "at the present moment" or "at present". It refers to the current time period, the present moment.

Let's look at the candidates:
1. in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events
2. in these times; nowadays, today
3. used to preface a command or reproof or request
4. at the present moment
5. without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening
6. (prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity
7. in the immediate past

"Right now" in this context refers to the present moment. "At the present moment" perfectly matches the usage of "Right now" in "Right now, we're lucky if...".
Sense 2 is "in these times; nowadays, today", which could also fit "we now rarely see". But "right now" usually emphasizes the present moment. Sense 4 is "at the present moment".

Let's check the synonyms:
Sense 4 synonyms: "at present".
Examples for Sense 4: "goods now on sale"; "the now-aging dictator".
"Right now" fits Sense 4, "at the present moment".

Wait, could "now" in "Right now" be Sense 4 or Sense 2?
The phrase "Right now" emphasizes the immediate present. Sense 4 is "at the present moment".
I'll go with Sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lucky
Target surface form: lucky
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're <t>lucky</t> if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lucky%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=occurring by chance | examples=a lucky escape; a lucky guess
2. sense_key=lucky%3:00:00:: | definition=having or bringing good fortune | examples=my lucky day; a lucky man
3. sense_key=lucky%5:00:00:propitious:00 | definition=presaging or likely to bring good luck | synonyms=golden, favorable, favourable, prosperous | examples=a favorable time to ask for a raise; lucky stars

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "lucky" in the context: "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10"

Let me analyze the context:
- They are talking about keeping one new ringer out of 10 after five years.
- This is a low retention rate (only 10%).
- Being "lucky" here means they are fortunate if even 1 out of 10 stays. It's not about bringing good fortune or presaging good luck. It's about being fortunate in a situation.

Sense 1: "occurring by chance" - examples: a lucky escape; a lucky guess. This is about things happening by chance.
Sense 2: "having or bringing good fortune" - examples: my lucky day; a lucky man. This is about being fortunate.
Sense 3: "presaging or likely to bring good luck" - examples: a favorable time to ask for a raise; lucky stars. This is about things being propitious.

The context "we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10" means they would consider themselves fortunate if 1 out of 10 stays. This is about being fortunate/having good fortune. This aligns with sense 2.

Wait, let me reconsider. "We're lucky if..." is a common expression meaning "we would be fortunate if..." This is about having good fortune in a specific situation. It's not about something occurring by chance (sense 1), nor about presaging good luck (sense 3). It's about being fortunate (sense 2).

Actually, let me think again. "We're lucky if..." - this could be interpreted as:
1. It's a matter of chance whether we keep 1 out of 10 (occurring by chance)
2. We would be fortunate if we keep 1 out of 10 (having good fortune)

The expression "we're lucky if X" means "we would consider ourselves fortunate if X happens" or "at best, X might happen." It implies that keeping 1 out of 10 would be a fortunate outcome. This is about being fortunate, which aligns with sense 2: "having or bringing good fortune" - "a lucky man" - someone who is fortunate.

I'll go with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five <t>years</t> we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10"
The target word is "years".
It refers to a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days, specifically "five years" meaning five periods of 365 days.

Sense 1: a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days. Examples: "she is 4 years old", "in the year 1920". "five years" fits perfectly with this sense.
Sense 2: a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity (e.g., school year).
Sense 3: the period of time that it takes for a planet to make a complete revolution around the sun.
Sense 4: a body of students who graduate together.

"five years" refers to five periods of 365 days. This aligns with Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one <t>new</t> ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about bellringers. Mr. Baldwin says: "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10."
This means they train new ringers (people who are new to the activity, inexperienced or newly recruited).
Sense 3: "lacking training or experience" | synonyms=raw | examples="the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits"
This fits perfectly. "New ringer" means someone who has just started ringing bells, a recruit, inexperienced.
Sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered" - examples: "a new law; new cars". This could also fit (recently recruited), but sense 3 specifically refers to people lacking training/experience, which fits "new ringer" (a recruit) very well.
Let's compare 1 and 3. "Keep one new ringer out of 10" - after 5 years, they keep 1 out of 10 recruits. "New ringer" refers to the recruits they have just trained. Sense 3's example "the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits" aligns perfectly with people newly entering a field.
Wait, "after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10". Does it mean the ringer is still "new" after 5 years? No, it means out of 10 *new* ringers (recruited at the start), they keep one after 5 years.
"new ringer" = newly recruited/inexperienced ringer.
Sense 3 is "lacking training or experience". The example is "the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits".
Sense 1 is "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered". Example: "a new law; new cars".
In the context of attracting and training ringers, "new ringer" refers to someone who has recently joined the activity, an inexperienced recruit. Sense 3 fits best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringer
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new <t>ringer</t> out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context clearly discusses church bells, bellringers in England, ringing bells, and rural parishes/churches. This matches sense 1: "a person who rings church bells."

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: add
Target surface form: adds
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he <t>adds</t>. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=add%2:30:00:: | definition=make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of | examples=We added two students to that dorm room; She added a personal note to her letter
2. sense_key=add%2:32:01:: | definition=state or say further | synonyms=append, supply | examples=`It doesn't matter,' he supplied
3. sense_key=add%2:40:00:: | definition=bestow a quality on | synonyms=lend, impart, bestow, contribute, bring | examples=Her presence lends a certain cachet to the company; The music added a lot to the play
4. sense_key=add%2:31:00:: | definition=make an addition by combining numbers | synonyms=add together | examples=Add 27 and 49, please!
5. sense_key=add%2:32:00:: | definition=determine the sum of | synonyms=total, tot, tot up, sum, sum up, summate | examples=Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town
6. sense_key=add%2:42:00:: | definition=constitute an addition | examples=This paper will add to her reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "adds" in the context: "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

This is a common usage where "adds" means to say something further, to continue speaking. It's used as a reporting verb in discourse.

Sense 2: "state or say further" with synonyms "append, supply" and example "`It doesn't matter,' he supplied" fits perfectly here. Mr. Baldwin is continuing his statement by saying more.

Sense 1 is about physically adding something to increase quantity/scope.
Sense 3 is about bestowing a quality.
Sense 4 is mathematical addition.
Sense 5 is determining a sum.
Sense 6 is constituting an addition.

The best sense is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bright
Target surface form: bright
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One <t>bright</t> sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bright%3:00:00:: | definition=emitting or reflecting light readily or in large amounts | examples=the sun was bright and hot; a bright sunlit room
2. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:colorful:00 | definition=having striking color | synonyms=brilliant, vivid | examples=bright dress; brilliant tapestries
3. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:intelligent:00 | definition=characterized by quickness and ease in learning | synonyms=smart | examples=some children are brighter in one subject than another; smart children talk earlier than the average
4. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:light:06 | definition=having lots of light either natural or artificial | examples=the room was bright and airy; a stage bright with spotlights
5. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:polished:00 | definition=made smooth and bright by or as if by rubbing; reflecting a sheen or glow | synonyms=burnished, lustrous, shining, shiny | examples=bright silver candlesticks; a burnished brass knocker
6. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:glorious:00 | definition=splendid | examples=the bright stars of stage and screen; a bright moment in history
7. sense_key=bright%3:00:02:: | definition=not made dim or less bright | synonyms=undimmed | examples=undimmed headlights; surprisingly the curtain started to rise while the houselights were still undimmed
8. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:reverberant:00 | definition=clear and sharp and ringing | synonyms=brilliant | examples=the bright sound of the trumpet section; the brilliant sound of the trumpets
9. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:happy:00 | definition=characterized by happiness or gladness | examples=bright faces; all the world seems bright and gay
10. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:auspicious:00 | definition=full or promise | synonyms=hopeful, promising | examples=had a bright future in publishing; the scandal threatened an abrupt end to a promising political career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field..."

Here "bright sign" means a promising or hopeful sign. The word "bright" is modifying "sign" in the sense of something that is full of promise, auspicious, hopeful.

Looking at the candidates:
- Sense 10: bright%5:00:00:auspicious:00 | definition=full or promise | synonyms=hopeful, promising | examples=had a bright future in publishing; the scandal threatened an abrupt end to a promising political career

This fits perfectly. "One bright sign" = "One promising/hopeful sign."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sign
Target surface form: sign
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright <t>sign</t> is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sign%1:10:05:: | definition=a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened) | synonyms=mark | examples=he showed signs of strain; they welcomed the signs of spring
2. sense_key=sign%1:10:00:: | definition=a public display of a message | examples=he posted signs in all the shop windows
3. sense_key=sign%1:10:03:: | definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signal, signaling | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped
4. sense_key=sign%1:06:01:: | definition=structure displaying a board on which advertisements can be posted | synonyms=signboard | examples=the highway was lined with signboards
5. sense_key=sign%1:15:00:: | definition=(astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided | synonyms=sign of the zodiac, star sign, mansion, house, planetary house
6. sense_key=sign%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease | examples=there were no signs of asphyxiation
7. sense_key=sign%1:24:00:: | definition=having an indicated pole (as the distinction between positive and negative electric charges) | synonyms=polarity | examples=he got the polarity of the battery reversed; charges of opposite sign
8. sense_key=sign%1:11:00:: | definition=an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come | synonyms=augury, foretoken, preindication | examples=he hoped it was an augury; it was a sign from God
9. sense_key=sign%1:10:01:: | definition=a gesture that is part of a sign language
10. sense_key=sign%1:10:06:: | definition=a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified; --de Saussure | examples=The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary
11. sense_key=sign%1:10:04:: | definition=a character indicating a relation between quantities | examples=don't forget the minus sign

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "sign" in the context: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women."

Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sign%1:10:05:: | definition=a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened) | synonyms=mark | examples=he showed signs of strain; they welcomed the signs of spring
8. sense_key=sign%1:11:00:: | definition=an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come | synonyms=augury, foretoken, preindication | examples=he hoped it was an augury; it was a sign from God

In the context, "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered..." refers to a positive indication or clue that the situation (lack of ringers) might be improving. It is a perceptible indication of something (a positive trend or hope for the future).

Sense 1 fits well: "a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent". The fact that women are entering the field is a clue/indication that things might be looking up.
Sense 8 also fits somewhat: "an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come". However, "bright sign" is a common collocation meaning a positive indication or omen.

Let's look closely at the distinction.
Sense 1: "a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened)". Examples: "signs of strain", "signs of spring". This is about a clue that something is or has happened.
Sense 8: "an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come". Examples: "he hoped it was an augury", "it was a sign from God". This is about predicting the future.

"One bright sign is that a growing number of women..." The fact that women are entering the field is an indication of a positive trend. Does it indicate things to come (Sense 8), or is it a perceptible indication of something (Sense 1)? "Signs of spring" is very close to "a bright sign" in the sense of an indication of an improving situation. "Sign of spring" is sense 1 in WordNet.

Actually, let's consider "One bright sign". "Sign" here means an indication. The fact that more women are entering is an indication of something positive. Sense 1 is defined as "a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent". Sense 8 is "an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come". The increasing number of women is an event/trend indicating that the future of bellringing might be better, but "a perceptible indication of something" (Sense 1) also works perfectly.

Wait, Sense 1 examples: "he showed signs of strain; they welcomed the signs of spring". "One bright sign is..." closely parallels "they welcomed the signs of spring" (something positive indicating a broader underlying state or change).

Let's choose 1. "a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent". "One bright sign" is a common phrase meaning a positive clue or indication.