[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the <t>bells</t> sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses church bells, change-ringing, bells weighing more than a ton, bells being rung, etc. This refers to the physical hollow devices made of metal that make ringing sounds when struck.

Sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - This fits church bells perfectly.

Sense 3 is about the sound of a bell, but the context clearly refers to the physical objects (they weigh more than a ton, they are rung, they are started off in rounds, etc.).

Sense 9 is about orchestral percussion instruments - tuned bells struck with a hammer. While related, the context is specifically about church bells used in change-ringing, not orchestral instruments.

The best answer is sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sound
Target surface form: sound
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells <t>sound</t> without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sound%2:39:06:: | definition=appear in a certain way | examples=This sounds interesting
2. sense_key=sound%2:39:00:: | definition=make a certain noise or sound | synonyms=go | examples=She went `Mmmmm'; The gun went `bang'
3. sense_key=sound%2:39:03:: | definition=give off a certain sound or sounds | examples=This record sounds scratchy
4. sense_key=sound%2:39:02:: | definition=announce by means of a sound | examples=sound the alarm
5. sense_key=sound%2:32:00:: | definition=utter with vibrating vocal chords | synonyms=voice, vocalize, vocalise
6. sense_key=sound%2:39:01:: | definition=cause to sound | examples=sound the bell; sound a certain note
7. sense_key=sound%2:30:00:: | definition=measure the depth of (a body of water) with a sounding line | synonyms=fathom

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The context is about church bells and how ringers vary the order in which the bells "sound". The bells are making noise/sounding.

Sense 1: appear in a certain way (like "sounds interesting")
Sense 2: make a certain noise or sound (She went 'Mmmmm', The gun went 'bang')
Sense 3: give off a certain sound or sounds (This record sounds scratchy)
Sense 4: announce by means of a sound (sound the alarm)
Sense 5: utter with vibrating vocal chords
Sense 6: cause to sound (sound the bell; sound a certain note)
Sense 7: measure depth

The sentence is: "the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

Here "sound" is used intransitively - the bells sound (the bells make a sound). This is about bells making a noise/sound.

Sense 2: make a certain noise or sound - "She went 'Mmmmm'; The gun went 'bang'" - This is about making a specific noise.
Sense 3: give off a certain sound or sounds - "This record sounds scratchy" - This seems more about the quality of sound produced.

In this context, the bells are making sounds - "the order in which the bells sound" means the order in which the bells make their sounds/ring.

Sense 2 seems most appropriate - the bells make a certain noise or sound. The bells sound = the bells go (make a noise). In fact, the synonym "go" aligns well with bell-ringing terminology where bells "go."

Sense 3 "give off a certain sound or sounds" with example "This record sounds scratchy" seems more about the impression or quality of sound, almost like a copular/linking verb usage.

Sense 2 "make a certain noise or sound" with synonym "go" and examples "She went 'Mmmmm'; The gun went 'bang'" is about producing a sound. The bells sound = the bells go = the bells make a noise.

So the best sense is 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: alter
Target surface form: altering
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without <t>altering</t> the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=alter%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to change; make different; cause a transformation | synonyms=change, modify | examples=The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city; The discussion has changed my thinking about the issue
2. sense_key=alter%2:30:00:: | definition=become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence | synonyms=change, vary | examples=her mood changes in accordance with the weather; The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season
3. sense_key=alter%2:36:00:: | definition=make an alteration to | examples=This dress needs to be altered
4. sense_key=alter%2:30:04:: | definition=insert words into texts, often falsifying it thereby | synonyms=interpolate, falsify
5. sense_key=alter%2:29:00:: | definition=remove the ovaries of | synonyms=neuter, spay, castrate | examples=Is your cat spayed?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "altering" in the context: "the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

Here, "altering" means changing or modifying the steady rhythm. The ringers vary the order of bells but do not change the steady rhythm. This is about causing something to change/making something different - specifically, they are NOT altering (changing) the rhythm.

Let me look at the senses:

1. alter%2:30:01:: - cause to change; make different; cause a transformation | synonyms=change, modify - This is transitive, causing something to change.

2. alter%2:30:00:: - become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence | synonyms=change, vary - This is intransitive, becoming different.

3. alter%2:36:00:: - make an alteration to (like tailoring)

4. alter%2:30:04:: - insert words into texts, often falsifying

5. alter%2:29:00:: - remove the ovaries of

In the context, "without altering the steady rhythm" - this is transitive. They are not causing the rhythm to change. The rhythm is the object of "altering."

Sense 1 is transitive: "cause to change; make different; cause a transformation" - synonyms change, modify. Examples: "The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city"

Sense 2 is intransitive: "become different in some particular way" - examples: "her mood changes in accordance with the weather"

The context uses "altering" transitively with "the steady rhythm" as the object. So sense 1 seems correct - they are not causing the rhythm to change/making it different.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: steady
Target surface form: steady
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the <t>steady</t> rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=steady%3:00:00:: | definition=not subject to change or variation especially in behavior | examples=a steady beat; a steady job
2. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:stable:00 | definition=not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall | synonyms=firm, unfluctuating | examples=stocks are still firm
3. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:secure:03 | definition=securely in position; not shaky | examples=held the ladder steady
4. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:resolute:00 | definition=marked by firm determination or resolution; not shakable | synonyms=firm, steadfast, stiff, unbendable, unfaltering, unshakable | examples=firm convictions; a firm mouth
5. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:frequent:00 | definition=relating to a person who does something regularly | synonyms=regular | examples=a regular customer; a steady drinker
6. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:unexcitable:00 | definition=not easily excited or upset | examples=steady nerves

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "steady" in the context: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

Here, "steady rhythm" refers to a rhythm that does not change or vary. The ringers vary the order of the bells, but the rhythm itself remains constant/unchanging.

Looking at the candidates:

1. "not subject to change or variation especially in behavior" - examples: "a steady beat; a steady job" - This fits well. A "steady rhythm" is like a "steady beat" - it doesn't change or vary.

2. "not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall" - examples: "stocks are still firm" - This is more about financial stability.

3. "securely in position; not shaky" - examples: "held the ladder steady" - This is about physical stability.

4. "marked by firm determination or resolution; not shakable" - This is about determination.

5. "relating to a person who does something regularly" - This is about habitual behavior.

6. "not easily excited or upset" - This is about temperament.

Sense 1 is clearly the best fit. The "steady rhythm" means a rhythm that doesn't change or vary, similar to the example "a steady beat."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rhythm
Target surface form: rhythm
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady <t>rhythm</t> of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:01:: | definition=the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music | synonyms=beat, musical rhythm | examples=the piece has a fast rhythm; the conductor set the beat
2. sense_key=rhythm%1:07:01:: | definition=recurring at regular intervals | synonyms=regular recurrence
3. sense_key=rhythm%1:28:00:: | definition=an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, round | examples=the never-ending cycle of the seasons
4. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:00:: | definition=the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements | synonyms=speech rhythm | examples=the rhythm of Frost's poetry
5. sense_key=rhythm%1:04:00:: | definition=natural family planning in which ovulation is assumed to occur 14 days before the onset of a period (the fertile period would be assumed to extend from day 10 through day 18 of her cycle) | synonyms=rhythm method of birth control, rhythm method, calendar method of birth control, calendar method

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about church bells being rung in a steady rhythm of striking. The ringers vary the order of the bells but maintain the steady rhythm of the striking. This refers to the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music - the beat of the bells striking.

Sense 1: "the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music" with synonyms "beat, musical rhythm" and examples "the piece has a fast rhythm; the conductor set the beat" - this fits well because the bells are producing music with a steady beat/rhythm.

Sense 2: "recurring at regular intervals" with synonym "regular recurrence" - this could also fit since the bells strike at regular intervals.

The context is specifically about bell ringing as a musical exercise, and the "rhythm of the striking" refers to the musical beat. Sense 1 seems most appropriate since it's about the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music, and the bells are playing music.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: striking
Target surface form: striking
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the <t>striking</t>. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=striking%1:11:00:: | definition=the physical coming together of two or more things | synonyms=contact, impinging | examples=contact with the pier scraped paint from the hull
2. sense_key=striking%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of contacting one thing with another | synonyms=hit, hitting | examples=repeated hitting raised a large bruise; after three misses she finally got a hit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "striking" in the context: "without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
The context is about bell ringing (change-ringing). The "striking" here refers to the physical act of the bells being rung, i.e., the clapper hitting the bell, or the bells sounding.
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=striking%1:11:00:: | definition=the physical coming together of two or more things | synonyms=contact, impinging | examples=contact with the pier scraped paint from the hull
2. sense_key=striking%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of contacting one thing with another | synonyms=hit, hitting | examples=repeated hitting raised a large bruise; after three misses she finally got a hit

The rhythm of the striking of the bells. "Striking" here refers to the act of the clapper hitting the bell or the bells sounding.
Sense 1: "the physical coming together of two or more things" (noun, contact, impinging)
Sense 2: "the act of contacting one thing with another" (noun, hit, hitting)

Sense 2 seems to fit the act of ringing a bell better, as it involves a hit (striking the bell).
Wait, let's look at the definitions again.
Sense 1: the physical coming together of two or more things
Sense 2: the act of contacting one thing with another

"The steady rhythm of the hitting/striking."
"The steady rhythm of the contact/impinging."
"rhythm of the striking" - striking a bell is a hit.
"hit" vs "contact". A bell is struck. "Striking" a bell is an act of contacting one thing (the clapper/hammer) with another (the bell). This aligns well with Sense 2. "repeated hitting" - rhythm of the hitting.

Let's check if there's a specific sense in WordNet for "striking" in bell ringing. No, these are the two candidate senses provided.
In WordNet, "striking" as a noun:
Sense 1: striking%1:11:00:: (the physical coming together of two or more things) -> contact, impinging, striking
Sense 2: striking%1:04:00:: (the act of contacting one thing with another) -> hit, hitting, striking

In the context of bells, you strike a bell. The act of striking a bell is a "hit". The rhythm of the striking is the rhythm of the hits.
Therefore, Sense 2 seems better because it denotes the *act* of contacting one thing with another (striking a bell), which has a rhythm.
"hit" / "hitting" matches the act of hitting a bell to make a sound.

Let's consider "contact". "Contact" doesn't necessarily imply the forceful nature of ringing a bell. "Hit" fits the forceful act of striking a bell perfectly.

So the correct sense is 2.
{"sense_index": 2}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: variation
Target surface form: variation
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each <t>variation</t>, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=variation%1:11:01:: | definition=an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change | synonyms=fluctuation
2. sense_key=variation%1:04:00:: | definition=an activity that varies from a norm or standard | synonyms=variance | examples=any variation in his routine was immediately reported
3. sense_key=variation%1:10:00:: | definition=a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished
4. sense_key=variation%1:09:01:: | definition=something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=version, variant, edition | examples=an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word
5. sense_key=variation%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that deviates from a norm or standard | examples=he patented a variation on the sandal
6. sense_key=variation%1:25:00:: | definition=the angle (at a particular location) between magnetic north and true north | synonyms=magnetic declination, magnetic variation
7. sense_key=variation%1:22:00:: | definition=the process of varying or being varied
8. sense_key=variation%1:19:00:: | definition=(astronomy) any perturbation of the mean motion or orbit of a planet or satellite (especially a perturbation of the earth's moon)
9. sense_key=variation%1:18:00:: | definition=(biology) an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration | synonyms=mutant, mutation, sport
10. sense_key=variation%1:04:02:: | definition=(ballet) a solo dance or dance figure | synonyms=pas seul
11. sense_key=variation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard | examples=who is responsible for these variations in taxation?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about change-ringing of bells. The ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound. "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."

Let's analyze the senses.
1. fluctuation - rate or magnitude of change
2. an activity that varies from a norm or standard - variance - "any variation in his routine"
3. a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished
4. something a little different from others of the same type - version, variant, edition
5. an artifact that deviates from a norm or standard
6. magnetic declination
7. the process of varying or being varied
8. astronomy perturbation
9. biology mutation
10. ballet solo
11. the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard - "who is responsible for these variations in taxation?"

The context says: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as 'methods'..."
A "variation" here is a specific arrangement or order in which the bells sound. "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound... Each variation, or change, can occur only once... Ringers memorize patterns of changes"
Wait, "Each variation, or change" - it refers to a specific instance of a pattern of changes.
"something a little different from others of the same type" (sense 4: variant, version, edition)
"a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished" (sense 3)
"an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change" (sense 1)

Let's look at the wording: "the ringers begin varying the order... Each variation, or change, can occur only once".
A variation is an instance of a changed order.
Sense 1: "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change" - "an instance of change" fits perfectly because it says "Each variation, or change, can occur only once".
Sense 7: "the process of varying or being varied" - not each instance, but the process.
Sense 11: "the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard" - doesn't fit "each variation".

Is there any better fit?
Let's re-read sense 1: "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change". Synonyms: fluctuation.
"Each variation, or change, can occur only once" - it equates variation with change, specifically an instance of it.

Let's check sense 2: "an activity that varies from a norm or standard". The ringing is a sequence of changes.
Wait, could it be sense 1? "an instance of change"
Could it be sense 4? "something a little different from others of the same type" (version, variant). A variation is a variant of the sequence. But the text equates it to "change", "Each variation, or change".
Sense 1 definition says "an instance of change".
Let's check sense 11: "the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard".
Let's check sense 7: "the process of varying or being varied".

"Each variation, or change" directly defines it as an instance of change.
Sense 1: "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change"

Wait, look at sense 3: "a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished". Bells playing tunes. But change-ringing is not really about a musical theme being modified, it's about permutations of bells.

In change ringing, a "change" is a sequence of bells. So "Each variation, or change" means each sequence.
"an instance of change" (sense 1).
Could it be sense 1? Yes.

Let's check Sense 1 again: "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change"
Is there any other sense that matches "something a little different from others of the same type"? (Sense 4)
In change ringing, a "change" is a row, a specific permutation. A variation is one specific permutation.
But "Each variation, or change" makes sense 1 ("an instance of change") the most direct fit.

Wait, let's look at WordNet sense 1 for variation:
variation%1:11:01:: -> an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change
Wait, is this the noun.cognition? No, noun.event (11) or noun.attribute (09)? Wait, 1:11 is noun.event?
Actually, let's look at the parts of speech.
1:11:01:: is noun.event? No, 1:11 is noun.act? No.
But the gloss is "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change". "Each variation, or change" = an instance of change.

Wait, another option is sense 7: "the process of varying or being varied" (1:22:00:: is noun.process).
But "Each variation, or change, can occur only once" - if it's a process, it can't occur once. So it must be a discrete entity.
So sense 1 ("an instance of change") is a discrete entity.
Sense 11 ("the act of changing") is an act.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit. "an instance of change".
Let me double-check if there are other contexts where "variation" in change ringing is categorized.
"Each variation, or change" - "change" in change ringing is a sequence.
If "change" is a sequence, it is "something a little different from others of the same type" (sense 4).
Wait, "variation%1:04:00::" is "an activity that varies from a norm or standard".
"variation%1:09:01::" is "something a little different from others of the same type" (version, variant, edition).
A "change" in bell ringing is a specific arrangement of the bells. Is it an instance of change or a variant?
In change ringing, a "change" is "a sequence of the different bells in a particular order."
So each change is a variant of the sequence.
But the text literally says "Each variation, or change".
If the text equates variation to "change", and sense 1 is "an instance of change", that seems incredibly direct.

Let's look at sense 1: "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change"
Synonyms: fluctuation.
Examples: "the rate or magnitude of change"
"Each variation, or change, can occur only once"
"instance of change" fits exactly with "each change".

Let's think if there's any reason to pick 4. "something a little different from others of the same type". A variation of a sandal (sense 5). An experimental version of a night fighter (sense 4). These are about objects or concepts.
Here, it's a permutation of bells. "an instance of change" (sense 1).

I will output 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: occur
Target surface form: occur
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can <t>occur</t> only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=occur%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
2. sense_key=occur%2:31:00:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=come | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
3. sense_key=occur%2:42:03:: | definition=to be found to exist | examples=sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about change-ringing, where each variation (or "change") can occur only once. This means each variation can happen/take place only once.

Sense 1: "come to pass" - synonyms: happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out. This fits "each variation can occur only once" meaning each variation can happen only once.

Sense 2: "come to one's mind; suggest itself" - this doesn't fit.

Sense 3: "to be found to exist" - examples about sexism occurring in workplaces, precious stones occurring in Brazil. This is about something existing/being found in a location. Could "each variation can occur only once" mean "each variation can be found to exist only once"? That's a stretch. It's more naturally "each variation can happen only once."

So sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur <t>only</t> once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "only" in the sentence: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."

Here, "only once" means exclusively once, without any other occurrences. It means that each variation can happen solely once and no more.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "and nothing more" - synonyms: merely, simply, just, but - examples: "I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time"
2. "without any others being included or involved" - synonyms: entirely, exclusively, solely, alone - examples: "was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children"
3. "with nevertheless the final result" - examples: "He arrived only to find his wife dead"
4. "in the final outcome" - examples: "These news will only make you more upset"
5. "except that" - examples: "It was the same story; only this time she came out better"
6. "never except when" - synonyms: only if, only when - examples: "call me only if your cold gets worse"
7. "as recently as" - examples: "I spoke to him only an hour ago"

The context says "Each variation, or change, can occur only once." This means each variation can occur exclusively once - it can happen once and no more times. This is about exclusivity - without any other occurrences being involved.

Sense 2 seems to fit: "without any others being included or involved" with synonyms like "exclusively, solely, alone." Each variation can occur solely/exclusively once.

But let me also consider sense 1: "and nothing more" - "can occur only once" could mean "can occur merely once" or "can occur just once." This also seems plausible.

The distinction between sense 1 and sense 2:
- Sense 1 is more about "merely, simply, just" - limiting the scope or degree
- Sense 2 is about "exclusively, solely, alone" - without others being involved

"Only once" - here "only" is modifying "once" to mean that the variation can happen exclusively one time, no more. This seems more like sense 2 (exclusively, solely) or sense 1 (just, merely).

Actually, thinking more carefully: "can occur only once" means "can occur just once" or "can occur merely once." The "only" here is limiting the number of times to one - it's saying "nothing more than once." This seems closer to sense 1: "and nothing more" - it can occur once and nothing more.

But "only once" could also be interpreted as "exclusively once" - without any other times being involved. This would be sense 2.

Let me think about this more carefully. "Only once" is a common phrase meaning "one time and no more."

Sense 1 examples: "I was merely asking" - here "merely" limits the action to just asking, nothing more. "It is simply a matter of time" - just a matter of time, nothing more.

Sense 2 examples: "was entirely to blame" - exclusively to blame, no one else. "A school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children" - exclusively for problem children.

In "Each variation can occur only once" - the "only" is limiting to one occurrence. It's saying each variation can happen just once and not again. This seems like "and nothing more" (sense 1) - it can occur once and nothing more.

But it could also be seen as "exclusively once" - without any other occurrences. Sense 2.

Hmm, I think sense 1 is more appropriate here. "Only once" = "just once" = "merely once" - meaning the variation occurs one time and nothing more. The synonym "just" from sense 1 fits well: "can occur just once."

Actually, let me reconsider. "Can occur only once" - the meaning is that it is restricted to occurring exactly one time. This is about exclusivity of the occurrence - solely once, exclusively once.

But looking at the examples more carefully:
- Sense 1: "I was merely asking" - the action is reduced to just asking
- Sense 2: "was entirely to blame" - exclusively, no one else involved

In "only once," the "only" is restricting the count to one. It's saying "no more than once" or "exactly once and not more." This feels more like sense 1 ("and nothing more" - once and nothing more) than sense 2 ("without any others being included" - which is more about who/what is involved).

Actually, I think I'm overcomplicating this. "Only once" most naturally means "just once" or "merely once" - the variation can happen just one time. This aligns with sense 1: "and nothing more" with synonyms like "just, merely, simply."

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: once
Target surface form: once
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only <t>once</t>, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context says: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."

Here "once" means "on one occasion" - each variation can occur only one time. This matches sense 1: "on one occasion" with synonyms "one time, in one case" and example "once I ran into her."

Sense 2 (as soon as) doesn't fit. Sense 3 (at a previous time) doesn't fit.

So the answer is sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rule
Target surface form: rules
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the <t>rules</t> state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rule%1:09:00:: | definition=a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior | synonyms=regulation | examples=it was his rule to take a walk before breakfast; short haircuts were the regulation
2. sense_key=rule%1:09:01:: | definition=something regarded as a normative example | synonyms=convention, normal, pattern, formula | examples=the convention of not naming the main character; violence is the rule not the exception
3. sense_key=rule%1:10:00:: | definition=prescribed guide for conduct or action | synonyms=prescript
4. sense_key=rule%1:10:01:: | definition=(linguistics) a rule describing (or prescribing) a linguistic practice | synonyms=linguistic rule
5. sense_key=rule%1:09:03:: | definition=a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct | synonyms=principle | examples=their principles of composition characterized all their works
6. sense_key=rule%1:28:00:: | definition=the duration of a monarch's or government's power | examples=during the rule of Elizabeth
7. sense_key=rule%1:26:00:: | definition=dominance or power through legal authority | synonyms=dominion | examples=France held undisputed dominion over vast areas of Africa; the rule of Caesar
8. sense_key=rule%1:10:02:: | definition=directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted | examples=he knew the rules of chess
9. sense_key=rule%1:10:03:: | definition=any one of a systematic body of regulations defining the way of life of members of a religious order | examples=the rule of St. Dominic
10. sense_key=rule%1:09:02:: | definition=a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system | synonyms=principle | examples=the principle of the conservation of mass; the principle of jet propulsion
11. sense_key=rule%1:09:04:: | definition=(mathematics) a standard procedure for solving a class of mathematical problems | synonyms=formula | examples=he determined the upper bound with Descartes' rule of signs; he gave us a general formula for attacking polynomials
12. sense_key=rule%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring stick consisting of a strip of wood or metal or plastic with a straight edge that is used for drawing straight lines and measuring lengths | synonyms=ruler

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about change-ringing (bell ringing), where "the rules state" that each variation or change can occur only once. This refers to prescribed guidelines for how the activity of change-ringing is to be conducted.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. rule%1:09:00:: - a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior
2. rule%1:09:01:: - something regarded as a normative example
3. rule%1:10:00:: - prescribed guide for conduct or action
8. rule%1:10:02:: - directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted

The context is about the rules governing the practice of change-ringing, which is a structured activity/sport-like exercise. Sense 8 seems most appropriate since change-ringing is a structured activity with specific directions defining how it's conducted. It's like a game or sport with rules.

However, sense 3 (prescribed guide for conduct or action) could also fit. But sense 8 specifically mentions "the way a game or sport is to be conducted" which fits change-ringing better as it's a structured activity/exercise.

Let me reconsider. Change-ringing is described as "a mind-boggling exercise" and has patterns called "methods." The rules state that each variation can occur only once. This is about the rules governing how this activity is performed.

Sense 8: "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted" - change-ringing is essentially a structured activity/game-like exercise. The rules define how it's conducted.

I'll go with sense 8.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: state
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules <t>state</t>. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=say, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=state%2:32:01:: | definition=put before | synonyms=submit, put forward, posit | examples=I submit to you that the accused is guilty
3. sense_key=state%2:32:02:: | definition=indicate through a symbol, formula, etc. | synonyms=express | examples=Can you express this distance in kilometers?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "state" in the sentence: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."

Let me analyze the context. "The rules state" means the rules say/specify something. This is a common usage where "state" means "express in words" or "say."

Looking at the senses:
1. state%2:32:00:: - express in words - synonyms: say, tell - examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her"
2. state%2:32:01:: - put before - synonyms: submit, put forward, posit
3. state%2:32:02:: - indicate through a symbol, formula, etc. - synonyms: express

"The rules state" = the rules say/express in words that each variation can occur only once. This matches sense 1 (express in words, synonyms say/tell).

Sense 2 is about putting something forward as a proposition (like "I submit to you that...").
Sense 3 is about indicating through a symbol or formula.

Sense 1 is the best fit. "The rules state X" = the rules say X.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: Ringers
Context:
The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. <t>Ringers</t> memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about church bell ringing, specifically "change-ringing" in England. The "ringers" are people who ring church bells by varying the order in which the bells sound and memorizing patterns of changes.

Sense 1: a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) - this fits perfectly.
Sense 2: a person who is almost identical to another - doesn't fit.
Sense 3: a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses - doesn't fit.
Sense 4: (horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit - doesn't fit.

The best sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: method
Target surface form: methods
Context:
The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "<t>methods</t>, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=method%1:09:00:: | definition=a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps)
2. sense_key=method%1:04:00:: | definition=an acting technique introduced by Stanislavsky in which the actor recalls emotions or reactions from his or her own life and uses them to identify with the character being portrayed | synonyms=method acting

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "method" and the surface form is "methods". The context is about change-ringing (bell ringing). "Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as 'methods', which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters."

Sense 1: "a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps)" - This fits because methods are systematic patterns of changes.
Sense 2: "an acting technique introduced by Stanislavsky..." - This is clearly not it.

The best sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: name
Target surface form: names
Context:
The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding <t>names</t> like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=name%1:10:00:: | definition=a language unit by which a person or thing is known | examples=his name really is George Washington; those are two names for the same thing
2. sense_key=name%1:26:00:: | definition=a person's reputation | examples=he wanted to protect his good name
3. sense_key=name%1:14:00:: | definition=family based on male descent | synonyms=gens | examples=he had no sons and there was no one to carry on his name
4. sense_key=name%1:18:00:: | definition=a well-known or notable person | synonyms=figure, public figure | examples=they studied all the great names in the history of France; she is an important figure in modern music
5. sense_key=name%1:04:00:: | definition=by the sanction or authority of | examples=halt in the name of the law
6. sense_key=name%1:10:01:: | definition=a defamatory or abusive word or phrase | synonyms=epithet

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "names" in the context: "Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as 'methods,' which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters."

Here, "names" refers to the words by which these methods are known (e.g., "Kent Treble Bob Major" or "Grandsire Caters" are names for these methods). This aligns with sense 1: "a language unit by which a person or thing is known" with examples like "his name really is George Washington; those are two names for the same thing."

Let me check the other senses:
- Sense 2: reputation - doesn't fit
- Sense 3: family based on male descent - doesn't fit
- Sense 4: a well-known or notable person - doesn't fit
- Sense 5: by the sanction or authority of - doesn't fit
- Sense 6: a defamatory or abusive word or phrase - doesn't fit (though "odd-sounding" might suggest something negative, these are just names/labels for methods, not defamatory)

Sense 1 is clearly the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: series
Target surface form: series
Context:
Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A <t>series</t> of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=series%1:14:00:: | definition=similar things placed in order or happening one after another | examples=they were investigating a series of bank robberies
2. sense_key=series%1:10:01:: | definition=a serialized set of programs | synonyms=serial | examples=a comedy series; the Masterworks concert series
3. sense_key=series%1:10:00:: | definition=a periodical that appears at scheduled times | synonyms=serial, serial publication
4. sense_key=series%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) several contests played successively by the same teams | examples=the visiting team swept the series
5. sense_key=series%1:24:00:: | definition=(electronics) connection of components in such a manner that current flows first through one and then through the other | examples=the voltage divider consisted of a series of fixed resistors
6. sense_key=series%1:14:01:: | definition=a group of postage stamps having a common theme or a group of coins or currency selected as a group for study or collection | examples=the Post Office issued a series commemorating famous American entertainers; his coin collection included the complete series of Indian-head pennies
7. sense_key=series%1:09:00:: | definition=(mathematics) the sum of a finite or infinite sequence of expressions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context describes "a series of 5,000 or so changes" in change-ringing (bell ringing). Each change is a variation in the order bells sound, and these changes happen one after another. This fits the definition of sense 1: "similar things placed in order or happening one after another."

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: takes
Context:
Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and <t>takes</t> about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and <t>takes</t> about three hours."
Here, "takes" refers to requiring time.
Looking at the candidate senses:
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time

This matches perfectly: "A series of 5,000 or so changes... takes about three hours" -> requires (time).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: about
Target surface form: about
Context:
Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes <t>about</t> three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=about%4:02:00:: | definition=(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct | synonyms=approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less | examples=lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute
2. sense_key=about%4:02:06:: | definition=all around or on all sides | synonyms=around | examples=dirty clothes lying around (or about); let's look about for help
3. sense_key=about%4:02:01:: | definition=in the area or vicinity | synonyms=around | examples=a few spectators standing about; hanging around
4. sense_key=about%4:02:04:: | definition=used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction | synonyms=around | examples=wandering about with no place to go; people were rushing about
5. sense_key=about%4:02:02:: | definition=in or to a reversed position or direction | synonyms=around | examples=about face; suddenly she turned around
6. sense_key=about%4:02:03:: | definition=in rotation or succession | examples=turn about is fair play
7. sense_key=about%4:02:05:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is "takes about three hours" where "about" means approximately three hours.

Sense 1: "(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct" with synonyms like "approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less" and examples like "lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute" — this fits perfectly.

Sense 7: "(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but" — this doesn't fit because the peal takes approximately three hours, not nearly three hours (i.e., almost but not quite three hours).

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hour
Target surface form: hours
Context:
Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three <t>hours</t>. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hour%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day | synonyms=hr, 60 minutes | examples=the job will take more than an hour
2. sense_key=hour%1:28:01:: | definition=clock time | synonyms=time of day | examples=the hour is getting late
3. sense_key=hour%1:28:02:: | definition=a special and memorable period | examples=it was their finest hour
4. sense_key=hour%1:07:00:: | definition=distance measured by the time taken to cover it | synonyms=minute | examples=we live an hour from the airport; its just 10 minutes away

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context says "takes about three hours". This refers to a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day, specifically three of them. Sense 1 is "a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day" with example "the job will take more than an hour". This matches perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: look
Target surface form: look
Context:
Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A <t>look</t> at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=look%1:07:01:: | definition=the feelings expressed on a person's face | synonyms=expression, aspect, facial expression, face | examples=a sad expression; a look of triumph
2. sense_key=look%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of directing the eyes toward something and perceiving it visually | synonyms=looking, looking at | examples=he went out to have a look; his look was fixed on her eyes
3. sense_key=look%1:07:00:: | definition=physical appearance | examples=I don't like the looks of this place
4. sense_key=look%1:26:00:: | definition=the general atmosphere of a place or situation and the effect that it has on people | synonyms=spirit, tone, feel, feeling, flavor, flavour | examples=the feel of the city excited him; a clergyman improved the tone of the meeting

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "look" in the context: "A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved."

This means "an examination" or "the act of looking at something." It refers to the act of directing attention to something to observe it.

Candidate sense 2: "the act of directing the eyes toward something and perceiving it visually" with examples "he went out to have a look; his look was fixed on her eyes" - this fits "A look at a Thursday night practice..."

The phrase "A look at" matches "he went out to have a look."

Sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: night
Target surface form: night
Context:
Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday <t>night</t> practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=night%1:28:00:: | definition=the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside | synonyms=nighttime, dark
2. sense_key=night%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of ignorance or backwardness or gloom
3. sense_key=night%1:28:04:: | definition=the period spent sleeping | examples=I had a restless night
4. sense_key=night%1:28:02:: | definition=the dark part of the diurnal cycle considered a time unit | examples=three nights later he collapsed
5. sense_key=night%1:26:00:: | definition=darkness | examples=it vanished into the night
6. sense_key=night%1:28:05:: | definition=a shortening of nightfall | examples=they worked from morning to night
7. sense_key=night%1:28:03:: | definition=the time between sunset and midnight | examples=he watched television every night
8. sense_key=night%1:18:00:: | definition=Roman goddess of night; daughter of Erebus; counterpart of Greek Nyx | synonyms=Nox

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "night" appears in "a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church." This refers to the time after sunset, the dark part of the day, when the practice takes place. Sense 1 (the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside) fits well. Sense 7 (the time between sunset and midnight) could also fit since a practice would typically be in the evening. But "Thursday night" is a common expression referring to the nighttime period generally.

Let me compare senses 1 and 7. Sense 1 is "the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside" - general nighttime. Sense 7 is "the time between sunset and midnight" - evening. "Thursday night practice" most naturally refers to the evening/night period. Both could work, but sense 1 is the more general and common usage for "Thursday night."

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: practice
Target surface form: practice
Context:
Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night <t>practice</t> at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=practice%1:04:00:: | definition=a customary way of operation or behavior | synonyms=pattern | examples=it is their practice to give annual raises; they changed their dietary pattern
2. sense_key=practice%1:04:02:: | definition=systematic training by multiple repetitions | synonyms=exercise, drill, practice session, recitation | examples=practice makes perfect
3. sense_key=practice%1:04:04:: | definition=translating an idea into action | synonyms=praxis | examples=a hard theory to put into practice; differences between theory and praxis of communism
4. sense_key=practice%1:04:03:: | definition=the exercise of a profession | examples=the practice of the law; I took over his practice when he retired
5. sense_key=practice%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge of how something is usually done | examples=it is not the local practice to wear shorts to dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context describes a "practice" at a church where ringers gather to train and rehearse bell ringing. It's a Thursday night practice session where they stand in a circle and pull ropes. This is clearly a practice session - systematic training or rehearsal.

Looking at the senses:
1. Customary way of operation or behavior - not quite
2. Systematic training by multiple repetitions - with synonyms like "practice session" - this fits perfectly. A Thursday night practice is a practice session where they train.
3. Translating an idea into action - no
4. Exercise of a profession - no
5. Knowledge of how something is usually done - no

Sense 2 is the best match.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: church
Context:
Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot <t>church</t> in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "church" in the context "St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London".
The context refers to a specific building/place ("A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church").
Sense 2 (church%1:06:00::) is "a place for public (especially Christian) worship", synonym "church building".
Sense 1 is a group of Christians (denomination).
Sense 3 is a service.
Sense 4 is the body of people attending a local church.

Since "St. Mary Abbot church" refers to a building in a district of London, Sense 2 is the best fit.
Let's check the definition: "a place for public (especially Christian) worship".
The context: "at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London... Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle... pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber." This clearly describes a physical building.

Therefore, the sense index is 2.