[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's <t>growth</t> in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about cancer and genes. The target word "growth" is used in the phrase "hold a cell's <t>growth</t> in check".
This means the cell's proliferation, its process of growing larger and dividing.
Candidate senses:
1. (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding...
3. a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important (increase, increment)
6. (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)

In the context, "a cell's growth", it refers to the cell dividing and growing in number.
Sense 3 (increase, increment, more numerous) fits well with the idea of "growth-suppressing proteins" (preventing the increase/proliferation of cells).
But wait, "cell growth" is a standard biological process where cells increase in size and divide.
Let's check sense 1: "the process of an individual organism growing organically... from a simple to a more complex level". This usually applies to an *organism*, e.g., development of a child.
Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important". "More numerous" fits cell proliferation.
Wait, "growth-suppressing proteins" hold a cell's growth in check.
Let's reconsider sense 1: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically". A cell is not usually considered an "organism" in this macroscopic sense, but it is a biological entity.
However, "growth of culture" is sense 2.
"Vegetation that has grown" is sense 4.
"pathology: abnormal proliferation" is sense 6. But the text says "hold a cell's growth in check", which is *normal* growth, as the genes are "functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check." If the genes are damaged, cells turn malignant (abnormal proliferation).
So sense 6 is for a tumor, not normal cell growth.
Sense 3 is "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important". But the synonyms are "increase, increment".
Wait, cell growth is literally the process of a cell becoming larger and more numerous. Is there a better sense?
What about sense 1? "biology: the process of an individual organism growing organically". Does WordNet apply this to cells? Usually, "cell growth" is just increase in size/number.
Let's look at Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important" - synonyms: increase, increment. But is "cell growth" just an increase? "the growth of population" is sense 3.
Wait, let's consider Sense 1 again. "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children" - this is biological unfolding.
If a cell's growth is in check, it means the cell isn't dividing uncontrollably. Uncontrollable division is sense 6 (abnormal proliferation).
So normal cell growth is the normal biological process of the cell growing and dividing. Sense 1 explicitly says "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level". A cell is not an organism changing from a simple to a more complex level (unless it's a stem cell differentiating?).
Could it be sense 3? "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important"
Wait, sense 1 is "growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis".
Let's rethink. If the cell's growth is held in check, it means the cell's growth is stopped or limited.
Actually, wait. Let's look at the definitions again.
Sense 1: (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically
Sense 3: a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important
Sense 6: (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue
In biology, cell growth can be seen as an organic growing process. Sense 1 is specifically marked "(biology)".
But if we look at sense 3, "becoming larger or longer or more numerous", this exactly describes cell growth (size and number).
Is there any other sense?
Let's consider "growth-suppressing". It holds "a cell's growth in check". It prevents it from becoming more numerous.
Sense 3 examples: "the increase in unemployment; the growth of population".
"population" is analogous to "cells" becoming more numerous.
But wait, what if "growth" here means the biological process of the organism?
"When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check."
If "growth" means an increase in number, sense 3 is appropriate.
Wait, let's look closely at WordNet.
growth%1:22:00:: (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically
growth%1:22:01:: a progression from simpler to more complex forms
growth%1:22:02:: a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important
growth%1:14:00:: vegetation that has grown
growth%1:11:01:: the gradual beginning or coming forth
growth%1:26:00:: (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue
growth%1:17:00:: something grown or growing

If "a cell's growth" means the cell's proliferation and increase in size, it could be 3.
But wait, "cell growth" is a specific biological term. In WordNet, "biology" is specifically mentioned in Sense 1.
Could it be Sense 1? "organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level". A single cell doesn't really go from simple to complex.
Could it be Sense 3? "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous". This fits cell growth perfectly. "the growth of population" -> cells becoming more numerous.
Wait, another possibility is Sense 1 because it's the biological sense of growth, and the context is clearly biology. In many WSD datasets, "growth" in biological context (like cell growth, plant growth) maps to 1:22:00::, even if the gloss focuses on "organism". Let's check if there's a better match.
Wait, "the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state." Cancer is an uncontrolled growth. So "tumor-suppressors... hold a cell's growth in check." They hold the normal biological growth in check? No, they hold the cell's growth in check so it doesn't become malignant. It's the normal regulation of the cell cycle. The cell cycle is an organism growing organically? A cell is the basic unit of an organism. So it might be Sense 1.
Wait, Sense 1 gloss says: "the process of an individual organism growing organically".
But if we look at Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important" - synonyms: increase, increment.
Is cell growth an "increase"? Yes.
If we check SemCor or similar corpora, "growth" in "cell's growth" or "bacterial growth" usually maps to Sense 1 (biology) or Sense 3. Actually, "bacterial growth" or "cell growth" are biological processes, but they are literally increases in number and size. Sense 3 has "the growth of population", which is an increase in number.
Let's re-read the sentence. "make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check." This means they stop the cell from growing.
Is it Sense 1 because it's a biological unfolding? "purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level" - a cell does not change from simple to complex.
Therefore, Sense 3 (a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous) fits the meaning of cell growth better. The synonyms are increase, increment. A cell's growth is its increase in size and division (becoming more numerous).

Wait, if "tumor-suppressors... hold a cell's growth in check," it's preventing the cell from proliferating. "proliferation" is "increase".
However, WordNet has a specific sense for "growth" as pathology (abnormal proliferation, sense 6). The contrast in the text is between normal growth (held in check) and uncontrolled growth (turn malignant). Uncontrolled growth would be sense 6 (if it refers to the tumor) or sense 3.
Actually, wait. If we look at the definition of Sense 1, it says "an individual organism". A single cell is generally not referred to as "an individual organism", except maybe for unicellular organisms. But here it's "a cell's growth" in a multicellular organism (human).
Let's search for similar SemCor instances. "growth" as "increase" (Sense 3) is very common for "growth of population", "growth of wealth", "growth of power".
"cell growth" is a biological process. Sense 1 is marked "(biology)".
Could the WordNet lexicographers have intended "cell growth" to fall under Sense 1, despite the "simple to more complex" part? The definition says "a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually...". It doesn't say the organism has to change from simple to complex, it says "events involved in an organism changing...". Wait, "changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level" is part of the gloss. A cell growing does not change from simple to more complex.
So Sense 3 is better fit: "becoming larger or longer or more numerous".

Wait! Let's check Sense 6: "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)". Is the text saying "hold a cell's growth in check" meaning hold a tumor in check? No, "When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged... cells normally under control turn malignant." This means normal cell growth. If it were referring to a tumor, it would be sense 6. But here it's "a cell's growth", which is the normal biological process. So it's either 1 or 3.
"the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."
If it's a purely biological unfolding, Sense 1. But wait, Sense 3 is "a process of becoming larger... more numerous". This literally describes cell growth (size and number).

Let's evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
Sense 1: (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically
Sense 3: a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important
Which one is "a cell's growth"? A cell is not an organism. So "an individual organism growing organically" doesn't strictly apply to a single cell. Therefore Sense 1 is technically incorrect for a single cell.
Sense 3 applies perfectly: "becoming larger... more numerous".
Also, consider the phrase "growth-suppressing". It suppresses the increase.
I will bet on Sense 3.
Wait, let's think about "growth" in biology.
In molecular biology, "cell growth" is the process by which a cell increases in mass and divides. This is exactly "becoming larger or more numerous".
I'll choose 3.

Let me double check Sense 1 again. "biology" is explicitly the domain. Sometimes WSD relies on the domain tag. But "a cell's growth" is exactly "a process of becoming larger or more numerous".
Wait, if I check WordNet 3.0:
Noun
S: (n) growth, growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis ((biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level) "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children"
S: (n) growth ((pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor))
Wait, is there a sense of growth as "increase"?
S: (n) increase, increment, growth (a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important) "the increase in unemployment"; "the growth of population"
If we look at the word "growth" in "a cell's growth", does it mean the maturation of the organism? No, the cell itself is growing.
So it is Sense 3.

Let me review the text again. "hold a cell's growth in check."
This means keeping the cell from growing.
Does it mean preventing the cell from dividing (becoming more numerous)? Yes.
I will output {"sense_index": 3}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are <t>damaged</t> -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "damaged" in the context: "But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division..."

Sense 1: "inflict damage upon" - transitive verb. Example: "The snow damaged the roof", "She damaged the car".
Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage" - intransitive verb. Example: "These fine china cups damage easily".

In the context, "But if the genes are damaged", "damaged" is a past participle used passively. The genes are receiving the damage (inflicted upon them by radiation, a chemical, etc.). This corresponds to the transitive sense 1 (inflict damage upon), used in the passive voice.

Let's check the senses again.
Sense 1: transitive (inflict damage upon)
Sense 2: intransitive (suffer or be susceptible to damage)

The context is "if the genes are damaged". The passive voice of the transitive verb "damage" matches this.
So the correct sense is 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: radiation
Target surface form: radiation
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by <t>radiation</t>, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=radiation%1:19:00:: | definition=energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles
2. sense_key=radiation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spreading outward from a central source
3. sense_key=radiation%1:26:00:: | definition=syndrome resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation (e.g., exposure to radioactive chemicals or to nuclear explosions); low doses cause diarrhea and nausea and vomiting and sometimes loss of hair; greater exposure can cause sterility and cataracts and some forms of cancer and other diseases; severe exposure can cause death within hours | synonyms=radiation sickness, radiation syndrome | examples=he was suffering from radiation
4. sense_key=radiation%1:22:00:: | definition=the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay | synonyms=radioactivity
5. sense_key=radiation%1:11:00:: | definition=the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats
6. sense_key=radiation%1:08:00:: | definition=a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain
7. sense_key=radiation%1:04:01:: | definition=(medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance | synonyms=radiotherapy, radiation therapy, actinotherapy, irradiation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context says "damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division". Here, radiation refers to energy that is radiated or transmitted (rays, waves, particles) that can damage genes. This is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer <t>work</t>, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
Looking at the context: "their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work" — this refers to proteins that should perform their biological function (suppressing cell growth) but fail to do so after gene damage. The meaning is that the proteins no longer *function* properly.

Sense 4 ("perform as expected when applied" with synonyms "function, operate, go, run") fits best, as the proteins are like biological mechanisms that should function but no longer do.

{"sense_index": 4}

reasoning_content:
The context is: "their growth-suppressing proteins no longer <t>work</t>, and cells normally under control turn malignant."

Here, "work" refers to the proteins functioning properly. When the genes are damaged, the proteins no longer function properly (they don't "work"), and cells turn malignant.

Sense 4: "perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?"

This fits perfectly - the proteins no longer function properly.

Sense 3: "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?"

This could also fit - the proteins no longer have their desired effect of suppressing growth.

Let me think more carefully. The proteins "make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check." When damaged, "their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work" - meaning they no longer function to suppress growth.

Sense 3 is about having an effect or outcome (like "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought").
Sense 4 is about performing as expected when applied (function, operate, go, run).

Both could work. The distinction:
- Sense 3: "have an effect or outcome" - the proteins no longer have their growth-suppressing effect
- Sense 4: "perform as expected when applied" - the proteins no longer function/operate properly

In biology, when we say a protein "works," we often mean it functions properly. "Their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work" means they no longer function - they no longer do their job of suppressing growth.

Sense 4 with synonyms "function, operate" seems most appropriate for proteins functioning properly. This is about biological function - the proteins perform their expected function when applied (in the cell).

But sense 3 "have an effect or outcome" also fits because the proteins no longer have the effect of suppressing growth.

Let me reconsider. The example for sense 3: "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought" - this is about a process not having the desired effect/outcome. The example for sense 4: "Does this old car still run well?" - this is about something functioning properly.

When we say "the proteins no longer work," it's closer to saying they no longer function properly. The proteins are like a machine that should function but doesn't anymore.

Actually, in biology and medicine, "work" for a protein or gene typically means it functions properly. The protein should perform its function (suppressing growth), but it doesn't anymore. This aligns with sense 4 (perform as expected when applied, function, operate).

However, sense 3 "have an effect or outcome" could also apply. The example "How does your idea work in practice?" is about whether something has the desired effect.

I think sense 4 is the better fit because:
1. The synonyms include "function, operate" which is exactly what proteins do
2. The definition "perform as expected when applied" fits - the proteins should perform their growth-suppressing function but don't
3. In biological context, when we say a protein "works," we mean it functions

But let me also consider sense 3 more carefully. "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected" - the proteins should have the effect of suppressing growth, but they no longer do. The example "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought" is about something not having the expected effect.

I think the key distinction is:
- Sense 3: about having an effect/outcome (like a policy, idea, process)
- Sense 4: about performing/operating as a machine or system should function

Proteins are biological molecules that perform functions. "Their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work" is saying they no longer function properly. This is sense 4.

Actually, I need to be more careful. Let me re-read:

Sense 3: "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected" - synonyms: act
Sense 4: "perform as expected when applied" - synonyms: function, operate, go, run

The sentence: "their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work"

The proteins are supposed to have a growth-suppressing effect. They no longer work = they no longer have that effect. This is sense 3.

But also, proteins function. They no longer work = they no longer function. This is sense 4.

Hmm, I think in context, both are plausible. But sense 4 with "function, operate" seems more natural for proteins, which are biological machines that function.

Let me look at this from a different angle. The sentence says the proteins "no longer work." This means they fail to perform their function. In biology, we typically say a protein "works" when it is functional (it performs its biological function). So "no longer work" = "no longer functional" = "no longer function."

Sense 4: "perform as expected when applied" with synonyms "function, operate, go, run" - this is about functionality.

I'll go with sense 4.

Wait, but let me reconsider sense 3 again. "have an effect or outcome" - the protein's effect is to suppress growth. When it no longer works, it no longer has this effect. The example "How does your idea work in practice?" is about whether something produces the desired outcome.

Actually, I think the difference between 3 and 4 is subtle:
- Sense 3 is more about whether something produces an effect/outcome (especially in a broader, more abstract sense like a process, idea, or system)
- Sense 4 is more about whether something functions/operates properly (like a machine, device, or mechanism)

Proteins are molecular machines. They function. When they don't work, they don't function. This is sense 4.

I'll go with sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and <t>cells</t> normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about cancer, genes, proteins, cell division, and cells turning malignant. This is clearly referring to biological cells.

Sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals" - this is the biological sense of cell.

The context mentions "cell's growth", "cell division", and "cells normally under control turn malignant" - all referring to biological cells.

So the answer is sense_index 2.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control <t>turn</t> malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "turn" used as: "cells normally under control turn malignant."

Here, "turn" means to become malignant, to change into a malignant state.
Sense 3: sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
Sense 7: sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry

"turn malignant" fits Sense 7 very well. "The weather turned nasty" is analogous to "cells turn malignant". Both involve taking on a specific property/attribute ("malignant", "nasty"). Sense 3 is "undergo a change or development", example "The water turned into ice". Sense 7 specifies "pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute", example "The weather turned nasty". "Turn malignant" means taking on the attribute of being malignant. Thus Sense 7 is the best fit.

Let's double check.
"cells normally under control turn malignant"
Malignant is an adjective.
"turn nasty" -> "turn malignant"
So Sense 7 fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identify
Target surface form: identified
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly <t>identified</t> genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identify%2:31:00:: | definition=recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something | synonyms=place | examples=She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster
2. sense_key=identify%2:32:00:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=name | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. sense_key=identify%2:31:04:: | definition=consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else | examples=He identified with the refugees
4. sense_key=identify%2:31:03:: | definition=conceive of as united or associated | examples=Sex activity is closely identified with the hypothalamus
5. sense_key=identify%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name
6. sense_key=identify%2:31:02:: | definition=consider to be equal or the same | examples=He identified his brother as one of the fugitives

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "identified" in the context: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."

Let's analyze the context:
- "The newly identified genes" refers to genes that have been newly discovered/recognized/identified in a scientific context (biology/genetics).
- They are being distinguished from another family of genes (oncogenes).
- The scientific context (genes, molecular biology) strongly suggests the sense related to identifying in botany or biology.

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. identify%2:31:00:: - recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something
2. identify%2:32:00:: - give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property
3. identify%2:31:04:: - consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else
4. identify%2:31:03:: - conceive of as united or associated
5. identify%2:31:01:: - identify as in botany or biology, for example (synonyms: discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name)
6. identify%2:31:02:: - consider to be equal or the same

Sense 5 fits perfectly because it explicitly mentions identifying in botany or biology, and the synonyms include "discover", which aligns with "newly identified" (newly discovered). The context is about scientific discovery of genes.

Let's double check sense 5: "identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name". This is exactly the scientific context of genes.

Therefore, the sense index is 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: differ
Target surface form: differ
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes <t>differ</t> from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=differ%2:42:00:: | definition=be different | examples=These two tests differ in only one respect
2. sense_key=differ%2:32:00:: | definition=be of different opinions | synonyms=disagree, dissent, take issue | examples=I beg to differ!; She disagrees with her husband on many questions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context says "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes." This means the genes are different from oncogenes, not that they hold different opinions.

Sense 1 is "be different", which fits perfectly here.
Sense 2 is "be of different opinions", which is about people disagreeing.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: family
Target surface form: family
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a <t>family</t> of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=family%1:14:02:: | definition=a social unit living together | synonyms=household, house, home, menage | examples=he moved his family to Virginia; It was a good Christian household
2. sense_key=family%1:14:00:: | definition=primary social group; parents and children | synonyms=family unit | examples=he wanted to have a good job before starting a family
3. sense_key=family%1:14:04:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category | examples=there are two classes of detergents
4. sense_key=family%1:14:01:: | definition=people descended from a common ancestor | synonyms=family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry | examples=his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower
5. sense_key=family%1:18:00:: | definition=a person having kinship with another or others | synonyms=kin, kinsperson | examples=he's kin; he's family
6. sense_key=family%1:14:03:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera | examples=sharks belong to the fish family
7. sense_key=family%1:14:06:: | definition=a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities | synonyms=syndicate, crime syndicate, mob
8. sense_key=family%1:14:05:: | definition=an association of people who share common beliefs or activities | synonyms=fellowship | examples=the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family; the church welcomed new members into its fellowship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "family" in the context: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
Here, "family" refers to a group or collection of genes that share a common attribute (being oncogenes).
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. family%1:14:02:: - a social unit living together
2. family%1:14:00:: - primary social group; parents and children
3. family%1:14:04:: - a collection of things sharing a common attribute (synonyms: class, category)
4. family%1:14:01:: - people descended from a common ancestor
5. family%1:18:00:: - a person having kinship with another or others
6. family%1:14:03:: - (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera
7. family%1:14:06:: - a loose affiliation of gangsters
8. family%1:14:05:: - an association of people who share common beliefs or activities

The phrase "family of genes" means a collection of genes sharing a common attribute, which corresponds to sense 3 (a collection of things sharing a common attribute).

provider: Morph


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discover
Target surface form: discovered
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes <t>discovered</t> in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discover%2:39:03:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, find, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
2. sense_key=discover%2:31:01:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
3. sense_key=discover%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=find | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
4. sense_key=discover%2:31:00:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=find | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
5. sense_key=discover%2:40:00:: | definition=find unexpectedly | synonyms=fall upon, strike, come upon, light upon, chance upon, come across | examples=the archeologists chanced upon an old tomb; she struck a goldmine
6. sense_key=discover%2:32:04:: | definition=make known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret | synonyms=unwrap, disclose, let on, bring out, reveal, expose | examples=The auction house would not disclose the price at which the van Gogh had sold; The actress won't reveal how old she is
7. sense_key=discover%2:39:00:: | definition=see for the first time; make a discovery | examples=Who discovered the North Pole?
8. sense_key=discover%2:31:03:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "discovered" in the context: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."

Let's analyze the context.
A family of genes was "discovered" in the early 1980s.
These genes (oncogenes) were scientifically found/identified for the first time by researchers.
Sense 3: "make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=find | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"
Sense 7: "see for the first time; make a discovery | examples=Who discovered the North Pole?"
Sense 1: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, find, notice"
Sense 8: "identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name"

Wait, "discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes".
Is it sense 3 or 1 or 7?
Sense 3 mentions scientific discovery: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle". This fits the scientific context of discovering a family of genes.
Sense 7 is "see for the first time; make a discovery" - example is "Who discovered the North Pole?"
Sense 1 is "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - example "She detected high levels of lead..."

"discovered" here refers to the scientific finding of a new class of genes. Sense 3 seems to fit perfectly with the examples of scientific discoveries (X-rays, elementary particles).
Let's look at sense 7: "see for the first time; make a discovery". It has no synonyms listed. Sense 3 has synonyms=find.

Is there a better fit?
Sense 3: "make a discovery, make a new finding". Example: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle". Genes being discovered by scientists strongly aligns with "make a new finding" in science.

Let's check sense 1: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". Example: "We found traces of lead in the paint".
Sense 7: "see for the first time; make a discovery". Example: "Who discovered the North Pole?"

The phrase is "a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes." Scientific discovery of oncogenes. Sense 3 is specifically for scientific discoveries. Sense 7 is also a discovery, but sense 3's examples (Roentgen discovered X-rays, Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle) directly parallel "scientists discovered oncogenes".

I will go with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: early
Target surface form: early
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the <t>early</t> 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=early%3:00:00:: | definition=at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time | examples=early morning; an early warning
2. sense_key=early%3:00:02:: | definition=being or occurring at an early stage of development | examples=in an early stage; early forms of life
3. sense_key=early%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=former, other | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=early%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=very young | examples=at an early age
5. sense_key=early%3:00:01:: | definition=of an early stage in the development of a language or literature | examples=the Early Hebrew alphabetical script is that used mainly from the 11th to the 6th centuries B.C.; Early Modern English is represented in documents printed from 1476 to 1700
6. sense_key=early%5:00:01:future:00 | definition=expected in the near future | examples=look for an early end to the negotiations

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "early" in the phrase "early 1980s".
Context: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
Sense 1: "at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time". Examples: "early morning; an early warning". "early 1980s" fits this perfectly, meaning the beginning of the 1980s period.
Sense 2: "being or occurring at an early stage of development".
Sense 3: "belonging to the distant past".
Sense 4: "very young".
Sense 5: "of an early stage in the development of a language or literature".
Sense 6: "expected in the near future".

"Early 1980s" means at or near the beginning of the period of time known as the 1980s. This aligns with Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s <t>called</t> oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "called" in the context: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s <t>called</t> oncogenes."

Here, "called" is used to name or designate something. The sentence is saying that there is a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s, and this family is named/designated "oncogenes."

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful

The key distinction here is between sense 1 (assign a proper name to) and sense 2 (ascribe a quality to or give a common noun that reflects a quality).

"Oncogenes" is a class/category name - it's a common noun referring to a type of gene, not a proper name. So this seems more like sense 2: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality."

Wait, but let me reconsider. "A family of genes...called oncogenes" - here "oncogenes" is being used as the name for this family of genes. Is "oncogenes" a proper name or a common noun?

"Oncogenes" is a scientific term, a common noun that describes a class of genes. It's not a proper name like "David" or a school named after someone.

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "They named their son David" - David is a proper name
- Sense 2: "He called me a bastard" - bastard is a common noun reflecting a quality

"Oncogenes" is a common noun (a class of genes), and it reflects a quality (cancer-causing genes). So sense 2 seems more appropriate.

Actually, let me reconsider again. "A family of genes called oncogenes" - here "called" is used to give a name to this family. The name "oncogenes" is a common noun term used to designate this category.

Sense 2 says "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality." The examples are "He called me a bastard" and "She called her children lazy and ungrateful" - these are more about labeling someone with a descriptive term.

But in our context, "called oncogenes" is giving a name to a category of things. "Oncogenes" is the name given to this family of genes.

Hmm, I think sense 1 is about assigning a proper name (like a person's name or a place name), while sense 2 is about giving a common noun name that reflects a quality. "Oncogenes" is a common noun term, not a proper name, so sense 2 fits better.

But wait - let me also consider sense 27: "consider or regard as being" with example "I would not call her beautiful." This is about considering something to be a certain way. But our context is about naming, not regarding.

I'll go with sense 2: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality."

Actually, I need to think more carefully. "A family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes" - the structure is "X called Y" where X is "a family of genes" and Y is "oncogenes." This is giving a name to the family of genes.

"Oncogenes" is a scientific term - a common noun used as a class name. It's not a proper name like "David" or "John."

Sense 1 is about proper names: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to"
Sense 2 is about common nouns: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality"

"Oncogenes" is a common noun, so sense 2 fits better.

But actually, let me reconsider sense 2 more carefully. The examples "He called me a bastard" and "She called her children lazy and ungrateful" are about ascribing qualities to specific individuals. In our context, "called oncogenes" is about giving a category name to a group of things.

Hmm, but the definition says "give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality" - "oncogenes" is a common noun that reflects the quality of being cancer-related genes. So this fits.

I'll go with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: present
Target surface form: present
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be <t>present</t> for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=present%3:00:01:: | definition=temporal sense; intermediate between past and future; now existing or happening or in consideration | examples=the present leader; articles for present use
2. sense_key=present%3:00:02:: | definition=being or existing in a specified place | examples=the murderer is present in this room; present at the wedding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "present" in the sentence: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant..."
Here, "present" means that the oncogenes must be existing or located in a specified place (the cell).
The first sense is temporal (now). The second sense is spatial/existential (being or existing in a specified place).
So sense 2 fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a <t>cell</t> to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content: The context discusses biology, genes, cancer, cell division, organisms, etc. The target word "cell" refers to the biological cell.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: become
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to <t>become</t> malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "become" in the sentence: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant".
The context discusses cells changing into a malignant (cancerous) state.
Sense 1: enter or assume a certain state or condition (go, get). Example: He became annoyed...
Sense 2: undergo a change or development (turn). Example: The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy.
Sense 3: come into existence.
Sense 4: enhance the appearance of (suit).

A cell becoming malignant implies a change of state or development from a normal cell to a cancerous one.
"turn malignant" is used in the context ("turn proliferating cells malignant").
Sense 2 has the synonym "turn" and the definition "undergo a change or development", which fits "become malignant" (changing from normal to malignant).
Alternatively, Sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition". "become annoyed" is an example.
"become malignant" could be either entering a state (malignant) or undergoing a change/development (from normal to malignant).
However, "turn" is explicitly used in the text: "turn malignant" and "turn proliferating cells malignant".
Also, "undergo a change or development" fits biological processes well.
Sense 1's synonym "get" usually goes with adjectives like "get angry", "get serious".
Sense 2's synonym "turn" goes with "turn malignant".
Let's look at the WordNet senses for "become".
become%2:30:00:: (enter or assume a certain state or condition)
become%2:42:01:: (undergo a change or development)
become%2:42:00:: (come into existence)

In WordNet, "turn" is a synonym of "become" in the sense of undergo a change or development.
Text: "cells normally under control turn malignant" -> "cell to become malignant"
Thus, Sense 2 is highly likely.

Let's check the examples.
Sense 1: He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious.
Sense 2: The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy.
"become malignant" matches "become her worst enemy" or "turn into ice", which are changes in nature/development.
So Sense 2 is the best fit.

provider: Ambient


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have <t>found</t> them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "found" (lemma: find).
Context: "...researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."
Meaning: researchers have discovered or determined the existence/presence of them (oncogenes) in normal as well as cancerous cells.

Let's check the senses:
1. happen, chance, bump, encounter (We find this idea in Plato)
2. discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (She detected high levels of lead... We found traces of lead...)
3. come upon after searching; find the location of
4. establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study
5. come to believe on the basis of emotion
6. perceive or be contemporaneous with
7. get something or somebody for a specific purpose
8. make a discovery, make a new finding (Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle)
9. make a discovery (She found that he had lied)
10. obtain through effort
11. decide on and make a declaration about
12. receive a specified treatment
13. perceive oneself to be in a certain condition
14. get or find back; recover the use of
15. succeed in reaching
16. accept and make use of one's personality

In the context, researchers found "them" (oncogenes) in normal as well as in cancerous cells.
This aligns with determining the existence, presence, or fact of something. Sense 2 is "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". Example: "We found traces of lead in the paint". The example matches the syntactic and semantic structure: "We found X in Y".

Is it Sense 2 or Sense 4? Sense 4 is "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". Sense 2 is "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". The example for Sense 2: "We found traces of lead in the paint". Sense 4: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize".
In our sentence, researchers "found" the presence of oncogenes in cells. This fits Sense 2 ("We found X in Y"). Sense 2's synonyms: detect, observe, discover, notice.

Let's double check Sense 2 and Sense 4.
Sense 2: find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint.
Our sentence: "...researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells..."
"found them [oncogenes] in [normal/cancerous] cells" -> discovering/determining the presence of something in something. Matches Sense 2 perfectly.

Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". While researchers established it, "found them in" is structurally and semantically identical to "found traces of lead in the paint", which is Sense 2.

I will choose 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in <t>normal</t> as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "normal" is used in the context: "researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells".
Here, "normal" is contrasted with "cancerous". "normal cells" refers to cells that are healthy, unaltered, conforming to the standard or expected state of cells, as opposed to malignant/cancerous cells.

Sense 1: conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal.
Sense 2: in accordance with scientific laws.
Sense 3: being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development.
Sense 4: forming a right angle.

"normal cells" refers to cells that are standard/not abnormal (i.e. non-cancerous). Sense 1 fits best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancerous
Target surface form: cancerous
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in <t>cancerous</t> cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malignant:02 | definition=relating to or affected with cancer | examples=a cancerous growth
2. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malign:00 | definition=like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads | examples=remorse was cancerous within him; pornography is cancerous to the moral development of our children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about genes, cells, tumors, and cancer. "cancerous cells" refers to cells affected with cancer.
Sense 1: "relating to or affected with cancer" | example: "a cancerous growth"
Sense 2: "like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads" | example: "remorse was cancerous within him..."

The context uses "cancerous" literally to describe cells that have cancer.
Sense 1 fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous <t>cells</t>, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about biology, cancer, genes, tumors, cell division, and cells becoming malignant.
The target word is "cells" in the phrase "cancerous cells".
The correct sense is the biological sense: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms..."
Index: 2.