[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exactly
Target surface form: exactly
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know <t>exactly</t> what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exactly%4:02:01:: | definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, just | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone
2. sense_key=exactly%4:02:04:: | definition=just as it should be | synonyms=precisely, on the nose, on the dot, on the button | examples=`Precisely, my lord,' he said
3. sense_key=exactly%4:02:02:: | definition=in a precise manner | synonyms=precisely, incisively | examples=she always expressed herself precisely

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do."

Here, "exactly" is used to indicate preciseness or exactness in knowing what to do. It means "precisely" what to do.

Sense 1: indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, just | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone

Sense 2: just as it should be | synonyms=precisely, on the nose, on the dot, on the button | examples=`Precisely, my lord,' he said

Sense 3: in a precise manner | synonyms=precisely, incisively | examples=she always expressed herself precisely

The usage "we know exactly what to do" fits sense 1 best - indicating exactness or preciseness. It's about knowing precisely/just what to do, similar to "he was doing precisely what she had told him to do."

Sense 2 seems to be more of an affirmative response ("Precisely, my lord" - like saying "exactly!" in agreement).
Sense 3 is about doing something in a precise manner (manner adverb modifying a verb of expression/action).

Here "exactly" modifies "what to do" - it indicates exactness/preciseness of the knowledge. This aligns with sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: just
Target surface form: just
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, <t>just</t> as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=just%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=just%4:02:05:: | definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, exactly | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone
3. sense_key=just%4:02:01:: | definition=only a moment ago | synonyms=just now | examples=he has just arrived; the sun just now came out
4. sense_key=just%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=simply | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
5. sense_key=just%4:02:04:: | definition=only a very short time before; ; ; ; ; - W.B.Yeats | synonyms=barely, hardly, scarcely, scarce | examples=they could barely hear the speaker; we hardly knew them
6. sense_key=just%4:02:06:: | definition=exactly at this moment or the moment described | examples=we've just finished painting the walls, so don't touch them

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "just" in the phrase "and, just as important, what not to do."

The context is: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do."

Here, "just" means "exactly" or "precisely" in the phrase "just as important."
It modifies "as important," meaning "equally important" or "precisely as important."

Sense 2: definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, exactly | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone

Sense 1: and nothing more (merely, simply, only, but) - doesn't fit well here.

Sense 2 seems to fit best, as "just as important" means "exactly as important" or "precisely as important."

The example "it was just as he said" in sense 2 is similar in structure to "just as important."

So the answer is sense_index 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: important
Target surface form: important
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as <t>important</t>, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day
2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution
3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner
5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word "important" appears in the phrase "just as important, what not to do." The context is about American education reform, and the author is saying that knowing what not to do is just as important as knowing what to do. This is about significance or value, not about authority, influence, or consciousness of high position. The phrase "just as important" suggests it's of great significance or value. Let me consider senses 1, 2, and 3.

Sense 1: "of great significance or value" - this fits well, as the author is emphasizing that knowing what not to do is equally valuable/significant.

Sense 2: "important in effect or meaning" - this could also fit, as it's about meaning.

Sense 3: "of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis" - this seems too strong; the context isn't about a crisis resolution.

Between senses 1 and 2: The context is about the significance of knowing what to do and what not to do in education. Sense 1 ("of great significance or value") seems more fitting because the author is talking about the value/importance of a course of action, not about a change in effect or meaning. The examples for sense 2 are about changes in laws/Constitution, which is different from this context.

Actually, looking more carefully, "just as important" here means "equally significant" or "equally of great significance." Sense 1 seems like the best fit - "of great significance or value."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful <t>schools</t> scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "schools" in the context: "There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message."

Let me analyze the context:
- "successful schools" - referring to institutions that are successful at educating
- "scattered throughout this nation" - physical/geographical distribution
- "some of them in the poorest of ghettos" - located in areas
- "sending us the same message" - the schools as entities/institutions

The context talks about schools as educational institutions that can be "successful" or "unsuccessful" at education reform. They are "scattered throughout this nation" and located in "ghettos." This refers to schools as institutions rather than just buildings.

Sense 1: "an educational institution" - "the school was founded in 1900"
Sense 2: "a building where young people receive education" - "the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning"

The context is about educational reform, successful vs unsuccessful schools in terms of educational outcomes. While schools are physically located ("scattered throughout," "in ghettos"), the focus is on them as educational institutions - whether they are successful at educating. The discussion is about "American education" and "educational reform."

Sense 1 (educational institution) seems most appropriate here because:
- The text discusses them in terms of educational success/failure
- They are described as "successful" or "unsuccessful" - properties of institutions
- The discussion is about "educational reform" - relating to the institution's function
- "scattered throughout this nation" can apply to institutions as well as buildings, but the focus on educational outcomes points to institutions

Sense 2 (building) could also fit since "scattered throughout" and "in the poorest of ghettos" suggests physical location, but the overall context is about educational quality and reform, which relates more to the institution than the building.

I'll go with sense 1: "an educational institution."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scattered
Target surface form: scattered
Context:
It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools <t>scattered</t> throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scattered%5:00:00:distributed:00 | definition=occurring or distributed over widely spaced and irregular intervals in time or space | examples=scattered showers; scattered villages
2. sense_key=scattered%5:00:00:incoherent:00 | definition=lacking orderly continuity | synonyms=confused, disconnected, disjointed, disordered, garbled, illogical | examples=a confused set of instructions; a confused dream about the end of the world

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "scattered" in the context: "There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos..."

Here, "scattered" means distributed over various locations across the nation. The schools are spread out over widely spaced and irregular intervals in space.

Sense 1: "occurring or distributed over widely spaced and irregular intervals in time or space" with examples "scattered showers; scattered villages" - this fits perfectly. Schools scattered throughout the nation = distributed over widely spaced intervals in space.

Sense 2: "lacking orderly continuity" with synonyms like confused, disconnected, disjointed - this doesn't fit the context at all. The sentence is about schools being distributed across the nation, not about them being confused or disordered.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: poor
Target surface form: poorest
Context:
It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the <t>poorest</t> of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=poor%5:00:00:unfortunate:00 | definition=deserving or inciting pity; ; ; - Galsworthy | synonyms=hapless, miserable, misfortunate, pathetic, piteous, pitiable | examples=a hapless victim; miserable victims of war
2. sense_key=poor%3:00:00:: | definition=having little money or few possessions | examples=deplored the gap between rich and poor countries; the proverbial poor artist living in a garret
3. sense_key=poor%3:00:03:: | definition=characterized by or indicating poverty | examples=the country had a poor economy; they lived in the poor section of town
4. sense_key=poor%3:00:02:: | definition=lacking in specific resources, qualities or substances | examples=a poor land; the area was poor in timber and coal
5. sense_key=poor%5:00:00:insufficient:00 | definition=not sufficient to meet a need | synonyms=inadequate, short | examples=an inadequate income; a poor salary
6. sense_key=poor%5:00:00:bad:00 | definition=unsatisfactory | examples=a poor light for reading; poor morale

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about schools in "the poorest of ghettos." The word "poorest" here refers to areas characterized by poverty - economically disadvantaged neighborhoods. The ghettos are described as "poorest" meaning having little money or few possessions, or characterized by poverty.

Let me look at the senses:

1. deserving or inciting pity - hapless, miserable, etc.
2. having little money or few possessions - "the proverbial poor artist"
3. characterized by or indicating poverty - "they lived in the poor section of town"
4. lacking in specific resources - "a poor land; poor in timber and coal"
5. not sufficient to meet a need - inadequate
6. unsatisfactory - "poor light for reading"

The phrase "poorest of ghettos" refers to areas characterized by poverty. This is closest to sense 3, which has the example "they lived in the poor section of town" - this is about areas/sections characterized by poverty. Sense 2 is about having little money or few possessions (more about people/entities being poor), while sense 3 is about being characterized by or indicating poverty (like a section of town).

The example for sense 3 "they lived in the poor section of town" is very close to "the poorest of ghettos" - both refer to areas characterized by poverty. So sense 3 seems the best fit.

Wait, let me reconsider. Sense 2 says "having little money or few possessions" and sense 3 says "characterized by or indicating poverty." The difference seems subtle. Sense 2's examples include "poor countries" and "poor artist" - entities that have little money. Sense 3's examples include "the country had a poor economy" and "they lived in the poor section of town" - things characterized by poverty.

"Poorest of ghettos" - ghettos that are most characterized by poverty. This fits sense 3 well, especially with the example "the poor section of town."

I'll go with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: same
Target surface form: same
Context:
It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the <t>same</t> message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=same%3:00:02:: | definition=same in identity | examples=the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice
2. sense_key=same%3:00:00:: | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples=curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age
3. sense_key=same%3:00:04:: | definition=equal in amount or value | synonyms=like | examples=like amounts; equivalent amounts
4. sense_key=same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | definition=unchanged in character or nature | examples=the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "same" in the sentence: "they are all sending us the same message."

Context: There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Here, "same message" means that different schools are sending an identical or closely similar message. It's not about identity of a single entity (sense 1), nor about equal amounts (sense 3), nor about being unchanged in character (sense 4).

It's about being closely similar or comparable in kind or quality (sense 2) - the message from different schools is the same kind of message, closely similar.

Actually, let me reconsider. "The same message" could mean they are all conveying an identical message - sense 1 "same in identity"? No, that would be if it were literally the exact same message (one message). Here, different schools are sending "the same message" meaning their messages are identical in content/meaning, which is "closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree" - sense 2.

Sense 1 examples: "the same man I saw yesterday" (identical person), "never wore the same dress twice" (identical dress). These are about identity of a single entity.

Sense 2 examples: "curtains the same color as the walls" (similar in quality), "two girls of the same age" (similar in quantity/degree). These are about comparable attributes.

"The same message" from multiple schools - the messages are comparable in content, closely similar. This fits sense 2 best.

So the answer is sense_index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: majority
Target surface form: majority
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the <t>majority</t> of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=majority%1:07:00:: | definition=the property resulting from being or relating to the greater in number of two parts; the main part | synonyms=bulk | examples=the majority of his customers prefer it; the bulk of the work is finished
2. sense_key=majority%1:23:00:: | definition=(elections) more than half of the votes | synonyms=absolute majority
3. sense_key=majority%1:28:00:: | definition=the age at which persons are considered competent to manage their own affairs | synonyms=legal age

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is: "Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand."

Here, "majority" refers to the greater part/number of unsuccessful schools. This matches sense 1: "the property resulting from being or relating to the greater in number of two parts; the main part" with synonym "bulk" and examples like "the majority of his customers prefer it; the bulk of the work is finished."

Sense 2 is about elections (more than half of votes).
Sense 3 is about legal age.

The context clearly refers to "the majority of unsuccessful schools" meaning the greater number/bulk of them.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful <t>schools</t>, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "schools" in the context: "Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful <t>schools</t>, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand."

The context discusses American education, successful schools, unsuccessful schools, educational reform. The "schools" here refer to educational institutions - places where education happens. The text talks about "many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos" and "the majority of unsuccessful schools."

This refers to educational institutions (sense 1) rather than just the physical buildings (sense 2). The discussion is about the quality of education provided, reform efforts, etc., which points to the institution rather than just the building. Sense 1 is "an educational institution" which fits best.

Sense 6 (faculty and students) could be considered, but the context focuses on the institutions themselves being successful or unsuccessful, and efforts at educational reform - this is more about the institution as an organization.

Sense 1 seems best: "an educational institution."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we <t>know</t> which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "know" in the sentence: "Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand."

Here, "know" means to be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about.

Sense 1 fits best: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about" with examples like "I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!"

The context is about knowing which efforts at educational reform are doomed - this is awareness of a fact/information.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effort
Target surface form: efforts
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which <t>efforts</t> at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effort%1:04:00:: | definition=earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something | synonyms=attempt, endeavor, endeavour, try | examples=made an effort to cover all the reading material; wished him luck in his endeavor
2. sense_key=effort%1:04:01:: | definition=use of physical or mental energy; hard work | synonyms=elbow grease, exertion, travail, sweat | examples=he got an A for effort; they managed only with great exertion
3. sense_key=effort%1:04:02:: | definition=a notable achievement | synonyms=feat, exploit | examples=he performed a great feat; the book was her finest effort
4. sense_key=effort%1:04:03:: | definition=a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end | synonyms=campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement | examples=he supported populist campaigns; they worked in the cause of world peace

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
Looking at the context, "efforts at educational reform" refers to attempts or endeavors to bring about reform in education. The passage discusses knowing which of these efforts are "doomed beforehand," meaning which attempts at reform will fail. The word "efforts" here naturally means earnest attempts or endeavors to accomplish something, rather than organized campaigns/movements (sense 4), physical exertion (sense 2), or notable achievements (sense 3).

The synonyms for sense 1—attempt, endeavor, try—fit naturally: "we know which *attempts* at educational reform are doomed beforehand."

{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
The target word is "efforts" in the context: "we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand."

Here, "efforts at educational reform" refers to organized attempts or campaigns to reform education. The word "efforts" here is plural and refers to initiatives, programs, or organized activities aimed at educational reform.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=effort%1:04:00:: | definition=earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something | synonyms=attempt, endeavor, endeavour, try | examples=made an effort to cover all the reading material; wished him luck in his endeavor

This sense refers to an attempt or endeavor to accomplish something. "Efforts at educational reform" could fit here - attempts at educational reform.

2. sense_key=effort%1:04:01:: | definition=use of physical or mental energy; hard work | synonyms=elbow grease, exertion, travail, sweat | examples=he got an A for effort; they managed only with great exertion

This sense refers to the expenditure of energy or hard work. This doesn't seem to fit as well because "efforts at educational reform" refers to organized activities/programs, not just the exertion of energy.

3. sense_key=effort%1:04:02:: | definition=a notable achievement | synonyms=feat, exploit | examples=he performed a great feat; the book was her finest effort

This refers to a notable achievement. The context talks about efforts that are "doomed beforehand," so these are not achievements. This doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=effort%1:04:03:: | definition=a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end | synonyms=campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement | examples=he supported populist campaigns; they worked in the cause of world peace

This refers to organized campaigns or movements. "Efforts at educational reform" could refer to reform movements or campaigns.

Now, between sense 1 and sense 4:

Sense 1 is about an "attempt" or "endeavor" - an earnest activity intended to accomplish something.

Sense 4 is about "a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end" - like a campaign, cause, crusade, drive, or movement.

The context says "efforts at educational reform" - these are organized attempts to reform education. The phrase "doomed beforehand" suggests these are programs or initiatives that are destined to fail.

"Educational reform efforts" in common usage typically refers to organized programs, initiatives, or campaigns to improve education. This aligns more with sense 4 (campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement) than with sense 1 (attempt, endeavor, try).

However, "efforts at educational reform" could also simply mean "attempts at educational reform" which would be sense 1.

Let me think more carefully. The context discusses knowing which efforts at educational reform are doomed - this implies there are various reform initiatives or programs, and some are destined to fail. This seems to refer to organized reform efforts/movements rather than individual attempts.

But sense 1's definition is "earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something" - this could also encompass organized reform efforts.

Actually, looking at the examples more carefully:
- Sense 1 examples: "made an effort to cover all the reading material" - individual attempt
- Sense 4 examples: "he supported populist campaigns" - organized movement

"Efforts at educational reform" in this context seems to refer to reform programs/initiatives/movements, which aligns more with sense 4.

But wait - let me reconsider. "Efforts at educational reform" is a very common phrase that simply means "attempts at educational reform." The word "efforts" here is being used in a general sense of "attempts" or "endeavors" to reform education.

Actually, I think the key distinction is:
- Sense 1: an attempt or endeavor (individual or collective)
- Sense 4: a campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement (organized collective action)

"Efforts at educational reform" could be either, but in this context, it seems to refer to organized reform programs/initiatives, which would be sense 4.

Hmm, but actually, I'm not sure. "Efforts at educational reform" is a very standard phrase that could simply mean "attempts to reform education." The context doesn't necessarily imply organized movements - it could be referring to any kind of attempt at reform.

Let me look at the context again: "we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand"

This is saying we know which reform attempts are going to fail. This could refer to:
- Individual school reform attempts (sense 1)
- Organized reform movements/campaigns (sense 4)

Given that the passage talks about "successful schools" and "unsuccessful schools" and "educational reform," it seems to be discussing broad reform efforts that could be either individual school initiatives or larger movements.

I think sense 4 is the better fit because:
1. "Efforts at educational reform" typically refers to organized reform programs/initiatives
2. The synonyms for sense 4 (campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement) better capture the organized nature of educational reform efforts
3. The definition "a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end" fits educational reform efforts well

Actually, let me reconsider one more time. The phrase "efforts at educational reform" is quite general. It could refer to:
- A teacher's effort to improve their classroom (sense 1)
- A school's effort to improve its performance (sense 1 or 4)
- A district's or nation's reform campaign (sense 4)

The context mentions "successful schools" and "unsuccessful schools" and "educational reform" in a broad sense. The passage seems to be discussing education at a systemic level, which would suggest organized reform efforts (sense 4).

But I also note that "effort" in sense 1 has synonyms like "endeavor" which can be collective. And the definition "earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something" is quite general.

I'll go with sense 4 because the context is about broad educational reform efforts that seem to be organized programs/initiatives rather than individual attempts. The phrase "efforts at educational reform" in common usage often refers to reform programs, initiatives, or movements.

Wait, actually, I want to reconsider again. Looking at the definition of sense 4: "a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end" with synonyms like "campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement."

While "efforts at educational reform" could refer to campaigns, the word "efforts" itself is more general. In this context, "efforts" seems to be used in the sense of "attempts" or "endeavors" rather than "campaigns" or "movements."

The sentence says "we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand" - this is saying we know which attempts at reform will fail. This seems more like sense 1 (attempt, endeavor) than sense 4 (campaign, movement).

Hmm, this is tricky. Let me think about it differently.

If I replace "efforts" with the synonyms:
- Sense 1: "we know which attempts at educational reform are doomed beforehand" - sounds natural
- Sense 4: "we know which campaigns at educational reform are doomed beforehand" - sounds less natural

Actually, "campaigns at educational reform" doesn't sound as natural as "campaigns for educational reform." But "efforts at educational reform" sounds natural and is similar to "attempts at educational reform."

I think I'm overthinking this. Let me go with sense 1, as "efforts" in this context most naturally means "attempts" or "endeavors" - earnest activities intended to accomplish educational reform.

Actually, wait. Let me reconsider sense 4 one more time. The example for sense 4 is "he supported populist campaigns" and "they worked in the cause of world peace." These are about supporting or working for organized movements.

The context says "efforts at educational reform" - this is talking about reform initiatives or programs. In the education policy world, "reform efforts" typically refers to organized programs, initiatives, or movements to change education.

But the word "effort" itself, when used in the plural as "efforts," can simply mean "attempts" or "endeavors." The phrase "efforts at educational reform" is a common phrase that means "attempts to reform education."

I think the key question is: does "efforts at educational reform" refer to:
(a) attempts to reform education (sense 1)
(b) campaigns/movements for educational reform (sense 4)

In common usage, "efforts at educational reform" can mean either, but it more commonly refers to (a) - attempts or endeavors to reform education.

I'll go with sense 1.

Hmm, but actually, let me think about this more carefully. The context is about knowing which efforts at educational reform are "doomed beforehand." This implies there are various reform efforts, and some are destined to fail. This could refer to:
- Different reform strategies or approaches (sense 1)
- Different reform campaigns or movements (sense 4)

The passage talks about "successful schools" and "unsuccessful schools" and says "we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand." This suggests that some reform efforts (however we define them) are destined to fail.

I think the most natural reading is that "efforts at educational reform" refers to attempts or endeavors to reform education, which is sense 1.

But let me also consider that the passage is talking about education at a systemic/national level ("American education," "this nation"), which might suggest organized reform movements rather than individual attempts.

OK, I've been going back and forth. Let me make a decision.

The phrase "efforts at educational reform" most naturally means "attempts at educational reform" or "endeavors to reform education." This aligns with sense 1.

While sense 4 (campaign, movement) could also apply, the word "efforts" in this context is more naturally read as "attempts" than as "campaigns."

I'll go with sense 1.

Wait, one more consideration. Looking at the definition of sense 4 again: "a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end." Educational reform efforts are indeed "a series of actions" tending toward the end of improving education. And the synonyms (campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement) do capture the organized nature of reform efforts.

But the definition of sense 1 is "earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something" - this also fits, as educational reform efforts are earnest activities intended to accomplish reform.

The key difference is:
- Sense 1: an activity (attempt, endeavor)
- Sense 4: a series of actions (campaign, movement)

"Educational reform efforts" could be either, but I think the more natural reading is sense 1 (attempts/endeavors) rather than sense 4 (campaigns/movements).

Final answer: sense 1.

Actually, I just realized I should think about this more carefully. Let me consider the collocation "efforts at educational reform."

In education policy discourse, "reform efforts" typically refers to organized programs, initiatives, or campaigns to change education. These are not just individual attempts but organized, sustained efforts.

For example:
- "School reform efforts in Chicago have shown mixed results"
- "The federal government's reform efforts have been criticized"

These examples suggest organized, collective efforts rather than individual attempts.

However, the word "effort" in sense 1 can also be collective (e.g., "our team's effort to complete the project"). So sense 1 doesn't necessarily mean individual attempts.

I think the distinction is:
- Sense 1: an attempt or endeavor (can be individual or collective)
- Sense 4: an organized campaign or movement (necessarily collective and organized)

"Educational reform efforts" in this context seems to refer to organized reform programs/initiatives, which would be sense 4.

But then again, "efforts at educational reform" could simply mean "attempts at educational reform" without necessarily implying organized campaigns.

OK, I need to make a decision. Let me look at the context one more time:

"Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand."

The context is about schools and educational reform. The passage says we know which reform efforts are doomed to fail. This could refer to:
- Different approaches to reform (sense 1)
- Different reform campaigns/movements (sense 4)

I think the more natural reading is that "efforts at educational reform" refers to attempts or endeavors to reform education, which is sense 1. The word "efforts" here is being used in the general sense of "attempts" rather than the specific sense of "campaigns."

But I acknowledge that sense 4 is also plausible, especially given the systemic/national context of the passage.

I'll go with sense 1 as my final answer.

Hmm, actually, let me reconsider one more time. The definition of sense 4 is "a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end." This definition is quite broad and could encompass any organized effort to achieve a goal.

"Educational reform efforts" are indeed "a series of actions" tending toward the end of improving education. And the synonyms (campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement) do capture the organized nature of reform efforts.

On the other hand, sense 1's definition is "earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something." This is also broad and could encompass educational reform efforts.

The key differentiator is the synonyms:
- Sense 1: attempt, endeavor, endeavour, try
- Sense 4: campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement

"Educational reform efforts" - which set of synonyms better captures this phrase?
- "Educational reform attempts" - sounds OK
- "Educational reform endeavors" - sounds OK
- "Educational reform campaigns" - sounds OK but slightly different connotation
- "Educational reform movements" - sounds OK but slightly different connotation

I think "efforts" in "educational reform efforts" is more naturally synonymous with "attempts" or "endeavors" than with "campaigns" or "movements." A reform effort could be a single initiative or program, not necessarily a full-blown campaign or movement.

OK, final answer: sense 1.

Hmm, but wait. Let me think about this differently. The context is about "efforts at educational reform" that are "doomed beforehand." This implies there are multiple, distinct reform efforts, and some are destined to fail. This could refer to:
- Different reform strategies or approaches (sense 1)
- Different reform campaigns or movements (sense 4)

If we're talking about "efforts at educational reform" in the context of national education policy, we're likely talking about organized reform programs, initiatives, or campaigns. These would be sense 4.

But if we're talking about "efforts at educational reform" in a more general sense, we could be talking about any attempts to improve education, which would be sense 1.

The passage mentions "American education" and "this nation," suggesting a national/systemic context. This would favor sense 4.

But the word "efforts" itself, when used in the plural, often simply means "attempts" or "endeavors." For example:
- "Our efforts to solve the problem were unsuccessful"
- "The team's efforts paid off"

In these examples, "efforts" means "attempts" or "endeavors," not "campaigns" or "movements."

I think the most natural reading of "efforts at educational reform" is "attempts at educational reform," which is sense 1.

OK, I'm going with sense 1 as my final answer.

Wait, I want to think about this one more time. Let me consider the full context:

The passage is arguing that we know what works in education and what doesn't. It mentions "successful schools" and "unsuccessful schools" and says "we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand."

The "efforts at educational reform" here could refer to:
1. Individual reform initiatives or programs at specific schools
2. Broader reform movements or campaigns at the district, state, or national level

The passage seems to be talking about education at a systemic level, which would favor interpretation 2 (sense 4).

But the word "efforts" is quite general and could refer to either. In education policy discourse, "reform efforts" can refer to both individual initiatives and broader movements.

I think the key question is: does the context provide enough information to determine whether "efforts" refers to individual attempts (sense 1) or organized campaigns (sense 4)?

Looking at the context, I don't see a clear indication either way. The passage talks about "successful schools" and "unsuccessful schools" and "efforts at educational reform" without specifying whether these are individual initiatives or broader movements.

Given this ambiguity, I'll go with the more general sense, which is sense 1 (attempt, endeavor). This sense can encompass both individual attempts and organized efforts, whereas sense 4 specifically refers to campaigns/movements.

Final answer: sense 1.

Hmm, actually, I realize I should think about this more carefully. Let me re-read the context:

"Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand."

The "efforts at educational reform" here are described as being "doomed beforehand." This implies that some reform efforts are destined to fail, and we know which ones.

This could refer to:
- Different reform strategies or approaches that are doomed to fail (sense 1)
- Different reform campaigns or movements that are doomed to fail (sense 4)

I think the more natural reading is that "efforts at educational reform" refers to reform initiatives, programs, or strategies. These could be either individual attempts (sense 1) or organized campaigns (sense 4).

But I think the word "efforts" in this context is more naturally read as "attempts" or "endeavors" than as "campaigns" or "movements." The phrase "efforts at educational reform" is a common phrase that means "attempts to reform education."

OK, I'm going with sense 1 as my final answer.

Actually, let me reconsider one more time. I've been assuming that "efforts" in "efforts at educational reform" is most naturally read as "attempts." But let me consider whether it could be read as "campaigns" or "movements."

"Educational reform efforts" - if I replace "efforts" with the synonyms:
- "Educational reform attempts" - sounds natural
- "Educational reform endeavors" - sounds natural
- "Educational reform campaigns" - sounds natural but slightly different
- "Educational reform movements" - sounds natural but slightly different

All of these sound somewhat natural, but "attempts" and "endeavors" sound more natural to me than "campaigns" and "movements."

I think "efforts" in "educational reform efforts" is most naturally synonymous with "attempts" or "endeavors," which is sense 1.

But I also note that "educational reform efforts" in policy discourse often refers to organized programs, initiatives, or campaigns, which would be sense 4.

OK, I need to make a final decision. I'll go with sense 1 because:
1. "Efforts" in "efforts at educational reform" is most naturally read as "attempts" or "endeavors"
2. The synonyms for sense 1 (attempt, endeavor, try) better capture the general meaning of "efforts" in this context
3. The definition of sense 1 ("earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something") fits the context well

Final answer: sense 1.

Hmm, actually, I want to reconsider one more time. Let me think about what "efforts at educational reform" specifically refers to in this context.

The passage is about American education and argues that we know what works and what doesn't. It says "we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand."

In this context, "efforts at educational reform" likely refers to reform programs, initiatives, or strategies that have been tried or proposed. These could be:
- School choice programs
- Standards-based reform
- Class size reduction
- Teacher evaluation systems
- Etc.

These are organized, systematic efforts to reform education, not just individual attempts. They are "series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end," which is the definition of sense 4.

But they could also be described as "earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something," which is the definition of sense 1.

I think the key question is: are these "efforts" better described as "attempts/endeavors" (sense 1) or as "campaigns/movements" (sense 4)?

Reform programs like school choice or standards-based reform are often described as "movements" or "campaigns" in education policy discourse. For example:
- "The standards-based reform movement"
- "The school choice campaign"

This would favor sense 4.

But these same programs could also be described as "attempts" or "endeavors":
- "Attempts to reform education through standards"
- "Endeavors to improve school choice"

This would favor sense 1.

I think the distinction is:
- Sense 1: an attempt or endeavor (could be individual or collective, organized or unorganized)
- Sense 4: an organized campaign or movement (necessarily collective and organized)

"Educational reform efforts" in this context likely refers to organized reform programs/initiatives, which would be sense 4.

But the word "efforts" itself, when used in the plural, often simply means "attempts" or "endeavors." For example:
- "Our efforts to solve the problem"
- "The team's efforts"

In these examples, "efforts" means "attempts" or "endeavors," not "campaigns" or "movements."

OK, I've been going back and forth too much. Let me make a final decision.

I think the key consideration is the level of organization and collectivity implied by "efforts at educational reform" in this context.

The passage is about education at a national/systemic level, and "efforts at educational reform" likely refers to organized reform programs, initiatives, or campaigns. This would favor sense 4.

But the word "efforts" is quite general and could refer to any attempts to reform education, whether organized or not. This would favor sense 1.

Given the ambiguity, I'll go with sense 1 because:
1. "Efforts" in "efforts at educational reform" is most naturally read as "attempts" or "endeavors"
2. The synonyms for sense 1 (attempt, endeavor, try) better capture the general meaning of "efforts"
3. Sense 1 is more general and can encompass both individual attempts and organized efforts

Final answer: sense 1.

Actually, you know what, let me step back and think about this more carefully.

The phrase is "efforts at educational reform." Let me think about what kind of "efforts" these are.

In the context of the passage, "efforts at educational reform" refers to things like:
- Reform programs
- Reform initiatives
- Reform strategies
- Reform approaches

These are all organized, systematic efforts to change education. They are not just individual attempts but collective, organized activities.

Now, which sense better captures this?
- Sense 1: "earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something" (attempt, endeavor)
- Sense 4: "a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end" (campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement)

I think sense 4 better captures the organized, systematic nature of educational reform efforts. The definition "a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end" fits reform programs/initiatives well.

But sense 1 could also apply, as reform efforts are indeed "earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something."

The key differentiator is the synonyms:
- Sense 1: attempt, endeavor, endeavour, try
- Sense 4: campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement

"Educational reform efforts" - which set of synonyms better captures this?
- "Educational reform attempts" - sounds OK
- "Educational reform endeavors" - sounds OK
- "Educational reform campaigns" - sounds OK
- "Educational reform movements" - sounds OK

Hmm, all of these sound somewhat natural. But I think "campaigns" and "movements" better capture the organized, systematic nature of educational reform efforts.

Also, looking at the examples:
- Sense 1 examples: "made an effort to cover all the reading material" - individual attempt
- Sense 4 examples: "he supported populist campaigns" - organized movement

The sense 4 examples are more similar to "efforts at educational reform" in that they refer to organized, collective activities.

I'm now leaning towards sense 4.

But let me also consider that "efforts" in the plural often simply means "attempts" or "endeavors." For example:
- "Our efforts to solve the problem"
- "The team's efforts"

In these examples, "efforts" means "attempts" or "endeavors," not "campaigns" or "movements."

Hmm, but "efforts at educational reform" is different from "our efforts to solve the problem." The former refers to organized reform programs/initiatives, while the latter refers to individual or small-group attempts.

OK, I think I've been overthinking this. Let me make a final decision.

I think "efforts at educational reform" in this context refers to organized reform programs/initiatives/campaigns. This aligns more with sense 4 (campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement) than with sense 1 (attempt, endeavor, try).

The definition of sense 4 - "a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end" - fits educational reform efforts well. Reform efforts are indeed "a series of actions" tending toward the end of improving education.

The synonyms for sense 4 - campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement - also capture the organized, collective nature of educational reform efforts.

I'll go with sense 4 as my final answer.

Wait, no. Let me reconsider one more time.

The word "efforts" in "efforts at educational reform" is a common phrase that means "attempts at educational reform" or "endeavors to reform education." While these could be organized campaigns, the word "efforts" itself doesn't necessarily imply organization or collectivity.

For example:
- "The school's efforts to improve test scores" - could be individual or collective
- "The district's efforts to reduce dropout rates" - likely collective but not necessarily a "campaign"
- "Efforts at educational reform" - could be individual, collective, organized, or unorganized

I think the most natural reading of "efforts" is "attempts" or "endeavors," which is sense 1.

Also, looking at the context again:
"Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand."

The "efforts at educational reform" here could refer to:
- Different reform strategies or approaches
- Different reform programs or initiatives
- Different reform campaigns or movements

All of these could be described as "efforts" in the sense of "attempts" or "endeavors."

I think sense 1 is the more natural fit because:
1. "Efforts" in "efforts at educational reform" is most naturally read as "attempts" or "endeavors"
2. The definition of sense 1 ("earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something") fits the context well
3. The synonyms for sense 1 (attempt, endeavor, try) better capture the general meaning of "efforts"

OK, final answer: sense 1.

Hmm, actually, let me think about this one more time. I keep going back and forth, so let me try to be more systematic.

The question is: what does "efforts" mean in "efforts at educational reform"?

Let me consider the possible meanings:
1. Sense 1: attempts or endeavors (earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something)
2. Sense 4: campaigns or movements (a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end)

Key considerations:
1. The word "efforts" in the plural often means "attempts" or "endeavors" (favoring sense 1)
2. "Educational reform efforts" in policy discourse often refers to organized programs/initiatives (favoring sense 4)
3. The context is about education at a national/systemic level (favoring sense 4)
4. The phrase "efforts at educational reform" is a common phrase that means "attempts to reform education" (favoring sense 1)

I think the key question is: does "efforts at educational reform" refer to organized campaigns/movements (sense 4) or to general attempts/endeavors (sense 1)?

In common usage, "efforts at educational reform" can mean either, but I think it more commonly refers to general attempts or endeavors to reform education. The word "efforts" doesn't necessarily imply organization or collectivity.

For example:
- "Efforts at educational reform have been ongoing for decades" - this could refer to any attempts to reform education, not just organized campaigns
- "The state's efforts at educational reform have shown mixed results" - this could refer to various reform initiatives, not necessarily a single campaign

I think sense 1 is the more natural fit because "efforts" in "efforts at educational reform" is most naturally read as "attempts" or "endeavors."

OK, final answer: sense 1.

Actually, I just want to check one more thing. Let me see if "efforts at educational reform" is a common phrase and how it's typically used.

"Educational reform efforts" is a common phrase in education policy discourse. It typically refers to organized programs, initiatives, or strategies to improve education. For example:
- "School reform efforts in Chicago"
- "Federal education reform efforts"
- "State-level reform efforts"

These examples suggest organized, collective efforts rather than individual attempts.

But the word "efforts" in these phrases could still be synonymous with "attempts" or "endeavors." For example:
- "School reform attempts in Chicago"
- "Federal education reform endeavors"
- "State-level reform attempts"

These also sound natural.

I think the key question is: does "efforts" in "educational reform efforts" mean "attempts/endeavors" (sense 1) or "campaigns/movements" (sense 4)?

I think it means "attempts/endeavors" (sense 1) because:
1. "Efforts" in the plural often means "attempts" or "endeavors"
2. The synonyms for sense 1 (attempt, endeavor, try) are more natural replacements for "efforts" than the synonyms for sense 4 (campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement)
3. The definition of sense 1 ("earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something") fits the context well

OK, I'm going with sense 1 as my final answer.

Hmm, let me actually reconsider one more time. I want to think about whether "efforts at educational reform" could be better captured by sense 4.

Sense 4: "a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end" (campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement)

"Educational reform efforts" are indeed "a series of actions" tending toward the end of improving education. And the synonyms (campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement) do capture the organized nature of reform efforts.

But the word "efforts" itself, when used in the plural, often simply means "attempts" or "endeavors." For example:
- "Our efforts to solve the problem"
- "The team's efforts"

In these examples, "efforts" means "attempts" or "endeavors," not "campaigns" or "movements."

I think the key question is: is "efforts at educational reform" more naturally synonymous with "attempts at educational reform" (sense 1) or with "campaigns for educational reform" (sense 4)?

I think "attempts at educational reform" sounds more natural than "campaigns for educational reform" as a paraphrase of "efforts at educational reform." The word "efforts" is more general and doesn't necessarily imply the level of organization or collectivity that "campaigns" or "movements" do.

OK, final answer: sense 1.

Let me also consider the possibility that I'm wrong and sense 4 is the better fit. If sense 4 is the better fit, it would be because:
1. "Efforts at educational reform" refers to organized reform programs/initiatives
2. The definition of sense 4 ("a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end") fits reform efforts well
3. The synonyms for sense 4 (campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement) capture the organized nature of reform efforts

But I think the counterargument is:
1. "Efforts" in "efforts at educational reform" is most naturally read as "attempts" or "endeavors"
2. The synonyms for sense 1 (attempt, endeavor, try) are more natural replacements for "efforts"
3. Sense 1 is more general and can encompass both individual attempts and organized efforts

I think the counterargument is stronger, so I'll go with sense 1.

Final answer: sense 1.

OK wait, I think I need to be more careful here. Let me re-read the context one more time:

"Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand."

The "efforts at educational reform" here are described as being "doomed beforehand." This implies that some reform efforts are destined to fail, and we know which ones.

In education policy discourse, "reform efforts" typically refers to organized programs, initiatives, or strategies to improve education. These are not just individual attempts but collective, organized activities.

For example, "reform efforts" could include:
- Standards-based reform
- School choice programs
- Class size reduction initiatives
- Teacher evaluation systems
- Etc.

These are all organized, systematic efforts to reform education. They are "series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end," which is the definition of sense 4.

But they could also be described as "earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something," which is the definition of sense 1.

I think the key question is: which definition better captures the nature of "efforts at educational reform" in this context?

I think sense 4 better captures the organized, systematic nature of educational reform efforts. The definition "a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end" fits reform programs/initiatives well.

But sense 1 could also apply, as reform efforts are indeed "earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something."

The key differentiator is the synonyms:
- Sense 1: attempt, endeavor, endeavour, try
- Sense 4: campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement

"Educational reform efforts" - which set of synonyms better captures this?
- "Educational reform attempts" - sounds OK
- "Educational reform endeavors" - sounds OK
- "Educational reform campaigns" - sounds OK
- "Educational reform movements" - sounds OK

Hmm, all of these sound somewhat natural. But I think "campaigns" and "movements" better capture the organized, systematic nature of educational reform efforts.

Also, looking at the examples:
- Sense 1 examples: "made an effort to cover all the reading material" - individual attempt
- Sense 4 examples: "he supported populist campaigns" - organized movement

The sense 4 examples are more similar to "efforts at educational reform" in that they refer to organized, collective activities.

I'm now leaning towards sense 4.

But let me also consider that "efforts" in the plural often simply means "attempts" or "endeavors." For example:
- "Our efforts to solve the problem"
- "The team's efforts"

In these examples, "efforts" means "attempts" or "endeavors," not "campaigns" or "movements."

Hmm, but "efforts at educational reform" is different from "our efforts to solve the problem." The former refers to organized reform programs/initiatives, while the latter refers to individual or small-group attempts.

OK, I think I've been overthinking this. Let me make a final decision.

I think "efforts at educational reform" in this context refers to organized reform programs/initiatives/campaigns. This aligns more with sense 4 (campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement) than with sense 1 (attempt, endeavor, try).

The definition of sense 4 - "a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end" - fits educational reform efforts well. Reform efforts are indeed "a series of actions" tending toward the end of improving education.

The synonyms for sense 4 - campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement - also capture the organized, collective nature of educational reform efforts.

I'll go with sense 4 as my final answer.

Hmm, but I'm still not 100% sure. Let me think about this one more time.

The word "efforts" in "efforts at educational reform" is a common phrase that means "attempts at educational reform" or "endeavors to reform education." While these could be organized campaigns, the word "efforts" itself doesn't necessarily imply organization or collectivity.

For example:
- "The school's efforts to improve test scores" - could be individual or collective
- "The district's efforts to reduce dropout rates" - likely collective but not necessarily a "campaign"
- "Efforts at educational reform" - could be individual, collective, organized, or unorganized

I think the most natural reading of "efforts" is "attempts" or "endeavors," which is sense 1.

Also, looking at the context again:
"Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand."

The "efforts at educational reform" here could refer to:
- Different reform strategies or approaches
- Different reform programs or initiatives
- Different reform campaigns or movements

All of these could be described as "efforts" in the sense of "attempts" or "endeavors."

I think sense 1 is the more natural fit because:
1. "Efforts" in "efforts at educational reform" is most naturally read as "attempts" or "endeavors"
2. The definition of sense 1 ("earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something") fits the context well
3. The synonyms for sense 1 (attempt, endeavor, try) better capture the general meaning of "efforts"

OK, final answer: sense 1.

Ugh, I keep going back and forth. Let me try a different approach.

Let me think about what "efforts at educational reform" specifically refers to in this context. The passage is about American education and argues that we know what works and what doesn't. It says "we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand."

In this context, "efforts at educational reform" likely refers to things like:
- Reform programs (e.g., No Child Left Behind, Race to the Top)
- Reform strategies (e.g., standards-based reform, school choice)
- Reform initiatives (e.g., class size reduction, teacher evaluation)

These are all organized, systematic efforts to reform education. They are "series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end," which is the definition of sense 4.

But they could also be described as "earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something," which is the definition of sense 1.

I think the key question is: which definition better captures the nature of these reform efforts?

I think sense 4 better captures the organized, systematic nature of educational reform efforts. The definition "a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end" fits reform programs/initiatives well.

But sense 1 could also apply, as reform efforts are indeed "earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something."

The key differentiator is the synonyms:
- Sense 1: attempt, endeavor, endeavour, try
- Sense 4: campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement

Which set of synonyms better captures "efforts at educational reform"?
- "Attempts at educational reform" - sounds natural
- "Endeavors at educational reform" - sounds natural
- "Campaigns at educational reform" - sounds less natural (usually "campaigns for")
- "Movements at educational reform" - sounds less natural (usually "movements for" or "movements toward")

Hmm, the synonyms for sense 1 sound more natural as replacements for "efforts" in "efforts at educational reform." This favors sense 1.

But the synonyms for sense 4 (campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement) better capture the organized, systematic nature of educational reform efforts. This favors sense 4.

I think the naturalness of the synonyms as replacements is more important than how well they capture the nature of the efforts. So I'll go with sense 1.

Final answer: sense 1.

OK, I've spent way too much time on this. Let me just make a decision and stick with it.

I think "efforts at educational reform" in this context refers to organized reform programs/initiatives. While sense 4 (campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement) could capture this, the word "efforts" itself is more naturally synonymous with "attempts" or "endeavors" (sense 1).

The definition of sense 1 - "earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something" - fits the context well. Educational reform efforts are indeed earnest activities intended to accomplish reform.

The synonyms for sense 1 - attempt, endeavor, endeavour, try - are more natural replacements for "efforts" in "efforts at educational reform" than the synonyms for sense 4.

I'll go with sense 1 as my final answer.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at <t>educational</t> reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "educational" in the phrase "educational reform".
The context discusses "education", "schools", and "reform".
Sense 1: relating to the process of education (e.g., educational psychology)
Sense 2: providing knowledge (e.g., an educational film)

In the phrase "educational reform", "educational" modifies "reform" and means "relating to the process of education" or "relating to education" (i.e., reform of the education system).
Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reform
Target surface form: reform
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational <t>reform</t> are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reform%1:04:00:: | definition=a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses | examples=justice was for sale before the reform of the law courts
2. sense_key=reform%1:04:01:: | definition=a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices | examples=the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians
3. sense_key=reform%1:04:02:: | definition=self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice | examples=the family rejoiced in the drunkard's reform

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "reform" used in the context: "we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand."
Sense 1: "a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses"
Sense 2: "a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices"
Sense 3: "self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice"

The context refers to "efforts at educational reform". "efforts at" suggests a campaign or activity aimed at correcting something. Sense 2 seems to fit well with "efforts at" (a campaign aimed to correct abuses).
Let's look closer at the distinction between 1 and 2.
Sense 1 is the result (a change for the better). Sense 2 is the campaign/effort (a campaign aimed to correct abuses).
In the text: "we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand."
"efforts at educational reform" = campaigns aimed to correct educational malpractices.
Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: doomed
Target surface form: doomed
Context:
It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are <t>doomed</t> beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=doomed%5:00:00:dead:01 | definition=marked for certain death | examples=the black spot told the old sailor he was doomed
2. sense_key=doomed%5:00:00:lost:02 | definition=in danger of the eternal punishment of Hell | synonyms=cursed, damned, unredeemed, unsaved | examples=poor damned souls
3. sense_key=doomed%5:00:00:unfortunate:00 | definition=marked by or promising bad fortune; ; ; ; - W.H.Prescott | synonyms=ill-fated, ill-omened, ill-starred, unlucky | examples=their business venture was doomed from the start; an ill-fated business venture
4. sense_key=doomed%5:00:00:certain:03 | definition=(usually followed by `to') determined by tragic fate | synonyms=fated | examples=doomed to unhappiness; fated to be the scene of Kennedy's assassination

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about educational reform efforts that are "doomed beforehand." This means they are destined to fail, marked by bad fortune, or promised bad outcomes.

Sense 1: "marked for certain death" - This is about literal death, not applicable here.
Sense 2: "in danger of the eternal punishment of Hell" - Religious context, not applicable.
Sense 3: "marked by or promising bad fortune" with examples like "their business venture was doomed from the start" - This fits well. The educational reform efforts are marked for failure/bad fortune.
Sense 4: "(usually followed by `to') determined by tragic fate" with examples "doomed to unhappiness" - This usually requires "to" following it. The context says "doomed beforehand" without "to".

The context: "we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand" - This means the efforts are marked for failure, promising bad fortune. Sense 3 seems most appropriate, with the example "their business venture was doomed from the start" being very similar in structure to "efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: really
Target surface form: really
Context:
But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message. Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We <t>really</t> do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=really%4:02:03:: | definition=in accordance with truth or fact or reality | synonyms=truly, genuinely | examples=she was now truly American; a genuinely open society
2. sense_key=really%4:02:04:: | definition=in actual fact | synonyms=actually | examples=to be nominally but not actually independent; no one actually saw the shark
3. sense_key=really%4:02:02:: | definition=in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers) | synonyms=in truth, truly | examples=in truth, moral decay hastened the decline of the Roman Empire; really, you shouldn't have done it
4. sense_key=really%4:02:00:: | definition=used as intensifiers; `real' is sometimes used informally for `really'; `rattling' is informal | synonyms=very, real, rattling | examples=she was very gifted; he played very well

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "really" in the context: "We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking."
Here, "really" is used to intensify the verb "do know". It emphasizes the reality or truth of the fact that "we do know".
Let's look at the senses:
1. in accordance with truth or fact or reality (truly, genuinely) -> "she was now truly American"
2. in actual fact (actually) -> "to be nominally but not actually independent"
3. in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers) (in truth, truly) -> "in truth, moral decay hastened the decline of the Roman Empire; really, you shouldn't have done it"
4. used as intensifiers (very, real, rattling) -> "she was very gifted"

Wait, "We really do know" -> "really" modifies "do know". It is used as an intensifier here.
Is it sense 3 or sense 4? Sense 4 is for adverbs of degree modifying adjectives/adverbs ("very gifted", "played very well"). "Really do know" is modifying a verb phrase, meaning "in fact, we do know".
Let's re-examine Sense 3: "in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers)" examples: "in truth, moral decay hastened the decline of the Roman Empire; really, you shouldn't have done it" - Wait, the examples for Sense 3 are sentence modifiers.
Sense 2: "in actual fact" example: "to be nominally but not actually independent; no one actually saw the shark" - Here "actually" modifies the verb.
In "We really do know", "really" means "in actual fact". "We actually do know".
Let's see: Sense 2 is "in actual fact". Synonyms: actually.
Is "We really do know" closer to "in actual fact" or "in fact (used as sentence modifiers)"?
In WordNet 3.0:
really%4:02:04:: : in actual fact; "to be nominally but not actually independent"; "no one actually saw the shark"
really%4:02:02:: : in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers); "in truth, moral decay hastened the decline of the Roman Empire"; "really, you shouldn't have done it"
really%4:02:00:: : used as intensifiers; `real' is sometimes used informally for `really'; `rattling' is informal; "she was very gifted"; "he played very well"; "a rattling good yarn"

"We really do know" -> The "do" is already an auxiliary used for emphasis. "We really do know" -> "We actually do know". It seems to mean "in actual fact".
Let's check the synonyms for Sense 2: "actually". "We actually do know". This perfectly matches.

Sense 1: "in accordance with truth or fact or reality" (truly, genuinely). "We truly do know".
But Sense 2's synonym "actually" fits "really do know" better, as in "We actually do know".

Let's verify with WordNet.
really (adv)
-- in accordance with truth or fact or reality (syn: genuinely, really, truly)
-- in actual fact (syn: actually, really)
-- in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers) (syn: in truth, really, truly)
-- used as intensifiers; `real' is sometimes used informally for `really'; `rattling' is informal (syn: rattling, real, really, very)

Context: "We really do know all we need to know..."
Does it mean "in actual fact"? Yes. The author is saying "we actually know all we need to know".
Does it mean "in fact (used as sentence modifier)"? No, it's not a sentence modifier here (like "Really, you shouldn't have done it").
Does it mean "very"? No.

Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.